Copyright (c) 2001 Brian Somers <brian@Awfulhak.org>
              based on work by Eivind Eklund <perhaps@yes.no>,
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.

This file summarises changes made to ppp that effect
its configuration.

It does not describe new features, rather it attempts
to answer any `this used to work, why doesn't it now?'
questions.

o The `set debug' command was replaced with `set log'.
o The `set log LCP' command was split into LCP, IPCP and CCP logs.
o Syslogd is used for logging.  /etc/syslog.conf must be updated.
o LQR is disabled by default.
o Openmode is active by default.
o Users must be a member of group `network' for ppp access.  Furthermore,
  they must be `allow'ed to run ppp via the `allow' command in the
  configuration file.
  For a brief period, ppp could only be run as root.
o No diagnostic socket is created by default.  The `set server' command
  must be used.
o The diagnostic socket password must be specified *only* on the `set
  server' command line.
o When `set server' is used to re-select a diagnostic port, all existing
  diagnostic connections are dropped.
o pppd-deflate is now called deflate24.
o Filter IPs of 0.0.0.0 have a default width of 0, not 32.
o Errors in `add' and `delete' are logged as warnings rather than being
  written to the TCP/IP log.
o Any number of diagnostic prompts are allowed, and they are allowed in
  interactive mode.
o The default `device' is cuau1, then cuau0
o A password of "*" in ppp.secret causes a passwd database lookup in
  pap mode.
o The value of the CONNECT environment variable is logged in the
  utmp host field in -direct mode.
o Out-of-sequence FSM packets (IPCP/LCP/CCP) are dropped by default.
o Reconnect values are used after an LQR timeout.
o ^C works on the parent in -background mode.
o The dial/call/open command works asynchronously.  As a result, prompts
  do not lose control while dialing.
o The `display' command has been removed.  All information is available
  with the appropriate `show' command.
o Msext does not need to be enabled/disabled.  Setting the NBNS (set nbns)
  will auto enable it.  The DNS side may be enabled/disabled, and if
  enabled without a `set dns' (was `set ns') will use values from
  /etc/resolv.conf.
o Filters are now called `allow', `dial', `in' and `out'.  `set
  ifilter ...' becomes `set filter in ...' etc.
o Authname and Authkey may only be `set' in phase DEAD.
o Set encrypt is no longer necessary.  Ppp will respond to M$CHAP
  servers correctly if it's built with DES.
o Throughput statistics are enabled by default.
o `Set stopped' only has two parameters.  It's no longer possible to
  have an IPCP stopped timer.
o `Set timeout' only has one or two parameters.  Use `set lqrperiod' and
  `set {lcp,ccp,ipcp,chap,pap}retry' for the other timers.  These timeout
  values can be seen using the relevant show commands.
o `set loopback' is now `enable/disable loopback'.
o `show auto', `show loopback' and `show mtu' are all part of `show bundle'.
o `show mru' is part of `show lcp'
o `show msext' and `show vj' are part of `show ipcp'
o `show reconnect' and `show redial' are part of `show link'
o A signal 15 (TERM) will now shut down the link gracefully.
o A signal 2 (HUP) will drop all links immediately.
o Signal 30 (USR1) is now ignored.
o Add & delete commands are not necessary in ppp.linkup if they are
  `sticky routes' (ie, contain MYADDR or HISADDR).
o LINK and CARRIER logging are no longer available.
o Timer based DEBUG messages are now logged in the new TIMER log.
o Ppp can use tun devices > tun255.
o Protocol-compressed packets are accepted even if they were denied
  at LCP negotiation time.
o Passwords aren't logged when logging the ``set server'' line.
o Command line options only need enough characters to uniquely identify
  them.  -a == -auto, -dd == -ddial etc.  -interactive is also allowed.
o If you don't like seeing additional interface aliases when running in
  -auto -alias mode, add ``iface clear'' to your ppp.linkdown file -
  check the sample file.
o Ppp waits for 1 second before checking whether the device supports
  carrier.  This is controllable with ``set cd''.
o Random dial timeouts are now between 1 and 30 seconds inclusive rather
  than between 0 and 29.
o Ppp now accepts M$CHAP (as well as normal CHAP) by default.  If this
  is not required, you must ``deny chap05 chap80''.
o The ``set device'' command now expects each device to be specified as an
  argument rather than concatentating all arguments and splitting based
  on commas and spaces.
o The ``show modem'' command is deprecated and has been changed to
  ``show physical''.
o The words ``host'' and ``port'' are no longer accepted by the ``set filter''
  command.  Removing them should yield the same results as before.
o The ``set weight'' command has been deprecated.  The ``set bandwidth''
  command should now be used instead.
o The ``set autoload'' command syntax and implementation have changed as the
  old implementation was mis-designed and dysfunctional.
o Ppp now waits either the full ``set cd'' time or until carrier is detected
  before running the login script (whichever comes first).
o The -alias flag has been deprecated.  The -nat flag should be used instead.
o Unbalanced quotes in commands are now warned about and the entire command
  is ignored.
o It is now only necessary to escape the `-' character in chat scripts twice.
  See the example files for details.
o Environment variables and ~ are expanded on in commands
o ``nat pptp'' is no longer necessary as this is now done transparently
o The ``!'' at the start of chat scripts and authkey can be made literal
  (rather than meaning execute) by doubling it to ``!!''.
o MP autoload throughput measurements are now based on the maximum of input
  and output averages rather than on the total.
o When only one link is open in MP mode, MP link level compression is not
  open and the peer MRU >= the peer MRRU, ppp sends outbound traffic as
  PROTO_IP traffic rather than PROTO_MP.
o MSCHAPv2 is now accepted by default.  If you don't wish to negotiate
  this, you must explicitly deny it.
o MPPE is enabled and accepted by default (although deflate and predictor1
  are preferred.

Copyright (c) 2001 Charles Mott <cm@linktel.net>
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.

User PPP NAT (Packet Aliasing)



0. Contents
    1. Background
    2. Setup
    3. New commands in ppp
    4. Future Work
    5. Authors / Acknowledgements
    6. Revision History for Aliasing Code



1. Background

User mode ppp has embedded NAT (Network Address Translation) code.
Enabling this, either by the "-nat" command line option or the
"nat enable yes" command in a ppp.conf file, makes the ppp host
automatically NAT IP packets forwarded from a local network, making
them appear to come from the ppp host machine.  Incoming packets
from the outside world are then appropriately de-NAT'd.

The process of NAT'ing involves both the IP address and the TCP or UDP
port numbers. ICMP echo and timestamp packets are natted by their id
numbers.  ICMP error messages can be properly directed by examining the
fragment of the offending packet which is contained in the body of the
message.

This software was specifically meant to support users who have
unregistered, private address IP networks (e.g. 192.168.0.x or 10.0.0.x
addresses).  The ppp host can act as a gateway for these networks, and
computers on the local area net will have some degree of Internet access
without the need for a registered IP address.  Additionally, there will
be no need for an Internet service provider to maintain routing tables
for the local area network.

A disadvantage of NAT is that machines on the local network,
behind the ppp host, are not visible from the outside world.  They can
establish TCP connections and make UDP inquiries (such as domain name
service requests) but the connections seem to come from the ppp host
itself.  There is, in effect, a partial firewall.  Of course, if this is
what you want, the disadvantage becomes an advantage.

A second disadvantage is that "IP encoding" protocols, which send IP
address or port information within the data stream, are not supported
for the cases where exception code exists.  This implementation has
workarounds for FTP and IRC DCC, the most well known of the IP encoding
protocols.  This frees users from depending on using the ftp passive
mode and avoiding IRC DCC sends, as is sometimes the case with other
masquerading solutions.

The implementation supports all standard, non-encoding TCP and UDP protocols.
Examples of these protocols are http, gopher and telnet. The standard UDP
mode of Real-Audio is not presently supported, but the TCP mode does work
correctly.

The NAT code also handles many ICMP messages.  In particular,
ping and traceroute are supported.



2. Packet Aliasing Setup

It is recommended that users first verify correct ppp operation without
NAT enabled.  This will confirm that the ppp.conf file is
properly set up and that there are no ppp problems. Then start ppp with
the "-nat" option on the command line.  The user should verify that
the ppp host can correctly connect to the Internet in NAT
mode.  Finally, check that machines on the private network can access
the Internet.

The NAT software handles all packets, whether they come from
the host or another computer on the local area network.  Thus, a correctly
operating ppp host indicates that the software should work properly for
other computers on the private network.

If the ppp host can access the Internet, but other computers on the local
network cannot, check that IP forwarding is enabled on the ppp host. Also,
verify that the other computers use this machine as a gateway.  Of course,
you should also verify that machines within the local area network
communicate properly.  A common error is inconsistent subnet addresses
and masks.



3. New commands in ppp

In order to control NAT behaviour in a simple manner (no need for
recompilation), a new command has been added to ppp: nat.  This
is in addition to the -nat command line option.  System managers and
more experienced users may prefer to use the ppp command syntax
within the ppp.conf file.  The nat command also allows NAT
behaviour to be more precisely specified.

The decision to add a command instead of extending 'set' or 'option' was
to make obvious that these options only work when NAT is enabled.

The syntax for 'nat' is

    ppp>  nat option [yes|no]

where option is given by one of the following templates.


 - nat enable [yes|no]  (default no)

Enable NAT functionality.  If disabled, no other NAT
options will have any effect.  You should usually enable NAT
before routing any packets over the link; good points are in the
initial script or right before adding a route.  If you do not always
want NAT, consider using the -nat option to ppp instead of this
command.


 - nat deny_incoming [yes|no] (default yes)

Set to "yes" to disable all incoming connections.  This just drops
connections to, for example, ftp, telnet or web servers.  The NAT
mechanism prevents these connections. Technically, this option denies
all incoming TCP and UDP requests, making the NAT software a
fairly efficient one-way firewall.  The default is no, which will allow
all incoming connections to telnetd, ftpd, etc.


 - nat log [yes|no]

Controls logging of NAT link creation to "/var/log/alias.log" - this
is usually only useful if debugging a setup, to see if the bug is in
the PPP NATing.  The debugging information is fairly limited, listing
the number of NAT links open for different protocols.


 - nat same_ports [yes|no] (default yes)

When a connection is being established going through the NAT
routines, it will normally have its port number changed to allow the
NAT code to track it.  If same_ports is enabled, the NAT
software attempts to keep the connection's source port unchanged.
This will allow rsh, RPC and other specialised protocols to work
_most of the time_, at least on the host machine.  Please, do not
report this being unstable as a bug - it is a result of the way
NAT has to work. TCP/IP was intended to have one IP address
per machine.


 - nat use_sockets [yes|no] (default yes)

This is a fairly obscure option.  For the most part, the NAT
software does not have to allocate system sockets when it chooses a
NAT port number.  Under very specific circumstances, FTP data
connections (which don't know the remote port number, though it is
usually 20) and IRC DCC send (which doesn't know either the address or
the port from which the connection will come), there can potentially be
some interference with an open server socket having the same port number
on the ppp host machine.  This possibility for interference only exists
until the TCP connection has been acknowledged on both sides.  The safe
option is yes, though fewer system resources are consumed by specifying
no.


 - nat unregistered_only [yes|no] (default no)

NAT normally remaps all packets coming from the local area
network to the ppp host machine address.  Set this option to only map
addresses from the following standard ranges for private, unregistered
addresses:

                10.0.0.0     ->   10.255.255.255
                172.16.0.0   ->   172.31.255.255
                192.168.0.0  ->   192.168.255.255  */

In the instance that there is a subnet of public addresses and another
subnet of private addresses being routed by the ppp host, then only the
packets on the private subnet will be NAT'd.


- nat port <proto> <local addr>:<port>  <nat port>

This command allows incoming traffic to <nat port> on the host
machine to be redirected to a specific machine and port on the
local area network.  One example of this would be:

    nat port tcp 192.168.0.4:telnet  8066

All traffic to port 8066 of the ppp host would then be sent to
the telnet port (23) of machine 192.168.0.4.  Port numbers
can either be designated numerically or by symbolic names
listed in /etc/services.  Similarly, addresses can be either
in dotted quad notation or in /etc/hosts.


- nat addr <local addr> <public addr>

This command allows traffic for a public IP address to be
redirected to a machine on the local network.  This function
is known as "static NAT".  An address assignment of 0 refers
to the default address of the ppp host.  Normally static
NAT is useful if your ISP has allocated a small block of
IP addresses to the user, but it can even be used in the
case of a single, dynamically allocated IP address:

    nat addr 10.0.0.8 0

The above command would redirect all incoming traffic to
machine 10.0.0.8.

If several address NATs specify the same public address
as follows

    nat addr 192.168.0.2  public_addr
    nat addr 192.168.0.3  public_addr
    nat addr 192.168.0.4  public_addr

then incoming traffic will be directed to the last
translated local address (192.168.0.4), but outgoing
traffic to the first two addresses will still be NAT'd
to the specified public address.



4. Future Work

What is called NAT here has been variously called masquerading, packet
aliasing and transparent proxying by others.  It is an extremely useful
function to many users, but it is also necessarily imperfect.  The
occasional IP-encoding protocols always need workarounds (hacks).
Users who are interested in supporting new IP-encoding protocols
can follow the examples of alias_ftp.c and alias_irc.c.

ICMP error messages are currently handled only in the incoming direction.
A handler needs to be added to correctly NAT outgoing error messages.

IRC and FTP exception handling make reasonable, though not strictly correct
assumptions, about how IP encoded messages will appear in the control
stream.  Programmers may wish to consider how to make this process more
robust.

The NAT engine (alias.c, alias_db.c, alias_ftp.c, alias_irc.c
and alias_util.c) runs in user space, and is intended to be both portable
and reusable for interfaces other than ppp.  To access the basic engine
only requires four simple function calls (initialisation, communication of
host address, outgoing NAT and incoming de-NATing).



5. Authors / Acknowledgements

Charles Mott (cm@linktel.net)  <versions 1.0 - 1.8, 2.0, 2.1>
Eivind Eklund (perhaps@yes.no) <versions 1.8b - 1.9, new ppp commands>

Listed below, in chronological order, are individuals who have provided
valuable comments and/or debugging assistance.

    Gary Roberts
    Tom Torrance
    Reto Burkhalter
    Martin Renters
    Brian Somers
    Paul Traina
    Ari Suutari
    J. Fortes
    Andrzej Bialeki



6. Revision History for Aliasing Code

Version 1.0: August 11, 1996 (cjm)

Version 1.1:  August 20, 1996  (cjm)
    PPP host accepts incoming connections for ports 0 to 1023.

Version 1.2:  September 7, 1996 (cjm)
    Fragment handling error in alias_db.c corrected.

Version 1.3: September 15, 1996 (cjm)
    - Generalised mechanism for handling incoming connections
      (no more 0 to 1023 restriction).
    - Increased ICMP support (will handle traceroute now).
    - Improved TCP close connection logic.

Version 1.4: September 16, 1996
    Can't remember (this version only lasted a day -- cjm).

Version 1.5: September 17, 1996 (cjm)
    Corrected error in handling incoming UDP packets
    with zero checksum.

Version 1.6: September 18, 1996
    Simplified ICMP data storage.  Will now handle
    tracert from Win95 as well as FreeBSD traceroute.

Version 1.7: January 9, 1997 (cjm)
    - Reduced malloc() activity for ICMP echo and
      timestamp requests.
    - Added handling for out-of-order IP fragments.
    - Switched to differential checksum computation
      for IP headers (TCP, UDP and ICMP checksums
      were already differential).
    - Accepts FTP data connections from other than
      port 20.  This allows one ftp connections
      from two hosts which are both running packet
      aliasing.

Version 1.8: January 14, 1997 (cjm)
    - Fixed data type error in function StartPoint()
      in alias_db.c (this bug did not exist before v1.7)

Version 1.8b: January 16, 1997 (Eivind Eklund <perhaps@yes.no>)
    - Upgraded base PPP version to be the source code from
      FreeBSD 2.1.6, with additional security patches.  This
      version should still be possible to run on 2.1.5, though -
      I've run it with a 2.1.5 kernel without problems.
      (Update done with the permission of cjm)

Version 1.9: February 1, 1997 (Eivind Eklund <perhaps@yes.no>)
    - Added support for IRC DCC (ee)
    - Changed the aliasing routines to use ANSI style throughout -
      minor API changes for integration with other programs than PPP (ee)
    - Changed the build process, making all options switchable
      from the Makefile (ee)
    - Fixed minor security hole in alias_ftp.c for other applications
      of the aliasing software.  Hole could _not_ manifest in
      PPP+pktAlias, but could potentially manifest in other
      applications of the aliasing. (ee)
    - Connections initiated from packet aliasing host machine will
      not have their port number aliased unless it conflicts with
      an aliasing port already being used. (There is an option to
      disable this for debugging) (cjm)
    - Sockets will be allocated in cases where there might be
      port interference with the host machine.  This can be disabled
      in cases where the ppp host will be acting purely as a
      masquerading router and not generate any traffic of its own.
      (cjm)

Version 2.0: March, 1997 (cjm)
    - Incoming packets which are not recognised by the packet
      aliasing engine are now completely dropped in ip.c.
    - Aliasing links are cleared when a host interface address
      changes (due to re-dial and dynamic address allocation).
    - PacketAliasPermanentLink() API added.
    - Option for only aliasing private, unregistered IP addresses
      added.
    - Substantial rework to the aliasing lookup engine.

Version 2.1: May, 1997 (cjm)
    - Continuing rework to the aliasing lookup engine to support
      multiple incoming addresses and static NAT.
    - Now supports outgoing as well as incoming ICMP error messages/
    - PPP commands to support address and port redirection.