xref: /linux/tools/bpf/bpftool/prog.c (revision c532de5a67a70f8533d495f8f2aaa9a0491c3ad0)
1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-only OR BSD-2-Clause)
2 /* Copyright (C) 2017-2018 Netronome Systems, Inc. */
3 
4 #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
5 #define _GNU_SOURCE
6 #endif
7 #include <errno.h>
8 #include <fcntl.h>
9 #include <signal.h>
10 #include <stdarg.h>
11 #include <stdio.h>
12 #include <stdlib.h>
13 #include <string.h>
14 #include <time.h>
15 #include <unistd.h>
16 #include <net/if.h>
17 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
18 #include <sys/types.h>
19 #include <sys/stat.h>
20 #include <sys/syscall.h>
21 #include <dirent.h>
22 
23 #include <linux/err.h>
24 #include <linux/perf_event.h>
25 #include <linux/sizes.h>
26 
27 #include <bpf/bpf.h>
28 #include <bpf/btf.h>
29 #include <bpf/hashmap.h>
30 #include <bpf/libbpf.h>
31 #include <bpf/libbpf_internal.h>
32 #include <bpf/skel_internal.h>
33 
34 #include "cfg.h"
35 #include "main.h"
36 #include "xlated_dumper.h"
37 
38 #define BPF_METADATA_PREFIX "bpf_metadata_"
39 #define BPF_METADATA_PREFIX_LEN (sizeof(BPF_METADATA_PREFIX) - 1)
40 
41 enum dump_mode {
42 	DUMP_JITED,
43 	DUMP_XLATED,
44 };
45 
46 static const bool attach_types[] = {
47 	[BPF_SK_SKB_STREAM_PARSER] = true,
48 	[BPF_SK_SKB_STREAM_VERDICT] = true,
49 	[BPF_SK_SKB_VERDICT] = true,
50 	[BPF_SK_MSG_VERDICT] = true,
51 	[BPF_FLOW_DISSECTOR] = true,
52 	[__MAX_BPF_ATTACH_TYPE] = false,
53 };
54 
55 /* Textual representations traditionally used by the program and kept around
56  * for the sake of backwards compatibility.
57  */
58 static const char * const attach_type_strings[] = {
59 	[BPF_SK_SKB_STREAM_PARSER] = "stream_parser",
60 	[BPF_SK_SKB_STREAM_VERDICT] = "stream_verdict",
61 	[BPF_SK_SKB_VERDICT] = "skb_verdict",
62 	[BPF_SK_MSG_VERDICT] = "msg_verdict",
63 	[__MAX_BPF_ATTACH_TYPE] = NULL,
64 };
65 
66 static struct hashmap *prog_table;
67 
68 static enum bpf_attach_type parse_attach_type(const char *str)
69 {
70 	enum bpf_attach_type type;
71 
72 	for (type = 0; type < __MAX_BPF_ATTACH_TYPE; type++) {
73 		if (attach_types[type]) {
74 			const char *attach_type_str;
75 
76 			attach_type_str = libbpf_bpf_attach_type_str(type);
77 			if (!strcmp(str, attach_type_str))
78 				return type;
79 		}
80 
81 		if (attach_type_strings[type] &&
82 		    is_prefix(str, attach_type_strings[type]))
83 			return type;
84 	}
85 
86 	return __MAX_BPF_ATTACH_TYPE;
87 }
88 
89 static int prep_prog_info(struct bpf_prog_info *const info, enum dump_mode mode,
90 			  void **info_data, size_t *const info_data_sz)
91 {
92 	struct bpf_prog_info holder = {};
93 	size_t needed = 0;
94 	void *ptr;
95 
96 	if (mode == DUMP_JITED) {
97 		holder.jited_prog_len = info->jited_prog_len;
98 		needed += info->jited_prog_len;
99 	} else {
100 		holder.xlated_prog_len = info->xlated_prog_len;
101 		needed += info->xlated_prog_len;
102 	}
103 
104 	holder.nr_jited_ksyms = info->nr_jited_ksyms;
105 	needed += info->nr_jited_ksyms * sizeof(__u64);
106 
107 	holder.nr_jited_func_lens = info->nr_jited_func_lens;
108 	needed += info->nr_jited_func_lens * sizeof(__u32);
109 
110 	holder.nr_func_info = info->nr_func_info;
111 	holder.func_info_rec_size = info->func_info_rec_size;
112 	needed += info->nr_func_info * info->func_info_rec_size;
113 
114 	holder.nr_line_info = info->nr_line_info;
115 	holder.line_info_rec_size = info->line_info_rec_size;
116 	needed += info->nr_line_info * info->line_info_rec_size;
117 
118 	holder.nr_jited_line_info = info->nr_jited_line_info;
119 	holder.jited_line_info_rec_size = info->jited_line_info_rec_size;
120 	needed += info->nr_jited_line_info * info->jited_line_info_rec_size;
121 
122 	if (needed > *info_data_sz) {
123 		ptr = realloc(*info_data, needed);
124 		if (!ptr)
125 			return -1;
126 
127 		*info_data = ptr;
128 		*info_data_sz = needed;
129 	}
130 	ptr = *info_data;
131 
132 	if (mode == DUMP_JITED) {
133 		holder.jited_prog_insns = ptr_to_u64(ptr);
134 		ptr += holder.jited_prog_len;
135 	} else {
136 		holder.xlated_prog_insns = ptr_to_u64(ptr);
137 		ptr += holder.xlated_prog_len;
138 	}
139 
140 	holder.jited_ksyms = ptr_to_u64(ptr);
141 	ptr += holder.nr_jited_ksyms * sizeof(__u64);
142 
143 	holder.jited_func_lens = ptr_to_u64(ptr);
144 	ptr += holder.nr_jited_func_lens * sizeof(__u32);
145 
146 	holder.func_info = ptr_to_u64(ptr);
147 	ptr += holder.nr_func_info * holder.func_info_rec_size;
148 
149 	holder.line_info = ptr_to_u64(ptr);
150 	ptr += holder.nr_line_info * holder.line_info_rec_size;
151 
152 	holder.jited_line_info = ptr_to_u64(ptr);
153 	ptr += holder.nr_jited_line_info * holder.jited_line_info_rec_size;
154 
155 	*info = holder;
156 	return 0;
157 }
158 
159 static void print_boot_time(__u64 nsecs, char *buf, unsigned int size)
160 {
161 	struct timespec real_time_ts, boot_time_ts;
162 	time_t wallclock_secs;
163 	struct tm load_tm;
164 
165 	buf[--size] = '\0';
166 
167 	if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &real_time_ts) ||
168 	    clock_gettime(CLOCK_BOOTTIME, &boot_time_ts)) {
169 		perror("Can't read clocks");
170 		snprintf(buf, size, "%llu", nsecs / 1000000000);
171 		return;
172 	}
173 
174 	wallclock_secs = (real_time_ts.tv_sec - boot_time_ts.tv_sec) +
175 		(real_time_ts.tv_nsec - boot_time_ts.tv_nsec + nsecs) /
176 		1000000000;
177 
178 
179 	if (!localtime_r(&wallclock_secs, &load_tm)) {
180 		snprintf(buf, size, "%llu", nsecs / 1000000000);
181 		return;
182 	}
183 
184 	if (json_output)
185 		strftime(buf, size, "%s", &load_tm);
186 	else
187 		strftime(buf, size, "%FT%T%z", &load_tm);
188 }
189 
190 static void show_prog_maps(int fd, __u32 num_maps)
191 {
192 	struct bpf_prog_info info = {};
193 	__u32 len = sizeof(info);
194 	__u32 map_ids[num_maps];
195 	unsigned int i;
196 	int err;
197 
198 	info.nr_map_ids = num_maps;
199 	info.map_ids = ptr_to_u64(map_ids);
200 
201 	err = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(fd, &info, &len);
202 	if (err || !info.nr_map_ids)
203 		return;
204 
205 	if (json_output) {
206 		jsonw_name(json_wtr, "map_ids");
207 		jsonw_start_array(json_wtr);
208 		for (i = 0; i < info.nr_map_ids; i++)
209 			jsonw_uint(json_wtr, map_ids[i]);
210 		jsonw_end_array(json_wtr);
211 	} else {
212 		printf("  map_ids ");
213 		for (i = 0; i < info.nr_map_ids; i++)
214 			printf("%u%s", map_ids[i],
215 			       i == info.nr_map_ids - 1 ? "" : ",");
216 	}
217 }
218 
219 static void *find_metadata(int prog_fd, struct bpf_map_info *map_info)
220 {
221 	struct bpf_prog_info prog_info;
222 	__u32 prog_info_len;
223 	__u32 map_info_len;
224 	void *value = NULL;
225 	__u32 *map_ids;
226 	int nr_maps;
227 	int key = 0;
228 	int map_fd;
229 	int ret;
230 	__u32 i;
231 
232 	memset(&prog_info, 0, sizeof(prog_info));
233 	prog_info_len = sizeof(prog_info);
234 	ret = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(prog_fd, &prog_info, &prog_info_len);
235 	if (ret)
236 		return NULL;
237 
238 	if (!prog_info.nr_map_ids)
239 		return NULL;
240 
241 	map_ids = calloc(prog_info.nr_map_ids, sizeof(__u32));
242 	if (!map_ids)
243 		return NULL;
244 
245 	nr_maps = prog_info.nr_map_ids;
246 	memset(&prog_info, 0, sizeof(prog_info));
247 	prog_info.nr_map_ids = nr_maps;
248 	prog_info.map_ids = ptr_to_u64(map_ids);
249 	prog_info_len = sizeof(prog_info);
250 
251 	ret = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(prog_fd, &prog_info, &prog_info_len);
252 	if (ret)
253 		goto free_map_ids;
254 
255 	for (i = 0; i < prog_info.nr_map_ids; i++) {
256 		map_fd = bpf_map_get_fd_by_id(map_ids[i]);
257 		if (map_fd < 0)
258 			goto free_map_ids;
259 
260 		memset(map_info, 0, sizeof(*map_info));
261 		map_info_len = sizeof(*map_info);
262 		ret = bpf_map_get_info_by_fd(map_fd, map_info, &map_info_len);
263 		if (ret < 0) {
264 			close(map_fd);
265 			goto free_map_ids;
266 		}
267 
268 		if (map_info->type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY ||
269 		    map_info->key_size != sizeof(int) ||
270 		    map_info->max_entries != 1 ||
271 		    !map_info->btf_value_type_id ||
272 		    !strstr(map_info->name, ".rodata")) {
273 			close(map_fd);
274 			continue;
275 		}
276 
277 		value = malloc(map_info->value_size);
278 		if (!value) {
279 			close(map_fd);
280 			goto free_map_ids;
281 		}
282 
283 		if (bpf_map_lookup_elem(map_fd, &key, value)) {
284 			close(map_fd);
285 			free(value);
286 			value = NULL;
287 			goto free_map_ids;
288 		}
289 
290 		close(map_fd);
291 		break;
292 	}
293 
294 free_map_ids:
295 	free(map_ids);
296 	return value;
297 }
298 
299 static bool has_metadata_prefix(const char *s)
300 {
301 	return strncmp(s, BPF_METADATA_PREFIX, BPF_METADATA_PREFIX_LEN) == 0;
302 }
303 
304 static void show_prog_metadata(int fd, __u32 num_maps)
305 {
306 	const struct btf_type *t_datasec, *t_var;
307 	struct bpf_map_info map_info;
308 	struct btf_var_secinfo *vsi;
309 	bool printed_header = false;
310 	unsigned int i, vlen;
311 	void *value = NULL;
312 	const char *name;
313 	struct btf *btf;
314 	int err;
315 
316 	if (!num_maps)
317 		return;
318 
319 	memset(&map_info, 0, sizeof(map_info));
320 	value = find_metadata(fd, &map_info);
321 	if (!value)
322 		return;
323 
324 	btf = btf__load_from_kernel_by_id(map_info.btf_id);
325 	if (!btf)
326 		goto out_free;
327 
328 	t_datasec = btf__type_by_id(btf, map_info.btf_value_type_id);
329 	if (!btf_is_datasec(t_datasec))
330 		goto out_free;
331 
332 	vlen = btf_vlen(t_datasec);
333 	vsi = btf_var_secinfos(t_datasec);
334 
335 	/* We don't proceed to check the kinds of the elements of the DATASEC.
336 	 * The verifier enforces them to be BTF_KIND_VAR.
337 	 */
338 
339 	if (json_output) {
340 		struct btf_dumper d = {
341 			.btf = btf,
342 			.jw = json_wtr,
343 			.is_plain_text = false,
344 		};
345 
346 		for (i = 0; i < vlen; i++, vsi++) {
347 			t_var = btf__type_by_id(btf, vsi->type);
348 			name = btf__name_by_offset(btf, t_var->name_off);
349 
350 			if (!has_metadata_prefix(name))
351 				continue;
352 
353 			if (!printed_header) {
354 				jsonw_name(json_wtr, "metadata");
355 				jsonw_start_object(json_wtr);
356 				printed_header = true;
357 			}
358 
359 			jsonw_name(json_wtr, name + BPF_METADATA_PREFIX_LEN);
360 			err = btf_dumper_type(&d, t_var->type, value + vsi->offset);
361 			if (err) {
362 				p_err("btf dump failed: %d", err);
363 				break;
364 			}
365 		}
366 		if (printed_header)
367 			jsonw_end_object(json_wtr);
368 	} else {
369 		json_writer_t *btf_wtr;
370 		struct btf_dumper d = {
371 			.btf = btf,
372 			.is_plain_text = true,
373 		};
374 
375 		for (i = 0; i < vlen; i++, vsi++) {
376 			t_var = btf__type_by_id(btf, vsi->type);
377 			name = btf__name_by_offset(btf, t_var->name_off);
378 
379 			if (!has_metadata_prefix(name))
380 				continue;
381 
382 			if (!printed_header) {
383 				printf("\tmetadata:");
384 
385 				btf_wtr = jsonw_new(stdout);
386 				if (!btf_wtr) {
387 					p_err("jsonw alloc failed");
388 					goto out_free;
389 				}
390 				d.jw = btf_wtr,
391 
392 				printed_header = true;
393 			}
394 
395 			printf("\n\t\t%s = ", name + BPF_METADATA_PREFIX_LEN);
396 
397 			jsonw_reset(btf_wtr);
398 			err = btf_dumper_type(&d, t_var->type, value + vsi->offset);
399 			if (err) {
400 				p_err("btf dump failed: %d", err);
401 				break;
402 			}
403 		}
404 		if (printed_header)
405 			jsonw_destroy(&btf_wtr);
406 	}
407 
408 out_free:
409 	btf__free(btf);
410 	free(value);
411 }
412 
413 static void print_prog_header_json(struct bpf_prog_info *info, int fd)
414 {
415 	const char *prog_type_str;
416 	char prog_name[MAX_PROG_FULL_NAME];
417 
418 	jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "id", info->id);
419 	prog_type_str = libbpf_bpf_prog_type_str(info->type);
420 
421 	if (prog_type_str)
422 		jsonw_string_field(json_wtr, "type", prog_type_str);
423 	else
424 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "type", info->type);
425 
426 	if (*info->name) {
427 		get_prog_full_name(info, fd, prog_name, sizeof(prog_name));
428 		jsonw_string_field(json_wtr, "name", prog_name);
429 	}
430 
431 	jsonw_name(json_wtr, "tag");
432 	jsonw_printf(json_wtr, "\"" BPF_TAG_FMT "\"",
433 		     info->tag[0], info->tag[1], info->tag[2], info->tag[3],
434 		     info->tag[4], info->tag[5], info->tag[6], info->tag[7]);
435 
436 	jsonw_bool_field(json_wtr, "gpl_compatible", info->gpl_compatible);
437 	if (info->run_time_ns) {
438 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "run_time_ns", info->run_time_ns);
439 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "run_cnt", info->run_cnt);
440 	}
441 	if (info->recursion_misses)
442 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "recursion_misses", info->recursion_misses);
443 }
444 
445 static void print_prog_json(struct bpf_prog_info *info, int fd, bool orphaned)
446 {
447 	char *memlock;
448 
449 	jsonw_start_object(json_wtr);
450 	print_prog_header_json(info, fd);
451 	print_dev_json(info->ifindex, info->netns_dev, info->netns_ino);
452 
453 	if (info->load_time) {
454 		char buf[32];
455 
456 		print_boot_time(info->load_time, buf, sizeof(buf));
457 
458 		/* Piggy back on load_time, since 0 uid is a valid one */
459 		jsonw_name(json_wtr, "loaded_at");
460 		jsonw_printf(json_wtr, "%s", buf);
461 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "uid", info->created_by_uid);
462 	}
463 
464 	jsonw_bool_field(json_wtr, "orphaned", orphaned);
465 	jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "bytes_xlated", info->xlated_prog_len);
466 
467 	if (info->jited_prog_len) {
468 		jsonw_bool_field(json_wtr, "jited", true);
469 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "bytes_jited", info->jited_prog_len);
470 	} else {
471 		jsonw_bool_field(json_wtr, "jited", false);
472 	}
473 
474 	memlock = get_fdinfo(fd, "memlock");
475 	if (memlock)
476 		jsonw_int_field(json_wtr, "bytes_memlock", atoll(memlock));
477 	free(memlock);
478 
479 	if (info->nr_map_ids)
480 		show_prog_maps(fd, info->nr_map_ids);
481 
482 	if (info->btf_id)
483 		jsonw_int_field(json_wtr, "btf_id", info->btf_id);
484 
485 	if (!hashmap__empty(prog_table)) {
486 		struct hashmap_entry *entry;
487 
488 		jsonw_name(json_wtr, "pinned");
489 		jsonw_start_array(json_wtr);
490 		hashmap__for_each_key_entry(prog_table, entry, info->id)
491 			jsonw_string(json_wtr, entry->pvalue);
492 		jsonw_end_array(json_wtr);
493 	}
494 
495 	emit_obj_refs_json(refs_table, info->id, json_wtr);
496 
497 	show_prog_metadata(fd, info->nr_map_ids);
498 
499 	jsonw_end_object(json_wtr);
500 }
501 
502 static void print_prog_header_plain(struct bpf_prog_info *info, int fd)
503 {
504 	const char *prog_type_str;
505 	char prog_name[MAX_PROG_FULL_NAME];
506 
507 	printf("%u: ", info->id);
508 	prog_type_str = libbpf_bpf_prog_type_str(info->type);
509 	if (prog_type_str)
510 		printf("%s  ", prog_type_str);
511 	else
512 		printf("type %u  ", info->type);
513 
514 	if (*info->name) {
515 		get_prog_full_name(info, fd, prog_name, sizeof(prog_name));
516 		printf("name %s  ", prog_name);
517 	}
518 
519 	printf("tag ");
520 	fprint_hex(stdout, info->tag, BPF_TAG_SIZE, "");
521 	print_dev_plain(info->ifindex, info->netns_dev, info->netns_ino);
522 	printf("%s", info->gpl_compatible ? "  gpl" : "");
523 	if (info->run_time_ns)
524 		printf(" run_time_ns %lld run_cnt %lld",
525 		       info->run_time_ns, info->run_cnt);
526 	if (info->recursion_misses)
527 		printf(" recursion_misses %lld", info->recursion_misses);
528 	printf("\n");
529 }
530 
531 static void print_prog_plain(struct bpf_prog_info *info, int fd, bool orphaned)
532 {
533 	char *memlock;
534 
535 	print_prog_header_plain(info, fd);
536 
537 	if (info->load_time) {
538 		char buf[32];
539 
540 		print_boot_time(info->load_time, buf, sizeof(buf));
541 
542 		/* Piggy back on load_time, since 0 uid is a valid one */
543 		printf("\tloaded_at %s  uid %u\n", buf, info->created_by_uid);
544 	}
545 
546 	printf("\txlated %uB", info->xlated_prog_len);
547 
548 	if (info->jited_prog_len)
549 		printf("  jited %uB", info->jited_prog_len);
550 	else
551 		printf("  not jited");
552 
553 	memlock = get_fdinfo(fd, "memlock");
554 	if (memlock)
555 		printf("  memlock %sB", memlock);
556 	free(memlock);
557 
558 	if (orphaned)
559 		printf("  orphaned");
560 
561 	if (info->nr_map_ids)
562 		show_prog_maps(fd, info->nr_map_ids);
563 
564 	if (!hashmap__empty(prog_table)) {
565 		struct hashmap_entry *entry;
566 
567 		hashmap__for_each_key_entry(prog_table, entry, info->id)
568 			printf("\n\tpinned %s", (char *)entry->pvalue);
569 	}
570 
571 	if (info->btf_id)
572 		printf("\n\tbtf_id %d", info->btf_id);
573 
574 	emit_obj_refs_plain(refs_table, info->id, "\n\tpids ");
575 
576 	printf("\n");
577 
578 	show_prog_metadata(fd, info->nr_map_ids);
579 }
580 
581 static int show_prog(int fd)
582 {
583 	struct bpf_prog_info info = {};
584 	__u32 len = sizeof(info);
585 	int err;
586 
587 	err = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(fd, &info, &len);
588 	if (err && err != -ENODEV) {
589 		p_err("can't get prog info: %s", strerror(errno));
590 		return -1;
591 	}
592 
593 	if (json_output)
594 		print_prog_json(&info, fd, err == -ENODEV);
595 	else
596 		print_prog_plain(&info, fd, err == -ENODEV);
597 
598 	return 0;
599 }
600 
601 static int do_show_subset(int argc, char **argv)
602 {
603 	int *fds = NULL;
604 	int nb_fds, i;
605 	int err = -1;
606 
607 	fds = malloc(sizeof(int));
608 	if (!fds) {
609 		p_err("mem alloc failed");
610 		return -1;
611 	}
612 	nb_fds = prog_parse_fds(&argc, &argv, &fds);
613 	if (nb_fds < 1)
614 		goto exit_free;
615 
616 	if (json_output && nb_fds > 1)
617 		jsonw_start_array(json_wtr);	/* root array */
618 	for (i = 0; i < nb_fds; i++) {
619 		err = show_prog(fds[i]);
620 		if (err) {
621 			for (; i < nb_fds; i++)
622 				close(fds[i]);
623 			break;
624 		}
625 		close(fds[i]);
626 	}
627 	if (json_output && nb_fds > 1)
628 		jsonw_end_array(json_wtr);	/* root array */
629 
630 exit_free:
631 	free(fds);
632 	return err;
633 }
634 
635 static int do_show(int argc, char **argv)
636 {
637 	__u32 id = 0;
638 	int err;
639 	int fd;
640 
641 	if (show_pinned) {
642 		prog_table = hashmap__new(hash_fn_for_key_as_id,
643 					  equal_fn_for_key_as_id, NULL);
644 		if (IS_ERR(prog_table)) {
645 			p_err("failed to create hashmap for pinned paths");
646 			return -1;
647 		}
648 		build_pinned_obj_table(prog_table, BPF_OBJ_PROG);
649 	}
650 	build_obj_refs_table(&refs_table, BPF_OBJ_PROG);
651 
652 	if (argc == 2)
653 		return do_show_subset(argc, argv);
654 
655 	if (argc)
656 		return BAD_ARG();
657 
658 	if (json_output)
659 		jsonw_start_array(json_wtr);
660 	while (true) {
661 		err = bpf_prog_get_next_id(id, &id);
662 		if (err) {
663 			if (errno == ENOENT) {
664 				err = 0;
665 				break;
666 			}
667 			p_err("can't get next program: %s%s", strerror(errno),
668 			      errno == EINVAL ? " -- kernel too old?" : "");
669 			err = -1;
670 			break;
671 		}
672 
673 		fd = bpf_prog_get_fd_by_id(id);
674 		if (fd < 0) {
675 			if (errno == ENOENT)
676 				continue;
677 			p_err("can't get prog by id (%u): %s",
678 			      id, strerror(errno));
679 			err = -1;
680 			break;
681 		}
682 
683 		err = show_prog(fd);
684 		close(fd);
685 		if (err)
686 			break;
687 	}
688 
689 	if (json_output)
690 		jsonw_end_array(json_wtr);
691 
692 	delete_obj_refs_table(refs_table);
693 
694 	if (show_pinned)
695 		delete_pinned_obj_table(prog_table);
696 
697 	return err;
698 }
699 
700 static int
701 prog_dump(struct bpf_prog_info *info, enum dump_mode mode,
702 	  char *filepath, bool opcodes, bool visual, bool linum)
703 {
704 	struct bpf_prog_linfo *prog_linfo = NULL;
705 	const char *disasm_opt = NULL;
706 	struct dump_data dd = {};
707 	void *func_info = NULL;
708 	struct btf *btf = NULL;
709 	char func_sig[1024];
710 	unsigned char *buf;
711 	__u32 member_len;
712 	int fd, err = -1;
713 	ssize_t n;
714 
715 	if (mode == DUMP_JITED) {
716 		if (info->jited_prog_len == 0 || !info->jited_prog_insns) {
717 			p_info("no instructions returned");
718 			return -1;
719 		}
720 		buf = u64_to_ptr(info->jited_prog_insns);
721 		member_len = info->jited_prog_len;
722 	} else {	/* DUMP_XLATED */
723 		if (info->xlated_prog_len == 0 || !info->xlated_prog_insns) {
724 			p_err("error retrieving insn dump: kernel.kptr_restrict set?");
725 			return -1;
726 		}
727 		buf = u64_to_ptr(info->xlated_prog_insns);
728 		member_len = info->xlated_prog_len;
729 	}
730 
731 	if (info->btf_id) {
732 		btf = btf__load_from_kernel_by_id(info->btf_id);
733 		if (!btf) {
734 			p_err("failed to get btf");
735 			return -1;
736 		}
737 	}
738 
739 	func_info = u64_to_ptr(info->func_info);
740 
741 	if (info->nr_line_info) {
742 		prog_linfo = bpf_prog_linfo__new(info);
743 		if (!prog_linfo)
744 			p_info("error in processing bpf_line_info.  continue without it.");
745 	}
746 
747 	if (filepath) {
748 		fd = open(filepath, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0600);
749 		if (fd < 0) {
750 			p_err("can't open file %s: %s", filepath,
751 			      strerror(errno));
752 			goto exit_free;
753 		}
754 
755 		n = write(fd, buf, member_len);
756 		close(fd);
757 		if (n != (ssize_t)member_len) {
758 			p_err("error writing output file: %s",
759 			      n < 0 ? strerror(errno) : "short write");
760 			goto exit_free;
761 		}
762 
763 		if (json_output)
764 			jsonw_null(json_wtr);
765 	} else if (mode == DUMP_JITED) {
766 		const char *name = NULL;
767 
768 		if (info->ifindex) {
769 			name = ifindex_to_arch(info->ifindex, info->netns_dev,
770 					       info->netns_ino, &disasm_opt);
771 			if (!name)
772 				goto exit_free;
773 		}
774 
775 		if (info->nr_jited_func_lens && info->jited_func_lens) {
776 			struct kernel_sym *sym = NULL;
777 			struct bpf_func_info *record;
778 			char sym_name[SYM_MAX_NAME];
779 			unsigned char *img = buf;
780 			__u64 *ksyms = NULL;
781 			__u32 *lens;
782 			__u32 i;
783 			if (info->nr_jited_ksyms) {
784 				kernel_syms_load(&dd);
785 				ksyms = u64_to_ptr(info->jited_ksyms);
786 			}
787 
788 			if (json_output)
789 				jsonw_start_array(json_wtr);
790 
791 			lens = u64_to_ptr(info->jited_func_lens);
792 			for (i = 0; i < info->nr_jited_func_lens; i++) {
793 				if (ksyms) {
794 					sym = kernel_syms_search(&dd, ksyms[i]);
795 					if (sym)
796 						sprintf(sym_name, "%s", sym->name);
797 					else
798 						sprintf(sym_name, "0x%016llx", ksyms[i]);
799 				} else {
800 					strcpy(sym_name, "unknown");
801 				}
802 
803 				if (func_info) {
804 					record = func_info + i * info->func_info_rec_size;
805 					btf_dumper_type_only(btf, record->type_id,
806 							     func_sig,
807 							     sizeof(func_sig));
808 				}
809 
810 				if (json_output) {
811 					jsonw_start_object(json_wtr);
812 					if (func_info && func_sig[0] != '\0') {
813 						jsonw_name(json_wtr, "proto");
814 						jsonw_string(json_wtr, func_sig);
815 					}
816 					jsonw_name(json_wtr, "name");
817 					jsonw_string(json_wtr, sym_name);
818 					jsonw_name(json_wtr, "insns");
819 				} else {
820 					if (func_info && func_sig[0] != '\0')
821 						printf("%s:\n", func_sig);
822 					printf("%s:\n", sym_name);
823 				}
824 
825 				if (disasm_print_insn(img, lens[i], opcodes,
826 						      name, disasm_opt, btf,
827 						      prog_linfo, ksyms[i], i,
828 						      linum))
829 					goto exit_free;
830 
831 				img += lens[i];
832 
833 				if (json_output)
834 					jsonw_end_object(json_wtr);
835 				else
836 					printf("\n");
837 			}
838 
839 			if (json_output)
840 				jsonw_end_array(json_wtr);
841 		} else {
842 			if (disasm_print_insn(buf, member_len, opcodes, name,
843 					      disasm_opt, btf, NULL, 0, 0,
844 					      false))
845 				goto exit_free;
846 		}
847 	} else {
848 		kernel_syms_load(&dd);
849 		dd.nr_jited_ksyms = info->nr_jited_ksyms;
850 		dd.jited_ksyms = u64_to_ptr(info->jited_ksyms);
851 		dd.btf = btf;
852 		dd.func_info = func_info;
853 		dd.finfo_rec_size = info->func_info_rec_size;
854 		dd.prog_linfo = prog_linfo;
855 
856 		if (json_output)
857 			dump_xlated_json(&dd, buf, member_len, opcodes, linum);
858 		else if (visual)
859 			dump_xlated_cfg(&dd, buf, member_len, opcodes, linum);
860 		else
861 			dump_xlated_plain(&dd, buf, member_len, opcodes, linum);
862 		kernel_syms_destroy(&dd);
863 	}
864 
865 	err = 0;
866 
867 exit_free:
868 	btf__free(btf);
869 	bpf_prog_linfo__free(prog_linfo);
870 	return err;
871 }
872 
873 static int do_dump(int argc, char **argv)
874 {
875 	struct bpf_prog_info info;
876 	__u32 info_len = sizeof(info);
877 	size_t info_data_sz = 0;
878 	void *info_data = NULL;
879 	char *filepath = NULL;
880 	bool opcodes = false;
881 	bool visual = false;
882 	enum dump_mode mode;
883 	bool linum = false;
884 	int nb_fds, i = 0;
885 	int *fds = NULL;
886 	int err = -1;
887 
888 	if (is_prefix(*argv, "jited")) {
889 		if (disasm_init())
890 			return -1;
891 		mode = DUMP_JITED;
892 	} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "xlated")) {
893 		mode = DUMP_XLATED;
894 	} else {
895 		p_err("expected 'xlated' or 'jited', got: %s", *argv);
896 		return -1;
897 	}
898 	NEXT_ARG();
899 
900 	if (argc < 2)
901 		usage();
902 
903 	fds = malloc(sizeof(int));
904 	if (!fds) {
905 		p_err("mem alloc failed");
906 		return -1;
907 	}
908 	nb_fds = prog_parse_fds(&argc, &argv, &fds);
909 	if (nb_fds < 1)
910 		goto exit_free;
911 
912 	while (argc) {
913 		if (is_prefix(*argv, "file")) {
914 			NEXT_ARG();
915 			if (!argc) {
916 				p_err("expected file path");
917 				goto exit_close;
918 			}
919 			if (nb_fds > 1) {
920 				p_err("several programs matched");
921 				goto exit_close;
922 			}
923 
924 			filepath = *argv;
925 			NEXT_ARG();
926 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "opcodes")) {
927 			opcodes = true;
928 			NEXT_ARG();
929 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "visual")) {
930 			if (nb_fds > 1) {
931 				p_err("several programs matched");
932 				goto exit_close;
933 			}
934 
935 			visual = true;
936 			NEXT_ARG();
937 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "linum")) {
938 			linum = true;
939 			NEXT_ARG();
940 		} else {
941 			usage();
942 			goto exit_close;
943 		}
944 	}
945 
946 	if (filepath && (opcodes || visual || linum)) {
947 		p_err("'file' is not compatible with 'opcodes', 'visual', or 'linum'");
948 		goto exit_close;
949 	}
950 	if (json_output && visual) {
951 		p_err("'visual' is not compatible with JSON output");
952 		goto exit_close;
953 	}
954 
955 	if (json_output && nb_fds > 1)
956 		jsonw_start_array(json_wtr);	/* root array */
957 	for (i = 0; i < nb_fds; i++) {
958 		memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
959 
960 		err = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(fds[i], &info, &info_len);
961 		if (err) {
962 			p_err("can't get prog info: %s", strerror(errno));
963 			break;
964 		}
965 
966 		err = prep_prog_info(&info, mode, &info_data, &info_data_sz);
967 		if (err) {
968 			p_err("can't grow prog info_data");
969 			break;
970 		}
971 
972 		err = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(fds[i], &info, &info_len);
973 		if (err) {
974 			p_err("can't get prog info: %s", strerror(errno));
975 			break;
976 		}
977 
978 		if (json_output && nb_fds > 1) {
979 			jsonw_start_object(json_wtr);	/* prog object */
980 			print_prog_header_json(&info, fds[i]);
981 			jsonw_name(json_wtr, "insns");
982 		} else if (nb_fds > 1) {
983 			print_prog_header_plain(&info, fds[i]);
984 		}
985 
986 		err = prog_dump(&info, mode, filepath, opcodes, visual, linum);
987 
988 		if (json_output && nb_fds > 1)
989 			jsonw_end_object(json_wtr);	/* prog object */
990 		else if (i != nb_fds - 1 && nb_fds > 1)
991 			printf("\n");
992 
993 		if (err)
994 			break;
995 		close(fds[i]);
996 	}
997 	if (json_output && nb_fds > 1)
998 		jsonw_end_array(json_wtr);	/* root array */
999 
1000 exit_close:
1001 	for (; i < nb_fds; i++)
1002 		close(fds[i]);
1003 exit_free:
1004 	free(info_data);
1005 	free(fds);
1006 	return err;
1007 }
1008 
1009 static int do_pin(int argc, char **argv)
1010 {
1011 	int err;
1012 
1013 	err = do_pin_any(argc, argv, prog_parse_fd);
1014 	if (!err && json_output)
1015 		jsonw_null(json_wtr);
1016 	return err;
1017 }
1018 
1019 struct map_replace {
1020 	int idx;
1021 	int fd;
1022 	char *name;
1023 };
1024 
1025 static int map_replace_compar(const void *p1, const void *p2)
1026 {
1027 	const struct map_replace *a = p1, *b = p2;
1028 
1029 	return a->idx - b->idx;
1030 }
1031 
1032 static int parse_attach_detach_args(int argc, char **argv, int *progfd,
1033 				    enum bpf_attach_type *attach_type,
1034 				    int *mapfd)
1035 {
1036 	if (!REQ_ARGS(3))
1037 		return -EINVAL;
1038 
1039 	*progfd = prog_parse_fd(&argc, &argv);
1040 	if (*progfd < 0)
1041 		return *progfd;
1042 
1043 	*attach_type = parse_attach_type(*argv);
1044 	if (*attach_type == __MAX_BPF_ATTACH_TYPE) {
1045 		p_err("invalid attach/detach type");
1046 		return -EINVAL;
1047 	}
1048 
1049 	if (*attach_type == BPF_FLOW_DISSECTOR) {
1050 		*mapfd = 0;
1051 		return 0;
1052 	}
1053 
1054 	NEXT_ARG();
1055 	if (!REQ_ARGS(2))
1056 		return -EINVAL;
1057 
1058 	*mapfd = map_parse_fd(&argc, &argv);
1059 	if (*mapfd < 0)
1060 		return *mapfd;
1061 
1062 	return 0;
1063 }
1064 
1065 static int do_attach(int argc, char **argv)
1066 {
1067 	enum bpf_attach_type attach_type;
1068 	int err, progfd;
1069 	int mapfd;
1070 
1071 	err = parse_attach_detach_args(argc, argv,
1072 				       &progfd, &attach_type, &mapfd);
1073 	if (err)
1074 		return err;
1075 
1076 	err = bpf_prog_attach(progfd, mapfd, attach_type, 0);
1077 	if (err) {
1078 		p_err("failed prog attach to map");
1079 		return -EINVAL;
1080 	}
1081 
1082 	if (json_output)
1083 		jsonw_null(json_wtr);
1084 	return 0;
1085 }
1086 
1087 static int do_detach(int argc, char **argv)
1088 {
1089 	enum bpf_attach_type attach_type;
1090 	int err, progfd;
1091 	int mapfd;
1092 
1093 	err = parse_attach_detach_args(argc, argv,
1094 				       &progfd, &attach_type, &mapfd);
1095 	if (err)
1096 		return err;
1097 
1098 	err = bpf_prog_detach2(progfd, mapfd, attach_type);
1099 	if (err) {
1100 		p_err("failed prog detach from map");
1101 		return -EINVAL;
1102 	}
1103 
1104 	if (json_output)
1105 		jsonw_null(json_wtr);
1106 	return 0;
1107 }
1108 
1109 static int check_single_stdin(char *file_data_in, char *file_ctx_in)
1110 {
1111 	if (file_data_in && file_ctx_in &&
1112 	    !strcmp(file_data_in, "-") && !strcmp(file_ctx_in, "-")) {
1113 		p_err("cannot use standard input for both data_in and ctx_in");
1114 		return -1;
1115 	}
1116 
1117 	return 0;
1118 }
1119 
1120 static int get_run_data(const char *fname, void **data_ptr, unsigned int *size)
1121 {
1122 	size_t block_size = 256;
1123 	size_t buf_size = block_size;
1124 	size_t nb_read = 0;
1125 	void *tmp;
1126 	FILE *f;
1127 
1128 	if (!fname) {
1129 		*data_ptr = NULL;
1130 		*size = 0;
1131 		return 0;
1132 	}
1133 
1134 	if (!strcmp(fname, "-"))
1135 		f = stdin;
1136 	else
1137 		f = fopen(fname, "r");
1138 	if (!f) {
1139 		p_err("failed to open %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
1140 		return -1;
1141 	}
1142 
1143 	*data_ptr = malloc(block_size);
1144 	if (!*data_ptr) {
1145 		p_err("failed to allocate memory for data_in/ctx_in: %s",
1146 		      strerror(errno));
1147 		goto err_fclose;
1148 	}
1149 
1150 	while ((nb_read += fread(*data_ptr + nb_read, 1, block_size, f))) {
1151 		if (feof(f))
1152 			break;
1153 		if (ferror(f)) {
1154 			p_err("failed to read data_in/ctx_in from %s: %s",
1155 			      fname, strerror(errno));
1156 			goto err_free;
1157 		}
1158 		if (nb_read > buf_size - block_size) {
1159 			if (buf_size == UINT32_MAX) {
1160 				p_err("data_in/ctx_in is too long (max: %d)",
1161 				      UINT32_MAX);
1162 				goto err_free;
1163 			}
1164 			/* No space for fread()-ing next chunk; realloc() */
1165 			buf_size *= 2;
1166 			tmp = realloc(*data_ptr, buf_size);
1167 			if (!tmp) {
1168 				p_err("failed to reallocate data_in/ctx_in: %s",
1169 				      strerror(errno));
1170 				goto err_free;
1171 			}
1172 			*data_ptr = tmp;
1173 		}
1174 	}
1175 	if (f != stdin)
1176 		fclose(f);
1177 
1178 	*size = nb_read;
1179 	return 0;
1180 
1181 err_free:
1182 	free(*data_ptr);
1183 	*data_ptr = NULL;
1184 err_fclose:
1185 	if (f != stdin)
1186 		fclose(f);
1187 	return -1;
1188 }
1189 
1190 static void hex_print(void *data, unsigned int size, FILE *f)
1191 {
1192 	size_t i, j;
1193 	char c;
1194 
1195 	for (i = 0; i < size; i += 16) {
1196 		/* Row offset */
1197 		fprintf(f, "%07zx\t", i);
1198 
1199 		/* Hexadecimal values */
1200 		for (j = i; j < i + 16 && j < size; j++)
1201 			fprintf(f, "%02x%s", *(uint8_t *)(data + j),
1202 				j % 2 ? " " : "");
1203 		for (; j < i + 16; j++)
1204 			fprintf(f, "  %s", j % 2 ? " " : "");
1205 
1206 		/* ASCII values (if relevant), '.' otherwise */
1207 		fprintf(f, "| ");
1208 		for (j = i; j < i + 16 && j < size; j++) {
1209 			c = *(char *)(data + j);
1210 			if (c < ' ' || c > '~')
1211 				c = '.';
1212 			fprintf(f, "%c%s", c, j == i + 7 ? " " : "");
1213 		}
1214 
1215 		fprintf(f, "\n");
1216 	}
1217 }
1218 
1219 static int
1220 print_run_output(void *data, unsigned int size, const char *fname,
1221 		 const char *json_key)
1222 {
1223 	size_t nb_written;
1224 	FILE *f;
1225 
1226 	if (!fname)
1227 		return 0;
1228 
1229 	if (!strcmp(fname, "-")) {
1230 		f = stdout;
1231 		if (json_output) {
1232 			jsonw_name(json_wtr, json_key);
1233 			print_data_json(data, size);
1234 		} else {
1235 			hex_print(data, size, f);
1236 		}
1237 		return 0;
1238 	}
1239 
1240 	f = fopen(fname, "w");
1241 	if (!f) {
1242 		p_err("failed to open %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
1243 		return -1;
1244 	}
1245 
1246 	nb_written = fwrite(data, 1, size, f);
1247 	fclose(f);
1248 	if (nb_written != size) {
1249 		p_err("failed to write output data/ctx: %s", strerror(errno));
1250 		return -1;
1251 	}
1252 
1253 	return 0;
1254 }
1255 
1256 static int alloc_run_data(void **data_ptr, unsigned int size_out)
1257 {
1258 	*data_ptr = calloc(size_out, 1);
1259 	if (!*data_ptr) {
1260 		p_err("failed to allocate memory for output data/ctx: %s",
1261 		      strerror(errno));
1262 		return -1;
1263 	}
1264 
1265 	return 0;
1266 }
1267 
1268 static int do_run(int argc, char **argv)
1269 {
1270 	char *data_fname_in = NULL, *data_fname_out = NULL;
1271 	char *ctx_fname_in = NULL, *ctx_fname_out = NULL;
1272 	const unsigned int default_size = SZ_32K;
1273 	void *data_in = NULL, *data_out = NULL;
1274 	void *ctx_in = NULL, *ctx_out = NULL;
1275 	unsigned int repeat = 1;
1276 	int fd, err;
1277 	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_test_run_opts, test_attr);
1278 
1279 	if (!REQ_ARGS(4))
1280 		return -1;
1281 
1282 	fd = prog_parse_fd(&argc, &argv);
1283 	if (fd < 0)
1284 		return -1;
1285 
1286 	while (argc) {
1287 		if (detect_common_prefix(*argv, "data_in", "data_out",
1288 					 "data_size_out", NULL))
1289 			return -1;
1290 		if (detect_common_prefix(*argv, "ctx_in", "ctx_out",
1291 					 "ctx_size_out", NULL))
1292 			return -1;
1293 
1294 		if (is_prefix(*argv, "data_in")) {
1295 			NEXT_ARG();
1296 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1297 				return -1;
1298 
1299 			data_fname_in = GET_ARG();
1300 			if (check_single_stdin(data_fname_in, ctx_fname_in))
1301 				return -1;
1302 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "data_out")) {
1303 			NEXT_ARG();
1304 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1305 				return -1;
1306 
1307 			data_fname_out = GET_ARG();
1308 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "data_size_out")) {
1309 			char *endptr;
1310 
1311 			NEXT_ARG();
1312 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1313 				return -1;
1314 
1315 			test_attr.data_size_out = strtoul(*argv, &endptr, 0);
1316 			if (*endptr) {
1317 				p_err("can't parse %s as output data size",
1318 				      *argv);
1319 				return -1;
1320 			}
1321 			NEXT_ARG();
1322 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "ctx_in")) {
1323 			NEXT_ARG();
1324 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1325 				return -1;
1326 
1327 			ctx_fname_in = GET_ARG();
1328 			if (check_single_stdin(data_fname_in, ctx_fname_in))
1329 				return -1;
1330 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "ctx_out")) {
1331 			NEXT_ARG();
1332 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1333 				return -1;
1334 
1335 			ctx_fname_out = GET_ARG();
1336 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "ctx_size_out")) {
1337 			char *endptr;
1338 
1339 			NEXT_ARG();
1340 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1341 				return -1;
1342 
1343 			test_attr.ctx_size_out = strtoul(*argv, &endptr, 0);
1344 			if (*endptr) {
1345 				p_err("can't parse %s as output context size",
1346 				      *argv);
1347 				return -1;
1348 			}
1349 			NEXT_ARG();
1350 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "repeat")) {
1351 			char *endptr;
1352 
1353 			NEXT_ARG();
1354 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1355 				return -1;
1356 
1357 			repeat = strtoul(*argv, &endptr, 0);
1358 			if (*endptr) {
1359 				p_err("can't parse %s as repeat number",
1360 				      *argv);
1361 				return -1;
1362 			}
1363 			NEXT_ARG();
1364 		} else {
1365 			p_err("expected no more arguments, 'data_in', 'data_out', 'data_size_out', 'ctx_in', 'ctx_out', 'ctx_size_out' or 'repeat', got: '%s'?",
1366 			      *argv);
1367 			return -1;
1368 		}
1369 	}
1370 
1371 	err = get_run_data(data_fname_in, &data_in, &test_attr.data_size_in);
1372 	if (err)
1373 		return -1;
1374 
1375 	if (data_in) {
1376 		if (!test_attr.data_size_out)
1377 			test_attr.data_size_out = default_size;
1378 		err = alloc_run_data(&data_out, test_attr.data_size_out);
1379 		if (err)
1380 			goto free_data_in;
1381 	}
1382 
1383 	err = get_run_data(ctx_fname_in, &ctx_in, &test_attr.ctx_size_in);
1384 	if (err)
1385 		goto free_data_out;
1386 
1387 	if (ctx_in) {
1388 		if (!test_attr.ctx_size_out)
1389 			test_attr.ctx_size_out = default_size;
1390 		err = alloc_run_data(&ctx_out, test_attr.ctx_size_out);
1391 		if (err)
1392 			goto free_ctx_in;
1393 	}
1394 
1395 	test_attr.repeat	= repeat;
1396 	test_attr.data_in	= data_in;
1397 	test_attr.data_out	= data_out;
1398 	test_attr.ctx_in	= ctx_in;
1399 	test_attr.ctx_out	= ctx_out;
1400 
1401 	err = bpf_prog_test_run_opts(fd, &test_attr);
1402 	if (err) {
1403 		p_err("failed to run program: %s", strerror(errno));
1404 		goto free_ctx_out;
1405 	}
1406 
1407 	err = 0;
1408 
1409 	if (json_output)
1410 		jsonw_start_object(json_wtr);	/* root */
1411 
1412 	/* Do not exit on errors occurring when printing output data/context,
1413 	 * we still want to print return value and duration for program run.
1414 	 */
1415 	if (test_attr.data_size_out)
1416 		err += print_run_output(test_attr.data_out,
1417 					test_attr.data_size_out,
1418 					data_fname_out, "data_out");
1419 	if (test_attr.ctx_size_out)
1420 		err += print_run_output(test_attr.ctx_out,
1421 					test_attr.ctx_size_out,
1422 					ctx_fname_out, "ctx_out");
1423 
1424 	if (json_output) {
1425 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "retval", test_attr.retval);
1426 		jsonw_uint_field(json_wtr, "duration", test_attr.duration);
1427 		jsonw_end_object(json_wtr);	/* root */
1428 	} else {
1429 		fprintf(stdout, "Return value: %u, duration%s: %uns\n",
1430 			test_attr.retval,
1431 			repeat > 1 ? " (average)" : "", test_attr.duration);
1432 	}
1433 
1434 free_ctx_out:
1435 	free(ctx_out);
1436 free_ctx_in:
1437 	free(ctx_in);
1438 free_data_out:
1439 	free(data_out);
1440 free_data_in:
1441 	free(data_in);
1442 
1443 	return err;
1444 }
1445 
1446 static int
1447 get_prog_type_by_name(const char *name, enum bpf_prog_type *prog_type,
1448 		      enum bpf_attach_type *expected_attach_type)
1449 {
1450 	libbpf_print_fn_t print_backup;
1451 	int ret;
1452 
1453 	ret = libbpf_prog_type_by_name(name, prog_type, expected_attach_type);
1454 	if (!ret)
1455 		return ret;
1456 
1457 	/* libbpf_prog_type_by_name() failed, let's re-run with debug level */
1458 	print_backup = libbpf_set_print(print_all_levels);
1459 	ret = libbpf_prog_type_by_name(name, prog_type, expected_attach_type);
1460 	libbpf_set_print(print_backup);
1461 
1462 	return ret;
1463 }
1464 
1465 static int
1466 auto_attach_program(struct bpf_program *prog, const char *path)
1467 {
1468 	struct bpf_link *link;
1469 	int err;
1470 
1471 	link = bpf_program__attach(prog);
1472 	if (!link) {
1473 		p_info("Program %s does not support autoattach, falling back to pinning",
1474 		       bpf_program__name(prog));
1475 		return bpf_obj_pin(bpf_program__fd(prog), path);
1476 	}
1477 
1478 	err = bpf_link__pin(link, path);
1479 	bpf_link__destroy(link);
1480 	return err;
1481 }
1482 
1483 static int
1484 auto_attach_programs(struct bpf_object *obj, const char *path)
1485 {
1486 	struct bpf_program *prog;
1487 	char buf[PATH_MAX];
1488 	int err;
1489 
1490 	bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, obj) {
1491 		err = pathname_concat(buf, sizeof(buf), path, bpf_program__name(prog));
1492 		if (err)
1493 			goto err_unpin_programs;
1494 
1495 		err = auto_attach_program(prog, buf);
1496 		if (err)
1497 			goto err_unpin_programs;
1498 	}
1499 
1500 	return 0;
1501 
1502 err_unpin_programs:
1503 	while ((prog = bpf_object__prev_program(obj, prog))) {
1504 		if (pathname_concat(buf, sizeof(buf), path, bpf_program__name(prog)))
1505 			continue;
1506 
1507 		bpf_program__unpin(prog, buf);
1508 	}
1509 
1510 	return err;
1511 }
1512 
1513 static int load_with_options(int argc, char **argv, bool first_prog_only)
1514 {
1515 	enum bpf_prog_type common_prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_UNSPEC;
1516 	DECLARE_LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, open_opts,
1517 		.relaxed_maps = relaxed_maps,
1518 	);
1519 	enum bpf_attach_type expected_attach_type;
1520 	struct map_replace *map_replace = NULL;
1521 	struct bpf_program *prog = NULL, *pos;
1522 	unsigned int old_map_fds = 0;
1523 	const char *pinmaps = NULL;
1524 	__u32 xdpmeta_ifindex = 0;
1525 	__u32 offload_ifindex = 0;
1526 	bool auto_attach = false;
1527 	struct bpf_object *obj;
1528 	struct bpf_map *map;
1529 	const char *pinfile;
1530 	unsigned int i, j;
1531 	const char *file;
1532 	int idx, err;
1533 
1534 
1535 	if (!REQ_ARGS(2))
1536 		return -1;
1537 	file = GET_ARG();
1538 	pinfile = GET_ARG();
1539 
1540 	while (argc) {
1541 		if (is_prefix(*argv, "type")) {
1542 			NEXT_ARG();
1543 
1544 			if (common_prog_type != BPF_PROG_TYPE_UNSPEC) {
1545 				p_err("program type already specified");
1546 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1547 			}
1548 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1549 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1550 
1551 			err = libbpf_prog_type_by_name(*argv, &common_prog_type,
1552 						       &expected_attach_type);
1553 			if (err < 0) {
1554 				/* Put a '/' at the end of type to appease libbpf */
1555 				char *type = malloc(strlen(*argv) + 2);
1556 
1557 				if (!type) {
1558 					p_err("mem alloc failed");
1559 					goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1560 				}
1561 				*type = 0;
1562 				strcat(type, *argv);
1563 				strcat(type, "/");
1564 
1565 				err = get_prog_type_by_name(type, &common_prog_type,
1566 							    &expected_attach_type);
1567 				free(type);
1568 				if (err < 0)
1569 					goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1570 			}
1571 
1572 			NEXT_ARG();
1573 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "map")) {
1574 			void *new_map_replace;
1575 			char *endptr, *name;
1576 			int fd;
1577 
1578 			NEXT_ARG();
1579 
1580 			if (!REQ_ARGS(4))
1581 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1582 
1583 			if (is_prefix(*argv, "idx")) {
1584 				NEXT_ARG();
1585 
1586 				idx = strtoul(*argv, &endptr, 0);
1587 				if (*endptr) {
1588 					p_err("can't parse %s as IDX", *argv);
1589 					goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1590 				}
1591 				name = NULL;
1592 			} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "name")) {
1593 				NEXT_ARG();
1594 
1595 				name = *argv;
1596 				idx = -1;
1597 			} else {
1598 				p_err("expected 'idx' or 'name', got: '%s'?",
1599 				      *argv);
1600 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1601 			}
1602 			NEXT_ARG();
1603 
1604 			fd = map_parse_fd(&argc, &argv);
1605 			if (fd < 0)
1606 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1607 
1608 			new_map_replace = libbpf_reallocarray(map_replace,
1609 							      old_map_fds + 1,
1610 							      sizeof(*map_replace));
1611 			if (!new_map_replace) {
1612 				p_err("mem alloc failed");
1613 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1614 			}
1615 			map_replace = new_map_replace;
1616 
1617 			map_replace[old_map_fds].idx = idx;
1618 			map_replace[old_map_fds].name = name;
1619 			map_replace[old_map_fds].fd = fd;
1620 			old_map_fds++;
1621 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "dev")) {
1622 			p_info("Warning: 'bpftool prog load [...] dev <ifname>' syntax is deprecated.\n"
1623 			       "Going further, please use 'offload_dev <ifname>' to offload program to device.\n"
1624 			       "For applications using XDP hints only, use 'xdpmeta_dev <ifname>'.");
1625 			goto offload_dev;
1626 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "offload_dev")) {
1627 offload_dev:
1628 			NEXT_ARG();
1629 
1630 			if (offload_ifindex) {
1631 				p_err("offload_dev already specified");
1632 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1633 			} else if (xdpmeta_ifindex) {
1634 				p_err("xdpmeta_dev and offload_dev are mutually exclusive");
1635 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1636 			}
1637 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1638 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1639 
1640 			offload_ifindex = if_nametoindex(*argv);
1641 			if (!offload_ifindex) {
1642 				p_err("unrecognized netdevice '%s': %s",
1643 				      *argv, strerror(errno));
1644 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1645 			}
1646 			NEXT_ARG();
1647 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "xdpmeta_dev")) {
1648 			NEXT_ARG();
1649 
1650 			if (xdpmeta_ifindex) {
1651 				p_err("xdpmeta_dev already specified");
1652 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1653 			} else if (offload_ifindex) {
1654 				p_err("xdpmeta_dev and offload_dev are mutually exclusive");
1655 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1656 			}
1657 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1658 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1659 
1660 			xdpmeta_ifindex = if_nametoindex(*argv);
1661 			if (!xdpmeta_ifindex) {
1662 				p_err("unrecognized netdevice '%s': %s",
1663 				      *argv, strerror(errno));
1664 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1665 			}
1666 			NEXT_ARG();
1667 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "pinmaps")) {
1668 			NEXT_ARG();
1669 
1670 			if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1671 				goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1672 
1673 			pinmaps = GET_ARG();
1674 		} else if (is_prefix(*argv, "autoattach")) {
1675 			auto_attach = true;
1676 			NEXT_ARG();
1677 		} else {
1678 			p_err("expected no more arguments, 'type', 'map' or 'dev', got: '%s'?",
1679 			      *argv);
1680 			goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1681 		}
1682 	}
1683 
1684 	set_max_rlimit();
1685 
1686 	if (verifier_logs)
1687 		/* log_level1 + log_level2 + stats, but not stable UAPI */
1688 		open_opts.kernel_log_level = 1 + 2 + 4;
1689 
1690 	obj = bpf_object__open_file(file, &open_opts);
1691 	if (!obj) {
1692 		p_err("failed to open object file");
1693 		goto err_free_reuse_maps;
1694 	}
1695 
1696 	bpf_object__for_each_program(pos, obj) {
1697 		enum bpf_prog_type prog_type = common_prog_type;
1698 
1699 		if (prog_type == BPF_PROG_TYPE_UNSPEC) {
1700 			const char *sec_name = bpf_program__section_name(pos);
1701 
1702 			err = get_prog_type_by_name(sec_name, &prog_type,
1703 						    &expected_attach_type);
1704 			if (err < 0)
1705 				goto err_close_obj;
1706 		}
1707 
1708 		if (prog_type == BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP && xdpmeta_ifindex) {
1709 			bpf_program__set_flags(pos, BPF_F_XDP_DEV_BOUND_ONLY);
1710 			bpf_program__set_ifindex(pos, xdpmeta_ifindex);
1711 		} else {
1712 			bpf_program__set_ifindex(pos, offload_ifindex);
1713 		}
1714 		if (bpf_program__type(pos) != prog_type)
1715 			bpf_program__set_type(pos, prog_type);
1716 		bpf_program__set_expected_attach_type(pos, expected_attach_type);
1717 	}
1718 
1719 	qsort(map_replace, old_map_fds, sizeof(*map_replace),
1720 	      map_replace_compar);
1721 
1722 	/* After the sort maps by name will be first on the list, because they
1723 	 * have idx == -1.  Resolve them.
1724 	 */
1725 	j = 0;
1726 	while (j < old_map_fds && map_replace[j].name) {
1727 		i = 0;
1728 		bpf_object__for_each_map(map, obj) {
1729 			if (!strcmp(bpf_map__name(map), map_replace[j].name)) {
1730 				map_replace[j].idx = i;
1731 				break;
1732 			}
1733 			i++;
1734 		}
1735 		if (map_replace[j].idx == -1) {
1736 			p_err("unable to find map '%s'", map_replace[j].name);
1737 			goto err_close_obj;
1738 		}
1739 		j++;
1740 	}
1741 	/* Resort if any names were resolved */
1742 	if (j)
1743 		qsort(map_replace, old_map_fds, sizeof(*map_replace),
1744 		      map_replace_compar);
1745 
1746 	/* Set ifindex and name reuse */
1747 	j = 0;
1748 	idx = 0;
1749 	bpf_object__for_each_map(map, obj) {
1750 		if (bpf_map__type(map) != BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY)
1751 			bpf_map__set_ifindex(map, offload_ifindex);
1752 
1753 		if (j < old_map_fds && idx == map_replace[j].idx) {
1754 			err = bpf_map__reuse_fd(map, map_replace[j++].fd);
1755 			if (err) {
1756 				p_err("unable to set up map reuse: %d", err);
1757 				goto err_close_obj;
1758 			}
1759 
1760 			/* Next reuse wants to apply to the same map */
1761 			if (j < old_map_fds && map_replace[j].idx == idx) {
1762 				p_err("replacement for map idx %d specified more than once",
1763 				      idx);
1764 				goto err_close_obj;
1765 			}
1766 		}
1767 
1768 		idx++;
1769 	}
1770 	if (j < old_map_fds) {
1771 		p_err("map idx '%d' not used", map_replace[j].idx);
1772 		goto err_close_obj;
1773 	}
1774 
1775 	err = bpf_object__load(obj);
1776 	if (err) {
1777 		p_err("failed to load object file");
1778 		goto err_close_obj;
1779 	}
1780 
1781 	if (first_prog_only)
1782 		err = mount_bpffs_for_file(pinfile);
1783 	else
1784 		err = create_and_mount_bpffs_dir(pinfile);
1785 	if (err)
1786 		goto err_close_obj;
1787 
1788 	if (first_prog_only) {
1789 		prog = bpf_object__next_program(obj, NULL);
1790 		if (!prog) {
1791 			p_err("object file doesn't contain any bpf program");
1792 			goto err_close_obj;
1793 		}
1794 
1795 		if (auto_attach)
1796 			err = auto_attach_program(prog, pinfile);
1797 		else
1798 			err = bpf_obj_pin(bpf_program__fd(prog), pinfile);
1799 		if (err) {
1800 			p_err("failed to pin program %s",
1801 			      bpf_program__section_name(prog));
1802 			goto err_close_obj;
1803 		}
1804 	} else {
1805 		if (auto_attach)
1806 			err = auto_attach_programs(obj, pinfile);
1807 		else
1808 			err = bpf_object__pin_programs(obj, pinfile);
1809 		if (err) {
1810 			p_err("failed to pin all programs");
1811 			goto err_close_obj;
1812 		}
1813 	}
1814 
1815 	if (pinmaps) {
1816 		err = create_and_mount_bpffs_dir(pinmaps);
1817 		if (err)
1818 			goto err_unpin;
1819 
1820 		err = bpf_object__pin_maps(obj, pinmaps);
1821 		if (err) {
1822 			p_err("failed to pin all maps");
1823 			goto err_unpin;
1824 		}
1825 	}
1826 
1827 	if (json_output)
1828 		jsonw_null(json_wtr);
1829 
1830 	bpf_object__close(obj);
1831 	for (i = 0; i < old_map_fds; i++)
1832 		close(map_replace[i].fd);
1833 	free(map_replace);
1834 
1835 	return 0;
1836 
1837 err_unpin:
1838 	if (first_prog_only)
1839 		unlink(pinfile);
1840 	else
1841 		bpf_object__unpin_programs(obj, pinfile);
1842 err_close_obj:
1843 	bpf_object__close(obj);
1844 err_free_reuse_maps:
1845 	for (i = 0; i < old_map_fds; i++)
1846 		close(map_replace[i].fd);
1847 	free(map_replace);
1848 	return -1;
1849 }
1850 
1851 static int count_open_fds(void)
1852 {
1853 	DIR *dp = opendir("/proc/self/fd");
1854 	struct dirent *de;
1855 	int cnt = -3;
1856 
1857 	if (!dp)
1858 		return -1;
1859 
1860 	while ((de = readdir(dp)))
1861 		cnt++;
1862 
1863 	closedir(dp);
1864 	return cnt;
1865 }
1866 
1867 static int try_loader(struct gen_loader_opts *gen)
1868 {
1869 	struct bpf_load_and_run_opts opts = {};
1870 	struct bpf_loader_ctx *ctx;
1871 	int ctx_sz = sizeof(*ctx) + 64 * max(sizeof(struct bpf_map_desc),
1872 					     sizeof(struct bpf_prog_desc));
1873 	int log_buf_sz = (1u << 24) - 1;
1874 	int err, fds_before, fd_delta;
1875 	char *log_buf = NULL;
1876 
1877 	ctx = alloca(ctx_sz);
1878 	memset(ctx, 0, ctx_sz);
1879 	ctx->sz = ctx_sz;
1880 	if (verifier_logs) {
1881 		ctx->log_level = 1 + 2 + 4;
1882 		ctx->log_size = log_buf_sz;
1883 		log_buf = malloc(log_buf_sz);
1884 		if (!log_buf)
1885 			return -ENOMEM;
1886 		ctx->log_buf = (long) log_buf;
1887 	}
1888 	opts.ctx = ctx;
1889 	opts.data = gen->data;
1890 	opts.data_sz = gen->data_sz;
1891 	opts.insns = gen->insns;
1892 	opts.insns_sz = gen->insns_sz;
1893 	fds_before = count_open_fds();
1894 	err = bpf_load_and_run(&opts);
1895 	fd_delta = count_open_fds() - fds_before;
1896 	if (err < 0 || verifier_logs) {
1897 		fprintf(stderr, "err %d\n%s\n%s", err, opts.errstr, log_buf);
1898 		if (fd_delta && err < 0)
1899 			fprintf(stderr, "loader prog leaked %d FDs\n",
1900 				fd_delta);
1901 	}
1902 	free(log_buf);
1903 	return err;
1904 }
1905 
1906 static int do_loader(int argc, char **argv)
1907 {
1908 	DECLARE_LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_object_open_opts, open_opts);
1909 	DECLARE_LIBBPF_OPTS(gen_loader_opts, gen);
1910 	struct bpf_object *obj;
1911 	const char *file;
1912 	int err = 0;
1913 
1914 	if (!REQ_ARGS(1))
1915 		return -1;
1916 	file = GET_ARG();
1917 
1918 	if (verifier_logs)
1919 		/* log_level1 + log_level2 + stats, but not stable UAPI */
1920 		open_opts.kernel_log_level = 1 + 2 + 4;
1921 
1922 	obj = bpf_object__open_file(file, &open_opts);
1923 	if (!obj) {
1924 		p_err("failed to open object file");
1925 		goto err_close_obj;
1926 	}
1927 
1928 	err = bpf_object__gen_loader(obj, &gen);
1929 	if (err)
1930 		goto err_close_obj;
1931 
1932 	err = bpf_object__load(obj);
1933 	if (err) {
1934 		p_err("failed to load object file");
1935 		goto err_close_obj;
1936 	}
1937 
1938 	if (verifier_logs) {
1939 		struct dump_data dd = {};
1940 
1941 		kernel_syms_load(&dd);
1942 		dump_xlated_plain(&dd, (void *)gen.insns, gen.insns_sz, false, false);
1943 		kernel_syms_destroy(&dd);
1944 	}
1945 	err = try_loader(&gen);
1946 err_close_obj:
1947 	bpf_object__close(obj);
1948 	return err;
1949 }
1950 
1951 static int do_load(int argc, char **argv)
1952 {
1953 	if (use_loader)
1954 		return do_loader(argc, argv);
1955 	return load_with_options(argc, argv, true);
1956 }
1957 
1958 static int do_loadall(int argc, char **argv)
1959 {
1960 	return load_with_options(argc, argv, false);
1961 }
1962 
1963 #ifdef BPFTOOL_WITHOUT_SKELETONS
1964 
1965 static int do_profile(int argc, char **argv)
1966 {
1967 	p_err("bpftool prog profile command is not supported. Please build bpftool with clang >= 10.0.0");
1968 	return 0;
1969 }
1970 
1971 #else /* BPFTOOL_WITHOUT_SKELETONS */
1972 
1973 #include "profiler.skel.h"
1974 
1975 struct profile_metric {
1976 	const char *name;
1977 	struct bpf_perf_event_value val;
1978 	struct perf_event_attr attr;
1979 	bool selected;
1980 
1981 	/* calculate ratios like instructions per cycle */
1982 	const int ratio_metric; /* 0 for N/A, 1 for index 0 (cycles) */
1983 	const char *ratio_desc;
1984 	const float ratio_mul;
1985 } metrics[] = {
1986 	{
1987 		.name = "cycles",
1988 		.attr = {
1989 			.type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE,
1990 			.config = PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES,
1991 			.exclude_user = 1,
1992 		},
1993 	},
1994 	{
1995 		.name = "instructions",
1996 		.attr = {
1997 			.type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE,
1998 			.config = PERF_COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS,
1999 			.exclude_user = 1,
2000 		},
2001 		.ratio_metric = 1,
2002 		.ratio_desc = "insns per cycle",
2003 		.ratio_mul = 1.0,
2004 	},
2005 	{
2006 		.name = "l1d_loads",
2007 		.attr = {
2008 			.type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
2009 			.config =
2010 				PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D |
2011 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ << 8) |
2012 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS << 16),
2013 			.exclude_user = 1,
2014 		},
2015 	},
2016 	{
2017 		.name = "llc_misses",
2018 		.attr = {
2019 			.type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
2020 			.config =
2021 				PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL |
2022 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ << 8) |
2023 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS << 16),
2024 			.exclude_user = 1
2025 		},
2026 		.ratio_metric = 2,
2027 		.ratio_desc = "LLC misses per million insns",
2028 		.ratio_mul = 1e6,
2029 	},
2030 	{
2031 		.name = "itlb_misses",
2032 		.attr = {
2033 			.type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
2034 			.config =
2035 				PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB |
2036 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ << 8) |
2037 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS << 16),
2038 			.exclude_user = 1
2039 		},
2040 		.ratio_metric = 2,
2041 		.ratio_desc = "itlb misses per million insns",
2042 		.ratio_mul = 1e6,
2043 	},
2044 	{
2045 		.name = "dtlb_misses",
2046 		.attr = {
2047 			.type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
2048 			.config =
2049 				PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB |
2050 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ << 8) |
2051 				(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS << 16),
2052 			.exclude_user = 1
2053 		},
2054 		.ratio_metric = 2,
2055 		.ratio_desc = "dtlb misses per million insns",
2056 		.ratio_mul = 1e6,
2057 	},
2058 };
2059 
2060 static __u64 profile_total_count;
2061 
2062 #define MAX_NUM_PROFILE_METRICS 4
2063 
2064 static int profile_parse_metrics(int argc, char **argv)
2065 {
2066 	unsigned int metric_cnt;
2067 	int selected_cnt = 0;
2068 	unsigned int i;
2069 
2070 	metric_cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(metrics);
2071 
2072 	while (argc > 0) {
2073 		for (i = 0; i < metric_cnt; i++) {
2074 			if (is_prefix(argv[0], metrics[i].name)) {
2075 				if (!metrics[i].selected)
2076 					selected_cnt++;
2077 				metrics[i].selected = true;
2078 				break;
2079 			}
2080 		}
2081 		if (i == metric_cnt) {
2082 			p_err("unknown metric %s", argv[0]);
2083 			return -1;
2084 		}
2085 		NEXT_ARG();
2086 	}
2087 	if (selected_cnt > MAX_NUM_PROFILE_METRICS) {
2088 		p_err("too many (%d) metrics, please specify no more than %d metrics at a time",
2089 		      selected_cnt, MAX_NUM_PROFILE_METRICS);
2090 		return -1;
2091 	}
2092 	return selected_cnt;
2093 }
2094 
2095 static void profile_read_values(struct profiler_bpf *obj)
2096 {
2097 	__u32 m, cpu, num_cpu = obj->rodata->num_cpu;
2098 	int reading_map_fd, count_map_fd;
2099 	__u64 counts[num_cpu];
2100 	__u32 key = 0;
2101 	int err;
2102 
2103 	reading_map_fd = bpf_map__fd(obj->maps.accum_readings);
2104 	count_map_fd = bpf_map__fd(obj->maps.counts);
2105 	if (reading_map_fd < 0 || count_map_fd < 0) {
2106 		p_err("failed to get fd for map");
2107 		return;
2108 	}
2109 
2110 	err = bpf_map_lookup_elem(count_map_fd, &key, counts);
2111 	if (err) {
2112 		p_err("failed to read count_map: %s", strerror(errno));
2113 		return;
2114 	}
2115 
2116 	profile_total_count = 0;
2117 	for (cpu = 0; cpu < num_cpu; cpu++)
2118 		profile_total_count += counts[cpu];
2119 
2120 	for (m = 0; m < ARRAY_SIZE(metrics); m++) {
2121 		struct bpf_perf_event_value values[num_cpu];
2122 
2123 		if (!metrics[m].selected)
2124 			continue;
2125 
2126 		err = bpf_map_lookup_elem(reading_map_fd, &key, values);
2127 		if (err) {
2128 			p_err("failed to read reading_map: %s",
2129 			      strerror(errno));
2130 			return;
2131 		}
2132 		for (cpu = 0; cpu < num_cpu; cpu++) {
2133 			metrics[m].val.counter += values[cpu].counter;
2134 			metrics[m].val.enabled += values[cpu].enabled;
2135 			metrics[m].val.running += values[cpu].running;
2136 		}
2137 		key++;
2138 	}
2139 }
2140 
2141 static void profile_print_readings_json(void)
2142 {
2143 	__u32 m;
2144 
2145 	jsonw_start_array(json_wtr);
2146 	for (m = 0; m < ARRAY_SIZE(metrics); m++) {
2147 		if (!metrics[m].selected)
2148 			continue;
2149 		jsonw_start_object(json_wtr);
2150 		jsonw_string_field(json_wtr, "metric", metrics[m].name);
2151 		jsonw_lluint_field(json_wtr, "run_cnt", profile_total_count);
2152 		jsonw_lluint_field(json_wtr, "value", metrics[m].val.counter);
2153 		jsonw_lluint_field(json_wtr, "enabled", metrics[m].val.enabled);
2154 		jsonw_lluint_field(json_wtr, "running", metrics[m].val.running);
2155 
2156 		jsonw_end_object(json_wtr);
2157 	}
2158 	jsonw_end_array(json_wtr);
2159 }
2160 
2161 static void profile_print_readings_plain(void)
2162 {
2163 	__u32 m;
2164 
2165 	printf("\n%18llu %-20s\n", profile_total_count, "run_cnt");
2166 	for (m = 0; m < ARRAY_SIZE(metrics); m++) {
2167 		struct bpf_perf_event_value *val = &metrics[m].val;
2168 		int r;
2169 
2170 		if (!metrics[m].selected)
2171 			continue;
2172 		printf("%18llu %-20s", val->counter, metrics[m].name);
2173 
2174 		r = metrics[m].ratio_metric - 1;
2175 		if (r >= 0 && metrics[r].selected &&
2176 		    metrics[r].val.counter > 0) {
2177 			printf("# %8.2f %-30s",
2178 			       val->counter * metrics[m].ratio_mul /
2179 			       metrics[r].val.counter,
2180 			       metrics[m].ratio_desc);
2181 		} else {
2182 			printf("%-41s", "");
2183 		}
2184 
2185 		if (val->enabled > val->running)
2186 			printf("(%4.2f%%)",
2187 			       val->running * 100.0 / val->enabled);
2188 		printf("\n");
2189 	}
2190 }
2191 
2192 static void profile_print_readings(void)
2193 {
2194 	if (json_output)
2195 		profile_print_readings_json();
2196 	else
2197 		profile_print_readings_plain();
2198 }
2199 
2200 static char *profile_target_name(int tgt_fd)
2201 {
2202 	struct bpf_func_info func_info;
2203 	struct bpf_prog_info info = {};
2204 	__u32 info_len = sizeof(info);
2205 	const struct btf_type *t;
2206 	__u32 func_info_rec_size;
2207 	struct btf *btf = NULL;
2208 	char *name = NULL;
2209 	int err;
2210 
2211 	err = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(tgt_fd, &info, &info_len);
2212 	if (err) {
2213 		p_err("failed to get info for prog FD %d", tgt_fd);
2214 		goto out;
2215 	}
2216 
2217 	if (info.btf_id == 0) {
2218 		p_err("prog FD %d doesn't have valid btf", tgt_fd);
2219 		goto out;
2220 	}
2221 
2222 	func_info_rec_size = info.func_info_rec_size;
2223 	if (info.nr_func_info == 0) {
2224 		p_err("found 0 func_info for prog FD %d", tgt_fd);
2225 		goto out;
2226 	}
2227 
2228 	memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
2229 	info.nr_func_info = 1;
2230 	info.func_info_rec_size = func_info_rec_size;
2231 	info.func_info = ptr_to_u64(&func_info);
2232 
2233 	err = bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(tgt_fd, &info, &info_len);
2234 	if (err) {
2235 		p_err("failed to get func_info for prog FD %d", tgt_fd);
2236 		goto out;
2237 	}
2238 
2239 	btf = btf__load_from_kernel_by_id(info.btf_id);
2240 	if (!btf) {
2241 		p_err("failed to load btf for prog FD %d", tgt_fd);
2242 		goto out;
2243 	}
2244 
2245 	t = btf__type_by_id(btf, func_info.type_id);
2246 	if (!t) {
2247 		p_err("btf %d doesn't have type %d",
2248 		      info.btf_id, func_info.type_id);
2249 		goto out;
2250 	}
2251 	name = strdup(btf__name_by_offset(btf, t->name_off));
2252 out:
2253 	btf__free(btf);
2254 	return name;
2255 }
2256 
2257 static struct profiler_bpf *profile_obj;
2258 static int profile_tgt_fd = -1;
2259 static char *profile_tgt_name;
2260 static int *profile_perf_events;
2261 static int profile_perf_event_cnt;
2262 
2263 static void profile_close_perf_events(struct profiler_bpf *obj)
2264 {
2265 	int i;
2266 
2267 	for (i = profile_perf_event_cnt - 1; i >= 0; i--)
2268 		close(profile_perf_events[i]);
2269 
2270 	free(profile_perf_events);
2271 	profile_perf_event_cnt = 0;
2272 }
2273 
2274 static int profile_open_perf_event(int mid, int cpu, int map_fd)
2275 {
2276 	int pmu_fd;
2277 
2278 	pmu_fd = syscall(__NR_perf_event_open, &metrics[mid].attr,
2279 			 -1 /*pid*/, cpu, -1 /*group_fd*/, 0);
2280 	if (pmu_fd < 0) {
2281 		if (errno == ENODEV) {
2282 			p_info("cpu %d may be offline, skip %s profiling.",
2283 				cpu, metrics[mid].name);
2284 			profile_perf_event_cnt++;
2285 			return 0;
2286 		}
2287 		return -1;
2288 	}
2289 
2290 	if (bpf_map_update_elem(map_fd,
2291 				&profile_perf_event_cnt,
2292 				&pmu_fd, BPF_ANY) ||
2293 	    ioctl(pmu_fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE, 0)) {
2294 		close(pmu_fd);
2295 		return -1;
2296 	}
2297 
2298 	profile_perf_events[profile_perf_event_cnt++] = pmu_fd;
2299 	return 0;
2300 }
2301 
2302 static int profile_open_perf_events(struct profiler_bpf *obj)
2303 {
2304 	unsigned int cpu, m;
2305 	int map_fd;
2306 
2307 	profile_perf_events = calloc(
2308 		obj->rodata->num_cpu * obj->rodata->num_metric, sizeof(int));
2309 	if (!profile_perf_events) {
2310 		p_err("failed to allocate memory for perf_event array: %s",
2311 		      strerror(errno));
2312 		return -1;
2313 	}
2314 	map_fd = bpf_map__fd(obj->maps.events);
2315 	if (map_fd < 0) {
2316 		p_err("failed to get fd for events map");
2317 		return -1;
2318 	}
2319 
2320 	for (m = 0; m < ARRAY_SIZE(metrics); m++) {
2321 		if (!metrics[m].selected)
2322 			continue;
2323 		for (cpu = 0; cpu < obj->rodata->num_cpu; cpu++) {
2324 			if (profile_open_perf_event(m, cpu, map_fd)) {
2325 				p_err("failed to create event %s on cpu %d",
2326 				      metrics[m].name, cpu);
2327 				return -1;
2328 			}
2329 		}
2330 	}
2331 	return 0;
2332 }
2333 
2334 static void profile_print_and_cleanup(void)
2335 {
2336 	profile_close_perf_events(profile_obj);
2337 	profile_read_values(profile_obj);
2338 	profile_print_readings();
2339 	profiler_bpf__destroy(profile_obj);
2340 
2341 	close(profile_tgt_fd);
2342 	free(profile_tgt_name);
2343 }
2344 
2345 static void int_exit(int signo)
2346 {
2347 	profile_print_and_cleanup();
2348 	exit(0);
2349 }
2350 
2351 static int do_profile(int argc, char **argv)
2352 {
2353 	int num_metric, num_cpu, err = -1;
2354 	struct bpf_program *prog;
2355 	unsigned long duration;
2356 	char *endptr;
2357 
2358 	/* we at least need two args for the prog and one metric */
2359 	if (!REQ_ARGS(3))
2360 		return -EINVAL;
2361 
2362 	/* parse target fd */
2363 	profile_tgt_fd = prog_parse_fd(&argc, &argv);
2364 	if (profile_tgt_fd < 0) {
2365 		p_err("failed to parse fd");
2366 		return -1;
2367 	}
2368 
2369 	/* parse profiling optional duration */
2370 	if (argc > 2 && is_prefix(argv[0], "duration")) {
2371 		NEXT_ARG();
2372 		duration = strtoul(*argv, &endptr, 0);
2373 		if (*endptr)
2374 			usage();
2375 		NEXT_ARG();
2376 	} else {
2377 		duration = UINT_MAX;
2378 	}
2379 
2380 	num_metric = profile_parse_metrics(argc, argv);
2381 	if (num_metric <= 0)
2382 		goto out;
2383 
2384 	num_cpu = libbpf_num_possible_cpus();
2385 	if (num_cpu <= 0) {
2386 		p_err("failed to identify number of CPUs");
2387 		goto out;
2388 	}
2389 
2390 	profile_obj = profiler_bpf__open();
2391 	if (!profile_obj) {
2392 		p_err("failed to open and/or load BPF object");
2393 		goto out;
2394 	}
2395 
2396 	profile_obj->rodata->num_cpu = num_cpu;
2397 	profile_obj->rodata->num_metric = num_metric;
2398 
2399 	/* adjust map sizes */
2400 	bpf_map__set_max_entries(profile_obj->maps.events, num_metric * num_cpu);
2401 	bpf_map__set_max_entries(profile_obj->maps.fentry_readings, num_metric);
2402 	bpf_map__set_max_entries(profile_obj->maps.accum_readings, num_metric);
2403 	bpf_map__set_max_entries(profile_obj->maps.counts, 1);
2404 
2405 	/* change target name */
2406 	profile_tgt_name = profile_target_name(profile_tgt_fd);
2407 	if (!profile_tgt_name)
2408 		goto out;
2409 
2410 	bpf_object__for_each_program(prog, profile_obj->obj) {
2411 		err = bpf_program__set_attach_target(prog, profile_tgt_fd,
2412 						     profile_tgt_name);
2413 		if (err) {
2414 			p_err("failed to set attach target\n");
2415 			goto out;
2416 		}
2417 	}
2418 
2419 	set_max_rlimit();
2420 	err = profiler_bpf__load(profile_obj);
2421 	if (err) {
2422 		p_err("failed to load profile_obj");
2423 		goto out;
2424 	}
2425 
2426 	err = profile_open_perf_events(profile_obj);
2427 	if (err)
2428 		goto out;
2429 
2430 	err = profiler_bpf__attach(profile_obj);
2431 	if (err) {
2432 		p_err("failed to attach profile_obj");
2433 		goto out;
2434 	}
2435 	signal(SIGINT, int_exit);
2436 
2437 	sleep(duration);
2438 	profile_print_and_cleanup();
2439 	return 0;
2440 
2441 out:
2442 	profile_close_perf_events(profile_obj);
2443 	if (profile_obj)
2444 		profiler_bpf__destroy(profile_obj);
2445 	close(profile_tgt_fd);
2446 	free(profile_tgt_name);
2447 	return err;
2448 }
2449 
2450 #endif /* BPFTOOL_WITHOUT_SKELETONS */
2451 
2452 static int do_help(int argc, char **argv)
2453 {
2454 	if (json_output) {
2455 		jsonw_null(json_wtr);
2456 		return 0;
2457 	}
2458 
2459 	fprintf(stderr,
2460 		"Usage: %1$s %2$s { show | list } [PROG]\n"
2461 		"       %1$s %2$s dump xlated PROG [{ file FILE | [opcodes] [linum] [visual] }]\n"
2462 		"       %1$s %2$s dump jited  PROG [{ file FILE | [opcodes] [linum] }]\n"
2463 		"       %1$s %2$s pin   PROG FILE\n"
2464 		"       %1$s %2$s { load | loadall } OBJ  PATH \\\n"
2465 		"                         [type TYPE] [{ offload_dev | xdpmeta_dev } NAME] \\\n"
2466 		"                         [map { idx IDX | name NAME } MAP]\\\n"
2467 		"                         [pinmaps MAP_DIR]\n"
2468 		"                         [autoattach]\n"
2469 		"       %1$s %2$s attach PROG ATTACH_TYPE [MAP]\n"
2470 		"       %1$s %2$s detach PROG ATTACH_TYPE [MAP]\n"
2471 		"       %1$s %2$s run PROG \\\n"
2472 		"                         data_in FILE \\\n"
2473 		"                         [data_out FILE [data_size_out L]] \\\n"
2474 		"                         [ctx_in FILE [ctx_out FILE [ctx_size_out M]]] \\\n"
2475 		"                         [repeat N]\n"
2476 		"       %1$s %2$s profile PROG [duration DURATION] METRICs\n"
2477 		"       %1$s %2$s tracelog\n"
2478 		"       %1$s %2$s help\n"
2479 		"\n"
2480 		"       " HELP_SPEC_MAP "\n"
2481 		"       " HELP_SPEC_PROGRAM "\n"
2482 		"       TYPE := { socket | kprobe | kretprobe | classifier | action |\n"
2483 		"                 tracepoint | raw_tracepoint | xdp | perf_event | cgroup/skb |\n"
2484 		"                 cgroup/sock | cgroup/dev | lwt_in | lwt_out | lwt_xmit |\n"
2485 		"                 lwt_seg6local | sockops | sk_skb | sk_msg | lirc_mode2 |\n"
2486 		"                 sk_reuseport | flow_dissector | cgroup/sysctl |\n"
2487 		"                 cgroup/bind4 | cgroup/bind6 | cgroup/post_bind4 |\n"
2488 		"                 cgroup/post_bind6 | cgroup/connect4 | cgroup/connect6 |\n"
2489 		"                 cgroup/connect_unix | cgroup/getpeername4 | cgroup/getpeername6 |\n"
2490 		"                 cgroup/getpeername_unix | cgroup/getsockname4 | cgroup/getsockname6 |\n"
2491 		"                 cgroup/getsockname_unix | cgroup/sendmsg4 | cgroup/sendmsg6 |\n"
2492 		"                 cgroup/sendmsg_unix | cgroup/recvmsg4 | cgroup/recvmsg6 | cgroup/recvmsg_unix |\n"
2493 		"                 cgroup/getsockopt | cgroup/setsockopt | cgroup/sock_release |\n"
2494 		"                 struct_ops | fentry | fexit | freplace | sk_lookup }\n"
2495 		"       ATTACH_TYPE := { sk_msg_verdict | sk_skb_verdict | sk_skb_stream_verdict |\n"
2496 		"                        sk_skb_stream_parser | flow_dissector }\n"
2497 		"       METRIC := { cycles | instructions | l1d_loads | llc_misses | itlb_misses | dtlb_misses }\n"
2498 		"       " HELP_SPEC_OPTIONS " |\n"
2499 		"                    {-f|--bpffs} | {-m|--mapcompat} | {-n|--nomount} |\n"
2500 		"                    {-L|--use-loader} }\n"
2501 		"",
2502 		bin_name, argv[-2]);
2503 
2504 	return 0;
2505 }
2506 
2507 static const struct cmd cmds[] = {
2508 	{ "show",	do_show },
2509 	{ "list",	do_show },
2510 	{ "help",	do_help },
2511 	{ "dump",	do_dump },
2512 	{ "pin",	do_pin },
2513 	{ "load",	do_load },
2514 	{ "loadall",	do_loadall },
2515 	{ "attach",	do_attach },
2516 	{ "detach",	do_detach },
2517 	{ "tracelog",	do_tracelog },
2518 	{ "run",	do_run },
2519 	{ "profile",	do_profile },
2520 	{ 0 }
2521 };
2522 
2523 int do_prog(int argc, char **argv)
2524 {
2525 	return cmd_select(cmds, argc, argv, do_help);
2526 }
2527