xref: /linux/samples/v4l/v4l2-pci-skeleton.c (revision 0185f850176201260e0f02c5bccca1defb8e0884)

/*
 * This is a V4L2 PCI Skeleton Driver. It gives an initial skeleton source
 * for use with other PCI drivers.
 *
 * This skeleton PCI driver assumes that the card has an S-Video connector as
 * input 0 and an HDMI connector as input 1.
 *
 * Copyright 2014 Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
 * ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
 * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 * SOFTWARE.
 */

#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/pci.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/videodev2.h>
#include <linux/v4l2-dv-timings.h>
#include <media/v4l2-device.h>
#include <media/v4l2-dev.h>
#include <media/v4l2-ioctl.h>
#include <media/v4l2-dv-timings.h>
#include <media/v4l2-ctrls.h>
#include <media/v4l2-event.h>
#include <media/videobuf2-v4l2.h>
#include <media/videobuf2-dma-contig.h>

MODULE_DESCRIPTION("V4L2 PCI Skeleton Driver");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Hans Verkuil");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");

/**
 * struct skeleton - All internal data for one instance of device
 * @pdev: PCI device
 * @v4l2_dev: top-level v4l2 device struct
 * @vdev: video node structure
 * @ctrl_handler: control handler structure
 * @lock: ioctl serialization mutex
 * @std: current SDTV standard
 * @timings: current HDTV timings
 * @format: current pix format
 * @input: current video input (0 = SDTV, 1 = HDTV)
 * @queue: vb2 video capture queue
 * @alloc_ctx: vb2 contiguous DMA context
 * @qlock: spinlock controlling access to buf_list and sequence
 * @buf_list: list of buffers queued for DMA
 * @sequence: frame sequence counter
 */
struct skeleton {
	struct pci_dev *pdev;
	struct v4l2_device v4l2_dev;
	struct video_device vdev;
	struct v4l2_ctrl_handler ctrl_handler;
	struct mutex lock;
	v4l2_std_id std;
	struct v4l2_dv_timings timings;
	struct v4l2_pix_format format;
	unsigned input;

	struct vb2_queue queue;
	struct vb2_alloc_ctx *alloc_ctx;

	spinlock_t qlock;
	struct list_head buf_list;
	unsigned field;
	unsigned sequence;
};

struct skel_buffer {
	struct vb2_buffer vb;
	struct list_head list;
};

static inline struct skel_buffer *to_skel_buffer(struct vb2_buffer *vb2)
{
	return container_of(vb2, struct skel_buffer, vb);
}

static const struct pci_device_id skeleton_pci_tbl[] = {
	/* { PCI_DEVICE(PCI_VENDOR_ID_, PCI_DEVICE_ID_) }, */
	{ 0, }
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, skeleton_pci_tbl);

/*
 * HDTV: this structure has the capabilities of the HDTV receiver.
 * It is used to constrain the huge list of possible formats based
 * upon the hardware capabilities.
 */
static const struct v4l2_dv_timings_cap skel_timings_cap = {
	.type = V4L2_DV_BT_656_1120,
	/* keep this initialization for compatibility with GCC < 4.4.6 */
	.reserved = { 0 },
	V4L2_INIT_BT_TIMINGS(
		720, 1920,		/* min/max width */
		480, 1080,		/* min/max height */
		27000000, 74250000,	/* min/max pixelclock*/
		V4L2_DV_BT_STD_CEA861,	/* Supported standards */
		/* capabilities */
		V4L2_DV_BT_CAP_INTERLACED | V4L2_DV_BT_CAP_PROGRESSIVE
	)
};

/*
 * Supported SDTV standards. This does the same job as skel_timings_cap, but
 * for standard TV formats.
 */
#define SKEL_TVNORMS V4L2_STD_ALL

/*
 * Interrupt handler: typically interrupts happen after a new frame has been
 * captured. It is the job of the handler to remove the new frame from the
 * internal list and give it back to the vb2 framework, updating the sequence
 * counter, field and timestamp at the same time.
 */
static irqreturn_t skeleton_irq(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
#ifdef TODO
	struct skeleton *skel = dev_id;

	/* handle interrupt */

	/* Once a new frame has been captured, mark it as done like this: */
	if (captured_new_frame) {
		...
		spin_lock(&skel->qlock);
		list_del(&new_buf->list);
		spin_unlock(&skel->qlock);
		v4l2_get_timestamp(&new_buf->vb.v4l2_buf.timestamp);
		new_buf->vb.v4l2_buf.sequence = skel->sequence++;
		new_buf->vb.v4l2_buf.field = skel->field;
		if (skel->format.field == V4L2_FIELD_ALTERNATE) {
			if (skel->field == V4L2_FIELD_BOTTOM)
				skel->field = V4L2_FIELD_TOP;
			else if (skel->field == V4L2_FIELD_TOP)
				skel->field = V4L2_FIELD_BOTTOM;
		}
		vb2_buffer_done(&new_buf->vb, VB2_BUF_STATE_DONE);
	}
#endif
	return IRQ_HANDLED;
}

/*
 * Setup the constraints of the queue: besides setting the number of planes
 * per buffer and the size and allocation context of each plane, it also
 * checks if sufficient buffers have been allocated. Usually 3 is a good
 * minimum number: many DMA engines need a minimum of 2 buffers in the
 * queue and you need to have another available for userspace processing.
 */
static int queue_setup(struct vb2_queue *vq,
		       unsigned int *nbuffers, unsigned int *nplanes,
		       unsigned int sizes[], void *alloc_ctxs[])
{
	struct skeleton *skel = vb2_get_drv_priv(vq);

	skel->field = skel->format.field;
	if (skel->field == V4L2_FIELD_ALTERNATE) {
		/*
		 * You cannot use read() with FIELD_ALTERNATE since the field
		 * information (TOP/BOTTOM) cannot be passed back to the user.
		 */
		if (vb2_fileio_is_active(vq))
			return -EINVAL;
		skel->field = V4L2_FIELD_TOP;
	}

	if (vq->num_buffers + *nbuffers < 3)
		*nbuffers = 3 - vq->num_buffers;
	alloc_ctxs[0] = skel->alloc_ctx;

	if (*nplanes)
		return sizes[0] < skel->format.sizeimage ? -EINVAL : 0;
	*nplanes = 1;
	sizes[0] = skel->format.sizeimage;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Prepare the buffer for queueing to the DMA engine: check and set the
 * payload size.
 */
static int buffer_prepare(struct vb2_buffer *vb)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = vb2_get_drv_priv(vb->vb2_queue);
	unsigned long size = skel->format.sizeimage;

	if (vb2_plane_size(vb, 0) < size) {
		dev_err(&skel->pdev->dev, "buffer too small (%lu < %lu)\n",
			 vb2_plane_size(vb, 0), size);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	vb2_set_plane_payload(vb, 0, size);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Queue this buffer to the DMA engine.
 */
static void buffer_queue(struct vb2_buffer *vb)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = vb2_get_drv_priv(vb->vb2_queue);
	struct skel_buffer *buf = to_skel_buffer(vb);
	unsigned long flags;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&skel->qlock, flags);
	list_add_tail(&buf->list, &skel->buf_list);

	/* TODO: Update any DMA pointers if necessary */

	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&skel->qlock, flags);
}

static void return_all_buffers(struct skeleton *skel,
			       enum vb2_buffer_state state)
{
	struct skel_buffer *buf, *node;
	unsigned long flags;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&skel->qlock, flags);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(buf, node, &skel->buf_list, list) {
		vb2_buffer_done(&buf->vb, state);
		list_del(&buf->list);
	}
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&skel->qlock, flags);
}

/*
 * Start streaming. First check if the minimum number of buffers have been
 * queued. If not, then return -ENOBUFS and the vb2 framework will call
 * this function again the next time a buffer has been queued until enough
 * buffers are available to actually start the DMA engine.
 */
static int start_streaming(struct vb2_queue *vq, unsigned int count)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = vb2_get_drv_priv(vq);
	int ret = 0;

	skel->sequence = 0;

	/* TODO: start DMA */

	if (ret) {
		/*
		 * In case of an error, return all active buffers to the
		 * QUEUED state
		 */
		return_all_buffers(skel, VB2_BUF_STATE_QUEUED);
	}
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Stop the DMA engine. Any remaining buffers in the DMA queue are dequeued
 * and passed on to the vb2 framework marked as STATE_ERROR.
 */
static void stop_streaming(struct vb2_queue *vq)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = vb2_get_drv_priv(vq);

	/* TODO: stop DMA */

	/* Release all active buffers */
	return_all_buffers(skel, VB2_BUF_STATE_ERROR);
}

/*
 * The vb2 queue ops. Note that since q->lock is set we can use the standard
 * vb2_ops_wait_prepare/finish helper functions. If q->lock would be NULL,
 * then this driver would have to provide these ops.
 */
static struct vb2_ops skel_qops = {
	.queue_setup		= queue_setup,
	.buf_prepare		= buffer_prepare,
	.buf_queue		= buffer_queue,
	.start_streaming	= start_streaming,
	.stop_streaming		= stop_streaming,
	.wait_prepare		= vb2_ops_wait_prepare,
	.wait_finish		= vb2_ops_wait_finish,
};

/*
 * Required ioctl querycap. Note that the version field is prefilled with
 * the version of the kernel.
 */
static int skeleton_querycap(struct file *file, void *priv,
			     struct v4l2_capability *cap)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	strlcpy(cap->driver, KBUILD_MODNAME, sizeof(cap->driver));
	strlcpy(cap->card, "V4L2 PCI Skeleton", sizeof(cap->card));
	snprintf(cap->bus_info, sizeof(cap->bus_info), "PCI:%s",
		 pci_name(skel->pdev));
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Helper function to check and correct struct v4l2_pix_format. It's used
 * not only in VIDIOC_TRY/S_FMT, but also elsewhere if changes to the SDTV
 * standard, HDTV timings or the video input would require updating the
 * current format.
 */
static void skeleton_fill_pix_format(struct skeleton *skel,
				     struct v4l2_pix_format *pix)
{
	pix->pixelformat = V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV;
	if (skel->input == 0) {
		/* S-Video input */
		pix->width = 720;
		pix->height = (skel->std & V4L2_STD_525_60) ? 480 : 576;
		pix->field = V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED;
		pix->colorspace = V4L2_COLORSPACE_SMPTE170M;
	} else {
		/* HDMI input */
		pix->width = skel->timings.bt.width;
		pix->height = skel->timings.bt.height;
		if (skel->timings.bt.interlaced) {
			pix->field = V4L2_FIELD_ALTERNATE;
			pix->height /= 2;
		} else {
			pix->field = V4L2_FIELD_NONE;
		}
		pix->colorspace = V4L2_COLORSPACE_REC709;
	}

	/*
	 * The YUYV format is four bytes for every two pixels, so bytesperline
	 * is width * 2.
	 */
	pix->bytesperline = pix->width * 2;
	pix->sizeimage = pix->bytesperline * pix->height;
	pix->priv = 0;
}

static int skeleton_try_fmt_vid_cap(struct file *file, void *priv,
				    struct v4l2_format *f)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);
	struct v4l2_pix_format *pix = &f->fmt.pix;

	/*
	 * Due to historical reasons providing try_fmt with an unsupported
	 * pixelformat will return -EINVAL for video receivers. Webcam drivers,
	 * however, will silently correct the pixelformat. Some video capture
	 * applications rely on this behavior...
	 */
	if (pix->pixelformat != V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV)
		return -EINVAL;
	skeleton_fill_pix_format(skel, pix);
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_s_fmt_vid_cap(struct file *file, void *priv,
				  struct v4l2_format *f)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);
	int ret;

	ret = skeleton_try_fmt_vid_cap(file, priv, f);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	/*
	 * It is not allowed to change the format while buffers for use with
	 * streaming have already been allocated.
	 */
	if (vb2_is_busy(&skel->queue))
		return -EBUSY;

	/* TODO: change format */
	skel->format = f->fmt.pix;
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_g_fmt_vid_cap(struct file *file, void *priv,
				  struct v4l2_format *f)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	f->fmt.pix = skel->format;
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_enum_fmt_vid_cap(struct file *file, void *priv,
				     struct v4l2_fmtdesc *f)
{
	if (f->index != 0)
		return -EINVAL;

	f->pixelformat = V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV;
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_s_std(struct file *file, void *priv, v4l2_std_id std)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* S_STD is not supported on the HDMI input */
	if (skel->input)
		return -ENODATA;

	/*
	 * No change, so just return. Some applications call S_STD again after
	 * the buffers for streaming have been set up, so we have to allow for
	 * this behavior.
	 */
	if (std == skel->std)
		return 0;

	/*
	 * Changing the standard implies a format change, which is not allowed
	 * while buffers for use with streaming have already been allocated.
	 */
	if (vb2_is_busy(&skel->queue))
		return -EBUSY;

	/* TODO: handle changing std */

	skel->std = std;

	/* Update the internal format */
	skeleton_fill_pix_format(skel, &skel->format);
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_g_std(struct file *file, void *priv, v4l2_std_id *std)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* G_STD is not supported on the HDMI input */
	if (skel->input)
		return -ENODATA;

	*std = skel->std;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Query the current standard as seen by the hardware. This function shall
 * never actually change the standard, it just detects and reports.
 * The framework will initially set *std to tvnorms (i.e. the set of
 * supported standards by this input), and this function should just AND
 * this value. If there is no signal, then *std should be set to 0.
 */
static int skeleton_querystd(struct file *file, void *priv, v4l2_std_id *std)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* QUERY_STD is not supported on the HDMI input */
	if (skel->input)
		return -ENODATA;

#ifdef TODO
	/*
	 * Query currently seen standard. Initial value of *std is
	 * V4L2_STD_ALL. This function should look something like this:
	 */
	get_signal_info();
	if (no_signal) {
		*std = 0;
		return 0;
	}
	/* Use signal information to reduce the number of possible standards */
	if (signal_has_525_lines)
		*std &= V4L2_STD_525_60;
	else
		*std &= V4L2_STD_625_50;
#endif
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_s_dv_timings(struct file *file, void *_fh,
				 struct v4l2_dv_timings *timings)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* S_DV_TIMINGS is not supported on the S-Video input */
	if (skel->input == 0)
		return -ENODATA;

	/* Quick sanity check */
	if (!v4l2_valid_dv_timings(timings, &skel_timings_cap, NULL, NULL))
		return -EINVAL;

	/* Check if the timings are part of the CEA-861 timings. */
	if (!v4l2_find_dv_timings_cap(timings, &skel_timings_cap,
				      0, NULL, NULL))
		return -EINVAL;

	/* Return 0 if the new timings are the same as the current timings. */
	if (v4l2_match_dv_timings(timings, &skel->timings, 0, false))
		return 0;

	/*
	 * Changing the timings implies a format change, which is not allowed
	 * while buffers for use with streaming have already been allocated.
	 */
	if (vb2_is_busy(&skel->queue))
		return -EBUSY;

	/* TODO: Configure new timings */

	/* Save timings */
	skel->timings = *timings;

	/* Update the internal format */
	skeleton_fill_pix_format(skel, &skel->format);
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_g_dv_timings(struct file *file, void *_fh,
				 struct v4l2_dv_timings *timings)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* G_DV_TIMINGS is not supported on the S-Video input */
	if (skel->input == 0)
		return -ENODATA;

	*timings = skel->timings;
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_enum_dv_timings(struct file *file, void *_fh,
				    struct v4l2_enum_dv_timings *timings)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* ENUM_DV_TIMINGS is not supported on the S-Video input */
	if (skel->input == 0)
		return -ENODATA;

	return v4l2_enum_dv_timings_cap(timings, &skel_timings_cap,
					NULL, NULL);
}

/*
 * Query the current timings as seen by the hardware. This function shall
 * never actually change the timings, it just detects and reports.
 * If no signal is detected, then return -ENOLINK. If the hardware cannot
 * lock to the signal, then return -ENOLCK. If the signal is out of range
 * of the capabilities of the system (e.g., it is possible that the receiver
 * can lock but that the DMA engine it is connected to cannot handle
 * pixelclocks above a certain frequency), then -ERANGE is returned.
 */
static int skeleton_query_dv_timings(struct file *file, void *_fh,
				     struct v4l2_dv_timings *timings)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* QUERY_DV_TIMINGS is not supported on the S-Video input */
	if (skel->input == 0)
		return -ENODATA;

#ifdef TODO
	/*
	 * Query currently seen timings. This function should look
	 * something like this:
	 */
	detect_timings();
	if (no_signal)
		return -ENOLINK;
	if (cannot_lock_to_signal)
		return -ENOLCK;
	if (signal_out_of_range_of_capabilities)
		return -ERANGE;

	/* Useful for debugging */
	v4l2_print_dv_timings(skel->v4l2_dev.name, "query_dv_timings:",
			timings, true);
#endif
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_dv_timings_cap(struct file *file, void *fh,
				   struct v4l2_dv_timings_cap *cap)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	/* DV_TIMINGS_CAP is not supported on the S-Video input */
	if (skel->input == 0)
		return -ENODATA;
	*cap = skel_timings_cap;
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_enum_input(struct file *file, void *priv,
			       struct v4l2_input *i)
{
	if (i->index > 1)
		return -EINVAL;

	i->type = V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_CAMERA;
	if (i->index == 0) {
		i->std = SKEL_TVNORMS;
		strlcpy(i->name, "S-Video", sizeof(i->name));
		i->capabilities = V4L2_IN_CAP_STD;
	} else {
		i->std = 0;
		strlcpy(i->name, "HDMI", sizeof(i->name));
		i->capabilities = V4L2_IN_CAP_DV_TIMINGS;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_s_input(struct file *file, void *priv, unsigned int i)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	if (i > 1)
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * Changing the input implies a format change, which is not allowed
	 * while buffers for use with streaming have already been allocated.
	 */
	if (vb2_is_busy(&skel->queue))
		return -EBUSY;

	skel->input = i;
	/*
	 * Update tvnorms. The tvnorms value is used by the core to implement
	 * VIDIOC_ENUMSTD so it has to be correct. If tvnorms == 0, then
	 * ENUMSTD will return -ENODATA.
	 */
	skel->vdev.tvnorms = i ? 0 : SKEL_TVNORMS;

	/* Update the internal format */
	skeleton_fill_pix_format(skel, &skel->format);
	return 0;
}

static int skeleton_g_input(struct file *file, void *priv, unsigned int *i)
{
	struct skeleton *skel = video_drvdata(file);

	*i = skel->input;
	return 0;
}

/* The control handler. */
static int skeleton_s_ctrl(struct v4l2_ctrl *ctrl)
{
	/*struct skeleton *skel =
		container_of(ctrl->handler, struct skeleton, ctrl_handler);*/

	switch (ctrl->id) {
	case V4L2_CID_BRIGHTNESS:
		/* TODO: set brightness to ctrl->val */
		break;
	case V4L2_CID_CONTRAST:
		/* TODO: set contrast to ctrl->val */
		break;
	case V4L2_CID_SATURATION:
		/* TODO: set saturation to ctrl->val */
		break;
	case V4L2_CID_HUE:
		/* TODO: set hue to ctrl->val */
		break;
	default:
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------
	File operations for the device
   ------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static const struct v4l2_ctrl_ops skel_ctrl_ops = {
	.s_ctrl = skeleton_s_ctrl,
};

/*
 * The set of all supported ioctls. Note that all the streaming ioctls
 * use the vb2 helper functions that take care of all the locking and
 * that also do ownership tracking (i.e. only the filehandle that requested
 * the buffers can call the streaming ioctls, all other filehandles will
 * receive -EBUSY if they attempt to call the same streaming ioctls).
 *
 * The last three ioctls also use standard helper functions: these implement
 * standard behavior for drivers with controls.
 */
static const struct v4l2_ioctl_ops skel_ioctl_ops = {
	.vidioc_querycap = skeleton_querycap,
	.vidioc_try_fmt_vid_cap = skeleton_try_fmt_vid_cap,
	.vidioc_s_fmt_vid_cap = skeleton_s_fmt_vid_cap,
	.vidioc_g_fmt_vid_cap = skeleton_g_fmt_vid_cap,
	.vidioc_enum_fmt_vid_cap = skeleton_enum_fmt_vid_cap,

	.vidioc_g_std = skeleton_g_std,
	.vidioc_s_std = skeleton_s_std,
	.vidioc_querystd = skeleton_querystd,

	.vidioc_s_dv_timings = skeleton_s_dv_timings,
	.vidioc_g_dv_timings = skeleton_g_dv_timings,
	.vidioc_enum_dv_timings = skeleton_enum_dv_timings,
	.vidioc_query_dv_timings = skeleton_query_dv_timings,
	.vidioc_dv_timings_cap = skeleton_dv_timings_cap,

	.vidioc_enum_input = skeleton_enum_input,
	.vidioc_g_input = skeleton_g_input,
	.vidioc_s_input = skeleton_s_input,

	.vidioc_reqbufs = vb2_ioctl_reqbufs,
	.vidioc_create_bufs = vb2_ioctl_create_bufs,
	.vidioc_querybuf = vb2_ioctl_querybuf,
	.vidioc_qbuf = vb2_ioctl_qbuf,
	.vidioc_dqbuf = vb2_ioctl_dqbuf,
	.vidioc_expbuf = vb2_ioctl_expbuf,
	.vidioc_streamon = vb2_ioctl_streamon,
	.vidioc_streamoff = vb2_ioctl_streamoff,

	.vidioc_log_status = v4l2_ctrl_log_status,
	.vidioc_subscribe_event = v4l2_ctrl_subscribe_event,
	.vidioc_unsubscribe_event = v4l2_event_unsubscribe,
};

/*
 * The set of file operations. Note that all these ops are standard core
 * helper functions.
 */
static const struct v4l2_file_operations skel_fops = {
	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
	.open = v4l2_fh_open,
	.release = vb2_fop_release,
	.unlocked_ioctl = video_ioctl2,
	.read = vb2_fop_read,
	.mmap = vb2_fop_mmap,
	.poll = vb2_fop_poll,
};

/*
 * The initial setup of this device instance. Note that the initial state of
 * the driver should be complete. So the initial format, standard, timings
 * and video input should all be initialized to some reasonable value.
 */
static int skeleton_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct pci_device_id *ent)
{
	/* The initial timings are chosen to be 720p60. */
	static const struct v4l2_dv_timings timings_def =
		V4L2_DV_BT_CEA_1280X720P60;
	struct skeleton *skel;
	struct video_device *vdev;
	struct v4l2_ctrl_handler *hdl;
	struct vb2_queue *q;
	int ret;

	/* Enable PCI */
	ret = pci_enable_device(pdev);
	if (ret)
		return ret;
	ret = pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32));
	if (ret) {
		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "no suitable DMA available.\n");
		goto disable_pci;
	}

	/* Allocate a new instance */
	skel = devm_kzalloc(&pdev->dev, sizeof(struct skeleton), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!skel)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* Allocate the interrupt */
	ret = devm_request_irq(&pdev->dev, pdev->irq,
			       skeleton_irq, 0, KBUILD_MODNAME, skel);
	if (ret) {
		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "request_irq failed\n");
		goto disable_pci;
	}
	skel->pdev = pdev;

	/* Fill in the initial format-related settings */
	skel->timings = timings_def;
	skel->std = V4L2_STD_625_50;
	skeleton_fill_pix_format(skel, &skel->format);

	/* Initialize the top-level structure */
	ret = v4l2_device_register(&pdev->dev, &skel->v4l2_dev);
	if (ret)
		goto disable_pci;

	mutex_init(&skel->lock);

	/* Add the controls */
	hdl = &skel->ctrl_handler;
	v4l2_ctrl_handler_init(hdl, 4);
	v4l2_ctrl_new_std(hdl, &skel_ctrl_ops,
			  V4L2_CID_BRIGHTNESS, 0, 255, 1, 127);
	v4l2_ctrl_new_std(hdl, &skel_ctrl_ops,
			  V4L2_CID_CONTRAST, 0, 255, 1, 16);
	v4l2_ctrl_new_std(hdl, &skel_ctrl_ops,
			  V4L2_CID_SATURATION, 0, 255, 1, 127);
	v4l2_ctrl_new_std(hdl, &skel_ctrl_ops,
			  V4L2_CID_HUE, -128, 127, 1, 0);
	if (hdl->error) {
		ret = hdl->error;
		goto free_hdl;
	}
	skel->v4l2_dev.ctrl_handler = hdl;

	/* Initialize the vb2 queue */
	q = &skel->queue;
	q->type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
	q->io_modes = VB2_MMAP | VB2_DMABUF | VB2_READ;
	q->drv_priv = skel;
	q->buf_struct_size = sizeof(struct skel_buffer);
	q->ops = &skel_qops;
	q->mem_ops = &vb2_dma_contig_memops;
	q->timestamp_flags = V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TIMESTAMP_MONOTONIC;
	/*
	 * Assume that this DMA engine needs to have at least two buffers
	 * available before it can be started. The start_streaming() op
	 * won't be called until at least this many buffers are queued up.
	 */
	q->min_buffers_needed = 2;
	/*
	 * The serialization lock for the streaming ioctls. This is the same
	 * as the main serialization lock, but if some of the non-streaming
	 * ioctls could take a long time to execute, then you might want to
	 * have a different lock here to prevent VIDIOC_DQBUF from being
	 * blocked while waiting for another action to finish. This is
	 * generally not needed for PCI devices, but USB devices usually do
	 * want a separate lock here.
	 */
	q->lock = &skel->lock;
	/*
	 * Since this driver can only do 32-bit DMA we must make sure that
	 * the vb2 core will allocate the buffers in 32-bit DMA memory.
	 */
	q->gfp_flags = GFP_DMA32;
	ret = vb2_queue_init(q);
	if (ret)
		goto free_hdl;

	skel->alloc_ctx = vb2_dma_contig_init_ctx(&pdev->dev);
	if (IS_ERR(skel->alloc_ctx)) {
		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Can't allocate buffer context");
		ret = PTR_ERR(skel->alloc_ctx);
		goto free_hdl;
	}
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&skel->buf_list);
	spin_lock_init(&skel->qlock);

	/* Initialize the video_device structure */
	vdev = &skel->vdev;
	strlcpy(vdev->name, KBUILD_MODNAME, sizeof(vdev->name));
	/*
	 * There is nothing to clean up, so release is set to an empty release
	 * function. The release callback must be non-NULL.
	 */
	vdev->release = video_device_release_empty;
	vdev->fops = &skel_fops,
	vdev->ioctl_ops = &skel_ioctl_ops,
	vdev->device_caps = V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_CAPTURE | V4L2_CAP_READWRITE |
			    V4L2_CAP_STREAMING;
	/*
	 * The main serialization lock. All ioctls are serialized by this
	 * lock. Exception: if q->lock is set, then the streaming ioctls
	 * are serialized by that separate lock.
	 */
	vdev->lock = &skel->lock;
	vdev->queue = q;
	vdev->v4l2_dev = &skel->v4l2_dev;
	/* Supported SDTV standards, if any */
	vdev->tvnorms = SKEL_TVNORMS;
	video_set_drvdata(vdev, skel);

	ret = video_register_device(vdev, VFL_TYPE_GRABBER, -1);
	if (ret)
		goto free_ctx;

	dev_info(&pdev->dev, "V4L2 PCI Skeleton Driver loaded\n");
	return 0;

free_ctx:
	vb2_dma_contig_cleanup_ctx(skel->alloc_ctx);
free_hdl:
	v4l2_ctrl_handler_free(&skel->ctrl_handler);
	v4l2_device_unregister(&skel->v4l2_dev);
disable_pci:
	pci_disable_device(pdev);
	return ret;
}

static void skeleton_remove(struct pci_dev *pdev)
{
	struct v4l2_device *v4l2_dev = pci_get_drvdata(pdev);
	struct skeleton *skel = container_of(v4l2_dev, struct skeleton, v4l2_dev);

	video_unregister_device(&skel->vdev);
	v4l2_ctrl_handler_free(&skel->ctrl_handler);
	vb2_dma_contig_cleanup_ctx(skel->alloc_ctx);
	v4l2_device_unregister(&skel->v4l2_dev);
	pci_disable_device(skel->pdev);
}

static struct pci_driver skeleton_driver = {
	.name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
	.probe = skeleton_probe,
	.remove = skeleton_remove,
	.id_table = skeleton_pci_tbl,
};

module_pci_driver(skeleton_driver);