xref: /linux/kernel/bpf/verifier.c (revision 6ebe6dbd6886af07b102aca42e44edbee94a22d9)

/* Copyright (c) 2011-2014 PLUMgrid, http://plumgrid.com
 * Copyright (c) 2016 Facebook
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
 * General Public License for more details.
 */
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <net/netlink.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/stringify.h>
#include <linux/bsearch.h>
#include <linux/sort.h>

#include "disasm.h"

static const struct bpf_verifier_ops * const bpf_verifier_ops[] = {
#define BPF_PROG_TYPE(_id, _name) \
	[_id] = & _name ## _verifier_ops,
#define BPF_MAP_TYPE(_id, _ops)
#include <linux/bpf_types.h>
#undef BPF_PROG_TYPE
#undef BPF_MAP_TYPE
};

/* bpf_check() is a static code analyzer that walks eBPF program
 * instruction by instruction and updates register/stack state.
 * All paths of conditional branches are analyzed until 'bpf_exit' insn.
 *
 * The first pass is depth-first-search to check that the program is a DAG.
 * It rejects the following programs:
 * - larger than BPF_MAXINSNS insns
 * - if loop is present (detected via back-edge)
 * - unreachable insns exist (shouldn't be a forest. program = one function)
 * - out of bounds or malformed jumps
 * The second pass is all possible path descent from the 1st insn.
 * Since it's analyzing all pathes through the program, the length of the
 * analysis is limited to 64k insn, which may be hit even if total number of
 * insn is less then 4K, but there are too many branches that change stack/regs.
 * Number of 'branches to be analyzed' is limited to 1k
 *
 * On entry to each instruction, each register has a type, and the instruction
 * changes the types of the registers depending on instruction semantics.
 * If instruction is BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_5), then type of R5 is
 * copied to R1.
 *
 * All registers are 64-bit.
 * R0 - return register
 * R1-R5 argument passing registers
 * R6-R9 callee saved registers
 * R10 - frame pointer read-only
 *
 * At the start of BPF program the register R1 contains a pointer to bpf_context
 * and has type PTR_TO_CTX.
 *
 * Verifier tracks arithmetic operations on pointers in case:
 *    BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10),
 *    BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_1, -20),
 * 1st insn copies R10 (which has FRAME_PTR) type into R1
 * and 2nd arithmetic instruction is pattern matched to recognize
 * that it wants to construct a pointer to some element within stack.
 * So after 2nd insn, the register R1 has type PTR_TO_STACK
 * (and -20 constant is saved for further stack bounds checking).
 * Meaning that this reg is a pointer to stack plus known immediate constant.
 *
 * Most of the time the registers have SCALAR_VALUE type, which
 * means the register has some value, but it's not a valid pointer.
 * (like pointer plus pointer becomes SCALAR_VALUE type)
 *
 * When verifier sees load or store instructions the type of base register
 * can be: PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE, PTR_TO_CTX, PTR_TO_STACK. These are three pointer
 * types recognized by check_mem_access() function.
 *
 * PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE means that this register is pointing to 'map element value'
 * and the range of [ptr, ptr + map's value_size) is accessible.
 *
 * registers used to pass values to function calls are checked against
 * function argument constraints.
 *
 * ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY is one of such argument constraints.
 * It means that the register type passed to this function must be
 * PTR_TO_STACK and it will be used inside the function as
 * 'pointer to map element key'
 *
 * For example the argument constraints for bpf_map_lookup_elem():
 *   .ret_type = RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL,
 *   .arg1_type = ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR,
 *   .arg2_type = ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY,
 *
 * ret_type says that this function returns 'pointer to map elem value or null'
 * function expects 1st argument to be a const pointer to 'struct bpf_map' and
 * 2nd argument should be a pointer to stack, which will be used inside
 * the helper function as a pointer to map element key.
 *
 * On the kernel side the helper function looks like:
 * u64 bpf_map_lookup_elem(u64 r1, u64 r2, u64 r3, u64 r4, u64 r5)
 * {
 *    struct bpf_map *map = (struct bpf_map *) (unsigned long) r1;
 *    void *key = (void *) (unsigned long) r2;
 *    void *value;
 *
 *    here kernel can access 'key' and 'map' pointers safely, knowing that
 *    [key, key + map->key_size) bytes are valid and were initialized on
 *    the stack of eBPF program.
 * }
 *
 * Corresponding eBPF program may look like:
 *    BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),  // after this insn R2 type is FRAME_PTR
 *    BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -4), // after this insn R2 type is PTR_TO_STACK
 *    BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, map_fd),      // after this insn R1 type is CONST_PTR_TO_MAP
 *    BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
 * here verifier looks at prototype of map_lookup_elem() and sees:
 * .arg1_type == ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR and R1->type == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP, which is ok,
 * Now verifier knows that this map has key of R1->map_ptr->key_size bytes
 *
 * Then .arg2_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY and R2->type == PTR_TO_STACK, ok so far,
 * Now verifier checks that [R2, R2 + map's key_size) are within stack limits
 * and were initialized prior to this call.
 * If it's ok, then verifier allows this BPF_CALL insn and looks at
 * .ret_type which is RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL, so it sets
 * R0->type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL which means bpf_map_lookup_elem() function
 * returns ether pointer to map value or NULL.
 *
 * When type PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL passes through 'if (reg != 0) goto +off'
 * insn, the register holding that pointer in the true branch changes state to
 * PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE and the same register changes state to CONST_IMM in the false
 * branch. See check_cond_jmp_op().
 *
 * After the call R0 is set to return type of the function and registers R1-R5
 * are set to NOT_INIT to indicate that they are no longer readable.
 */

/* verifier_state + insn_idx are pushed to stack when branch is encountered */
struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem {
	/* verifer state is 'st'
	 * before processing instruction 'insn_idx'
	 * and after processing instruction 'prev_insn_idx'
	 */
	struct bpf_verifier_state st;
	int insn_idx;
	int prev_insn_idx;
	struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem *next;
};

#define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_INSNS	131072
#define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_STACK	1024

#define BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON ((void *)0xeB9F + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)

struct bpf_call_arg_meta {
	struct bpf_map *map_ptr;
	bool raw_mode;
	bool pkt_access;
	int regno;
	int access_size;
};

static DEFINE_MUTEX(bpf_verifier_lock);

/* log_level controls verbosity level of eBPF verifier.
 * verbose() is used to dump the verification trace to the log, so the user
 * can figure out what's wrong with the program
 */
static __printf(2, 3) void verbose(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				   const char *fmt, ...)
{
	struct bpf_verifer_log *log = &env->log;
	unsigned int n;
	va_list args;

	if (!log->level || !log->ubuf || bpf_verifier_log_full(log))
		return;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	n = vscnprintf(log->kbuf, BPF_VERIFIER_TMP_LOG_SIZE, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);

	WARN_ONCE(n >= BPF_VERIFIER_TMP_LOG_SIZE - 1,
		  "verifier log line truncated - local buffer too short\n");

	n = min(log->len_total - log->len_used - 1, n);
	log->kbuf[n] = '\0';

	if (!copy_to_user(log->ubuf + log->len_used, log->kbuf, n + 1))
		log->len_used += n;
	else
		log->ubuf = NULL;
}

static bool type_is_pkt_pointer(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	return type == PTR_TO_PACKET ||
	       type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META;
}

/* string representation of 'enum bpf_reg_type' */
static const char * const reg_type_str[] = {
	[NOT_INIT]		= "?",
	[SCALAR_VALUE]		= "inv",
	[PTR_TO_CTX]		= "ctx",
	[CONST_PTR_TO_MAP]	= "map_ptr",
	[PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE]	= "map_value",
	[PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL] = "map_value_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_STACK]		= "fp",
	[PTR_TO_PACKET]		= "pkt",
	[PTR_TO_PACKET_META]	= "pkt_meta",
	[PTR_TO_PACKET_END]	= "pkt_end",
};

static void print_liveness(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			   enum bpf_reg_liveness live)
{
	if (live & (REG_LIVE_READ | REG_LIVE_WRITTEN))
	    verbose(env, "_");
	if (live & REG_LIVE_READ)
		verbose(env, "r");
	if (live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
		verbose(env, "w");
}

static struct bpf_func_state *func(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				   const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;

	return cur->frame[reg->frameno];
}

static void print_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				 const struct bpf_func_state *state)
{
	const struct bpf_reg_state *reg;
	enum bpf_reg_type t;
	int i;

	if (state->frameno)
		verbose(env, " frame%d:", state->frameno);
	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
		reg = &state->regs[i];
		t = reg->type;
		if (t == NOT_INIT)
			continue;
		verbose(env, " R%d", i);
		print_liveness(env, reg->live);
		verbose(env, "=%s", reg_type_str[t]);
		if ((t == SCALAR_VALUE || t == PTR_TO_STACK) &&
		    tnum_is_const(reg->var_off)) {
			/* reg->off should be 0 for SCALAR_VALUE */
			verbose(env, "%lld", reg->var_off.value + reg->off);
			if (t == PTR_TO_STACK)
				verbose(env, ",call_%d", func(env, reg)->callsite);
		} else {
			verbose(env, "(id=%d", reg->id);
			if (t != SCALAR_VALUE)
				verbose(env, ",off=%d", reg->off);
			if (type_is_pkt_pointer(t))
				verbose(env, ",r=%d", reg->range);
			else if (t == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP ||
				 t == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE ||
				 t == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL)
				verbose(env, ",ks=%d,vs=%d",
					reg->map_ptr->key_size,
					reg->map_ptr->value_size);
			if (tnum_is_const(reg->var_off)) {
				/* Typically an immediate SCALAR_VALUE, but
				 * could be a pointer whose offset is too big
				 * for reg->off
				 */
				verbose(env, ",imm=%llx", reg->var_off.value);
			} else {
				if (reg->smin_value != reg->umin_value &&
				    reg->smin_value != S64_MIN)
					verbose(env, ",smin_value=%lld",
						(long long)reg->smin_value);
				if (reg->smax_value != reg->umax_value &&
				    reg->smax_value != S64_MAX)
					verbose(env, ",smax_value=%lld",
						(long long)reg->smax_value);
				if (reg->umin_value != 0)
					verbose(env, ",umin_value=%llu",
						(unsigned long long)reg->umin_value);
				if (reg->umax_value != U64_MAX)
					verbose(env, ",umax_value=%llu",
						(unsigned long long)reg->umax_value);
				if (!tnum_is_unknown(reg->var_off)) {
					char tn_buf[48];

					tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
					verbose(env, ",var_off=%s", tn_buf);
				}
			}
			verbose(env, ")");
		}
	}
	for (i = 0; i < state->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
		if (state->stack[i].slot_type[0] == STACK_SPILL) {
			verbose(env, " fp%d",
				(-i - 1) * BPF_REG_SIZE);
			print_liveness(env, state->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live);
			verbose(env, "=%s",
				reg_type_str[state->stack[i].spilled_ptr.type]);
		}
		if (state->stack[i].slot_type[0] == STACK_ZERO)
			verbose(env, " fp%d=0", (-i - 1) * BPF_REG_SIZE);
	}
	verbose(env, "\n");
}

static int copy_stack_state(struct bpf_func_state *dst,
			    const struct bpf_func_state *src)
{
	if (!src->stack)
		return 0;
	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(dst->allocated_stack < src->allocated_stack)) {
		/* internal bug, make state invalid to reject the program */
		memset(dst, 0, sizeof(*dst));
		return -EFAULT;
	}
	memcpy(dst->stack, src->stack,
	       sizeof(*src->stack) * (src->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE));
	return 0;
}

/* do_check() starts with zero-sized stack in struct bpf_verifier_state to
 * make it consume minimal amount of memory. check_stack_write() access from
 * the program calls into realloc_func_state() to grow the stack size.
 * Note there is a non-zero 'parent' pointer inside bpf_verifier_state
 * which this function copies over. It points to previous bpf_verifier_state
 * which is never reallocated
 */
static int realloc_func_state(struct bpf_func_state *state, int size,
			      bool copy_old)
{
	u32 old_size = state->allocated_stack;
	struct bpf_stack_state *new_stack;
	int slot = size / BPF_REG_SIZE;

	if (size <= old_size || !size) {
		if (copy_old)
			return 0;
		state->allocated_stack = slot * BPF_REG_SIZE;
		if (!size && old_size) {
			kfree(state->stack);
			state->stack = NULL;
		}
		return 0;
	}
	new_stack = kmalloc_array(slot, sizeof(struct bpf_stack_state),
				  GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!new_stack)
		return -ENOMEM;
	if (copy_old) {
		if (state->stack)
			memcpy(new_stack, state->stack,
			       sizeof(*new_stack) * (old_size / BPF_REG_SIZE));
		memset(new_stack + old_size / BPF_REG_SIZE, 0,
		       sizeof(*new_stack) * (size - old_size) / BPF_REG_SIZE);
	}
	state->allocated_stack = slot * BPF_REG_SIZE;
	kfree(state->stack);
	state->stack = new_stack;
	return 0;
}

static void free_func_state(struct bpf_func_state *state)
{
	kfree(state->stack);
	kfree(state);
}

static void free_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
				bool free_self)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i <= state->curframe; i++) {
		free_func_state(state->frame[i]);
		state->frame[i] = NULL;
	}
	if (free_self)
		kfree(state);
}

/* copy verifier state from src to dst growing dst stack space
 * when necessary to accommodate larger src stack
 */
static int copy_func_state(struct bpf_func_state *dst,
			   const struct bpf_func_state *src)
{
	int err;

	err = realloc_func_state(dst, src->allocated_stack, false);
	if (err)
		return err;
	memcpy(dst, src, offsetof(struct bpf_func_state, allocated_stack));
	return copy_stack_state(dst, src);
}

static int copy_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_state *dst_state,
			       const struct bpf_verifier_state *src)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *dst;
	int i, err;

	/* if dst has more stack frames then src frame, free them */
	for (i = src->curframe + 1; i <= dst_state->curframe; i++) {
		free_func_state(dst_state->frame[i]);
		dst_state->frame[i] = NULL;
	}
	dst_state->curframe = src->curframe;
	dst_state->parent = src->parent;
	for (i = 0; i <= src->curframe; i++) {
		dst = dst_state->frame[i];
		if (!dst) {
			dst = kzalloc(sizeof(*dst), GFP_KERNEL);
			if (!dst)
				return -ENOMEM;
			dst_state->frame[i] = dst;
		}
		err = copy_func_state(dst, src->frame[i]);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int pop_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int *prev_insn_idx,
		     int *insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem *elem, *head = env->head;
	int err;

	if (env->head == NULL)
		return -ENOENT;

	if (cur) {
		err = copy_verifier_state(cur, &head->st);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}
	if (insn_idx)
		*insn_idx = head->insn_idx;
	if (prev_insn_idx)
		*prev_insn_idx = head->prev_insn_idx;
	elem = head->next;
	free_verifier_state(&head->st, false);
	kfree(head);
	env->head = elem;
	env->stack_size--;
	return 0;
}

static struct bpf_verifier_state *push_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
					     int insn_idx, int prev_insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem *elem;
	int err;

	elem = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!elem)
		goto err;

	elem->insn_idx = insn_idx;
	elem->prev_insn_idx = prev_insn_idx;
	elem->next = env->head;
	env->head = elem;
	env->stack_size++;
	err = copy_verifier_state(&elem->st, cur);
	if (err)
		goto err;
	if (env->stack_size > BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_STACK) {
		verbose(env, "BPF program is too complex\n");
		goto err;
	}
	return &elem->st;
err:
	/* pop all elements and return */
	while (!pop_stack(env, NULL, NULL));
	return NULL;
}

#define CALLER_SAVED_REGS 6
static const int caller_saved[CALLER_SAVED_REGS] = {
	BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_4, BPF_REG_5
};
#define CALLEE_SAVED_REGS 5
static const int callee_saved[CALLEE_SAVED_REGS] = {
	BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_9
};

static void __mark_reg_not_init(struct bpf_reg_state *reg);

/* Mark the unknown part of a register (variable offset or scalar value) as
 * known to have the value @imm.
 */
static void __mark_reg_known(struct bpf_reg_state *reg, u64 imm)
{
	reg->id = 0;
	reg->var_off = tnum_const(imm);
	reg->smin_value = (s64)imm;
	reg->smax_value = (s64)imm;
	reg->umin_value = imm;
	reg->umax_value = imm;
}

/* Mark the 'variable offset' part of a register as zero.  This should be
 * used only on registers holding a pointer type.
 */
static void __mark_reg_known_zero(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__mark_reg_known(reg, 0);
}

static void __mark_reg_const_zero(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__mark_reg_known(reg, 0);
	reg->off = 0;
	reg->type = SCALAR_VALUE;
}

static void mark_reg_known_zero(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno)
{
	if (WARN_ON(regno >= MAX_BPF_REG)) {
		verbose(env, "mark_reg_known_zero(regs, %u)\n", regno);
		/* Something bad happened, let's kill all regs */
		for (regno = 0; regno < MAX_BPF_REG; regno++)
			__mark_reg_not_init(regs + regno);
		return;
	}
	__mark_reg_known_zero(regs + regno);
}

static bool reg_is_pkt_pointer(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return type_is_pkt_pointer(reg->type);
}

static bool reg_is_pkt_pointer_any(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return reg_is_pkt_pointer(reg) ||
	       reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END;
}

/* Unmodified PTR_TO_PACKET[_META,_END] register from ctx access. */
static bool reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
				    enum bpf_reg_type which)
{
	/* The register can already have a range from prior markings.
	 * This is fine as long as it hasn't been advanced from its
	 * origin.
	 */
	return reg->type == which &&
	       reg->id == 0 &&
	       reg->off == 0 &&
	       tnum_equals_const(reg->var_off, 0);
}

/* Attempts to improve min/max values based on var_off information */
static void __update_reg_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	/* min signed is max(sign bit) | min(other bits) */
	reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, reg->smin_value,
				reg->var_off.value | (reg->var_off.mask & S64_MIN));
	/* max signed is min(sign bit) | max(other bits) */
	reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, reg->smax_value,
				reg->var_off.value | (reg->var_off.mask & S64_MAX));
	reg->umin_value = max(reg->umin_value, reg->var_off.value);
	reg->umax_value = min(reg->umax_value,
			      reg->var_off.value | reg->var_off.mask);
}

/* Uses signed min/max values to inform unsigned, and vice-versa */
static void __reg_deduce_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	/* Learn sign from signed bounds.
	 * If we cannot cross the sign boundary, then signed and unsigned bounds
	 * are the same, so combine.  This works even in the negative case, e.g.
	 * -3 s<= x s<= -1 implies 0xf...fd u<= x u<= 0xf...ff.
	 */
	if (reg->smin_value >= 0 || reg->smax_value < 0) {
		reg->smin_value = reg->umin_value = max_t(u64, reg->smin_value,
							  reg->umin_value);
		reg->smax_value = reg->umax_value = min_t(u64, reg->smax_value,
							  reg->umax_value);
		return;
	}
	/* Learn sign from unsigned bounds.  Signed bounds cross the sign
	 * boundary, so we must be careful.
	 */
	if ((s64)reg->umax_value >= 0) {
		/* Positive.  We can't learn anything from the smin, but smax
		 * is positive, hence safe.
		 */
		reg->smin_value = reg->umin_value;
		reg->smax_value = reg->umax_value = min_t(u64, reg->smax_value,
							  reg->umax_value);
	} else if ((s64)reg->umin_value < 0) {
		/* Negative.  We can't learn anything from the smax, but smin
		 * is negative, hence safe.
		 */
		reg->smin_value = reg->umin_value = max_t(u64, reg->smin_value,
							  reg->umin_value);
		reg->smax_value = reg->umax_value;
	}
}

/* Attempts to improve var_off based on unsigned min/max information */
static void __reg_bound_offset(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	reg->var_off = tnum_intersect(reg->var_off,
				      tnum_range(reg->umin_value,
						 reg->umax_value));
}

/* Reset the min/max bounds of a register */
static void __mark_reg_unbounded(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
	reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
	reg->umin_value = 0;
	reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;
}

/* Mark a register as having a completely unknown (scalar) value. */
static void __mark_reg_unknown(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	reg->type = SCALAR_VALUE;
	reg->id = 0;
	reg->off = 0;
	reg->var_off = tnum_unknown;
	reg->frameno = 0;
	__mark_reg_unbounded(reg);
}

static void mark_reg_unknown(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			     struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno)
{
	if (WARN_ON(regno >= MAX_BPF_REG)) {
		verbose(env, "mark_reg_unknown(regs, %u)\n", regno);
		/* Something bad happened, let's kill all regs except FP */
		for (regno = 0; regno < BPF_REG_FP; regno++)
			__mark_reg_not_init(regs + regno);
		return;
	}
	__mark_reg_unknown(regs + regno);
}

static void __mark_reg_not_init(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__mark_reg_unknown(reg);
	reg->type = NOT_INIT;
}

static void mark_reg_not_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			      struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno)
{
	if (WARN_ON(regno >= MAX_BPF_REG)) {
		verbose(env, "mark_reg_not_init(regs, %u)\n", regno);
		/* Something bad happened, let's kill all regs except FP */
		for (regno = 0; regno < BPF_REG_FP; regno++)
			__mark_reg_not_init(regs + regno);
		return;
	}
	__mark_reg_not_init(regs + regno);
}

static void init_reg_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			   struct bpf_func_state *state)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
		mark_reg_not_init(env, regs, i);
		regs[i].live = REG_LIVE_NONE;
	}

	/* frame pointer */
	regs[BPF_REG_FP].type = PTR_TO_STACK;
	mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, BPF_REG_FP);
	regs[BPF_REG_FP].frameno = state->frameno;

	/* 1st arg to a function */
	regs[BPF_REG_1].type = PTR_TO_CTX;
	mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, BPF_REG_1);
}

#define BPF_MAIN_FUNC (-1)
static void init_func_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			    struct bpf_func_state *state,
			    int callsite, int frameno, int subprogno)
{
	state->callsite = callsite;
	state->frameno = frameno;
	state->subprogno = subprogno;
	init_reg_state(env, state);
}

enum reg_arg_type {
	SRC_OP,		/* register is used as source operand */
	DST_OP,		/* register is used as destination operand */
	DST_OP_NO_MARK	/* same as above, check only, don't mark */
};

static int cmp_subprogs(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	return *(int *)a - *(int *)b;
}

static int find_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off)
{
	u32 *p;

	p = bsearch(&off, env->subprog_starts, env->subprog_cnt,
		    sizeof(env->subprog_starts[0]), cmp_subprogs);
	if (!p)
		return -ENOENT;
	return p - env->subprog_starts;

}

static int add_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off)
{
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	int ret;

	if (off >= insn_cnt || off < 0) {
		verbose(env, "call to invalid destination\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	ret = find_subprog(env, off);
	if (ret >= 0)
		return 0;
	if (env->subprog_cnt >= BPF_MAX_SUBPROGS) {
		verbose(env, "too many subprograms\n");
		return -E2BIG;
	}
	env->subprog_starts[env->subprog_cnt++] = off;
	sort(env->subprog_starts, env->subprog_cnt,
	     sizeof(env->subprog_starts[0]), cmp_subprogs, NULL);
	return 0;
}

static int check_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	int i, ret, subprog_start, subprog_end, off, cur_subprog = 0;
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;

	/* determine subprog starts. The end is one before the next starts */
	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
		if (insn[i].code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL))
			continue;
		if (insn[i].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			continue;
		if (!env->allow_ptr_leaks) {
			verbose(env, "function calls to other bpf functions are allowed for root only\n");
			return -EPERM;
		}
		if (bpf_prog_is_dev_bound(env->prog->aux)) {
			verbose(env, "function calls in offloaded programs are not supported yet\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		ret = add_subprog(env, i + insn[i].imm + 1);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;
	}

	if (env->log.level > 1)
		for (i = 0; i < env->subprog_cnt; i++)
			verbose(env, "func#%d @%d\n", i, env->subprog_starts[i]);

	/* now check that all jumps are within the same subprog */
	subprog_start = 0;
	if (env->subprog_cnt == cur_subprog)
		subprog_end = insn_cnt;
	else
		subprog_end = env->subprog_starts[cur_subprog++];
	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
		u8 code = insn[i].code;

		if (BPF_CLASS(code) != BPF_JMP)
			goto next;
		if (BPF_OP(code) == BPF_EXIT || BPF_OP(code) == BPF_CALL)
			goto next;
		off = i + insn[i].off + 1;
		if (off < subprog_start || off >= subprog_end) {
			verbose(env, "jump out of range from insn %d to %d\n", i, off);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
next:
		if (i == subprog_end - 1) {
			/* to avoid fall-through from one subprog into another
			 * the last insn of the subprog should be either exit
			 * or unconditional jump back
			 */
			if (code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_EXIT) &&
			    code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_JA)) {
				verbose(env, "last insn is not an exit or jmp\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			subprog_start = subprog_end;
			if (env->subprog_cnt == cur_subprog)
				subprog_end = insn_cnt;
			else
				subprog_end = env->subprog_starts[cur_subprog++];
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

static
struct bpf_verifier_state *skip_callee(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				       const struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
				       struct bpf_verifier_state *parent,
				       u32 regno)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *tmp = NULL;

	/* 'parent' could be a state of caller and
	 * 'state' could be a state of callee. In such case
	 * parent->curframe < state->curframe
	 * and it's ok for r1 - r5 registers
	 *
	 * 'parent' could be a callee's state after it bpf_exit-ed.
	 * In such case parent->curframe > state->curframe
	 * and it's ok for r0 only
	 */
	if (parent->curframe == state->curframe ||
	    (parent->curframe < state->curframe &&
	     regno >= BPF_REG_1 && regno <= BPF_REG_5) ||
	    (parent->curframe > state->curframe &&
	       regno == BPF_REG_0))
		return parent;

	if (parent->curframe > state->curframe &&
	    regno >= BPF_REG_6) {
		/* for callee saved regs we have to skip the whole chain
		 * of states that belong to callee and mark as LIVE_READ
		 * the registers before the call
		 */
		tmp = parent;
		while (tmp && tmp->curframe != state->curframe) {
			tmp = tmp->parent;
		}
		if (!tmp)
			goto bug;
		parent = tmp;
	} else {
		goto bug;
	}
	return parent;
bug:
	verbose(env, "verifier bug regno %d tmp %p\n", regno, tmp);
	verbose(env, "regno %d parent frame %d current frame %d\n",
		regno, parent->curframe, state->curframe);
	return NULL;
}

static int mark_reg_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			 const struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
			 struct bpf_verifier_state *parent,
			 u32 regno)
{
	bool writes = parent == state->parent; /* Observe write marks */

	if (regno == BPF_REG_FP)
		/* We don't need to worry about FP liveness because it's read-only */
		return 0;

	while (parent) {
		/* if read wasn't screened by an earlier write ... */
		if (writes && state->frame[state->curframe]->regs[regno].live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
			break;
		parent = skip_callee(env, state, parent, regno);
		if (!parent)
			return -EFAULT;
		/* ... then we depend on parent's value */
		parent->frame[parent->curframe]->regs[regno].live |= REG_LIVE_READ;
		state = parent;
		parent = state->parent;
		writes = true;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int check_reg_arg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
			 enum reg_arg_type t)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs;

	if (regno >= MAX_BPF_REG) {
		verbose(env, "R%d is invalid\n", regno);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (t == SRC_OP) {
		/* check whether register used as source operand can be read */
		if (regs[regno].type == NOT_INIT) {
			verbose(env, "R%d !read_ok\n", regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		return mark_reg_read(env, vstate, vstate->parent, regno);
	} else {
		/* check whether register used as dest operand can be written to */
		if (regno == BPF_REG_FP) {
			verbose(env, "frame pointer is read only\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}
		regs[regno].live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
		if (t == DST_OP)
			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, regno);
	}
	return 0;
}

static bool is_spillable_regtype(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	switch (type) {
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE:
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_STACK:
	case PTR_TO_CTX:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_META:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_END:
	case CONST_PTR_TO_MAP:
		return true;
	default:
		return false;
	}
}

/* Does this register contain a constant zero? */
static bool register_is_null(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return reg->type == SCALAR_VALUE && tnum_equals_const(reg->var_off, 0);
}

/* check_stack_read/write functions track spill/fill of registers,
 * stack boundary and alignment are checked in check_mem_access()
 */
static int check_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			     struct bpf_func_state *state, /* func where register points to */
			     int off, int size, int value_regno)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *cur; /* state of the current function */
	int i, slot = -off - 1, spi = slot / BPF_REG_SIZE, err;
	enum bpf_reg_type type;

	err = realloc_func_state(state, round_up(slot + 1, BPF_REG_SIZE),
				 true);
	if (err)
		return err;
	/* caller checked that off % size == 0 and -MAX_BPF_STACK <= off < 0,
	 * so it's aligned access and [off, off + size) are within stack limits
	 */
	if (!env->allow_ptr_leaks &&
	    state->stack[spi].slot_type[0] == STACK_SPILL &&
	    size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
		verbose(env, "attempt to corrupt spilled pointer on stack\n");
		return -EACCES;
	}

	cur = env->cur_state->frame[env->cur_state->curframe];
	if (value_regno >= 0 &&
	    is_spillable_regtype((type = cur->regs[value_regno].type))) {

		/* register containing pointer is being spilled into stack */
		if (size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
			verbose(env, "invalid size of register spill\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}

		if (state != cur && type == PTR_TO_STACK) {
			verbose(env, "cannot spill pointers to stack into stack frame of the caller\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		/* save register state */
		state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr = cur->regs[value_regno];
		state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;

		for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_SIZE; i++)
			state->stack[spi].slot_type[i] = STACK_SPILL;
	} else {
		u8 type = STACK_MISC;

		/* regular write of data into stack */
		state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr = (struct bpf_reg_state) {};

		/* only mark the slot as written if all 8 bytes were written
		 * otherwise read propagation may incorrectly stop too soon
		 * when stack slots are partially written.
		 * This heuristic means that read propagation will be
		 * conservative, since it will add reg_live_read marks
		 * to stack slots all the way to first state when programs
		 * writes+reads less than 8 bytes
		 */
		if (size == BPF_REG_SIZE)
			state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;

		/* when we zero initialize stack slots mark them as such */
		if (value_regno >= 0 &&
		    register_is_null(&cur->regs[value_regno]))
			type = STACK_ZERO;

		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			state->stack[spi].slot_type[(slot - i) % BPF_REG_SIZE] =
				type;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* registers of every function are unique and mark_reg_read() propagates
 * the liveness in the following cases:
 * - from callee into caller for R1 - R5 that were used as arguments
 * - from caller into callee for R0 that used as result of the call
 * - from caller to the same caller skipping states of the callee for R6 - R9,
 *   since R6 - R9 are callee saved by implicit function prologue and
 *   caller's R6 != callee's R6, so when we propagate liveness up to
 *   parent states we need to skip callee states for R6 - R9.
 *
 * stack slot marking is different, since stacks of caller and callee are
 * accessible in both (since caller can pass a pointer to caller's stack to
 * callee which can pass it to another function), hence mark_stack_slot_read()
 * has to propagate the stack liveness to all parent states at given frame number.
 * Consider code:
 * f1() {
 *   ptr = fp - 8;
 *   *ptr = ctx;
 *   call f2 {
 *      .. = *ptr;
 *   }
 *   .. = *ptr;
 * }
 * First *ptr is reading from f1's stack and mark_stack_slot_read() has
 * to mark liveness at the f1's frame and not f2's frame.
 * Second *ptr is also reading from f1's stack and mark_stack_slot_read() has
 * to propagate liveness to f2 states at f1's frame level and further into
 * f1 states at f1's frame level until write into that stack slot
 */
static void mark_stack_slot_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				 const struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
				 struct bpf_verifier_state *parent,
				 int slot, int frameno)
{
	bool writes = parent == state->parent; /* Observe write marks */

	while (parent) {
		if (parent->frame[frameno]->allocated_stack <= slot * BPF_REG_SIZE)
			/* since LIVE_WRITTEN mark is only done for full 8-byte
			 * write the read marks are conservative and parent
			 * state may not even have the stack allocated. In such case
			 * end the propagation, since the loop reached beginning
			 * of the function
			 */
			break;
		/* if read wasn't screened by an earlier write ... */
		if (writes && state->frame[frameno]->stack[slot].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
			break;
		/* ... then we depend on parent's value */
		parent->frame[frameno]->stack[slot].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_READ;
		state = parent;
		parent = state->parent;
		writes = true;
	}
}

static int check_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			    struct bpf_func_state *reg_state /* func where register points to */,
			    int off, int size, int value_regno)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	int i, slot = -off - 1, spi = slot / BPF_REG_SIZE;
	u8 *stype;

	if (reg_state->allocated_stack <= slot) {
		verbose(env, "invalid read from stack off %d+0 size %d\n",
			off, size);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	stype = reg_state->stack[spi].slot_type;

	if (stype[0] == STACK_SPILL) {
		if (size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
			verbose(env, "invalid size of register spill\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}
		for (i = 1; i < BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
			if (stype[(slot - i) % BPF_REG_SIZE] != STACK_SPILL) {
				verbose(env, "corrupted spill memory\n");
				return -EACCES;
			}
		}

		if (value_regno >= 0) {
			/* restore register state from stack */
			state->regs[value_regno] = reg_state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr;
			/* mark reg as written since spilled pointer state likely
			 * has its liveness marks cleared by is_state_visited()
			 * which resets stack/reg liveness for state transitions
			 */
			state->regs[value_regno].live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
		}
		mark_stack_slot_read(env, vstate, vstate->parent, spi,
				     reg_state->frameno);
		return 0;
	} else {
		int zeros = 0;

		for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
			if (stype[(slot - i) % BPF_REG_SIZE] == STACK_MISC)
				continue;
			if (stype[(slot - i) % BPF_REG_SIZE] == STACK_ZERO) {
				zeros++;
				continue;
			}
			verbose(env, "invalid read from stack off %d+%d size %d\n",
				off, i, size);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		mark_stack_slot_read(env, vstate, vstate->parent, spi,
				     reg_state->frameno);
		if (value_regno >= 0) {
			if (zeros == size) {
				/* any size read into register is zero extended,
				 * so the whole register == const_zero
				 */
				__mark_reg_const_zero(&state->regs[value_regno]);
			} else {
				/* have read misc data from the stack */
				mark_reg_unknown(env, state->regs, value_regno);
			}
			state->regs[value_regno].live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
		}
		return 0;
	}
}

/* check read/write into map element returned by bpf_map_lookup_elem() */
static int __check_map_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno, int off,
			      int size, bool zero_size_allowed)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	struct bpf_map *map = regs[regno].map_ptr;

	if (off < 0 || size < 0 || (size == 0 && !zero_size_allowed) ||
	    off + size > map->value_size) {
		verbose(env, "invalid access to map value, value_size=%d off=%d size=%d\n",
			map->value_size, off, size);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* check read/write into a map element with possible variable offset */
static int check_map_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
			    int off, int size, bool zero_size_allowed)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = &state->regs[regno];
	int err;

	/* We may have adjusted the register to this map value, so we
	 * need to try adding each of min_value and max_value to off
	 * to make sure our theoretical access will be safe.
	 */
	if (env->log.level)
		print_verifier_state(env, state);
	/* The minimum value is only important with signed
	 * comparisons where we can't assume the floor of a
	 * value is 0.  If we are using signed variables for our
	 * index'es we need to make sure that whatever we use
	 * will have a set floor within our range.
	 */
	if (reg->smin_value < 0) {
		verbose(env, "R%d min value is negative, either use unsigned index or do a if (index >=0) check.\n",
			regno);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	err = __check_map_access(env, regno, reg->smin_value + off, size,
				 zero_size_allowed);
	if (err) {
		verbose(env, "R%d min value is outside of the array range\n",
			regno);
		return err;
	}

	/* If we haven't set a max value then we need to bail since we can't be
	 * sure we won't do bad things.
	 * If reg->umax_value + off could overflow, treat that as unbounded too.
	 */
	if (reg->umax_value >= BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF) {
		verbose(env, "R%d unbounded memory access, make sure to bounds check any array access into a map\n",
			regno);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	err = __check_map_access(env, regno, reg->umax_value + off, size,
				 zero_size_allowed);
	if (err)
		verbose(env, "R%d max value is outside of the array range\n",
			regno);
	return err;
}

#define MAX_PACKET_OFF 0xffff

static bool may_access_direct_pkt_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				       const struct bpf_call_arg_meta *meta,
				       enum bpf_access_type t)
{
	switch (env->prog->type) {
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_IN:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_OUT:
		/* dst_input() and dst_output() can't write for now */
		if (t == BPF_WRITE)
			return false;
		/* fallthrough */
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_ACT:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_XMIT:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_SKB:
		if (meta)
			return meta->pkt_access;

		env->seen_direct_write = true;
		return true;
	default:
		return false;
	}
}

static int __check_packet_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
				 int off, int size, bool zero_size_allowed)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = &regs[regno];

	if (off < 0 || size < 0 || (size == 0 && !zero_size_allowed) ||
	    (u64)off + size > reg->range) {
		verbose(env, "invalid access to packet, off=%d size=%d, R%d(id=%d,off=%d,r=%d)\n",
			off, size, regno, reg->id, reg->off, reg->range);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int check_packet_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno, int off,
			       int size, bool zero_size_allowed)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = &regs[regno];
	int err;

	/* We may have added a variable offset to the packet pointer; but any
	 * reg->range we have comes after that.  We are only checking the fixed
	 * offset.
	 */

	/* We don't allow negative numbers, because we aren't tracking enough
	 * detail to prove they're safe.
	 */
	if (reg->smin_value < 0) {
		verbose(env, "R%d min value is negative, either use unsigned index or do a if (index >=0) check.\n",
			regno);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	err = __check_packet_access(env, regno, off, size, zero_size_allowed);
	if (err) {
		verbose(env, "R%d offset is outside of the packet\n", regno);
		return err;
	}
	return err;
}

/* check access to 'struct bpf_context' fields.  Supports fixed offsets only */
static int check_ctx_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx, int off, int size,
			    enum bpf_access_type t, enum bpf_reg_type *reg_type)
{
	struct bpf_insn_access_aux info = {
		.reg_type = *reg_type,
	};

	if (env->ops->is_valid_access &&
	    env->ops->is_valid_access(off, size, t, &info)) {
		/* A non zero info.ctx_field_size indicates that this field is a
		 * candidate for later verifier transformation to load the whole
		 * field and then apply a mask when accessed with a narrower
		 * access than actual ctx access size. A zero info.ctx_field_size
		 * will only allow for whole field access and rejects any other
		 * type of narrower access.
		 */
		*reg_type = info.reg_type;

		env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].ctx_field_size = info.ctx_field_size;
		/* remember the offset of last byte accessed in ctx */
		if (env->prog->aux->max_ctx_offset < off + size)
			env->prog->aux->max_ctx_offset = off + size;
		return 0;
	}

	verbose(env, "invalid bpf_context access off=%d size=%d\n", off, size);
	return -EACCES;
}

static bool __is_pointer_value(bool allow_ptr_leaks,
			       const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	if (allow_ptr_leaks)
		return false;

	return reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE;
}

static bool is_pointer_value(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int regno)
{
	return __is_pointer_value(env->allow_ptr_leaks, cur_regs(env) + regno);
}

static int check_pkt_ptr_alignment(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				   const struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
				   int off, int size, bool strict)
{
	struct tnum reg_off;
	int ip_align;

	/* Byte size accesses are always allowed. */
	if (!strict || size == 1)
		return 0;

	/* For platforms that do not have a Kconfig enabling
	 * CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS the value of
	 * NET_IP_ALIGN is universally set to '2'.  And on platforms
	 * that do set CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS, we get
	 * to this code only in strict mode where we want to emulate
	 * the NET_IP_ALIGN==2 checking.  Therefore use an
	 * unconditional IP align value of '2'.
	 */
	ip_align = 2;

	reg_off = tnum_add(reg->var_off, tnum_const(ip_align + reg->off + off));
	if (!tnum_is_aligned(reg_off, size)) {
		char tn_buf[48];

		tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
		verbose(env,
			"misaligned packet access off %d+%s+%d+%d size %d\n",
			ip_align, tn_buf, reg->off, off, size);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int check_generic_ptr_alignment(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				       const struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
				       const char *pointer_desc,
				       int off, int size, bool strict)
{
	struct tnum reg_off;

	/* Byte size accesses are always allowed. */
	if (!strict || size == 1)
		return 0;

	reg_off = tnum_add(reg->var_off, tnum_const(reg->off + off));
	if (!tnum_is_aligned(reg_off, size)) {
		char tn_buf[48];

		tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
		verbose(env, "misaligned %saccess off %s+%d+%d size %d\n",
			pointer_desc, tn_buf, reg->off, off, size);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int check_ptr_alignment(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			       const struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
			       int off, int size)
{
	bool strict = env->strict_alignment;
	const char *pointer_desc = "";

	switch (reg->type) {
	case PTR_TO_PACKET:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_META:
		/* Special case, because of NET_IP_ALIGN. Given metadata sits
		 * right in front, treat it the very same way.
		 */
		return check_pkt_ptr_alignment(env, reg, off, size, strict);
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE:
		pointer_desc = "value ";
		break;
	case PTR_TO_CTX:
		pointer_desc = "context ";
		break;
	case PTR_TO_STACK:
		pointer_desc = "stack ";
		/* The stack spill tracking logic in check_stack_write()
		 * and check_stack_read() relies on stack accesses being
		 * aligned.
		 */
		strict = true;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
	return check_generic_ptr_alignment(env, reg, pointer_desc, off, size,
					   strict);
}

static int update_stack_depth(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			      const struct bpf_func_state *func,
			      int off)
{
	u16 stack = env->subprog_stack_depth[func->subprogno];

	if (stack >= -off)
		return 0;

	/* update known max for given subprogram */
	env->subprog_stack_depth[func->subprogno] = -off;
	return 0;
}

/* starting from main bpf function walk all instructions of the function
 * and recursively walk all callees that given function can call.
 * Ignore jump and exit insns.
 * Since recursion is prevented by check_cfg() this algorithm
 * only needs a local stack of MAX_CALL_FRAMES to remember callsites
 */
static int check_max_stack_depth(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	int depth = 0, frame = 0, subprog = 0, i = 0, subprog_end;
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	int ret_insn[MAX_CALL_FRAMES];
	int ret_prog[MAX_CALL_FRAMES];

process_func:
	/* round up to 32-bytes, since this is granularity
	 * of interpreter stack size
	 */
	depth += round_up(max_t(u32, env->subprog_stack_depth[subprog], 1), 32);
	if (depth > MAX_BPF_STACK) {
		verbose(env, "combined stack size of %d calls is %d. Too large\n",
			frame + 1, depth);
		return -EACCES;
	}
continue_func:
	if (env->subprog_cnt == subprog)
		subprog_end = insn_cnt;
	else
		subprog_end = env->subprog_starts[subprog];
	for (; i < subprog_end; i++) {
		if (insn[i].code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL))
			continue;
		if (insn[i].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			continue;
		/* remember insn and function to return to */
		ret_insn[frame] = i + 1;
		ret_prog[frame] = subprog;

		/* find the callee */
		i = i + insn[i].imm + 1;
		subprog = find_subprog(env, i);
		if (subprog < 0) {
			WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier bug. No program starts at insn %d\n",
				  i);
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		subprog++;
		frame++;
		if (frame >= MAX_CALL_FRAMES) {
			WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier bug. Call stack is too deep\n");
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		goto process_func;
	}
	/* end of for() loop means the last insn of the 'subprog'
	 * was reached. Doesn't matter whether it was JA or EXIT
	 */
	if (frame == 0)
		return 0;
	depth -= round_up(max_t(u32, env->subprog_stack_depth[subprog], 1), 32);
	frame--;
	i = ret_insn[frame];
	subprog = ret_prog[frame];
	goto continue_func;
}

static int get_callee_stack_depth(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				  const struct bpf_insn *insn, int idx)
{
	int start = idx + insn->imm + 1, subprog;

	subprog = find_subprog(env, start);
	if (subprog < 0) {
		WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier bug. No program starts at insn %d\n",
			  start);
		return -EFAULT;
	}
	subprog++;
	return env->subprog_stack_depth[subprog];
}

/* truncate register to smaller size (in bytes)
 * must be called with size < BPF_REG_SIZE
 */
static void coerce_reg_to_size(struct bpf_reg_state *reg, int size)
{
	u64 mask;

	/* clear high bits in bit representation */
	reg->var_off = tnum_cast(reg->var_off, size);

	/* fix arithmetic bounds */
	mask = ((u64)1 << (size * 8)) - 1;
	if ((reg->umin_value & ~mask) == (reg->umax_value & ~mask)) {
		reg->umin_value &= mask;
		reg->umax_value &= mask;
	} else {
		reg->umin_value = 0;
		reg->umax_value = mask;
	}
	reg->smin_value = reg->umin_value;
	reg->smax_value = reg->umax_value;
}

/* check whether memory at (regno + off) is accessible for t = (read | write)
 * if t==write, value_regno is a register which value is stored into memory
 * if t==read, value_regno is a register which will receive the value from memory
 * if t==write && value_regno==-1, some unknown value is stored into memory
 * if t==read && value_regno==-1, don't care what we read from memory
 */
static int check_mem_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx, u32 regno, int off,
			    int bpf_size, enum bpf_access_type t,
			    int value_regno)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = regs + regno;
	struct bpf_func_state *state;
	int size, err = 0;

	size = bpf_size_to_bytes(bpf_size);
	if (size < 0)
		return size;

	/* alignment checks will add in reg->off themselves */
	err = check_ptr_alignment(env, reg, off, size);
	if (err)
		return err;

	/* for access checks, reg->off is just part of off */
	off += reg->off;

	if (reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE) {
		if (t == BPF_WRITE && value_regno >= 0 &&
		    is_pointer_value(env, value_regno)) {
			verbose(env, "R%d leaks addr into map\n", value_regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}

		err = check_map_access(env, regno, off, size, false);
		if (!err && t == BPF_READ && value_regno >= 0)
			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, value_regno);

	} else if (reg->type == PTR_TO_CTX) {
		enum bpf_reg_type reg_type = SCALAR_VALUE;

		if (t == BPF_WRITE && value_regno >= 0 &&
		    is_pointer_value(env, value_regno)) {
			verbose(env, "R%d leaks addr into ctx\n", value_regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		/* ctx accesses must be at a fixed offset, so that we can
		 * determine what type of data were returned.
		 */
		if (reg->off) {
			verbose(env,
				"dereference of modified ctx ptr R%d off=%d+%d, ctx+const is allowed, ctx+const+const is not\n",
				regno, reg->off, off - reg->off);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		if (!tnum_is_const(reg->var_off) || reg->var_off.value) {
			char tn_buf[48];

			tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
			verbose(env,
				"variable ctx access var_off=%s off=%d size=%d",
				tn_buf, off, size);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		err = check_ctx_access(env, insn_idx, off, size, t, &reg_type);
		if (!err && t == BPF_READ && value_regno >= 0) {
			/* ctx access returns either a scalar, or a
			 * PTR_TO_PACKET[_META,_END]. In the latter
			 * case, we know the offset is zero.
			 */
			if (reg_type == SCALAR_VALUE)
				mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, value_regno);
			else
				mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs,
						    value_regno);
			regs[value_regno].id = 0;
			regs[value_regno].off = 0;
			regs[value_regno].range = 0;
			regs[value_regno].type = reg_type;
		}

	} else if (reg->type == PTR_TO_STACK) {
		/* stack accesses must be at a fixed offset, so that we can
		 * determine what type of data were returned.
		 * See check_stack_read().
		 */
		if (!tnum_is_const(reg->var_off)) {
			char tn_buf[48];

			tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
			verbose(env, "variable stack access var_off=%s off=%d size=%d",
				tn_buf, off, size);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		off += reg->var_off.value;
		if (off >= 0 || off < -MAX_BPF_STACK) {
			verbose(env, "invalid stack off=%d size=%d\n", off,
				size);
			return -EACCES;
		}

		state = func(env, reg);
		err = update_stack_depth(env, state, off);
		if (err)
			return err;

		if (t == BPF_WRITE)
			err = check_stack_write(env, state, off, size,
						value_regno);
		else
			err = check_stack_read(env, state, off, size,
					       value_regno);
	} else if (reg_is_pkt_pointer(reg)) {
		if (t == BPF_WRITE && !may_access_direct_pkt_data(env, NULL, t)) {
			verbose(env, "cannot write into packet\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}
		if (t == BPF_WRITE && value_regno >= 0 &&
		    is_pointer_value(env, value_regno)) {
			verbose(env, "R%d leaks addr into packet\n",
				value_regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		err = check_packet_access(env, regno, off, size, false);
		if (!err && t == BPF_READ && value_regno >= 0)
			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, value_regno);
	} else {
		verbose(env, "R%d invalid mem access '%s'\n", regno,
			reg_type_str[reg->type]);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	if (!err && size < BPF_REG_SIZE && value_regno >= 0 && t == BPF_READ &&
	    regs[value_regno].type == SCALAR_VALUE) {
		/* b/h/w load zero-extends, mark upper bits as known 0 */
		coerce_reg_to_size(&regs[value_regno], size);
	}
	return err;
}

static int check_xadd(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	int err;

	if ((BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_W && BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_DW) ||
	    insn->imm != 0) {
		verbose(env, "BPF_XADD uses reserved fields\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* check src1 operand */
	err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
	if (err)
		return err;

	/* check src2 operand */
	err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
	if (err)
		return err;

	if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->src_reg)) {
		verbose(env, "R%d leaks addr into mem\n", insn->src_reg);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	/* check whether atomic_add can read the memory */
	err = check_mem_access(env, insn_idx, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
			       BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_READ, -1);
	if (err)
		return err;

	/* check whether atomic_add can write into the same memory */
	return check_mem_access(env, insn_idx, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
				BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_WRITE, -1);
}

/* when register 'regno' is passed into function that will read 'access_size'
 * bytes from that pointer, make sure that it's within stack boundary
 * and all elements of stack are initialized.
 * Unlike most pointer bounds-checking functions, this one doesn't take an
 * 'off' argument, so it has to add in reg->off itself.
 */
static int check_stack_boundary(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int regno,
				int access_size, bool zero_size_allowed,
				struct bpf_call_arg_meta *meta)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = cur_regs(env) + regno;
	struct bpf_func_state *state = func(env, reg);
	int off, i, slot, spi;

	if (reg->type != PTR_TO_STACK) {
		/* Allow zero-byte read from NULL, regardless of pointer type */
		if (zero_size_allowed && access_size == 0 &&
		    register_is_null(reg))
			return 0;

		verbose(env, "R%d type=%s expected=%s\n", regno,
			reg_type_str[reg->type],
			reg_type_str[PTR_TO_STACK]);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	/* Only allow fixed-offset stack reads */
	if (!tnum_is_const(reg->var_off)) {
		char tn_buf[48];

		tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
		verbose(env, "invalid variable stack read R%d var_off=%s\n",
			regno, tn_buf);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	off = reg->off + reg->var_off.value;
	if (off >= 0 || off < -MAX_BPF_STACK || off + access_size > 0 ||
	    access_size < 0 || (access_size == 0 && !zero_size_allowed)) {
		verbose(env, "invalid stack type R%d off=%d access_size=%d\n",
			regno, off, access_size);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	if (meta && meta->raw_mode) {
		meta->access_size = access_size;
		meta->regno = regno;
		return 0;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < access_size; i++) {
		u8 *stype;

		slot = -(off + i) - 1;
		spi = slot / BPF_REG_SIZE;
		if (state->allocated_stack <= slot)
			goto err;
		stype = &state->stack[spi].slot_type[slot % BPF_REG_SIZE];
		if (*stype == STACK_MISC)
			goto mark;
		if (*stype == STACK_ZERO) {
			/* helper can write anything into the stack */
			*stype = STACK_MISC;
			goto mark;
		}
err:
		verbose(env, "invalid indirect read from stack off %d+%d size %d\n",
			off, i, access_size);
		return -EACCES;
mark:
		/* reading any byte out of 8-byte 'spill_slot' will cause
		 * the whole slot to be marked as 'read'
		 */
		mark_stack_slot_read(env, env->cur_state, env->cur_state->parent,
				     spi, state->frameno);
	}
	return update_stack_depth(env, state, off);
}

static int check_helper_mem_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int regno,
				   int access_size, bool zero_size_allowed,
				   struct bpf_call_arg_meta *meta)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env), *reg = &regs[regno];

	switch (reg->type) {
	case PTR_TO_PACKET:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_META:
		return check_packet_access(env, regno, reg->off, access_size,
					   zero_size_allowed);
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE:
		return check_map_access(env, regno, reg->off, access_size,
					zero_size_allowed);
	default: /* scalar_value|ptr_to_stack or invalid ptr */
		return check_stack_boundary(env, regno, access_size,
					    zero_size_allowed, meta);
	}
}

static int check_func_arg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
			  enum bpf_arg_type arg_type,
			  struct bpf_call_arg_meta *meta)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env), *reg = &regs[regno];
	enum bpf_reg_type expected_type, type = reg->type;
	int err = 0;

	if (arg_type == ARG_DONTCARE)
		return 0;

	err = check_reg_arg(env, regno, SRC_OP);
	if (err)
		return err;

	if (arg_type == ARG_ANYTHING) {
		if (is_pointer_value(env, regno)) {
			verbose(env, "R%d leaks addr into helper function\n",
				regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		return 0;
	}

	if (type_is_pkt_pointer(type) &&
	    !may_access_direct_pkt_data(env, meta, BPF_READ)) {
		verbose(env, "helper access to the packet is not allowed\n");
		return -EACCES;
	}

	if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY ||
	    arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE) {
		expected_type = PTR_TO_STACK;
		if (!type_is_pkt_pointer(type) &&
		    type != expected_type)
			goto err_type;
	} else if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE ||
		   arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO) {
		expected_type = SCALAR_VALUE;
		if (type != expected_type)
			goto err_type;
	} else if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR) {
		expected_type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
		if (type != expected_type)
			goto err_type;
	} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_CTX) {
		expected_type = PTR_TO_CTX;
		if (type != expected_type)
			goto err_type;
	} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MEM ||
		   arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL ||
		   arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM) {
		expected_type = PTR_TO_STACK;
		/* One exception here. In case function allows for NULL to be
		 * passed in as argument, it's a SCALAR_VALUE type. Final test
		 * happens during stack boundary checking.
		 */
		if (register_is_null(reg) &&
		    arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL)
			/* final test in check_stack_boundary() */;
		else if (!type_is_pkt_pointer(type) &&
			 type != PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE &&
			 type != expected_type)
			goto err_type;
		meta->raw_mode = arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM;
	} else {
		verbose(env, "unsupported arg_type %d\n", arg_type);
		return -EFAULT;
	}

	if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR) {
		/* bpf_map_xxx(map_ptr) call: remember that map_ptr */
		meta->map_ptr = reg->map_ptr;
	} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY) {
		/* bpf_map_xxx(..., map_ptr, ..., key) call:
		 * check that [key, key + map->key_size) are within
		 * stack limits and initialized
		 */
		if (!meta->map_ptr) {
			/* in function declaration map_ptr must come before
			 * map_key, so that it's verified and known before
			 * we have to check map_key here. Otherwise it means
			 * that kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier
			 */
			verbose(env, "invalid map_ptr to access map->key\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}
		if (type_is_pkt_pointer(type))
			err = check_packet_access(env, regno, reg->off,
						  meta->map_ptr->key_size,
						  false);
		else
			err = check_stack_boundary(env, regno,
						   meta->map_ptr->key_size,
						   false, NULL);
	} else if (arg_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE) {
		/* bpf_map_xxx(..., map_ptr, ..., value) call:
		 * check [value, value + map->value_size) validity
		 */
		if (!meta->map_ptr) {
			/* kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier */
			verbose(env, "invalid map_ptr to access map->value\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}
		if (type_is_pkt_pointer(type))
			err = check_packet_access(env, regno, reg->off,
						  meta->map_ptr->value_size,
						  false);
		else
			err = check_stack_boundary(env, regno,
						   meta->map_ptr->value_size,
						   false, NULL);
	} else if (arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE ||
		   arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO) {
		bool zero_size_allowed = (arg_type == ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO);

		/* bpf_xxx(..., buf, len) call will access 'len' bytes
		 * from stack pointer 'buf'. Check it
		 * note: regno == len, regno - 1 == buf
		 */
		if (regno == 0) {
			/* kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier */
			verbose(env,
				"ARG_CONST_SIZE cannot be first argument\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}

		/* The register is SCALAR_VALUE; the access check
		 * happens using its boundaries.
		 */

		if (!tnum_is_const(reg->var_off))
			/* For unprivileged variable accesses, disable raw
			 * mode so that the program is required to
			 * initialize all the memory that the helper could
			 * just partially fill up.
			 */
			meta = NULL;

		if (reg->smin_value < 0) {
			verbose(env, "R%d min value is negative, either use unsigned or 'var &= const'\n",
				regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}

		if (reg->umin_value == 0) {
			err = check_helper_mem_access(env, regno - 1, 0,
						      zero_size_allowed,
						      meta);
			if (err)
				return err;
		}

		if (reg->umax_value >= BPF_MAX_VAR_SIZ) {
			verbose(env, "R%d unbounded memory access, use 'var &= const' or 'if (var < const)'\n",
				regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		err = check_helper_mem_access(env, regno - 1,
					      reg->umax_value,
					      zero_size_allowed, meta);
	}

	return err;
err_type:
	verbose(env, "R%d type=%s expected=%s\n", regno,
		reg_type_str[type], reg_type_str[expected_type]);
	return -EACCES;
}

static int check_map_func_compatibility(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
					struct bpf_map *map, int func_id)
{
	if (!map)
		return 0;

	/* We need a two way check, first is from map perspective ... */
	switch (map->map_type) {
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_tail_call)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_perf_event_read &&
		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_perf_event_output &&
		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_perf_event_read_value)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_get_stackid)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_skb_under_cgroup &&
		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_current_task_under_cgroup)
			goto error;
		break;
	/* devmap returns a pointer to a live net_device ifindex that we cannot
	 * allow to be modified from bpf side. So do not allow lookup elements
	 * for now.
	 */
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_DEVMAP:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_redirect_map)
			goto error;
		break;
	/* Restrict bpf side of cpumap, open when use-cases appear */
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_CPUMAP:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_redirect_map)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY_OF_MAPS:
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH_OF_MAPS:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP:
		if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_sk_redirect_map &&
		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_sock_map_update &&
		    func_id != BPF_FUNC_map_delete_elem)
			goto error;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	/* ... and second from the function itself. */
	switch (func_id) {
	case BPF_FUNC_tail_call:
		if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY)
			goto error;
		if (env->subprog_cnt) {
			verbose(env, "tail_calls are not allowed in programs with bpf-to-bpf calls\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		break;
	case BPF_FUNC_perf_event_read:
	case BPF_FUNC_perf_event_output:
	case BPF_FUNC_perf_event_read_value:
		if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_FUNC_get_stackid:
		if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_FUNC_current_task_under_cgroup:
	case BPF_FUNC_skb_under_cgroup:
		if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_FUNC_redirect_map:
		if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_DEVMAP &&
		    map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_CPUMAP)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_FUNC_sk_redirect_map:
		if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP)
			goto error;
		break;
	case BPF_FUNC_sock_map_update:
		if (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP)
			goto error;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	return 0;
error:
	verbose(env, "cannot pass map_type %d into func %s#%d\n",
		map->map_type, func_id_name(func_id), func_id);
	return -EINVAL;
}

static int check_raw_mode(const struct bpf_func_proto *fn)
{
	int count = 0;

	if (fn->arg1_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM)
		count++;
	if (fn->arg2_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM)
		count++;
	if (fn->arg3_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM)
		count++;
	if (fn->arg4_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM)
		count++;
	if (fn->arg5_type == ARG_PTR_TO_UNINIT_MEM)
		count++;

	return count > 1 ? -EINVAL : 0;
}

/* Packet data might have moved, any old PTR_TO_PACKET[_META,_END]
 * are now invalid, so turn them into unknown SCALAR_VALUE.
 */
static void __clear_all_pkt_pointers(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				     struct bpf_func_state *state)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs, *reg;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++)
		if (reg_is_pkt_pointer_any(&regs[i]))
			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, i);

	for (i = 0; i < state->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
		if (state->stack[i].slot_type[0] != STACK_SPILL)
			continue;
		reg = &state->stack[i].spilled_ptr;
		if (reg_is_pkt_pointer_any(reg))
			__mark_reg_unknown(reg);
	}
}

static void clear_all_pkt_pointers(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i <= vstate->curframe; i++)
		__clear_all_pkt_pointers(env, vstate->frame[i]);
}

static int check_func_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
			   int *insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *state = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *caller, *callee;
	int i, subprog, target_insn;

	if (state->curframe + 1 >= MAX_CALL_FRAMES) {
		verbose(env, "the call stack of %d frames is too deep\n",
			state->curframe + 2);
		return -E2BIG;
	}

	target_insn = *insn_idx + insn->imm;
	subprog = find_subprog(env, target_insn + 1);
	if (subprog < 0) {
		verbose(env, "verifier bug. No program starts at insn %d\n",
			target_insn + 1);
		return -EFAULT;
	}

	caller = state->frame[state->curframe];
	if (state->frame[state->curframe + 1]) {
		verbose(env, "verifier bug. Frame %d already allocated\n",
			state->curframe + 1);
		return -EFAULT;
	}

	callee = kzalloc(sizeof(*callee), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!callee)
		return -ENOMEM;
	state->frame[state->curframe + 1] = callee;

	/* callee cannot access r0, r6 - r9 for reading and has to write
	 * into its own stack before reading from it.
	 * callee can read/write into caller's stack
	 */
	init_func_state(env, callee,
			/* remember the callsite, it will be used by bpf_exit */
			*insn_idx /* callsite */,
			state->curframe + 1 /* frameno within this callchain */,
			subprog + 1 /* subprog number within this prog */);

	/* copy r1 - r5 args that callee can access */
	for (i = BPF_REG_1; i <= BPF_REG_5; i++)
		callee->regs[i] = caller->regs[i];

	/* after the call regsiters r0 - r5 were scratched */
	for (i = 0; i < CALLER_SAVED_REGS; i++) {
		mark_reg_not_init(env, caller->regs, caller_saved[i]);
		check_reg_arg(env, caller_saved[i], DST_OP_NO_MARK);
	}

	/* only increment it after check_reg_arg() finished */
	state->curframe++;

	/* and go analyze first insn of the callee */
	*insn_idx = target_insn;

	if (env->log.level) {
		verbose(env, "caller:\n");
		print_verifier_state(env, caller);
		verbose(env, "callee:\n");
		print_verifier_state(env, callee);
	}
	return 0;
}

static int prepare_func_exit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int *insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *state = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *caller, *callee;
	struct bpf_reg_state *r0;

	callee = state->frame[state->curframe];
	r0 = &callee->regs[BPF_REG_0];
	if (r0->type == PTR_TO_STACK) {
		/* technically it's ok to return caller's stack pointer
		 * (or caller's caller's pointer) back to the caller,
		 * since these pointers are valid. Only current stack
		 * pointer will be invalid as soon as function exits,
		 * but let's be conservative
		 */
		verbose(env, "cannot return stack pointer to the caller\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	state->curframe--;
	caller = state->frame[state->curframe];
	/* return to the caller whatever r0 had in the callee */
	caller->regs[BPF_REG_0] = *r0;

	*insn_idx = callee->callsite + 1;
	if (env->log.level) {
		verbose(env, "returning from callee:\n");
		print_verifier_state(env, callee);
		verbose(env, "to caller at %d:\n", *insn_idx);
		print_verifier_state(env, caller);
	}
	/* clear everything in the callee */
	free_func_state(callee);
	state->frame[state->curframe + 1] = NULL;
	return 0;
}

static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int func_id, int insn_idx)
{
	const struct bpf_func_proto *fn = NULL;
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs;
	struct bpf_call_arg_meta meta;
	bool changes_data;
	int i, err;

	/* find function prototype */
	if (func_id < 0 || func_id >= __BPF_FUNC_MAX_ID) {
		verbose(env, "invalid func %s#%d\n", func_id_name(func_id),
			func_id);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (env->ops->get_func_proto)
		fn = env->ops->get_func_proto(func_id);

	if (!fn) {
		verbose(env, "unknown func %s#%d\n", func_id_name(func_id),
			func_id);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* eBPF programs must be GPL compatible to use GPL-ed functions */
	if (!env->prog->gpl_compatible && fn->gpl_only) {
		verbose(env, "cannot call GPL only function from proprietary program\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* With LD_ABS/IND some JITs save/restore skb from r1. */
	changes_data = bpf_helper_changes_pkt_data(fn->func);
	if (changes_data && fn->arg1_type != ARG_PTR_TO_CTX) {
		verbose(env, "kernel subsystem misconfigured func %s#%d: r1 != ctx\n",
			func_id_name(func_id), func_id);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	memset(&meta, 0, sizeof(meta));
	meta.pkt_access = fn->pkt_access;

	/* We only support one arg being in raw mode at the moment, which
	 * is sufficient for the helper functions we have right now.
	 */
	err = check_raw_mode(fn);
	if (err) {
		verbose(env, "kernel subsystem misconfigured func %s#%d\n",
			func_id_name(func_id), func_id);
		return err;
	}

	/* check args */
	err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_1, fn->arg1_type, &meta);
	if (err)
		return err;
	err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_2, fn->arg2_type, &meta);
	if (err)
		return err;
	err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_3, fn->arg3_type, &meta);
	if (err)
		return err;
	err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_4, fn->arg4_type, &meta);
	if (err)
		return err;
	err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_5, fn->arg5_type, &meta);
	if (err)
		return err;

	/* Mark slots with STACK_MISC in case of raw mode, stack offset
	 * is inferred from register state.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < meta.access_size; i++) {
		err = check_mem_access(env, insn_idx, meta.regno, i, BPF_B, BPF_WRITE, -1);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}

	regs = cur_regs(env);
	/* reset caller saved regs */
	for (i = 0; i < CALLER_SAVED_REGS; i++) {
		mark_reg_not_init(env, regs, caller_saved[i]);
		check_reg_arg(env, caller_saved[i], DST_OP_NO_MARK);
	}

	/* update return register (already marked as written above) */
	if (fn->ret_type == RET_INTEGER) {
		/* sets type to SCALAR_VALUE */
		mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, BPF_REG_0);
	} else if (fn->ret_type == RET_VOID) {
		regs[BPF_REG_0].type = NOT_INIT;
	} else if (fn->ret_type == RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL) {
		struct bpf_insn_aux_data *insn_aux;

		regs[BPF_REG_0].type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL;
		/* There is no offset yet applied, variable or fixed */
		mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, BPF_REG_0);
		regs[BPF_REG_0].off = 0;
		/* remember map_ptr, so that check_map_access()
		 * can check 'value_size' boundary of memory access
		 * to map element returned from bpf_map_lookup_elem()
		 */
		if (meta.map_ptr == NULL) {
			verbose(env,
				"kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		regs[BPF_REG_0].map_ptr = meta.map_ptr;
		regs[BPF_REG_0].id = ++env->id_gen;
		insn_aux = &env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx];
		if (!insn_aux->map_ptr)
			insn_aux->map_ptr = meta.map_ptr;
		else if (insn_aux->map_ptr != meta.map_ptr)
			insn_aux->map_ptr = BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON;
	} else {
		verbose(env, "unknown return type %d of func %s#%d\n",
			fn->ret_type, func_id_name(func_id), func_id);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	err = check_map_func_compatibility(env, meta.map_ptr, func_id);
	if (err)
		return err;

	if (changes_data)
		clear_all_pkt_pointers(env);
	return 0;
}

static bool signed_add_overflows(s64 a, s64 b)
{
	/* Do the add in u64, where overflow is well-defined */
	s64 res = (s64)((u64)a + (u64)b);

	if (b < 0)
		return res > a;
	return res < a;
}

static bool signed_sub_overflows(s64 a, s64 b)
{
	/* Do the sub in u64, where overflow is well-defined */
	s64 res = (s64)((u64)a - (u64)b);

	if (b < 0)
		return res < a;
	return res > a;
}

static bool check_reg_sane_offset(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				  const struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
				  enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	bool known = tnum_is_const(reg->var_off);
	s64 val = reg->var_off.value;
	s64 smin = reg->smin_value;

	if (known && (val >= BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF || val <= -BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF)) {
		verbose(env, "math between %s pointer and %lld is not allowed\n",
			reg_type_str[type], val);
		return false;
	}

	if (reg->off >= BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF || reg->off <= -BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF) {
		verbose(env, "%s pointer offset %d is not allowed\n",
			reg_type_str[type], reg->off);
		return false;
	}

	if (smin == S64_MIN) {
		verbose(env, "math between %s pointer and register with unbounded min value is not allowed\n",
			reg_type_str[type]);
		return false;
	}

	if (smin >= BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF || smin <= -BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF) {
		verbose(env, "value %lld makes %s pointer be out of bounds\n",
			smin, reg_type_str[type]);
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}

/* Handles arithmetic on a pointer and a scalar: computes new min/max and var_off.
 * Caller should also handle BPF_MOV case separately.
 * If we return -EACCES, caller may want to try again treating pointer as a
 * scalar.  So we only emit a diagnostic if !env->allow_ptr_leaks.
 */
static int adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				   struct bpf_insn *insn,
				   const struct bpf_reg_state *ptr_reg,
				   const struct bpf_reg_state *off_reg)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs, *dst_reg;
	bool known = tnum_is_const(off_reg->var_off);
	s64 smin_val = off_reg->smin_value, smax_val = off_reg->smax_value,
	    smin_ptr = ptr_reg->smin_value, smax_ptr = ptr_reg->smax_value;
	u64 umin_val = off_reg->umin_value, umax_val = off_reg->umax_value,
	    umin_ptr = ptr_reg->umin_value, umax_ptr = ptr_reg->umax_value;
	u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
	u32 dst = insn->dst_reg;

	dst_reg = &regs[dst];

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(known && (smin_val != smax_val))) {
		print_verifier_state(env, state);
		verbose(env,
			"verifier internal error: known but bad sbounds\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(known && (umin_val != umax_val))) {
		print_verifier_state(env, state);
		verbose(env,
			"verifier internal error: known but bad ubounds\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) != BPF_ALU64) {
		/* 32-bit ALU ops on pointers produce (meaningless) scalars */
		verbose(env,
			"R%d 32-bit pointer arithmetic prohibited\n",
			dst);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	if (ptr_reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL) {
		verbose(env, "R%d pointer arithmetic on PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL prohibited, null-check it first\n",
			dst);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	if (ptr_reg->type == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP) {
		verbose(env, "R%d pointer arithmetic on CONST_PTR_TO_MAP prohibited\n",
			dst);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	if (ptr_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END) {
		verbose(env, "R%d pointer arithmetic on PTR_TO_PACKET_END prohibited\n",
			dst);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	/* In case of 'scalar += pointer', dst_reg inherits pointer type and id.
	 * The id may be overwritten later if we create a new variable offset.
	 */
	dst_reg->type = ptr_reg->type;
	dst_reg->id = ptr_reg->id;

	if (!check_reg_sane_offset(env, off_reg, ptr_reg->type) ||
	    !check_reg_sane_offset(env, ptr_reg, ptr_reg->type))
		return -EINVAL;

	switch (opcode) {
	case BPF_ADD:
		/* We can take a fixed offset as long as it doesn't overflow
		 * the s32 'off' field
		 */
		if (known && (ptr_reg->off + smin_val ==
			      (s64)(s32)(ptr_reg->off + smin_val))) {
			/* pointer += K.  Accumulate it into fixed offset */
			dst_reg->smin_value = smin_ptr;
			dst_reg->smax_value = smax_ptr;
			dst_reg->umin_value = umin_ptr;
			dst_reg->umax_value = umax_ptr;
			dst_reg->var_off = ptr_reg->var_off;
			dst_reg->off = ptr_reg->off + smin_val;
			dst_reg->range = ptr_reg->range;
			break;
		}
		/* A new variable offset is created.  Note that off_reg->off
		 * == 0, since it's a scalar.
		 * dst_reg gets the pointer type and since some positive
		 * integer value was added to the pointer, give it a new 'id'
		 * if it's a PTR_TO_PACKET.
		 * this creates a new 'base' pointer, off_reg (variable) gets
		 * added into the variable offset, and we copy the fixed offset
		 * from ptr_reg.
		 */
		if (signed_add_overflows(smin_ptr, smin_val) ||
		    signed_add_overflows(smax_ptr, smax_val)) {
			dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
			dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->smin_value = smin_ptr + smin_val;
			dst_reg->smax_value = smax_ptr + smax_val;
		}
		if (umin_ptr + umin_val < umin_ptr ||
		    umax_ptr + umax_val < umax_ptr) {
			dst_reg->umin_value = 0;
			dst_reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->umin_value = umin_ptr + umin_val;
			dst_reg->umax_value = umax_ptr + umax_val;
		}
		dst_reg->var_off = tnum_add(ptr_reg->var_off, off_reg->var_off);
		dst_reg->off = ptr_reg->off;
		if (reg_is_pkt_pointer(ptr_reg)) {
			dst_reg->id = ++env->id_gen;
			/* something was added to pkt_ptr, set range to zero */
			dst_reg->range = 0;
		}
		break;
	case BPF_SUB:
		if (dst_reg == off_reg) {
			/* scalar -= pointer.  Creates an unknown scalar */
			verbose(env, "R%d tried to subtract pointer from scalar\n",
				dst);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		/* We don't allow subtraction from FP, because (according to
		 * test_verifier.c test "invalid fp arithmetic", JITs might not
		 * be able to deal with it.
		 */
		if (ptr_reg->type == PTR_TO_STACK) {
			verbose(env, "R%d subtraction from stack pointer prohibited\n",
				dst);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		if (known && (ptr_reg->off - smin_val ==
			      (s64)(s32)(ptr_reg->off - smin_val))) {
			/* pointer -= K.  Subtract it from fixed offset */
			dst_reg->smin_value = smin_ptr;
			dst_reg->smax_value = smax_ptr;
			dst_reg->umin_value = umin_ptr;
			dst_reg->umax_value = umax_ptr;
			dst_reg->var_off = ptr_reg->var_off;
			dst_reg->id = ptr_reg->id;
			dst_reg->off = ptr_reg->off - smin_val;
			dst_reg->range = ptr_reg->range;
			break;
		}
		/* A new variable offset is created.  If the subtrahend is known
		 * nonnegative, then any reg->range we had before is still good.
		 */
		if (signed_sub_overflows(smin_ptr, smax_val) ||
		    signed_sub_overflows(smax_ptr, smin_val)) {
			/* Overflow possible, we know nothing */
			dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
			dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->smin_value = smin_ptr - smax_val;
			dst_reg->smax_value = smax_ptr - smin_val;
		}
		if (umin_ptr < umax_val) {
			/* Overflow possible, we know nothing */
			dst_reg->umin_value = 0;
			dst_reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;
		} else {
			/* Cannot overflow (as long as bounds are consistent) */
			dst_reg->umin_value = umin_ptr - umax_val;
			dst_reg->umax_value = umax_ptr - umin_val;
		}
		dst_reg->var_off = tnum_sub(ptr_reg->var_off, off_reg->var_off);
		dst_reg->off = ptr_reg->off;
		if (reg_is_pkt_pointer(ptr_reg)) {
			dst_reg->id = ++env->id_gen;
			/* something was added to pkt_ptr, set range to zero */
			if (smin_val < 0)
				dst_reg->range = 0;
		}
		break;
	case BPF_AND:
	case BPF_OR:
	case BPF_XOR:
		/* bitwise ops on pointers are troublesome, prohibit. */
		verbose(env, "R%d bitwise operator %s on pointer prohibited\n",
			dst, bpf_alu_string[opcode >> 4]);
		return -EACCES;
	default:
		/* other operators (e.g. MUL,LSH) produce non-pointer results */
		verbose(env, "R%d pointer arithmetic with %s operator prohibited\n",
			dst, bpf_alu_string[opcode >> 4]);
		return -EACCES;
	}

	if (!check_reg_sane_offset(env, dst_reg, ptr_reg->type))
		return -EINVAL;

	__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
	__reg_deduce_bounds(dst_reg);
	__reg_bound_offset(dst_reg);
	return 0;
}

/* WARNING: This function does calculations on 64-bit values, but the actual
 * execution may occur on 32-bit values. Therefore, things like bitshifts
 * need extra checks in the 32-bit case.
 */
static int adjust_scalar_min_max_vals(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				      struct bpf_insn *insn,
				      struct bpf_reg_state *dst_reg,
				      struct bpf_reg_state src_reg)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
	bool src_known, dst_known;
	s64 smin_val, smax_val;
	u64 umin_val, umax_val;
	u64 insn_bitness = (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64) ? 64 : 32;

	smin_val = src_reg.smin_value;
	smax_val = src_reg.smax_value;
	umin_val = src_reg.umin_value;
	umax_val = src_reg.umax_value;
	src_known = tnum_is_const(src_reg.var_off);
	dst_known = tnum_is_const(dst_reg->var_off);

	if (!src_known &&
	    opcode != BPF_ADD && opcode != BPF_SUB && opcode != BPF_AND) {
		__mark_reg_unknown(dst_reg);
		return 0;
	}

	switch (opcode) {
	case BPF_ADD:
		if (signed_add_overflows(dst_reg->smin_value, smin_val) ||
		    signed_add_overflows(dst_reg->smax_value, smax_val)) {
			dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
			dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->smin_value += smin_val;
			dst_reg->smax_value += smax_val;
		}
		if (dst_reg->umin_value + umin_val < umin_val ||
		    dst_reg->umax_value + umax_val < umax_val) {
			dst_reg->umin_value = 0;
			dst_reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->umin_value += umin_val;
			dst_reg->umax_value += umax_val;
		}
		dst_reg->var_off = tnum_add(dst_reg->var_off, src_reg.var_off);
		break;
	case BPF_SUB:
		if (signed_sub_overflows(dst_reg->smin_value, smax_val) ||
		    signed_sub_overflows(dst_reg->smax_value, smin_val)) {
			/* Overflow possible, we know nothing */
			dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
			dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->smin_value -= smax_val;
			dst_reg->smax_value -= smin_val;
		}
		if (dst_reg->umin_value < umax_val) {
			/* Overflow possible, we know nothing */
			dst_reg->umin_value = 0;
			dst_reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;
		} else {
			/* Cannot overflow (as long as bounds are consistent) */
			dst_reg->umin_value -= umax_val;
			dst_reg->umax_value -= umin_val;
		}
		dst_reg->var_off = tnum_sub(dst_reg->var_off, src_reg.var_off);
		break;
	case BPF_MUL:
		dst_reg->var_off = tnum_mul(dst_reg->var_off, src_reg.var_off);
		if (smin_val < 0 || dst_reg->smin_value < 0) {
			/* Ain't nobody got time to multiply that sign */
			__mark_reg_unbounded(dst_reg);
			__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
			break;
		}
		/* Both values are positive, so we can work with unsigned and
		 * copy the result to signed (unless it exceeds S64_MAX).
		 */
		if (umax_val > U32_MAX || dst_reg->umax_value > U32_MAX) {
			/* Potential overflow, we know nothing */
			__mark_reg_unbounded(dst_reg);
			/* (except what we can learn from the var_off) */
			__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
			break;
		}
		dst_reg->umin_value *= umin_val;
		dst_reg->umax_value *= umax_val;
		if (dst_reg->umax_value > S64_MAX) {
			/* Overflow possible, we know nothing */
			dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
			dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->smin_value = dst_reg->umin_value;
			dst_reg->smax_value = dst_reg->umax_value;
		}
		break;
	case BPF_AND:
		if (src_known && dst_known) {
			__mark_reg_known(dst_reg, dst_reg->var_off.value &
						  src_reg.var_off.value);
			break;
		}
		/* We get our minimum from the var_off, since that's inherently
		 * bitwise.  Our maximum is the minimum of the operands' maxima.
		 */
		dst_reg->var_off = tnum_and(dst_reg->var_off, src_reg.var_off);
		dst_reg->umin_value = dst_reg->var_off.value;
		dst_reg->umax_value = min(dst_reg->umax_value, umax_val);
		if (dst_reg->smin_value < 0 || smin_val < 0) {
			/* Lose signed bounds when ANDing negative numbers,
			 * ain't nobody got time for that.
			 */
			dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
			dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		} else {
			/* ANDing two positives gives a positive, so safe to
			 * cast result into s64.
			 */
			dst_reg->smin_value = dst_reg->umin_value;
			dst_reg->smax_value = dst_reg->umax_value;
		}
		/* We may learn something more from the var_off */
		__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
		break;
	case BPF_OR:
		if (src_known && dst_known) {
			__mark_reg_known(dst_reg, dst_reg->var_off.value |
						  src_reg.var_off.value);
			break;
		}
		/* We get our maximum from the var_off, and our minimum is the
		 * maximum of the operands' minima
		 */
		dst_reg->var_off = tnum_or(dst_reg->var_off, src_reg.var_off);
		dst_reg->umin_value = max(dst_reg->umin_value, umin_val);
		dst_reg->umax_value = dst_reg->var_off.value |
				      dst_reg->var_off.mask;
		if (dst_reg->smin_value < 0 || smin_val < 0) {
			/* Lose signed bounds when ORing negative numbers,
			 * ain't nobody got time for that.
			 */
			dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
			dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		} else {
			/* ORing two positives gives a positive, so safe to
			 * cast result into s64.
			 */
			dst_reg->smin_value = dst_reg->umin_value;
			dst_reg->smax_value = dst_reg->umax_value;
		}
		/* We may learn something more from the var_off */
		__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
		break;
	case BPF_LSH:
		if (umax_val >= insn_bitness) {
			/* Shifts greater than 31 or 63 are undefined.
			 * This includes shifts by a negative number.
			 */
			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, insn->dst_reg);
			break;
		}
		/* We lose all sign bit information (except what we can pick
		 * up from var_off)
		 */
		dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
		dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		/* If we might shift our top bit out, then we know nothing */
		if (dst_reg->umax_value > 1ULL << (63 - umax_val)) {
			dst_reg->umin_value = 0;
			dst_reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;
		} else {
			dst_reg->umin_value <<= umin_val;
			dst_reg->umax_value <<= umax_val;
		}
		if (src_known)
			dst_reg->var_off = tnum_lshift(dst_reg->var_off, umin_val);
		else
			dst_reg->var_off = tnum_lshift(tnum_unknown, umin_val);
		/* We may learn something more from the var_off */
		__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
		break;
	case BPF_RSH:
		if (umax_val >= insn_bitness) {
			/* Shifts greater than 31 or 63 are undefined.
			 * This includes shifts by a negative number.
			 */
			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, insn->dst_reg);
			break;
		}
		/* BPF_RSH is an unsigned shift.  If the value in dst_reg might
		 * be negative, then either:
		 * 1) src_reg might be zero, so the sign bit of the result is
		 *    unknown, so we lose our signed bounds
		 * 2) it's known negative, thus the unsigned bounds capture the
		 *    signed bounds
		 * 3) the signed bounds cross zero, so they tell us nothing
		 *    about the result
		 * If the value in dst_reg is known nonnegative, then again the
		 * unsigned bounts capture the signed bounds.
		 * Thus, in all cases it suffices to blow away our signed bounds
		 * and rely on inferring new ones from the unsigned bounds and
		 * var_off of the result.
		 */
		dst_reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
		dst_reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
		if (src_known)
			dst_reg->var_off = tnum_rshift(dst_reg->var_off,
						       umin_val);
		else
			dst_reg->var_off = tnum_rshift(tnum_unknown, umin_val);
		dst_reg->umin_value >>= umax_val;
		dst_reg->umax_value >>= umin_val;
		/* We may learn something more from the var_off */
		__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
		break;
	default:
		mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, insn->dst_reg);
		break;
	}

	if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) != BPF_ALU64) {
		/* 32-bit ALU ops are (32,32)->32 */
		coerce_reg_to_size(dst_reg, 4);
		coerce_reg_to_size(&src_reg, 4);
	}

	__reg_deduce_bounds(dst_reg);
	__reg_bound_offset(dst_reg);
	return 0;
}

/* Handles ALU ops other than BPF_END, BPF_NEG and BPF_MOV: computes new min/max
 * and var_off.
 */
static int adjust_reg_min_max_vals(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				   struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs, *dst_reg, *src_reg;
	struct bpf_reg_state *ptr_reg = NULL, off_reg = {0};
	u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);

	dst_reg = &regs[insn->dst_reg];
	src_reg = NULL;
	if (dst_reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE)
		ptr_reg = dst_reg;
	if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
		src_reg = &regs[insn->src_reg];
		if (src_reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE) {
			if (dst_reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE) {
				/* Combining two pointers by any ALU op yields
				 * an arbitrary scalar. Disallow all math except
				 * pointer subtraction
				 */
				if (opcode == BPF_SUB){
					mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, insn->dst_reg);
					return 0;
				}
				verbose(env, "R%d pointer %s pointer prohibited\n",
					insn->dst_reg,
					bpf_alu_string[opcode >> 4]);
				return -EACCES;
			} else {
				/* scalar += pointer
				 * This is legal, but we have to reverse our
				 * src/dest handling in computing the range
				 */
				return adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(env, insn,
							       src_reg, dst_reg);
			}
		} else if (ptr_reg) {
			/* pointer += scalar */
			return adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(env, insn,
						       dst_reg, src_reg);
		}
	} else {
		/* Pretend the src is a reg with a known value, since we only
		 * need to be able to read from this state.
		 */
		off_reg.type = SCALAR_VALUE;
		__mark_reg_known(&off_reg, insn->imm);
		src_reg = &off_reg;
		if (ptr_reg) /* pointer += K */
			return adjust_ptr_min_max_vals(env, insn,
						       ptr_reg, src_reg);
	}

	/* Got here implies adding two SCALAR_VALUEs */
	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ptr_reg)) {
		print_verifier_state(env, state);
		verbose(env, "verifier internal error: unexpected ptr_reg\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (WARN_ON(!src_reg)) {
		print_verifier_state(env, state);
		verbose(env, "verifier internal error: no src_reg\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	return adjust_scalar_min_max_vals(env, insn, dst_reg, *src_reg);
}

/* check validity of 32-bit and 64-bit arithmetic operations */
static int check_alu_op(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
	int err;

	if (opcode == BPF_END || opcode == BPF_NEG) {
		if (opcode == BPF_NEG) {
			if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != 0 ||
			    insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 ||
			    insn->off != 0 || insn->imm != 0) {
				verbose(env, "BPF_NEG uses reserved fields\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		} else {
			if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0 ||
			    (insn->imm != 16 && insn->imm != 32 && insn->imm != 64) ||
			    BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64) {
				verbose(env, "BPF_END uses reserved fields\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		}

		/* check src operand */
		err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
		if (err)
			return err;

		if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->dst_reg)) {
			verbose(env, "R%d pointer arithmetic prohibited\n",
				insn->dst_reg);
			return -EACCES;
		}

		/* check dest operand */
		err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP);
		if (err)
			return err;

	} else if (opcode == BPF_MOV) {

		if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
			if (insn->imm != 0 || insn->off != 0) {
				verbose(env, "BPF_MOV uses reserved fields\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}

			/* check src operand */
			err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
			if (err)
				return err;
		} else {
			if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0) {
				verbose(env, "BPF_MOV uses reserved fields\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		}

		/* check dest operand */
		err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP);
		if (err)
			return err;

		if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
			if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64) {
				/* case: R1 = R2
				 * copy register state to dest reg
				 */
				regs[insn->dst_reg] = regs[insn->src_reg];
				regs[insn->dst_reg].live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
			} else {
				/* R1 = (u32) R2 */
				if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->src_reg)) {
					verbose(env,
						"R%d partial copy of pointer\n",
						insn->src_reg);
					return -EACCES;
				}
				mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, insn->dst_reg);
				coerce_reg_to_size(&regs[insn->dst_reg], 4);
			}
		} else {
			/* case: R = imm
			 * remember the value we stored into this reg
			 */
			regs[insn->dst_reg].type = SCALAR_VALUE;
			if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64) {
				__mark_reg_known(regs + insn->dst_reg,
						 insn->imm);
			} else {
				__mark_reg_known(regs + insn->dst_reg,
						 (u32)insn->imm);
			}
		}

	} else if (opcode > BPF_END) {
		verbose(env, "invalid BPF_ALU opcode %x\n", opcode);
		return -EINVAL;

	} else {	/* all other ALU ops: and, sub, xor, add, ... */

		if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
			if (insn->imm != 0 || insn->off != 0) {
				verbose(env, "BPF_ALU uses reserved fields\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			/* check src1 operand */
			err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
			if (err)
				return err;
		} else {
			if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0) {
				verbose(env, "BPF_ALU uses reserved fields\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		}

		/* check src2 operand */
		err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
		if (err)
			return err;

		if ((opcode == BPF_MOD || opcode == BPF_DIV) &&
		    BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K && insn->imm == 0) {
			verbose(env, "div by zero\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if ((opcode == BPF_LSH || opcode == BPF_RSH ||
		     opcode == BPF_ARSH) && BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K) {
			int size = BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_ALU64 ? 64 : 32;

			if (insn->imm < 0 || insn->imm >= size) {
				verbose(env, "invalid shift %d\n", insn->imm);
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		}

		/* check dest operand */
		err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP_NO_MARK);
		if (err)
			return err;

		return adjust_reg_min_max_vals(env, insn);
	}

	return 0;
}

static void find_good_pkt_pointers(struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate,
				   struct bpf_reg_state *dst_reg,
				   enum bpf_reg_type type,
				   bool range_right_open)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs, *reg;
	u16 new_range;
	int i, j;

	if (dst_reg->off < 0 ||
	    (dst_reg->off == 0 && range_right_open))
		/* This doesn't give us any range */
		return;

	if (dst_reg->umax_value > MAX_PACKET_OFF ||
	    dst_reg->umax_value + dst_reg->off > MAX_PACKET_OFF)
		/* Risk of overflow.  For instance, ptr + (1<<63) may be less
		 * than pkt_end, but that's because it's also less than pkt.
		 */
		return;

	new_range = dst_reg->off;
	if (range_right_open)
		new_range--;

	/* Examples for register markings:
	 *
	 * pkt_data in dst register:
	 *
	 *   r2 = r3;
	 *   r2 += 8;
	 *   if (r2 > pkt_end) goto <handle exception>
	 *   <access okay>
	 *
	 *   r2 = r3;
	 *   r2 += 8;
	 *   if (r2 < pkt_end) goto <access okay>
	 *   <handle exception>
	 *
	 *   Where:
	 *     r2 == dst_reg, pkt_end == src_reg
	 *     r2=pkt(id=n,off=8,r=0)
	 *     r3=pkt(id=n,off=0,r=0)
	 *
	 * pkt_data in src register:
	 *
	 *   r2 = r3;
	 *   r2 += 8;
	 *   if (pkt_end >= r2) goto <access okay>
	 *   <handle exception>
	 *
	 *   r2 = r3;
	 *   r2 += 8;
	 *   if (pkt_end <= r2) goto <handle exception>
	 *   <access okay>
	 *
	 *   Where:
	 *     pkt_end == dst_reg, r2 == src_reg
	 *     r2=pkt(id=n,off=8,r=0)
	 *     r3=pkt(id=n,off=0,r=0)
	 *
	 * Find register r3 and mark its range as r3=pkt(id=n,off=0,r=8)
	 * or r3=pkt(id=n,off=0,r=8-1), so that range of bytes [r3, r3 + 8)
	 * and [r3, r3 + 8-1) respectively is safe to access depending on
	 * the check.
	 */

	/* If our ids match, then we must have the same max_value.  And we
	 * don't care about the other reg's fixed offset, since if it's too big
	 * the range won't allow anything.
	 * dst_reg->off is known < MAX_PACKET_OFF, therefore it fits in a u16.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++)
		if (regs[i].type == type && regs[i].id == dst_reg->id)
			/* keep the maximum range already checked */
			regs[i].range = max(regs[i].range, new_range);

	for (j = 0; j <= vstate->curframe; j++) {
		state = vstate->frame[j];
		for (i = 0; i < state->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
			if (state->stack[i].slot_type[0] != STACK_SPILL)
				continue;
			reg = &state->stack[i].spilled_ptr;
			if (reg->type == type && reg->id == dst_reg->id)
				reg->range = max(reg->range, new_range);
		}
	}
}

/* Adjusts the register min/max values in the case that the dst_reg is the
 * variable register that we are working on, and src_reg is a constant or we're
 * simply doing a BPF_K check.
 * In JEQ/JNE cases we also adjust the var_off values.
 */
static void reg_set_min_max(struct bpf_reg_state *true_reg,
			    struct bpf_reg_state *false_reg, u64 val,
			    u8 opcode)
{
	/* If the dst_reg is a pointer, we can't learn anything about its
	 * variable offset from the compare (unless src_reg were a pointer into
	 * the same object, but we don't bother with that.
	 * Since false_reg and true_reg have the same type by construction, we
	 * only need to check one of them for pointerness.
	 */
	if (__is_pointer_value(false, false_reg))
		return;

	switch (opcode) {
	case BPF_JEQ:
		/* If this is false then we know nothing Jon Snow, but if it is
		 * true then we know for sure.
		 */
		__mark_reg_known(true_reg, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JNE:
		/* If this is true we know nothing Jon Snow, but if it is false
		 * we know the value for sure;
		 */
		__mark_reg_known(false_reg, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JGT:
		false_reg->umax_value = min(false_reg->umax_value, val);
		true_reg->umin_value = max(true_reg->umin_value, val + 1);
		break;
	case BPF_JSGT:
		false_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, false_reg->smax_value, val);
		true_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, true_reg->smin_value, val + 1);
		break;
	case BPF_JLT:
		false_reg->umin_value = max(false_reg->umin_value, val);
		true_reg->umax_value = min(true_reg->umax_value, val - 1);
		break;
	case BPF_JSLT:
		false_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, false_reg->smin_value, val);
		true_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, true_reg->smax_value, val - 1);
		break;
	case BPF_JGE:
		false_reg->umax_value = min(false_reg->umax_value, val - 1);
		true_reg->umin_value = max(true_reg->umin_value, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JSGE:
		false_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, false_reg->smax_value, val - 1);
		true_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, true_reg->smin_value, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JLE:
		false_reg->umin_value = max(false_reg->umin_value, val + 1);
		true_reg->umax_value = min(true_reg->umax_value, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JSLE:
		false_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, false_reg->smin_value, val + 1);
		true_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, true_reg->smax_value, val);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	__reg_deduce_bounds(false_reg);
	__reg_deduce_bounds(true_reg);
	/* We might have learned some bits from the bounds. */
	__reg_bound_offset(false_reg);
	__reg_bound_offset(true_reg);
	/* Intersecting with the old var_off might have improved our bounds
	 * slightly.  e.g. if umax was 0x7f...f and var_off was (0; 0xf...fc),
	 * then new var_off is (0; 0x7f...fc) which improves our umax.
	 */
	__update_reg_bounds(false_reg);
	__update_reg_bounds(true_reg);
}

/* Same as above, but for the case that dst_reg holds a constant and src_reg is
 * the variable reg.
 */
static void reg_set_min_max_inv(struct bpf_reg_state *true_reg,
				struct bpf_reg_state *false_reg, u64 val,
				u8 opcode)
{
	if (__is_pointer_value(false, false_reg))
		return;

	switch (opcode) {
	case BPF_JEQ:
		/* If this is false then we know nothing Jon Snow, but if it is
		 * true then we know for sure.
		 */
		__mark_reg_known(true_reg, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JNE:
		/* If this is true we know nothing Jon Snow, but if it is false
		 * we know the value for sure;
		 */
		__mark_reg_known(false_reg, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JGT:
		true_reg->umax_value = min(true_reg->umax_value, val - 1);
		false_reg->umin_value = max(false_reg->umin_value, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JSGT:
		true_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, true_reg->smax_value, val - 1);
		false_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, false_reg->smin_value, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JLT:
		true_reg->umin_value = max(true_reg->umin_value, val + 1);
		false_reg->umax_value = min(false_reg->umax_value, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JSLT:
		true_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, true_reg->smin_value, val + 1);
		false_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, false_reg->smax_value, val);
		break;
	case BPF_JGE:
		true_reg->umax_value = min(true_reg->umax_value, val);
		false_reg->umin_value = max(false_reg->umin_value, val + 1);
		break;
	case BPF_JSGE:
		true_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, true_reg->smax_value, val);
		false_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, false_reg->smin_value, val + 1);
		break;
	case BPF_JLE:
		true_reg->umin_value = max(true_reg->umin_value, val);
		false_reg->umax_value = min(false_reg->umax_value, val - 1);
		break;
	case BPF_JSLE:
		true_reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, true_reg->smin_value, val);
		false_reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, false_reg->smax_value, val - 1);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	__reg_deduce_bounds(false_reg);
	__reg_deduce_bounds(true_reg);
	/* We might have learned some bits from the bounds. */
	__reg_bound_offset(false_reg);
	__reg_bound_offset(true_reg);
	/* Intersecting with the old var_off might have improved our bounds
	 * slightly.  e.g. if umax was 0x7f...f and var_off was (0; 0xf...fc),
	 * then new var_off is (0; 0x7f...fc) which improves our umax.
	 */
	__update_reg_bounds(false_reg);
	__update_reg_bounds(true_reg);
}

/* Regs are known to be equal, so intersect their min/max/var_off */
static void __reg_combine_min_max(struct bpf_reg_state *src_reg,
				  struct bpf_reg_state *dst_reg)
{
	src_reg->umin_value = dst_reg->umin_value = max(src_reg->umin_value,
							dst_reg->umin_value);
	src_reg->umax_value = dst_reg->umax_value = min(src_reg->umax_value,
							dst_reg->umax_value);
	src_reg->smin_value = dst_reg->smin_value = max(src_reg->smin_value,
							dst_reg->smin_value);
	src_reg->smax_value = dst_reg->smax_value = min(src_reg->smax_value,
							dst_reg->smax_value);
	src_reg->var_off = dst_reg->var_off = tnum_intersect(src_reg->var_off,
							     dst_reg->var_off);
	/* We might have learned new bounds from the var_off. */
	__update_reg_bounds(src_reg);
	__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
	/* We might have learned something about the sign bit. */
	__reg_deduce_bounds(src_reg);
	__reg_deduce_bounds(dst_reg);
	/* We might have learned some bits from the bounds. */
	__reg_bound_offset(src_reg);
	__reg_bound_offset(dst_reg);
	/* Intersecting with the old var_off might have improved our bounds
	 * slightly.  e.g. if umax was 0x7f...f and var_off was (0; 0xf...fc),
	 * then new var_off is (0; 0x7f...fc) which improves our umax.
	 */
	__update_reg_bounds(src_reg);
	__update_reg_bounds(dst_reg);
}

static void reg_combine_min_max(struct bpf_reg_state *true_src,
				struct bpf_reg_state *true_dst,
				struct bpf_reg_state *false_src,
				struct bpf_reg_state *false_dst,
				u8 opcode)
{
	switch (opcode) {
	case BPF_JEQ:
		__reg_combine_min_max(true_src, true_dst);
		break;
	case BPF_JNE:
		__reg_combine_min_max(false_src, false_dst);
		break;
	}
}

static void mark_map_reg(struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno, u32 id,
			 bool is_null)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = &regs[regno];

	if (reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL && reg->id == id) {
		/* Old offset (both fixed and variable parts) should
		 * have been known-zero, because we don't allow pointer
		 * arithmetic on pointers that might be NULL.
		 */
		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(reg->smin_value || reg->smax_value ||
				 !tnum_equals_const(reg->var_off, 0) ||
				 reg->off)) {
			__mark_reg_known_zero(reg);
			reg->off = 0;
		}
		if (is_null) {
			reg->type = SCALAR_VALUE;
		} else if (reg->map_ptr->inner_map_meta) {
			reg->type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
			reg->map_ptr = reg->map_ptr->inner_map_meta;
		} else {
			reg->type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE;
		}
		/* We don't need id from this point onwards anymore, thus we
		 * should better reset it, so that state pruning has chances
		 * to take effect.
		 */
		reg->id = 0;
	}
}

/* The logic is similar to find_good_pkt_pointers(), both could eventually
 * be folded together at some point.
 */
static void mark_map_regs(struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate, u32 regno,
			  bool is_null)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs;
	u32 id = regs[regno].id;
	int i, j;

	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++)
		mark_map_reg(regs, i, id, is_null);

	for (j = 0; j <= vstate->curframe; j++) {
		state = vstate->frame[j];
		for (i = 0; i < state->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
			if (state->stack[i].slot_type[0] != STACK_SPILL)
				continue;
			mark_map_reg(&state->stack[i].spilled_ptr, 0, id, is_null);
		}
	}
}

static bool try_match_pkt_pointers(const struct bpf_insn *insn,
				   struct bpf_reg_state *dst_reg,
				   struct bpf_reg_state *src_reg,
				   struct bpf_verifier_state *this_branch,
				   struct bpf_verifier_state *other_branch)
{
	if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_X)
		return false;

	switch (BPF_OP(insn->code)) {
	case BPF_JGT:
		if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET &&
		     src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END) ||
		    (dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META &&
		     reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(src_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET))) {
			/* pkt_data' > pkt_end, pkt_meta' > pkt_data */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(this_branch, dst_reg,
					       dst_reg->type, false);
		} else if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET) ||
			   (reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(dst_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET) &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META)) {
			/* pkt_end > pkt_data', pkt_data > pkt_meta' */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(other_branch, src_reg,
					       src_reg->type, true);
		} else {
			return false;
		}
		break;
	case BPF_JLT:
		if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET &&
		     src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END) ||
		    (dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META &&
		     reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(src_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET))) {
			/* pkt_data' < pkt_end, pkt_meta' < pkt_data */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(other_branch, dst_reg,
					       dst_reg->type, true);
		} else if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET) ||
			   (reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(dst_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET) &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META)) {
			/* pkt_end < pkt_data', pkt_data > pkt_meta' */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(this_branch, src_reg,
					       src_reg->type, false);
		} else {
			return false;
		}
		break;
	case BPF_JGE:
		if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET &&
		     src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END) ||
		    (dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META &&
		     reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(src_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET))) {
			/* pkt_data' >= pkt_end, pkt_meta' >= pkt_data */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(this_branch, dst_reg,
					       dst_reg->type, true);
		} else if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET) ||
			   (reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(dst_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET) &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META)) {
			/* pkt_end >= pkt_data', pkt_data >= pkt_meta' */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(other_branch, src_reg,
					       src_reg->type, false);
		} else {
			return false;
		}
		break;
	case BPF_JLE:
		if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET &&
		     src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END) ||
		    (dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META &&
		     reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(src_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET))) {
			/* pkt_data' <= pkt_end, pkt_meta' <= pkt_data */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(other_branch, dst_reg,
					       dst_reg->type, false);
		} else if ((dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET) ||
			   (reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(dst_reg, PTR_TO_PACKET) &&
			    src_reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META)) {
			/* pkt_end <= pkt_data', pkt_data <= pkt_meta' */
			find_good_pkt_pointers(this_branch, src_reg,
					       src_reg->type, true);
		} else {
			return false;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}

static int check_cond_jmp_op(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			     struct bpf_insn *insn, int *insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *this_branch = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_verifier_state *other_branch;
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = this_branch->frame[this_branch->curframe]->regs;
	struct bpf_reg_state *dst_reg, *other_branch_regs;
	u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
	int err;

	if (opcode > BPF_JSLE) {
		verbose(env, "invalid BPF_JMP opcode %x\n", opcode);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
		if (insn->imm != 0) {
			verbose(env, "BPF_JMP uses reserved fields\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		/* check src1 operand */
		err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
		if (err)
			return err;

		if (is_pointer_value(env, insn->src_reg)) {
			verbose(env, "R%d pointer comparison prohibited\n",
				insn->src_reg);
			return -EACCES;
		}
	} else {
		if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
			verbose(env, "BPF_JMP uses reserved fields\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}

	/* check src2 operand */
	err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
	if (err)
		return err;

	dst_reg = &regs[insn->dst_reg];

	/* detect if R == 0 where R was initialized to zero earlier */
	if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K &&
	    (opcode == BPF_JEQ || opcode == BPF_JNE) &&
	    dst_reg->type == SCALAR_VALUE &&
	    tnum_is_const(dst_reg->var_off)) {
		if ((opcode == BPF_JEQ && dst_reg->var_off.value == insn->imm) ||
		    (opcode == BPF_JNE && dst_reg->var_off.value != insn->imm)) {
			/* if (imm == imm) goto pc+off;
			 * only follow the goto, ignore fall-through
			 */
			*insn_idx += insn->off;
			return 0;
		} else {
			/* if (imm != imm) goto pc+off;
			 * only follow fall-through branch, since
			 * that's where the program will go
			 */
			return 0;
		}
	}

	other_branch = push_stack(env, *insn_idx + insn->off + 1, *insn_idx);
	if (!other_branch)
		return -EFAULT;
	other_branch_regs = other_branch->frame[other_branch->curframe]->regs;

	/* detect if we are comparing against a constant value so we can adjust
	 * our min/max values for our dst register.
	 * this is only legit if both are scalars (or pointers to the same
	 * object, I suppose, but we don't support that right now), because
	 * otherwise the different base pointers mean the offsets aren't
	 * comparable.
	 */
	if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
		if (dst_reg->type == SCALAR_VALUE &&
		    regs[insn->src_reg].type == SCALAR_VALUE) {
			if (tnum_is_const(regs[insn->src_reg].var_off))
				reg_set_min_max(&other_branch_regs[insn->dst_reg],
						dst_reg, regs[insn->src_reg].var_off.value,
						opcode);
			else if (tnum_is_const(dst_reg->var_off))
				reg_set_min_max_inv(&other_branch_regs[insn->src_reg],
						    &regs[insn->src_reg],
						    dst_reg->var_off.value, opcode);
			else if (opcode == BPF_JEQ || opcode == BPF_JNE)
				/* Comparing for equality, we can combine knowledge */
				reg_combine_min_max(&other_branch_regs[insn->src_reg],
						    &other_branch_regs[insn->dst_reg],
						    &regs[insn->src_reg],
						    &regs[insn->dst_reg], opcode);
		}
	} else if (dst_reg->type == SCALAR_VALUE) {
		reg_set_min_max(&other_branch_regs[insn->dst_reg],
					dst_reg, insn->imm, opcode);
	}

	/* detect if R == 0 where R is returned from bpf_map_lookup_elem() */
	if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_K &&
	    insn->imm == 0 && (opcode == BPF_JEQ || opcode == BPF_JNE) &&
	    dst_reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL) {
		/* Mark all identical map registers in each branch as either
		 * safe or unknown depending R == 0 or R != 0 conditional.
		 */
		mark_map_regs(this_branch, insn->dst_reg, opcode == BPF_JNE);
		mark_map_regs(other_branch, insn->dst_reg, opcode == BPF_JEQ);
	} else if (!try_match_pkt_pointers(insn, dst_reg, &regs[insn->src_reg],
					   this_branch, other_branch) &&
		   is_pointer_value(env, insn->dst_reg)) {
		verbose(env, "R%d pointer comparison prohibited\n",
			insn->dst_reg);
		return -EACCES;
	}
	if (env->log.level)
		print_verifier_state(env, this_branch->frame[this_branch->curframe]);
	return 0;
}

/* return the map pointer stored inside BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
static struct bpf_map *ld_imm64_to_map_ptr(struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	u64 imm64 = ((u64) (u32) insn[0].imm) | ((u64) (u32) insn[1].imm) << 32;

	return (struct bpf_map *) (unsigned long) imm64;
}

/* verify BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
static int check_ld_imm(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	int err;

	if (BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_DW) {
		verbose(env, "invalid BPF_LD_IMM insn\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (insn->off != 0) {
		verbose(env, "BPF_LD_IMM64 uses reserved fields\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP);
	if (err)
		return err;

	if (insn->src_reg == 0) {
		u64 imm = ((u64)(insn + 1)->imm << 32) | (u32)insn->imm;

		regs[insn->dst_reg].type = SCALAR_VALUE;
		__mark_reg_known(&regs[insn->dst_reg], imm);
		return 0;
	}

	/* replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr() should have caught bad ld_imm64 */
	BUG_ON(insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD);

	regs[insn->dst_reg].type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
	regs[insn->dst_reg].map_ptr = ld_imm64_to_map_ptr(insn);
	return 0;
}

static bool may_access_skb(enum bpf_prog_type type)
{
	switch (type) {
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_ACT:
		return true;
	default:
		return false;
	}
}

/* verify safety of LD_ABS|LD_IND instructions:
 * - they can only appear in the programs where ctx == skb
 * - since they are wrappers of function calls, they scratch R1-R5 registers,
 *   preserve R6-R9, and store return value into R0
 *
 * Implicit input:
 *   ctx == skb == R6 == CTX
 *
 * Explicit input:
 *   SRC == any register
 *   IMM == 32-bit immediate
 *
 * Output:
 *   R0 - 8/16/32-bit skb data converted to cpu endianness
 */
static int check_ld_abs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
	u8 mode = BPF_MODE(insn->code);
	int i, err;

	if (!may_access_skb(env->prog->type)) {
		verbose(env, "BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] instructions not allowed for this program type\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (env->subprog_cnt) {
		/* when program has LD_ABS insn JITs and interpreter assume
		 * that r1 == ctx == skb which is not the case for callees
		 * that can have arbitrary arguments. It's problematic
		 * for main prog as well since JITs would need to analyze
		 * all functions in order to make proper register save/restore
		 * decisions in the main prog. Hence disallow LD_ABS with calls
		 */
		verbose(env, "BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] instructions cannot be mixed with bpf-to-bpf calls\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0 || insn->off != 0 ||
	    BPF_SIZE(insn->code) == BPF_DW ||
	    (mode == BPF_ABS && insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0)) {
		verbose(env, "BPF_LD_[ABS|IND] uses reserved fields\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* check whether implicit source operand (register R6) is readable */
	err = check_reg_arg(env, BPF_REG_6, SRC_OP);
	if (err)
		return err;

	if (regs[BPF_REG_6].type != PTR_TO_CTX) {
		verbose(env,
			"at the time of BPF_LD_ABS|IND R6 != pointer to skb\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (mode == BPF_IND) {
		/* check explicit source operand */
		err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}

	/* reset caller saved regs to unreadable */
	for (i = 0; i < CALLER_SAVED_REGS; i++) {
		mark_reg_not_init(env, regs, caller_saved[i]);
		check_reg_arg(env, caller_saved[i], DST_OP_NO_MARK);
	}

	/* mark destination R0 register as readable, since it contains
	 * the value fetched from the packet.
	 * Already marked as written above.
	 */
	mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, BPF_REG_0);
	return 0;
}

static int check_return_code(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg;
	struct tnum range = tnum_range(0, 1);

	switch (env->prog->type) {
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCK_OPS:
	case BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_DEVICE:
		break;
	default:
		return 0;
	}

	reg = cur_regs(env) + BPF_REG_0;
	if (reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE) {
		verbose(env, "At program exit the register R0 is not a known value (%s)\n",
			reg_type_str[reg->type]);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (!tnum_in(range, reg->var_off)) {
		verbose(env, "At program exit the register R0 ");
		if (!tnum_is_unknown(reg->var_off)) {
			char tn_buf[48];

			tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
			verbose(env, "has value %s", tn_buf);
		} else {
			verbose(env, "has unknown scalar value");
		}
		verbose(env, " should have been 0 or 1\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* non-recursive DFS pseudo code
 * 1  procedure DFS-iterative(G,v):
 * 2      label v as discovered
 * 3      let S be a stack
 * 4      S.push(v)
 * 5      while S is not empty
 * 6            t <- S.pop()
 * 7            if t is what we're looking for:
 * 8                return t
 * 9            for all edges e in G.adjacentEdges(t) do
 * 10               if edge e is already labelled
 * 11                   continue with the next edge
 * 12               w <- G.adjacentVertex(t,e)
 * 13               if vertex w is not discovered and not explored
 * 14                   label e as tree-edge
 * 15                   label w as discovered
 * 16                   S.push(w)
 * 17                   continue at 5
 * 18               else if vertex w is discovered
 * 19                   label e as back-edge
 * 20               else
 * 21                   // vertex w is explored
 * 22                   label e as forward- or cross-edge
 * 23           label t as explored
 * 24           S.pop()
 *
 * convention:
 * 0x10 - discovered
 * 0x11 - discovered and fall-through edge labelled
 * 0x12 - discovered and fall-through and branch edges labelled
 * 0x20 - explored
 */

enum {
	DISCOVERED = 0x10,
	EXPLORED = 0x20,
	FALLTHROUGH = 1,
	BRANCH = 2,
};

#define STATE_LIST_MARK ((struct bpf_verifier_state_list *) -1L)

static int *insn_stack;	/* stack of insns to process */
static int cur_stack;	/* current stack index */
static int *insn_state;

/* t, w, e - match pseudo-code above:
 * t - index of current instruction
 * w - next instruction
 * e - edge
 */
static int push_insn(int t, int w, int e, struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	if (e == FALLTHROUGH && insn_state[t] >= (DISCOVERED | FALLTHROUGH))
		return 0;

	if (e == BRANCH && insn_state[t] >= (DISCOVERED | BRANCH))
		return 0;

	if (w < 0 || w >= env->prog->len) {
		verbose(env, "jump out of range from insn %d to %d\n", t, w);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (e == BRANCH)
		/* mark branch target for state pruning */
		env->explored_states[w] = STATE_LIST_MARK;

	if (insn_state[w] == 0) {
		/* tree-edge */
		insn_state[t] = DISCOVERED | e;
		insn_state[w] = DISCOVERED;
		if (cur_stack >= env->prog->len)
			return -E2BIG;
		insn_stack[cur_stack++] = w;
		return 1;
	} else if ((insn_state[w] & 0xF0) == DISCOVERED) {
		verbose(env, "back-edge from insn %d to %d\n", t, w);
		return -EINVAL;
	} else if (insn_state[w] == EXPLORED) {
		/* forward- or cross-edge */
		insn_state[t] = DISCOVERED | e;
	} else {
		verbose(env, "insn state internal bug\n");
		return -EFAULT;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* non-recursive depth-first-search to detect loops in BPF program
 * loop == back-edge in directed graph
 */
static int check_cfg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_insn *insns = env->prog->insnsi;
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	int ret = 0;
	int i, t;

	ret = check_subprogs(env);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;

	insn_state = kcalloc(insn_cnt, sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!insn_state)
		return -ENOMEM;

	insn_stack = kcalloc(insn_cnt, sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!insn_stack) {
		kfree(insn_state);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	insn_state[0] = DISCOVERED; /* mark 1st insn as discovered */
	insn_stack[0] = 0; /* 0 is the first instruction */
	cur_stack = 1;

peek_stack:
	if (cur_stack == 0)
		goto check_state;
	t = insn_stack[cur_stack - 1];

	if (BPF_CLASS(insns[t].code) == BPF_JMP) {
		u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insns[t].code);

		if (opcode == BPF_EXIT) {
			goto mark_explored;
		} else if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
			ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
			if (ret == 1)
				goto peek_stack;
			else if (ret < 0)
				goto err_free;
			if (t + 1 < insn_cnt)
				env->explored_states[t + 1] = STATE_LIST_MARK;
			if (insns[t].src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL) {
				env->explored_states[t] = STATE_LIST_MARK;
				ret = push_insn(t, t + insns[t].imm + 1, BRANCH, env);
				if (ret == 1)
					goto peek_stack;
				else if (ret < 0)
					goto err_free;
			}
		} else if (opcode == BPF_JA) {
			if (BPF_SRC(insns[t].code) != BPF_K) {
				ret = -EINVAL;
				goto err_free;
			}
			/* unconditional jump with single edge */
			ret = push_insn(t, t + insns[t].off + 1,
					FALLTHROUGH, env);
			if (ret == 1)
				goto peek_stack;
			else if (ret < 0)
				goto err_free;
			/* tell verifier to check for equivalent states
			 * after every call and jump
			 */
			if (t + 1 < insn_cnt)
				env->explored_states[t + 1] = STATE_LIST_MARK;
		} else {
			/* conditional jump with two edges */
			env->explored_states[t] = STATE_LIST_MARK;
			ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
			if (ret == 1)
				goto peek_stack;
			else if (ret < 0)
				goto err_free;

			ret = push_insn(t, t + insns[t].off + 1, BRANCH, env);
			if (ret == 1)
				goto peek_stack;
			else if (ret < 0)
				goto err_free;
		}
	} else {
		/* all other non-branch instructions with single
		 * fall-through edge
		 */
		ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
		if (ret == 1)
			goto peek_stack;
		else if (ret < 0)
			goto err_free;
	}

mark_explored:
	insn_state[t] = EXPLORED;
	if (cur_stack-- <= 0) {
		verbose(env, "pop stack internal bug\n");
		ret = -EFAULT;
		goto err_free;
	}
	goto peek_stack;

check_state:
	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
		if (insn_state[i] != EXPLORED) {
			verbose(env, "unreachable insn %d\n", i);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto err_free;
		}
	}
	ret = 0; /* cfg looks good */

err_free:
	kfree(insn_state);
	kfree(insn_stack);
	return ret;
}

/* check %cur's range satisfies %old's */
static bool range_within(struct bpf_reg_state *old,
			 struct bpf_reg_state *cur)
{
	return old->umin_value <= cur->umin_value &&
	       old->umax_value >= cur->umax_value &&
	       old->smin_value <= cur->smin_value &&
	       old->smax_value >= cur->smax_value;
}

/* Maximum number of register states that can exist at once */
#define ID_MAP_SIZE	(MAX_BPF_REG + MAX_BPF_STACK / BPF_REG_SIZE)
struct idpair {
	u32 old;
	u32 cur;
};

/* If in the old state two registers had the same id, then they need to have
 * the same id in the new state as well.  But that id could be different from
 * the old state, so we need to track the mapping from old to new ids.
 * Once we have seen that, say, a reg with old id 5 had new id 9, any subsequent
 * regs with old id 5 must also have new id 9 for the new state to be safe.  But
 * regs with a different old id could still have new id 9, we don't care about
 * that.
 * So we look through our idmap to see if this old id has been seen before.  If
 * so, we require the new id to match; otherwise, we add the id pair to the map.
 */
static bool check_ids(u32 old_id, u32 cur_id, struct idpair *idmap)
{
	unsigned int i;

	for (i = 0; i < ID_MAP_SIZE; i++) {
		if (!idmap[i].old) {
			/* Reached an empty slot; haven't seen this id before */
			idmap[i].old = old_id;
			idmap[i].cur = cur_id;
			return true;
		}
		if (idmap[i].old == old_id)
			return idmap[i].cur == cur_id;
	}
	/* We ran out of idmap slots, which should be impossible */
	WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
	return false;
}

/* Returns true if (rold safe implies rcur safe) */
static bool regsafe(struct bpf_reg_state *rold, struct bpf_reg_state *rcur,
		    struct idpair *idmap)
{
	bool equal;

	if (!(rold->live & REG_LIVE_READ))
		/* explored state didn't use this */
		return true;

	equal = memcmp(rold, rcur, offsetof(struct bpf_reg_state, frameno)) == 0;

	if (rold->type == PTR_TO_STACK)
		/* two stack pointers are equal only if they're pointing to
		 * the same stack frame, since fp-8 in foo != fp-8 in bar
		 */
		return equal && rold->frameno == rcur->frameno;

	if (equal)
		return true;

	if (rold->type == NOT_INIT)
		/* explored state can't have used this */
		return true;
	if (rcur->type == NOT_INIT)
		return false;
	switch (rold->type) {
	case SCALAR_VALUE:
		if (rcur->type == SCALAR_VALUE) {
			/* new val must satisfy old val knowledge */
			return range_within(rold, rcur) &&
			       tnum_in(rold->var_off, rcur->var_off);
		} else {
			/* We're trying to use a pointer in place of a scalar.
			 * Even if the scalar was unbounded, this could lead to
			 * pointer leaks because scalars are allowed to leak
			 * while pointers are not. We could make this safe in
			 * special cases if root is calling us, but it's
			 * probably not worth the hassle.
			 */
			return false;
		}
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE:
		/* If the new min/max/var_off satisfy the old ones and
		 * everything else matches, we are OK.
		 * We don't care about the 'id' value, because nothing
		 * uses it for PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE (only for ..._OR_NULL)
		 */
		return memcmp(rold, rcur, offsetof(struct bpf_reg_state, id)) == 0 &&
		       range_within(rold, rcur) &&
		       tnum_in(rold->var_off, rcur->var_off);
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL:
		/* a PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE could be safe to use as a
		 * PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL into the same map.
		 * However, if the old PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL then got NULL-
		 * checked, doing so could have affected others with the same
		 * id, and we can't check for that because we lost the id when
		 * we converted to a PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE.
		 */
		if (rcur->type != PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL)
			return false;
		if (memcmp(rold, rcur, offsetof(struct bpf_reg_state, id)))
			return false;
		/* Check our ids match any regs they're supposed to */
		return check_ids(rold->id, rcur->id, idmap);
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_META:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET:
		if (rcur->type != rold->type)
			return false;
		/* We must have at least as much range as the old ptr
		 * did, so that any accesses which were safe before are
		 * still safe.  This is true even if old range < old off,
		 * since someone could have accessed through (ptr - k), or
		 * even done ptr -= k in a register, to get a safe access.
		 */
		if (rold->range > rcur->range)
			return false;
		/* If the offsets don't match, we can't trust our alignment;
		 * nor can we be sure that we won't fall out of range.
		 */
		if (rold->off != rcur->off)
			return false;
		/* id relations must be preserved */
		if (rold->id && !check_ids(rold->id, rcur->id, idmap))
			return false;
		/* new val must satisfy old val knowledge */
		return range_within(rold, rcur) &&
		       tnum_in(rold->var_off, rcur->var_off);
	case PTR_TO_CTX:
	case CONST_PTR_TO_MAP:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_END:
		/* Only valid matches are exact, which memcmp() above
		 * would have accepted
		 */
	default:
		/* Don't know what's going on, just say it's not safe */
		return false;
	}

	/* Shouldn't get here; if we do, say it's not safe */
	WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
	return false;
}

static bool stacksafe(struct bpf_func_state *old,
		      struct bpf_func_state *cur,
		      struct idpair *idmap)
{
	int i, spi;

	/* if explored stack has more populated slots than current stack
	 * such stacks are not equivalent
	 */
	if (old->allocated_stack > cur->allocated_stack)
		return false;

	/* walk slots of the explored stack and ignore any additional
	 * slots in the current stack, since explored(safe) state
	 * didn't use them
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < old->allocated_stack; i++) {
		spi = i / BPF_REG_SIZE;

		if (!(old->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ))
			/* explored state didn't use this */
			continue;

		if (old->stack[spi].slot_type[i % BPF_REG_SIZE] == STACK_INVALID)
			continue;
		/* if old state was safe with misc data in the stack
		 * it will be safe with zero-initialized stack.
		 * The opposite is not true
		 */
		if (old->stack[spi].slot_type[i % BPF_REG_SIZE] == STACK_MISC &&
		    cur->stack[spi].slot_type[i % BPF_REG_SIZE] == STACK_ZERO)
			continue;
		if (old->stack[spi].slot_type[i % BPF_REG_SIZE] !=
		    cur->stack[spi].slot_type[i % BPF_REG_SIZE])
			/* Ex: old explored (safe) state has STACK_SPILL in
			 * this stack slot, but current has has STACK_MISC ->
			 * this verifier states are not equivalent,
			 * return false to continue verification of this path
			 */
			return false;
		if (i % BPF_REG_SIZE)
			continue;
		if (old->stack[spi].slot_type[0] != STACK_SPILL)
			continue;
		if (!regsafe(&old->stack[spi].spilled_ptr,
			     &cur->stack[spi].spilled_ptr,
			     idmap))
			/* when explored and current stack slot are both storing
			 * spilled registers, check that stored pointers types
			 * are the same as well.
			 * Ex: explored safe path could have stored
			 * (bpf_reg_state) {.type = PTR_TO_STACK, .off = -8}
			 * but current path has stored:
			 * (bpf_reg_state) {.type = PTR_TO_STACK, .off = -16}
			 * such verifier states are not equivalent.
			 * return false to continue verification of this path
			 */
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/* compare two verifier states
 *
 * all states stored in state_list are known to be valid, since
 * verifier reached 'bpf_exit' instruction through them
 *
 * this function is called when verifier exploring different branches of
 * execution popped from the state stack. If it sees an old state that has
 * more strict register state and more strict stack state then this execution
 * branch doesn't need to be explored further, since verifier already
 * concluded that more strict state leads to valid finish.
 *
 * Therefore two states are equivalent if register state is more conservative
 * and explored stack state is more conservative than the current one.
 * Example:
 *       explored                   current
 * (slot1=INV slot2=MISC) == (slot1=MISC slot2=MISC)
 * (slot1=MISC slot2=MISC) != (slot1=INV slot2=MISC)
 *
 * In other words if current stack state (one being explored) has more
 * valid slots than old one that already passed validation, it means
 * the verifier can stop exploring and conclude that current state is valid too
 *
 * Similarly with registers. If explored state has register type as invalid
 * whereas register type in current state is meaningful, it means that
 * the current state will reach 'bpf_exit' instruction safely
 */
static bool func_states_equal(struct bpf_func_state *old,
			      struct bpf_func_state *cur)
{
	struct idpair *idmap;
	bool ret = false;
	int i;

	idmap = kcalloc(ID_MAP_SIZE, sizeof(struct idpair), GFP_KERNEL);
	/* If we failed to allocate the idmap, just say it's not safe */
	if (!idmap)
		return false;

	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
		if (!regsafe(&old->regs[i], &cur->regs[i], idmap))
			goto out_free;
	}

	if (!stacksafe(old, cur, idmap))
		goto out_free;
	ret = true;
out_free:
	kfree(idmap);
	return ret;
}

static bool states_equal(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			 struct bpf_verifier_state *old,
			 struct bpf_verifier_state *cur)
{
	int i;

	if (old->curframe != cur->curframe)
		return false;

	/* for states to be equal callsites have to be the same
	 * and all frame states need to be equivalent
	 */
	for (i = 0; i <= old->curframe; i++) {
		if (old->frame[i]->callsite != cur->frame[i]->callsite)
			return false;
		if (!func_states_equal(old->frame[i], cur->frame[i]))
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/* A write screens off any subsequent reads; but write marks come from the
 * straight-line code between a state and its parent.  When we arrive at an
 * equivalent state (jump target or such) we didn't arrive by the straight-line
 * code, so read marks in the state must propagate to the parent regardless
 * of the state's write marks. That's what 'parent == state->parent' comparison
 * in mark_reg_read() and mark_stack_slot_read() is for.
 */
static int propagate_liveness(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			      const struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate,
			      struct bpf_verifier_state *vparent)
{
	int i, frame, err = 0;
	struct bpf_func_state *state, *parent;

	if (vparent->curframe != vstate->curframe) {
		WARN(1, "propagate_live: parent frame %d current frame %d\n",
		     vparent->curframe, vstate->curframe);
		return -EFAULT;
	}
	/* Propagate read liveness of registers... */
	BUILD_BUG_ON(BPF_REG_FP + 1 != MAX_BPF_REG);
	/* We don't need to worry about FP liveness because it's read-only */
	for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_FP; i++) {
		if (vparent->frame[vparent->curframe]->regs[i].live & REG_LIVE_READ)
			continue;
		if (vstate->frame[vstate->curframe]->regs[i].live & REG_LIVE_READ) {
			err = mark_reg_read(env, vstate, vparent, i);
			if (err)
				return err;
		}
	}

	/* ... and stack slots */
	for (frame = 0; frame <= vstate->curframe; frame++) {
		state = vstate->frame[frame];
		parent = vparent->frame[frame];
		for (i = 0; i < state->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE &&
			    i < parent->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
			if (parent->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ)
				continue;
			if (state->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ)
				mark_stack_slot_read(env, vstate, vparent, i, frame);
		}
	}
	return err;
}

static int is_state_visited(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state_list *new_sl;
	struct bpf_verifier_state_list *sl;
	struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;
	int i, j, err;

	sl = env->explored_states[insn_idx];
	if (!sl)
		/* this 'insn_idx' instruction wasn't marked, so we will not
		 * be doing state search here
		 */
		return 0;

	while (sl != STATE_LIST_MARK) {
		if (states_equal(env, &sl->state, cur)) {
			/* reached equivalent register/stack state,
			 * prune the search.
			 * Registers read by the continuation are read by us.
			 * If we have any write marks in env->cur_state, they
			 * will prevent corresponding reads in the continuation
			 * from reaching our parent (an explored_state).  Our
			 * own state will get the read marks recorded, but
			 * they'll be immediately forgotten as we're pruning
			 * this state and will pop a new one.
			 */
			err = propagate_liveness(env, &sl->state, cur);
			if (err)
				return err;
			return 1;
		}
		sl = sl->next;
	}

	/* there were no equivalent states, remember current one.
	 * technically the current state is not proven to be safe yet,
	 * but it will either reach outer most bpf_exit (which means it's safe)
	 * or it will be rejected. Since there are no loops, we won't be
	 * seeing this tuple (frame[0].callsite, frame[1].callsite, .. insn_idx)
	 * again on the way to bpf_exit
	 */
	new_sl = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_verifier_state_list), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!new_sl)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* add new state to the head of linked list */
	err = copy_verifier_state(&new_sl->state, cur);
	if (err) {
		free_verifier_state(&new_sl->state, false);
		kfree(new_sl);
		return err;
	}
	new_sl->next = env->explored_states[insn_idx];
	env->explored_states[insn_idx] = new_sl;
	/* connect new state to parentage chain */
	cur->parent = &new_sl->state;
	/* clear write marks in current state: the writes we did are not writes
	 * our child did, so they don't screen off its reads from us.
	 * (There are no read marks in current state, because reads always mark
	 * their parent and current state never has children yet.  Only
	 * explored_states can get read marks.)
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_FP; i++)
		cur->frame[cur->curframe]->regs[i].live = REG_LIVE_NONE;

	/* all stack frames are accessible from callee, clear them all */
	for (j = 0; j <= cur->curframe; j++) {
		struct bpf_func_state *frame = cur->frame[j];

		for (i = 0; i < frame->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++)
			frame->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live = REG_LIVE_NONE;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int do_check(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *state;
	struct bpf_insn *insns = env->prog->insnsi;
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs;
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len, i;
	int insn_idx, prev_insn_idx = 0;
	int insn_processed = 0;
	bool do_print_state = false;

	state = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_verifier_state), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!state)
		return -ENOMEM;
	state->curframe = 0;
	state->parent = NULL;
	state->frame[0] = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_func_state), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!state->frame[0]) {
		kfree(state);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	env->cur_state = state;
	init_func_state(env, state->frame[0],
			BPF_MAIN_FUNC /* callsite */,
			0 /* frameno */,
			0 /* subprogno, zero == main subprog */);
	insn_idx = 0;
	for (;;) {
		struct bpf_insn *insn;
		u8 class;
		int err;

		if (insn_idx >= insn_cnt) {
			verbose(env, "invalid insn idx %d insn_cnt %d\n",
				insn_idx, insn_cnt);
			return -EFAULT;
		}

		insn = &insns[insn_idx];
		class = BPF_CLASS(insn->code);

		if (++insn_processed > BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_INSNS) {
			verbose(env,
				"BPF program is too large. Processed %d insn\n",
				insn_processed);
			return -E2BIG;
		}

		err = is_state_visited(env, insn_idx);
		if (err < 0)
			return err;
		if (err == 1) {
			/* found equivalent state, can prune the search */
			if (env->log.level) {
				if (do_print_state)
					verbose(env, "\nfrom %d to %d: safe\n",
						prev_insn_idx, insn_idx);
				else
					verbose(env, "%d: safe\n", insn_idx);
			}
			goto process_bpf_exit;
		}

		if (need_resched())
			cond_resched();

		if (env->log.level > 1 || (env->log.level && do_print_state)) {
			if (env->log.level > 1)
				verbose(env, "%d:", insn_idx);
			else
				verbose(env, "\nfrom %d to %d:",
					prev_insn_idx, insn_idx);
			print_verifier_state(env, state->frame[state->curframe]);
			do_print_state = false;
		}

		if (env->log.level) {
			const struct bpf_insn_cbs cbs = {
				.cb_print	= verbose,
			};

			verbose(env, "%d: ", insn_idx);
			print_bpf_insn(&cbs, env, insn, env->allow_ptr_leaks);
		}

		if (bpf_prog_is_dev_bound(env->prog->aux)) {
			err = bpf_prog_offload_verify_insn(env, insn_idx,
							   prev_insn_idx);
			if (err)
				return err;
		}

		regs = cur_regs(env);
		env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].seen = true;
		if (class == BPF_ALU || class == BPF_ALU64) {
			err = check_alu_op(env, insn);
			if (err)
				return err;

		} else if (class == BPF_LDX) {
			enum bpf_reg_type *prev_src_type, src_reg_type;

			/* check for reserved fields is already done */

			/* check src operand */
			err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
			if (err)
				return err;

			err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, DST_OP_NO_MARK);
			if (err)
				return err;

			src_reg_type = regs[insn->src_reg].type;

			/* check that memory (src_reg + off) is readable,
			 * the state of dst_reg will be updated by this func
			 */
			err = check_mem_access(env, insn_idx, insn->src_reg, insn->off,
					       BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_READ,
					       insn->dst_reg);
			if (err)
				return err;

			prev_src_type = &env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].ptr_type;

			if (*prev_src_type == NOT_INIT) {
				/* saw a valid insn
				 * dst_reg = *(u32 *)(src_reg + off)
				 * save type to validate intersecting paths
				 */
				*prev_src_type = src_reg_type;

			} else if (src_reg_type != *prev_src_type &&
				   (src_reg_type == PTR_TO_CTX ||
				    *prev_src_type == PTR_TO_CTX)) {
				/* ABuser program is trying to use the same insn
				 * dst_reg = *(u32*) (src_reg + off)
				 * with different pointer types:
				 * src_reg == ctx in one branch and
				 * src_reg == stack|map in some other branch.
				 * Reject it.
				 */
				verbose(env, "same insn cannot be used with different pointers\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}

		} else if (class == BPF_STX) {
			enum bpf_reg_type *prev_dst_type, dst_reg_type;

			if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_XADD) {
				err = check_xadd(env, insn_idx, insn);
				if (err)
					return err;
				insn_idx++;
				continue;
			}

			/* check src1 operand */
			err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->src_reg, SRC_OP);
			if (err)
				return err;
			/* check src2 operand */
			err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
			if (err)
				return err;

			dst_reg_type = regs[insn->dst_reg].type;

			/* check that memory (dst_reg + off) is writeable */
			err = check_mem_access(env, insn_idx, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
					       BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_WRITE,
					       insn->src_reg);
			if (err)
				return err;

			prev_dst_type = &env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].ptr_type;

			if (*prev_dst_type == NOT_INIT) {
				*prev_dst_type = dst_reg_type;
			} else if (dst_reg_type != *prev_dst_type &&
				   (dst_reg_type == PTR_TO_CTX ||
				    *prev_dst_type == PTR_TO_CTX)) {
				verbose(env, "same insn cannot be used with different pointers\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}

		} else if (class == BPF_ST) {
			if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM ||
			    insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
				verbose(env, "BPF_ST uses reserved fields\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			/* check src operand */
			err = check_reg_arg(env, insn->dst_reg, SRC_OP);
			if (err)
				return err;

			/* check that memory (dst_reg + off) is writeable */
			err = check_mem_access(env, insn_idx, insn->dst_reg, insn->off,
					       BPF_SIZE(insn->code), BPF_WRITE,
					       -1);
			if (err)
				return err;

		} else if (class == BPF_JMP) {
			u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);

			if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
				if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_K ||
				    insn->off != 0 ||
				    (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 &&
				     insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL) ||
				    insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
					verbose(env, "BPF_CALL uses reserved fields\n");
					return -EINVAL;
				}

				if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
					err = check_func_call(env, insn, &insn_idx);
				else
					err = check_helper_call(env, insn->imm, insn_idx);
				if (err)
					return err;

			} else if (opcode == BPF_JA) {
				if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_K ||
				    insn->imm != 0 ||
				    insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 ||
				    insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
					verbose(env, "BPF_JA uses reserved fields\n");
					return -EINVAL;
				}

				insn_idx += insn->off + 1;
				continue;

			} else if (opcode == BPF_EXIT) {
				if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) != BPF_K ||
				    insn->imm != 0 ||
				    insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_0 ||
				    insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_0) {
					verbose(env, "BPF_EXIT uses reserved fields\n");
					return -EINVAL;
				}

				if (state->curframe) {
					/* exit from nested function */
					prev_insn_idx = insn_idx;
					err = prepare_func_exit(env, &insn_idx);
					if (err)
						return err;
					do_print_state = true;
					continue;
				}

				/* eBPF calling convetion is such that R0 is used
				 * to return the value from eBPF program.
				 * Make sure that it's readable at this time
				 * of bpf_exit, which means that program wrote
				 * something into it earlier
				 */
				err = check_reg_arg(env, BPF_REG_0, SRC_OP);
				if (err)
					return err;

				if (is_pointer_value(env, BPF_REG_0)) {
					verbose(env, "R0 leaks addr as return value\n");
					return -EACCES;
				}

				err = check_return_code(env);
				if (err)
					return err;
process_bpf_exit:
				err = pop_stack(env, &prev_insn_idx, &insn_idx);
				if (err < 0) {
					if (err != -ENOENT)
						return err;
					break;
				} else {
					do_print_state = true;
					continue;
				}
			} else {
				err = check_cond_jmp_op(env, insn, &insn_idx);
				if (err)
					return err;
			}
		} else if (class == BPF_LD) {
			u8 mode = BPF_MODE(insn->code);

			if (mode == BPF_ABS || mode == BPF_IND) {
				err = check_ld_abs(env, insn);
				if (err)
					return err;

			} else if (mode == BPF_IMM) {
				err = check_ld_imm(env, insn);
				if (err)
					return err;

				insn_idx++;
				env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].seen = true;
			} else {
				verbose(env, "invalid BPF_LD mode\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		} else {
			verbose(env, "unknown insn class %d\n", class);
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		insn_idx++;
	}

	verbose(env, "processed %d insns, stack depth ", insn_processed);
	for (i = 0; i < env->subprog_cnt + 1; i++) {
		u32 depth = env->subprog_stack_depth[i];

		verbose(env, "%d", depth);
		if (i + 1 < env->subprog_cnt + 1)
			verbose(env, "+");
	}
	verbose(env, "\n");
	env->prog->aux->stack_depth = env->subprog_stack_depth[0];
	return 0;
}

static int check_map_prealloc(struct bpf_map *map)
{
	return (map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH &&
		map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_HASH &&
		map->map_type != BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH_OF_MAPS) ||
		!(map->map_flags & BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC);
}

static int check_map_prog_compatibility(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
					struct bpf_map *map,
					struct bpf_prog *prog)

{
	/* Make sure that BPF_PROG_TYPE_PERF_EVENT programs only use
	 * preallocated hash maps, since doing memory allocation
	 * in overflow_handler can crash depending on where nmi got
	 * triggered.
	 */
	if (prog->type == BPF_PROG_TYPE_PERF_EVENT) {
		if (!check_map_prealloc(map)) {
			verbose(env, "perf_event programs can only use preallocated hash map\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		if (map->inner_map_meta &&
		    !check_map_prealloc(map->inner_map_meta)) {
			verbose(env, "perf_event programs can only use preallocated inner hash map\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

/* look for pseudo eBPF instructions that access map FDs and
 * replace them with actual map pointers
 */
static int replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	int i, j, err;

	err = bpf_prog_calc_tag(env->prog);
	if (err)
		return err;

	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++) {
		if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_LDX &&
		    (BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM || insn->imm != 0)) {
			verbose(env, "BPF_LDX uses reserved fields\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_STX &&
		    ((BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM &&
		      BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_XADD) || insn->imm != 0)) {
			verbose(env, "BPF_STX uses reserved fields\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (insn[0].code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW)) {
			struct bpf_map *map;
			struct fd f;

			if (i == insn_cnt - 1 || insn[1].code != 0 ||
			    insn[1].dst_reg != 0 || insn[1].src_reg != 0 ||
			    insn[1].off != 0) {
				verbose(env, "invalid bpf_ld_imm64 insn\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}

			if (insn->src_reg == 0)
				/* valid generic load 64-bit imm */
				goto next_insn;

			if (insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD) {
				verbose(env,
					"unrecognized bpf_ld_imm64 insn\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}

			f = fdget(insn->imm);
			map = __bpf_map_get(f);
			if (IS_ERR(map)) {
				verbose(env, "fd %d is not pointing to valid bpf_map\n",
					insn->imm);
				return PTR_ERR(map);
			}

			err = check_map_prog_compatibility(env, map, env->prog);
			if (err) {
				fdput(f);
				return err;
			}

			/* store map pointer inside BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
			insn[0].imm = (u32) (unsigned long) map;
			insn[1].imm = ((u64) (unsigned long) map) >> 32;

			/* check whether we recorded this map already */
			for (j = 0; j < env->used_map_cnt; j++)
				if (env->used_maps[j] == map) {
					fdput(f);
					goto next_insn;
				}

			if (env->used_map_cnt >= MAX_USED_MAPS) {
				fdput(f);
				return -E2BIG;
			}

			/* hold the map. If the program is rejected by verifier,
			 * the map will be released by release_maps() or it
			 * will be used by the valid program until it's unloaded
			 * and all maps are released in free_bpf_prog_info()
			 */
			map = bpf_map_inc(map, false);
			if (IS_ERR(map)) {
				fdput(f);
				return PTR_ERR(map);
			}
			env->used_maps[env->used_map_cnt++] = map;

			fdput(f);
next_insn:
			insn++;
			i++;
		}
	}

	/* now all pseudo BPF_LD_IMM64 instructions load valid
	 * 'struct bpf_map *' into a register instead of user map_fd.
	 * These pointers will be used later by verifier to validate map access.
	 */
	return 0;
}

/* drop refcnt of maps used by the rejected program */
static void release_maps(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < env->used_map_cnt; i++)
		bpf_map_put(env->used_maps[i]);
}

/* convert pseudo BPF_LD_IMM64 into generic BPF_LD_IMM64 */
static void convert_pseudo_ld_imm64(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++)
		if (insn->code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW))
			insn->src_reg = 0;
}

/* single env->prog->insni[off] instruction was replaced with the range
 * insni[off, off + cnt).  Adjust corresponding insn_aux_data by copying
 * [0, off) and [off, end) to new locations, so the patched range stays zero
 */
static int adjust_insn_aux_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 prog_len,
				u32 off, u32 cnt)
{
	struct bpf_insn_aux_data *new_data, *old_data = env->insn_aux_data;
	int i;

	if (cnt == 1)
		return 0;
	new_data = vzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_insn_aux_data) * prog_len);
	if (!new_data)
		return -ENOMEM;
	memcpy(new_data, old_data, sizeof(struct bpf_insn_aux_data) * off);
	memcpy(new_data + off + cnt - 1, old_data + off,
	       sizeof(struct bpf_insn_aux_data) * (prog_len - off - cnt + 1));
	for (i = off; i < off + cnt - 1; i++)
		new_data[i].seen = true;
	env->insn_aux_data = new_data;
	vfree(old_data);
	return 0;
}

static void adjust_subprog_starts(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off, u32 len)
{
	int i;

	if (len == 1)
		return;
	for (i = 0; i < env->subprog_cnt; i++) {
		if (env->subprog_starts[i] < off)
			continue;
		env->subprog_starts[i] += len - 1;
	}
}

static struct bpf_prog *bpf_patch_insn_data(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 off,
					    const struct bpf_insn *patch, u32 len)
{
	struct bpf_prog *new_prog;

	new_prog = bpf_patch_insn_single(env->prog, off, patch, len);
	if (!new_prog)
		return NULL;
	if (adjust_insn_aux_data(env, new_prog->len, off, len))
		return NULL;
	adjust_subprog_starts(env, off, len);
	return new_prog;
}

/* The verifier does more data flow analysis than llvm and will not explore
 * branches that are dead at run time. Malicious programs can have dead code
 * too. Therefore replace all dead at-run-time code with nops.
 */
static void sanitize_dead_code(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux_data = env->insn_aux_data;
	struct bpf_insn nop = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_0);
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
	const int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
		if (aux_data[i].seen)
			continue;
		memcpy(insn + i, &nop, sizeof(nop));
	}
}

/* convert load instructions that access fields of 'struct __sk_buff'
 * into sequence of instructions that access fields of 'struct sk_buff'
 */
static int convert_ctx_accesses(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	const struct bpf_verifier_ops *ops = env->ops;
	int i, cnt, size, ctx_field_size, delta = 0;
	const int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	struct bpf_insn insn_buf[16], *insn;
	struct bpf_prog *new_prog;
	enum bpf_access_type type;
	bool is_narrower_load;
	u32 target_size;

	if (ops->gen_prologue) {
		cnt = ops->gen_prologue(insn_buf, env->seen_direct_write,
					env->prog);
		if (cnt >= ARRAY_SIZE(insn_buf)) {
			verbose(env, "bpf verifier is misconfigured\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		} else if (cnt) {
			new_prog = bpf_patch_insn_data(env, 0, insn_buf, cnt);
			if (!new_prog)
				return -ENOMEM;

			env->prog = new_prog;
			delta += cnt - 1;
		}
	}

	if (!ops->convert_ctx_access)
		return 0;

	insn = env->prog->insnsi + delta;

	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++) {
		if (insn->code == (BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM | BPF_B) ||
		    insn->code == (BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM | BPF_H) ||
		    insn->code == (BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM | BPF_W) ||
		    insn->code == (BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM | BPF_DW))
			type = BPF_READ;
		else if (insn->code == (BPF_STX | BPF_MEM | BPF_B) ||
			 insn->code == (BPF_STX | BPF_MEM | BPF_H) ||
			 insn->code == (BPF_STX | BPF_MEM | BPF_W) ||
			 insn->code == (BPF_STX | BPF_MEM | BPF_DW))
			type = BPF_WRITE;
		else
			continue;

		if (env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].ptr_type != PTR_TO_CTX)
			continue;

		ctx_field_size = env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].ctx_field_size;
		size = BPF_LDST_BYTES(insn);

		/* If the read access is a narrower load of the field,
		 * convert to a 4/8-byte load, to minimum program type specific
		 * convert_ctx_access changes. If conversion is successful,
		 * we will apply proper mask to the result.
		 */
		is_narrower_load = size < ctx_field_size;
		if (is_narrower_load) {
			u32 off = insn->off;
			u8 size_code;

			if (type == BPF_WRITE) {
				verbose(env, "bpf verifier narrow ctx access misconfigured\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}

			size_code = BPF_H;
			if (ctx_field_size == 4)
				size_code = BPF_W;
			else if (ctx_field_size == 8)
				size_code = BPF_DW;

			insn->off = off & ~(ctx_field_size - 1);
			insn->code = BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM | size_code;
		}

		target_size = 0;
		cnt = ops->convert_ctx_access(type, insn, insn_buf, env->prog,
					      &target_size);
		if (cnt == 0 || cnt >= ARRAY_SIZE(insn_buf) ||
		    (ctx_field_size && !target_size)) {
			verbose(env, "bpf verifier is misconfigured\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (is_narrower_load && size < target_size) {
			if (ctx_field_size <= 4)
				insn_buf[cnt++] = BPF_ALU32_IMM(BPF_AND, insn->dst_reg,
								(1 << size * 8) - 1);
			else
				insn_buf[cnt++] = BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_AND, insn->dst_reg,
								(1 << size * 8) - 1);
		}

		new_prog = bpf_patch_insn_data(env, i + delta, insn_buf, cnt);
		if (!new_prog)
			return -ENOMEM;

		delta += cnt - 1;

		/* keep walking new program and skip insns we just inserted */
		env->prog = new_prog;
		insn      = new_prog->insnsi + i + delta;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int jit_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_prog *prog = env->prog, **func, *tmp;
	int i, j, subprog_start, subprog_end = 0, len, subprog;
	struct bpf_insn *insn;
	void *old_bpf_func;
	int err = -ENOMEM;

	if (env->subprog_cnt == 0)
		return 0;

	for (i = 0, insn = prog->insnsi; i < prog->len; i++, insn++) {
		if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
		    insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			continue;
		subprog = find_subprog(env, i + insn->imm + 1);
		if (subprog < 0) {
			WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier bug. No program starts at insn %d\n",
				  i + insn->imm + 1);
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		/* temporarily remember subprog id inside insn instead of
		 * aux_data, since next loop will split up all insns into funcs
		 */
		insn->off = subprog + 1;
		/* remember original imm in case JIT fails and fallback
		 * to interpreter will be needed
		 */
		env->insn_aux_data[i].call_imm = insn->imm;
		/* point imm to __bpf_call_base+1 from JITs point of view */
		insn->imm = 1;
	}

	func = kzalloc(sizeof(prog) * (env->subprog_cnt + 1), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!func)
		return -ENOMEM;

	for (i = 0; i <= env->subprog_cnt; i++) {
		subprog_start = subprog_end;
		if (env->subprog_cnt == i)
			subprog_end = prog->len;
		else
			subprog_end = env->subprog_starts[i];

		len = subprog_end - subprog_start;
		func[i] = bpf_prog_alloc(bpf_prog_size(len), GFP_USER);
		if (!func[i])
			goto out_free;
		memcpy(func[i]->insnsi, &prog->insnsi[subprog_start],
		       len * sizeof(struct bpf_insn));
		func[i]->type = prog->type;
		func[i]->len = len;
		if (bpf_prog_calc_tag(func[i]))
			goto out_free;
		func[i]->is_func = 1;
		/* Use bpf_prog_F_tag to indicate functions in stack traces.
		 * Long term would need debug info to populate names
		 */
		func[i]->aux->name[0] = 'F';
		func[i]->aux->stack_depth = env->subprog_stack_depth[i];
		func[i]->jit_requested = 1;
		func[i] = bpf_int_jit_compile(func[i]);
		if (!func[i]->jited) {
			err = -ENOTSUPP;
			goto out_free;
		}
		cond_resched();
	}
	/* at this point all bpf functions were successfully JITed
	 * now populate all bpf_calls with correct addresses and
	 * run last pass of JIT
	 */
	for (i = 0; i <= env->subprog_cnt; i++) {
		insn = func[i]->insnsi;
		for (j = 0; j < func[i]->len; j++, insn++) {
			if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
			    insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
				continue;
			subprog = insn->off;
			insn->off = 0;
			insn->imm = (u64 (*)(u64, u64, u64, u64, u64))
				func[subprog]->bpf_func -
				__bpf_call_base;
		}
	}
	for (i = 0; i <= env->subprog_cnt; i++) {
		old_bpf_func = func[i]->bpf_func;
		tmp = bpf_int_jit_compile(func[i]);
		if (tmp != func[i] || func[i]->bpf_func != old_bpf_func) {
			verbose(env, "JIT doesn't support bpf-to-bpf calls\n");
			err = -EFAULT;
			goto out_free;
		}
		cond_resched();
	}

	/* finally lock prog and jit images for all functions and
	 * populate kallsysm
	 */
	for (i = 0; i <= env->subprog_cnt; i++) {
		bpf_prog_lock_ro(func[i]);
		bpf_prog_kallsyms_add(func[i]);
	}

	/* Last step: make now unused interpreter insns from main
	 * prog consistent for later dump requests, so they can
	 * later look the same as if they were interpreted only.
	 */
	for (i = 0, insn = prog->insnsi; i < prog->len; i++, insn++) {
		unsigned long addr;

		if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
		    insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			continue;
		insn->off = env->insn_aux_data[i].call_imm;
		subprog = find_subprog(env, i + insn->off + 1);
		addr  = (unsigned long)func[subprog + 1]->bpf_func;
		addr &= PAGE_MASK;
		insn->imm = (u64 (*)(u64, u64, u64, u64, u64))
			    addr - __bpf_call_base;
	}

	prog->jited = 1;
	prog->bpf_func = func[0]->bpf_func;
	prog->aux->func = func;
	prog->aux->func_cnt = env->subprog_cnt + 1;
	return 0;
out_free:
	for (i = 0; i <= env->subprog_cnt; i++)
		if (func[i])
			bpf_jit_free(func[i]);
	kfree(func);
	/* cleanup main prog to be interpreted */
	prog->jit_requested = 0;
	for (i = 0, insn = prog->insnsi; i < prog->len; i++, insn++) {
		if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
		    insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			continue;
		insn->off = 0;
		insn->imm = env->insn_aux_data[i].call_imm;
	}
	return err;
}

static int fixup_call_args(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_prog *prog = env->prog;
	struct bpf_insn *insn = prog->insnsi;
	int i, depth;

	if (env->prog->jit_requested)
		if (jit_subprogs(env) == 0)
			return 0;

	for (i = 0; i < prog->len; i++, insn++) {
		if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
		    insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			continue;
		depth = get_callee_stack_depth(env, insn, i);
		if (depth < 0)
			return depth;
		bpf_patch_call_args(insn, depth);
	}
	return 0;
}

/* fixup insn->imm field of bpf_call instructions
 * and inline eligible helpers as explicit sequence of BPF instructions
 *
 * this function is called after eBPF program passed verification
 */
static int fixup_bpf_calls(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_prog *prog = env->prog;
	struct bpf_insn *insn = prog->insnsi;
	const struct bpf_func_proto *fn;
	const int insn_cnt = prog->len;
	struct bpf_insn insn_buf[16];
	struct bpf_prog *new_prog;
	struct bpf_map *map_ptr;
	int i, cnt, delta = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++) {
		if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL))
			continue;
		if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			continue;

		if (insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_get_route_realm)
			prog->dst_needed = 1;
		if (insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_get_prandom_u32)
			bpf_user_rnd_init_once();
		if (insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_override_return)
			prog->kprobe_override = 1;
		if (insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_tail_call) {
			/* If we tail call into other programs, we
			 * cannot make any assumptions since they can
			 * be replaced dynamically during runtime in
			 * the program array.
			 */
			prog->cb_access = 1;
			env->prog->aux->stack_depth = MAX_BPF_STACK;

			/* mark bpf_tail_call as different opcode to avoid
			 * conditional branch in the interpeter for every normal
			 * call and to prevent accidental JITing by JIT compiler
			 * that doesn't support bpf_tail_call yet
			 */
			insn->imm = 0;
			insn->code = BPF_JMP | BPF_TAIL_CALL;
			continue;
		}

		/* BPF_EMIT_CALL() assumptions in some of the map_gen_lookup
		 * handlers are currently limited to 64 bit only.
		 */
		if (prog->jit_requested && BITS_PER_LONG == 64 &&
		    insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem) {
			map_ptr = env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].map_ptr;
			if (map_ptr == BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON ||
			    !map_ptr->ops->map_gen_lookup)
				goto patch_call_imm;

			cnt = map_ptr->ops->map_gen_lookup(map_ptr, insn_buf);
			if (cnt == 0 || cnt >= ARRAY_SIZE(insn_buf)) {
				verbose(env, "bpf verifier is misconfigured\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}

			new_prog = bpf_patch_insn_data(env, i + delta, insn_buf,
						       cnt);
			if (!new_prog)
				return -ENOMEM;

			delta += cnt - 1;

			/* keep walking new program and skip insns we just inserted */
			env->prog = prog = new_prog;
			insn      = new_prog->insnsi + i + delta;
			continue;
		}

		if (insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_redirect_map) {
			/* Note, we cannot use prog directly as imm as subsequent
			 * rewrites would still change the prog pointer. The only
			 * stable address we can use is aux, which also works with
			 * prog clones during blinding.
			 */
			u64 addr = (unsigned long)prog->aux;
			struct bpf_insn r4_ld[] = {
				BPF_LD_IMM64(BPF_REG_4, addr),
				*insn,
			};
			cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(r4_ld);

			new_prog = bpf_patch_insn_data(env, i + delta, r4_ld, cnt);
			if (!new_prog)
				return -ENOMEM;

			delta    += cnt - 1;
			env->prog = prog = new_prog;
			insn      = new_prog->insnsi + i + delta;
		}
patch_call_imm:
		fn = env->ops->get_func_proto(insn->imm);
		/* all functions that have prototype and verifier allowed
		 * programs to call them, must be real in-kernel functions
		 */
		if (!fn->func) {
			verbose(env,
				"kernel subsystem misconfigured func %s#%d\n",
				func_id_name(insn->imm), insn->imm);
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		insn->imm = fn->func - __bpf_call_base;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void free_states(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state_list *sl, *sln;
	int i;

	if (!env->explored_states)
		return;

	for (i = 0; i < env->prog->len; i++) {
		sl = env->explored_states[i];

		if (sl)
			while (sl != STATE_LIST_MARK) {
				sln = sl->next;
				free_verifier_state(&sl->state, false);
				kfree(sl);
				sl = sln;
			}
	}

	kfree(env->explored_states);
}

int bpf_check(struct bpf_prog **prog, union bpf_attr *attr)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_env *env;
	struct bpf_verifer_log *log;
	int ret = -EINVAL;

	/* no program is valid */
	if (ARRAY_SIZE(bpf_verifier_ops) == 0)
		return -EINVAL;

	/* 'struct bpf_verifier_env' can be global, but since it's not small,
	 * allocate/free it every time bpf_check() is called
	 */
	env = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_verifier_env), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!env)
		return -ENOMEM;
	log = &env->log;

	env->insn_aux_data = vzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_insn_aux_data) *
				     (*prog)->len);
	ret = -ENOMEM;
	if (!env->insn_aux_data)
		goto err_free_env;
	env->prog = *prog;
	env->ops = bpf_verifier_ops[env->prog->type];

	/* grab the mutex to protect few globals used by verifier */
	mutex_lock(&bpf_verifier_lock);

	if (attr->log_level || attr->log_buf || attr->log_size) {
		/* user requested verbose verifier output
		 * and supplied buffer to store the verification trace
		 */
		log->level = attr->log_level;
		log->ubuf = (char __user *) (unsigned long) attr->log_buf;
		log->len_total = attr->log_size;

		ret = -EINVAL;
		/* log attributes have to be sane */
		if (log->len_total < 128 || log->len_total > UINT_MAX >> 8 ||
		    !log->level || !log->ubuf)
			goto err_unlock;
	}

	env->strict_alignment = !!(attr->prog_flags & BPF_F_STRICT_ALIGNMENT);
	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS))
		env->strict_alignment = true;

	if (bpf_prog_is_dev_bound(env->prog->aux)) {
		ret = bpf_prog_offload_verifier_prep(env);
		if (ret)
			goto err_unlock;
	}

	ret = replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr(env);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto skip_full_check;

	env->explored_states = kcalloc(env->prog->len,
				       sizeof(struct bpf_verifier_state_list *),
				       GFP_USER);
	ret = -ENOMEM;
	if (!env->explored_states)
		goto skip_full_check;

	env->allow_ptr_leaks = capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN);

	ret = check_cfg(env);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto skip_full_check;

	ret = do_check(env);
	if (env->cur_state) {
		free_verifier_state(env->cur_state, true);
		env->cur_state = NULL;
	}

skip_full_check:
	while (!pop_stack(env, NULL, NULL));
	free_states(env);

	if (ret == 0)
		sanitize_dead_code(env);

	if (ret == 0)
		ret = check_max_stack_depth(env);

	if (ret == 0)
		/* program is valid, convert *(u32*)(ctx + off) accesses */
		ret = convert_ctx_accesses(env);

	if (ret == 0)
		ret = fixup_bpf_calls(env);

	if (ret == 0)
		ret = fixup_call_args(env);

	if (log->level && bpf_verifier_log_full(log))
		ret = -ENOSPC;
	if (log->level && !log->ubuf) {
		ret = -EFAULT;
		goto err_release_maps;
	}

	if (ret == 0 && env->used_map_cnt) {
		/* if program passed verifier, update used_maps in bpf_prog_info */
		env->prog->aux->used_maps = kmalloc_array(env->used_map_cnt,
							  sizeof(env->used_maps[0]),
							  GFP_KERNEL);

		if (!env->prog->aux->used_maps) {
			ret = -ENOMEM;
			goto err_release_maps;
		}

		memcpy(env->prog->aux->used_maps, env->used_maps,
		       sizeof(env->used_maps[0]) * env->used_map_cnt);
		env->prog->aux->used_map_cnt = env->used_map_cnt;

		/* program is valid. Convert pseudo bpf_ld_imm64 into generic
		 * bpf_ld_imm64 instructions
		 */
		convert_pseudo_ld_imm64(env);
	}

err_release_maps:
	if (!env->prog->aux->used_maps)
		/* if we didn't copy map pointers into bpf_prog_info, release
		 * them now. Otherwise free_bpf_prog_info() will release them.
		 */
		release_maps(env);
	*prog = env->prog;
err_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&bpf_verifier_lock);
	vfree(env->insn_aux_data);
err_free_env:
	kfree(env);
	return ret;
}