1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 2 /* 3 * USB device quirk handling logic and table 4 * 5 * Copyright (c) 2007 Oliver Neukum 6 * Copyright (c) 2007 Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de> 7 */ 8 9 #include <linux/moduleparam.h> 10 #include <linux/usb.h> 11 #include <linux/usb/quirks.h> 12 #include <linux/usb/hcd.h> 13 #include "usb.h" 14 15 struct quirk_entry { 16 u16 vid; 17 u16 pid; 18 u32 flags; 19 }; 20 21 static DEFINE_MUTEX(quirk_mutex); 22 23 static struct quirk_entry *quirk_list; 24 static unsigned int quirk_count; 25 26 static char quirks_param[128]; 27 28 static int quirks_param_set(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp) 29 { 30 char *p, *field; 31 u16 vid, pid; 32 u32 flags; 33 size_t i; 34 int err; 35 36 err = param_set_copystring(val, kp); 37 if (err) 38 return err; 39 40 mutex_lock(&quirk_mutex); 41 42 if (!*val) { 43 quirk_count = 0; 44 kfree(quirk_list); 45 quirk_list = NULL; 46 goto unlock; 47 } 48 49 for (quirk_count = 1, i = 0; val[i]; i++) 50 if (val[i] == ',') 51 quirk_count++; 52 53 if (quirk_list) { 54 kfree(quirk_list); 55 quirk_list = NULL; 56 } 57 58 quirk_list = kcalloc(quirk_count, sizeof(struct quirk_entry), 59 GFP_KERNEL); 60 if (!quirk_list) { 61 quirk_count = 0; 62 mutex_unlock(&quirk_mutex); 63 return -ENOMEM; 64 } 65 66 for (i = 0, p = (char *)val; p && *p;) { 67 /* Each entry consists of VID:PID:flags */ 68 field = strsep(&p, ":"); 69 if (!field) 70 break; 71 72 if (kstrtou16(field, 16, &vid)) 73 break; 74 75 field = strsep(&p, ":"); 76 if (!field) 77 break; 78 79 if (kstrtou16(field, 16, &pid)) 80 break; 81 82 field = strsep(&p, ","); 83 if (!field || !*field) 84 break; 85 86 /* Collect the flags */ 87 for (flags = 0; *field; field++) { 88 switch (*field) { 89 case 'a': 90 flags |= USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255; 91 break; 92 case 'b': 93 flags |= USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME; 94 break; 95 case 'c': 96 flags |= USB_QUIRK_NO_SET_INTF; 97 break; 98 case 'd': 99 flags |= USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS; 100 break; 101 case 'e': 102 flags |= USB_QUIRK_RESET; 103 break; 104 case 'f': 105 flags |= USB_QUIRK_HONOR_BNUMINTERFACES; 106 break; 107 case 'g': 108 flags |= USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT; 109 break; 110 case 'h': 111 flags |= USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_UFRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL; 112 break; 113 case 'i': 114 flags |= USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER; 115 break; 116 case 'j': 117 flags |= USB_QUIRK_IGNORE_REMOTE_WAKEUP; 118 break; 119 case 'k': 120 flags |= USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM; 121 break; 122 case 'l': 123 flags |= USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_FRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL; 124 break; 125 case 'm': 126 flags |= USB_QUIRK_DISCONNECT_SUSPEND; 127 break; 128 case 'n': 129 flags |= USB_QUIRK_DELAY_CTRL_MSG; 130 break; 131 /* Ignore unrecognized flag characters */ 132 } 133 } 134 135 quirk_list[i++] = (struct quirk_entry) 136 { .vid = vid, .pid = pid, .flags = flags }; 137 } 138 139 if (i < quirk_count) 140 quirk_count = i; 141 142 unlock: 143 mutex_unlock(&quirk_mutex); 144 145 return 0; 146 } 147 148 static const struct kernel_param_ops quirks_param_ops = { 149 .set = quirks_param_set, 150 .get = param_get_string, 151 }; 152 153 static struct kparam_string quirks_param_string = { 154 .maxlen = sizeof(quirks_param), 155 .string = quirks_param, 156 }; 157 158 device_param_cb(quirks, &quirks_param_ops, &quirks_param_string, 0644); 159 MODULE_PARM_DESC(quirks, "Add/modify USB quirks by specifying quirks=vendorID:productID:quirks"); 160 161 /* Lists of quirky USB devices, split in device quirks and interface quirks. 162 * Device quirks are applied at the very beginning of the enumeration process, 163 * right after reading the device descriptor. They can thus only match on device 164 * information. 165 * 166 * Interface quirks are applied after reading all the configuration descriptors. 167 * They can match on both device and interface information. 168 * 169 * Note that the DELAY_INIT and HONOR_BNUMINTERFACES quirks do not make sense as 170 * interface quirks, as they only influence the enumeration process which is run 171 * before processing the interface quirks. 172 * 173 * Please keep the lists ordered by: 174 * 1) Vendor ID 175 * 2) Product ID 176 * 3) Class ID 177 */ 178 static const struct usb_device_id usb_quirk_list[] = { 179 /* CBM - Flash disk */ 180 { USB_DEVICE(0x0204, 0x6025), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 181 182 /* WORLDE Controller KS49 or Prodipe MIDI 49C USB controller */ 183 { USB_DEVICE(0x0218, 0x0201), .driver_info = 184 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 185 186 /* WORLDE easy key (easykey.25) MIDI controller */ 187 { USB_DEVICE(0x0218, 0x0401), .driver_info = 188 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 189 190 /* HP 5300/5370C scanner */ 191 { USB_DEVICE(0x03f0, 0x0701), .driver_info = 192 USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255 }, 193 194 /* HP v222w 16GB Mini USB Drive */ 195 { USB_DEVICE(0x03f0, 0x3f40), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 196 197 /* Creative SB Audigy 2 NX */ 198 { USB_DEVICE(0x041e, 0x3020), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 199 200 /* USB3503 */ 201 { USB_DEVICE(0x0424, 0x3503), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 202 203 /* Microsoft Wireless Laser Mouse 6000 Receiver */ 204 { USB_DEVICE(0x045e, 0x00e1), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 205 206 /* Microsoft LifeCam-VX700 v2.0 */ 207 { USB_DEVICE(0x045e, 0x0770), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 208 209 /* Logitech HD Pro Webcams C920, C920-C, C925e and C930e */ 210 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x082d), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 211 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x0841), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 212 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x0843), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 213 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x085b), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 214 215 /* Logitech ConferenceCam CC3000e */ 216 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x0847), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 217 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x0848), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 218 219 /* Logitech PTZ Pro Camera */ 220 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x0853), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 221 222 /* Logitech Quickcam Fusion */ 223 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x08c1), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 224 225 /* Logitech Quickcam Orbit MP */ 226 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x08c2), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 227 228 /* Logitech Quickcam Pro for Notebook */ 229 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x08c3), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 230 231 /* Logitech Quickcam Pro 5000 */ 232 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x08c5), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 233 234 /* Logitech Quickcam OEM Dell Notebook */ 235 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x08c6), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 236 237 /* Logitech Quickcam OEM Cisco VT Camera II */ 238 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0x08c7), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 239 240 /* Logitech Harmony 700-series */ 241 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0xc122), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 242 243 /* Philips PSC805 audio device */ 244 { USB_DEVICE(0x0471, 0x0155), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 245 246 /* Plantronic Audio 655 DSP */ 247 { USB_DEVICE(0x047f, 0xc008), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 248 249 /* Plantronic Audio 648 USB */ 250 { USB_DEVICE(0x047f, 0xc013), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 251 252 /* Artisman Watchdog Dongle */ 253 { USB_DEVICE(0x04b4, 0x0526), .driver_info = 254 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 255 256 /* Microchip Joss Optical infrared touchboard device */ 257 { USB_DEVICE(0x04d8, 0x000c), .driver_info = 258 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 259 260 /* CarrolTouch 4000U */ 261 { USB_DEVICE(0x04e7, 0x0009), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 262 263 /* CarrolTouch 4500U */ 264 { USB_DEVICE(0x04e7, 0x0030), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 265 266 /* Samsung Android phone modem - ID conflict with SPH-I500 */ 267 { USB_DEVICE(0x04e8, 0x6601), .driver_info = 268 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 269 270 /* Elan Touchscreen */ 271 { USB_DEVICE(0x04f3, 0x0089), .driver_info = 272 USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER }, 273 274 { USB_DEVICE(0x04f3, 0x009b), .driver_info = 275 USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER }, 276 277 { USB_DEVICE(0x04f3, 0x010c), .driver_info = 278 USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER }, 279 280 { USB_DEVICE(0x04f3, 0x0125), .driver_info = 281 USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER }, 282 283 { USB_DEVICE(0x04f3, 0x016f), .driver_info = 284 USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER }, 285 286 { USB_DEVICE(0x04f3, 0x0381), .driver_info = 287 USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM }, 288 289 { USB_DEVICE(0x04f3, 0x21b8), .driver_info = 290 USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER }, 291 292 /* Roland SC-8820 */ 293 { USB_DEVICE(0x0582, 0x0007), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 294 295 /* Edirol SD-20 */ 296 { USB_DEVICE(0x0582, 0x0027), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 297 298 /* Alcor Micro Corp. Hub */ 299 { USB_DEVICE(0x058f, 0x9254), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 300 301 /* appletouch */ 302 { USB_DEVICE(0x05ac, 0x021a), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 303 304 /* Genesys Logic hub, internally used by KY-688 USB 3.1 Type-C Hub */ 305 { USB_DEVICE(0x05e3, 0x0612), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM }, 306 307 /* ELSA MicroLink 56K */ 308 { USB_DEVICE(0x05cc, 0x2267), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 309 310 /* Genesys Logic hub, internally used by Moshi USB to Ethernet Adapter */ 311 { USB_DEVICE(0x05e3, 0x0616), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM }, 312 313 /* Avision AV600U */ 314 { USB_DEVICE(0x0638, 0x0a13), .driver_info = 315 USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255 }, 316 317 /* Saitek Cyborg Gold Joystick */ 318 { USB_DEVICE(0x06a3, 0x0006), .driver_info = 319 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 320 321 /* Guillemot Webcam Hercules Dualpix Exchange (2nd ID) */ 322 { USB_DEVICE(0x06f8, 0x0804), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 323 324 /* Guillemot Webcam Hercules Dualpix Exchange*/ 325 { USB_DEVICE(0x06f8, 0x3005), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 326 327 /* Midiman M-Audio Keystation 88es */ 328 { USB_DEVICE(0x0763, 0x0192), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 329 330 /* M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers */ 331 { USB_DEVICE(0x08ec, 0x1000), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 332 333 /* Baum Vario Ultra */ 334 { USB_DEVICE(0x0904, 0x6101), .driver_info = 335 USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_FRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL }, 336 { USB_DEVICE(0x0904, 0x6102), .driver_info = 337 USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_FRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL }, 338 { USB_DEVICE(0x0904, 0x6103), .driver_info = 339 USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_FRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL }, 340 341 /* Keytouch QWERTY Panel keyboard */ 342 { USB_DEVICE(0x0926, 0x3333), .driver_info = 343 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 344 345 /* X-Rite/Gretag-Macbeth Eye-One Pro display colorimeter */ 346 { USB_DEVICE(0x0971, 0x2000), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_NO_SET_INTF }, 347 348 /* Broadcom BCM92035DGROM BT dongle */ 349 { USB_DEVICE(0x0a5c, 0x2021), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 350 351 /* MAYA44USB sound device */ 352 { USB_DEVICE(0x0a92, 0x0091), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 353 354 /* ASUS Base Station(T100) */ 355 { USB_DEVICE(0x0b05, 0x17e0), .driver_info = 356 USB_QUIRK_IGNORE_REMOTE_WAKEUP }, 357 358 /* Action Semiconductor flash disk */ 359 { USB_DEVICE(0x10d6, 0x2200), .driver_info = 360 USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255 }, 361 362 /* Huawei 4G LTE module */ 363 { USB_DEVICE(0x12d1, 0x15bb), .driver_info = 364 USB_QUIRK_DISCONNECT_SUSPEND }, 365 { USB_DEVICE(0x12d1, 0x15c3), .driver_info = 366 USB_QUIRK_DISCONNECT_SUSPEND }, 367 368 /* SKYMEDI USB_DRIVE */ 369 { USB_DEVICE(0x1516, 0x8628), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 370 371 /* Razer - Razer Blade Keyboard */ 372 { USB_DEVICE(0x1532, 0x0116), .driver_info = 373 USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_UFRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL }, 374 375 /* BUILDWIN Photo Frame */ 376 { USB_DEVICE(0x1908, 0x1315), .driver_info = 377 USB_QUIRK_HONOR_BNUMINTERFACES }, 378 379 /* Protocol and OTG Electrical Test Device */ 380 { USB_DEVICE(0x1a0a, 0x0200), .driver_info = 381 USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_UFRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL }, 382 383 /* Corsair K70 RGB */ 384 { USB_DEVICE(0x1b1c, 0x1b13), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 385 386 /* Corsair Strafe */ 387 { USB_DEVICE(0x1b1c, 0x1b15), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT | 388 USB_QUIRK_DELAY_CTRL_MSG }, 389 390 /* Corsair Strafe RGB */ 391 { USB_DEVICE(0x1b1c, 0x1b20), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT | 392 USB_QUIRK_DELAY_CTRL_MSG }, 393 394 /* Corsair K70 LUX */ 395 { USB_DEVICE(0x1b1c, 0x1b36), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT }, 396 397 /* MIDI keyboard WORLDE MINI */ 398 { USB_DEVICE(0x1c75, 0x0204), .driver_info = 399 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 400 401 /* Acer C120 LED Projector */ 402 { USB_DEVICE(0x1de1, 0xc102), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM }, 403 404 /* Blackmagic Design Intensity Shuttle */ 405 { USB_DEVICE(0x1edb, 0xbd3b), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM }, 406 407 /* Blackmagic Design UltraStudio SDI */ 408 { USB_DEVICE(0x1edb, 0xbd4f), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM }, 409 410 /* Hauppauge HVR-950q */ 411 { USB_DEVICE(0x2040, 0x7200), .driver_info = 412 USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS }, 413 414 /* DJI CineSSD */ 415 { USB_DEVICE(0x2ca3, 0x0031), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM }, 416 417 /* INTEL VALUE SSD */ 418 { USB_DEVICE(0x8086, 0xf1a5), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 419 420 { } /* terminating entry must be last */ 421 }; 422 423 static const struct usb_device_id usb_interface_quirk_list[] = { 424 /* Logitech UVC Cameras */ 425 { USB_VENDOR_AND_INTERFACE_INFO(0x046d, USB_CLASS_VIDEO, 1, 0), 426 .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 427 428 { } /* terminating entry must be last */ 429 }; 430 431 static const struct usb_device_id usb_amd_resume_quirk_list[] = { 432 /* Lenovo Mouse with Pixart controller */ 433 { USB_DEVICE(0x17ef, 0x602e), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 434 435 /* Pixart Mouse */ 436 { USB_DEVICE(0x093a, 0x2500), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 437 { USB_DEVICE(0x093a, 0x2510), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 438 { USB_DEVICE(0x093a, 0x2521), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 439 { USB_DEVICE(0x03f0, 0x2b4a), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 440 441 /* Logitech Optical Mouse M90/M100 */ 442 { USB_DEVICE(0x046d, 0xc05a), .driver_info = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME }, 443 444 { } /* terminating entry must be last */ 445 }; 446 447 static bool usb_match_any_interface(struct usb_device *udev, 448 const struct usb_device_id *id) 449 { 450 unsigned int i; 451 452 for (i = 0; i < udev->descriptor.bNumConfigurations; ++i) { 453 struct usb_host_config *cfg = &udev->config[i]; 454 unsigned int j; 455 456 for (j = 0; j < cfg->desc.bNumInterfaces; ++j) { 457 struct usb_interface_cache *cache; 458 struct usb_host_interface *intf; 459 460 cache = cfg->intf_cache[j]; 461 if (cache->num_altsetting == 0) 462 continue; 463 464 intf = &cache->altsetting[0]; 465 if (usb_match_one_id_intf(udev, intf, id)) 466 return true; 467 } 468 } 469 470 return false; 471 } 472 473 static int usb_amd_resume_quirk(struct usb_device *udev) 474 { 475 struct usb_hcd *hcd; 476 477 hcd = bus_to_hcd(udev->bus); 478 /* The device should be attached directly to root hub */ 479 if (udev->level == 1 && hcd->amd_resume_bug == 1) 480 return 1; 481 482 return 0; 483 } 484 485 static u32 usb_detect_static_quirks(struct usb_device *udev, 486 const struct usb_device_id *id) 487 { 488 u32 quirks = 0; 489 490 for (; id->match_flags; id++) { 491 if (!usb_match_device(udev, id)) 492 continue; 493 494 if ((id->match_flags & USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO) && 495 !usb_match_any_interface(udev, id)) 496 continue; 497 498 quirks |= (u32)(id->driver_info); 499 } 500 501 return quirks; 502 } 503 504 static u32 usb_detect_dynamic_quirks(struct usb_device *udev) 505 { 506 u16 vid = le16_to_cpu(udev->descriptor.idVendor); 507 u16 pid = le16_to_cpu(udev->descriptor.idProduct); 508 int i, flags = 0; 509 510 mutex_lock(&quirk_mutex); 511 512 for (i = 0; i < quirk_count; i++) { 513 if (vid == quirk_list[i].vid && pid == quirk_list[i].pid) { 514 flags = quirk_list[i].flags; 515 break; 516 } 517 } 518 519 mutex_unlock(&quirk_mutex); 520 521 return flags; 522 } 523 524 /* 525 * Detect any quirks the device has, and do any housekeeping for it if needed. 526 */ 527 void usb_detect_quirks(struct usb_device *udev) 528 { 529 udev->quirks = usb_detect_static_quirks(udev, usb_quirk_list); 530 531 /* 532 * Pixart-based mice would trigger remote wakeup issue on AMD 533 * Yangtze chipset, so set them as RESET_RESUME flag. 534 */ 535 if (usb_amd_resume_quirk(udev)) 536 udev->quirks |= usb_detect_static_quirks(udev, 537 usb_amd_resume_quirk_list); 538 539 udev->quirks ^= usb_detect_dynamic_quirks(udev); 540 541 if (udev->quirks) 542 dev_dbg(&udev->dev, "USB quirks for this device: %x\n", 543 udev->quirks); 544 545 #ifdef CONFIG_USB_DEFAULT_PERSIST 546 if (!(udev->quirks & USB_QUIRK_RESET)) 547 udev->persist_enabled = 1; 548 #else 549 /* Hubs are automatically enabled for USB-PERSIST */ 550 if (udev->descriptor.bDeviceClass == USB_CLASS_HUB) 551 udev->persist_enabled = 1; 552 #endif /* CONFIG_USB_DEFAULT_PERSIST */ 553 } 554 555 void usb_detect_interface_quirks(struct usb_device *udev) 556 { 557 u32 quirks; 558 559 quirks = usb_detect_static_quirks(udev, usb_interface_quirk_list); 560 if (quirks == 0) 561 return; 562 563 dev_dbg(&udev->dev, "USB interface quirks for this device: %x\n", 564 quirks); 565 udev->quirks |= quirks; 566 } 567 568 void usb_release_quirk_list(void) 569 { 570 mutex_lock(&quirk_mutex); 571 kfree(quirk_list); 572 quirk_list = NULL; 573 mutex_unlock(&quirk_mutex); 574 } 575