1# Makefile for making ELF bootable images for booting on CHRP 2# using Open Firmware. 3# 4# Geert Uytterhoeven September 1997 5# 6# Based on coffboot by Paul Mackerras 7# Simplified for ppc64 by Todd Inglett 8# 9# NOTE: this code is built for 32 bit in ELF32 format even though 10# it packages a 64 bit kernel. We do this to simplify the 11# bootloader and increase compatibility with OpenFirmware. 12# 13# To this end we need to define BOOTCC, etc, as the tools 14# needed to build the 32 bit image. That's normally the same 15# compiler for the rest of the kernel, with the -m32 flag added. 16# To make it easier to setup a cross compiler, 17# CROSS32_COMPILE is setup as a prefix just like CROSS_COMPILE 18# in the toplevel makefile. 19 20all: $(obj)/zImage 21 22BOOTCFLAGS := -Wall -Wundef -Wstrict-prototypes -Wno-trigraphs \ 23 -fno-strict-aliasing -Os -msoft-float -pipe \ 24 -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-builtin -fPIC -nostdinc \ 25 -isystem $(shell $(CROSS32CC) -print-file-name=include) 26BOOTAFLAGS := -D__ASSEMBLY__ $(BOOTCFLAGS) -traditional -nostdinc 27 28ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO 29BOOTCFLAGS += -g 30endif 31 32ifeq ($(call cc-option-yn, -fstack-protector),y) 33BOOTCFLAGS += -fno-stack-protector 34endif 35 36BOOTCFLAGS += -I$(obj) -I$(srctree)/$(obj) 37 38DTS_FLAGS ?= -p 1024 39 40$(obj)/4xx.o: BOOTCFLAGS += -mcpu=405 41$(obj)/ebony.o: BOOTCFLAGS += -mcpu=405 42$(obj)/cuboot-hotfoot.o: BOOTCFLAGS += -mcpu=405 43$(obj)/cuboot-taishan.o: BOOTCFLAGS += -mcpu=405 44$(obj)/cuboot-katmai.o: BOOTCFLAGS += -mcpu=405 45$(obj)/cuboot-acadia.o: BOOTCFLAGS += -mcpu=405 46$(obj)/treeboot-walnut.o: BOOTCFLAGS += -mcpu=405 47$(obj)/virtex405-head.o: BOOTAFLAGS += -mcpu=405 48 49 50zlib := inffast.c inflate.c inftrees.c 51zlibheader := inffast.h inffixed.h inflate.h inftrees.h infutil.h 52zliblinuxheader := zlib.h zconf.h zutil.h 53 54$(addprefix $(obj)/,$(zlib) cuboot-c2k.o gunzip_util.o main.o prpmc2800.o): \ 55 $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(zliblinuxheader)) $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(zlibheader)) 56 57libfdt := fdt.c fdt_ro.c fdt_wip.c fdt_sw.c fdt_rw.c fdt_strerror.c 58libfdtheader := fdt.h libfdt.h libfdt_internal.h 59 60$(addprefix $(obj)/,$(libfdt) libfdt-wrapper.o simpleboot.o): \ 61 $(addprefix $(obj)/,$(libfdtheader)) 62 63src-wlib := string.S crt0.S crtsavres.S stdio.c main.c \ 64 $(libfdt) libfdt-wrapper.c \ 65 ns16550.c serial.c simple_alloc.c div64.S util.S \ 66 gunzip_util.c elf_util.c $(zlib) devtree.c oflib.c ofconsole.c \ 67 4xx.c ebony.c mv64x60.c mpsc.c mv64x60_i2c.c cuboot.c bamboo.c \ 68 cpm-serial.c stdlib.c mpc52xx-psc.c planetcore.c uartlite.c \ 69 fsl-soc.c mpc8xx.c pq2.c 70src-plat := of.c cuboot-52xx.c cuboot-824x.c cuboot-83xx.c cuboot-85xx.c holly.c \ 71 cuboot-ebony.c cuboot-hotfoot.c treeboot-ebony.c prpmc2800.c \ 72 ps3-head.S ps3-hvcall.S ps3.c treeboot-bamboo.c cuboot-8xx.c \ 73 cuboot-pq2.c cuboot-sequoia.c treeboot-walnut.c \ 74 cuboot-bamboo.c cuboot-mpc7448hpc2.c cuboot-taishan.c \ 75 fixed-head.S ep88xc.c ep405.c cuboot-c2k.c \ 76 cuboot-katmai.c cuboot-rainier.c redboot-8xx.c ep8248e.c \ 77 cuboot-warp.c cuboot-85xx-cpm2.c cuboot-yosemite.c simpleboot.c \ 78 virtex405-head.S virtex.c redboot-83xx.c cuboot-sam440ep.c \ 79 cuboot-acadia.c cuboot-amigaone.c cuboot-kilauea.c 80src-boot := $(src-wlib) $(src-plat) empty.c 81 82src-boot := $(addprefix $(obj)/, $(src-boot)) 83obj-boot := $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(src-boot))) 84obj-wlib := $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(addprefix $(obj)/, $(src-wlib)))) 85obj-plat := $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(addprefix $(obj)/, $(src-plat)))) 86 87quiet_cmd_copy_zlib = COPY $@ 88 cmd_copy_zlib = sed "s@__used@@;s@<linux/\([^>]*\).*@\"\1\"@" $< > $@ 89 90quiet_cmd_copy_zlibheader = COPY $@ 91 cmd_copy_zlibheader = sed "s@<linux/\([^>]*\).*@\"\1\"@" $< > $@ 92# stddef.h for NULL 93quiet_cmd_copy_zliblinuxheader = COPY $@ 94 cmd_copy_zliblinuxheader = sed "s@<linux/string.h>@\"string.h\"@;s@<linux/kernel.h>@<stddef.h>@;s@<linux/\([^>]*\).*@\"\1\"@" $< > $@ 95 96$(addprefix $(obj)/,$(zlib)): $(obj)/%: $(srctree)/lib/zlib_inflate/% 97 $(call cmd,copy_zlib) 98 99$(addprefix $(obj)/,$(zlibheader)): $(obj)/%: $(srctree)/lib/zlib_inflate/% 100 $(call cmd,copy_zlibheader) 101 102$(addprefix $(obj)/,$(zliblinuxheader)): $(obj)/%: $(srctree)/include/linux/% 103 $(call cmd,copy_zliblinuxheader) 104 105quiet_cmd_copy_libfdt = COPY $@ 106 cmd_copy_libfdt = cp $< $@ 107 108$(addprefix $(obj)/,$(libfdt) $(libfdtheader)): $(obj)/%: $(srctree)/scripts/dtc/libfdt/% 109 $(call cmd,copy_libfdt) 110 111$(obj)/empty.c: 112 @touch $@ 113 114$(obj)/zImage.lds $(obj)/zImage.coff.lds $(obj)/zImage.ps3.lds: $(obj)/%: $(srctree)/$(src)/%.S 115 @cp $< $@ 116 117clean-files := $(zlib) $(zlibheader) $(zliblinuxheader) \ 118 $(libfdt) $(libfdtheader) \ 119 empty.c zImage.coff.lds zImage.ps3.lds zImage.lds 120 121quiet_cmd_bootcc = BOOTCC $@ 122 cmd_bootcc = $(CROSS32CC) -Wp,-MD,$(depfile) $(BOOTCFLAGS) -c -o $@ $< 123 124quiet_cmd_bootas = BOOTAS $@ 125 cmd_bootas = $(CROSS32CC) -Wp,-MD,$(depfile) $(BOOTAFLAGS) -c -o $@ $< 126 127quiet_cmd_bootar = BOOTAR $@ 128 cmd_bootar = $(CROSS32AR) -cr $@.$$$$ $(filter-out FORCE,$^); mv $@.$$$$ $@ 129 130$(obj-libfdt): $(obj)/%.o: $(srctree)/scripts/dtc/libfdt/%.c FORCE 131 $(call if_changed_dep,bootcc) 132$(patsubst %.c,%.o, $(filter %.c, $(src-boot))): %.o: %.c FORCE 133 $(Q)mkdir -p $(dir $@) 134 $(call if_changed_dep,bootcc) 135$(patsubst %.S,%.o, $(filter %.S, $(src-boot))): %.o: %.S FORCE 136 $(Q)mkdir -p $(dir $@) 137 $(call if_changed_dep,bootas) 138 139$(obj)/wrapper.a: $(obj-wlib) FORCE 140 $(call if_changed,bootar) 141 142hostprogs-y := addnote addRamDisk hack-coff mktree 143 144targets += $(patsubst $(obj)/%,%,$(obj-boot) wrapper.a) 145extra-y := $(obj)/wrapper.a $(obj-plat) $(obj)/empty.o \ 146 $(obj)/zImage.lds $(obj)/zImage.coff.lds $(obj)/zImage.ps3.lds 147 148dtstree := $(srctree)/$(src)/dts 149 150wrapper :=$(srctree)/$(src)/wrapper 151wrapperbits := $(extra-y) $(addprefix $(obj)/,addnote hack-coff mktree) \ 152 $(wrapper) FORCE 153 154############# 155# Bits for building various flavours of zImage 156 157ifneq ($(CROSS32_COMPILE),) 158CROSSWRAP := -C "$(CROSS32_COMPILE)" 159else 160ifneq ($(CROSS_COMPILE),) 161CROSSWRAP := -C "$(CROSS_COMPILE)" 162endif 163endif 164 165# args (to if_changed): 1 = (this rule), 2 = platform, 3 = dts 4=dtb 5=initrd 166quiet_cmd_wrap = WRAP $@ 167 cmd_wrap =$(CONFIG_SHELL) $(wrapper) -c -o $@ -p $2 $(CROSSWRAP) \ 168 $(if $3, -s $3)$(if $4, -d $4)$(if $5, -i $5) vmlinux 169 170image-$(CONFIG_PPC_PSERIES) += zImage.pseries 171image-$(CONFIG_PPC_MAPLE) += zImage.pseries 172image-$(CONFIG_PPC_IBM_CELL_BLADE) += zImage.pseries 173image-$(CONFIG_PPC_PS3) += dtbImage.ps3 174image-$(CONFIG_PPC_CELLEB) += zImage.pseries 175image-$(CONFIG_PPC_CELL_QPACE) += zImage.pseries 176image-$(CONFIG_PPC_CHRP) += zImage.chrp 177image-$(CONFIG_PPC_EFIKA) += zImage.chrp 178image-$(CONFIG_PPC_PMAC) += zImage.pmac 179image-$(CONFIG_PPC_HOLLY) += dtbImage.holly 180image-$(CONFIG_PPC_PRPMC2800) += dtbImage.prpmc2800 181image-$(CONFIG_PPC_ISERIES) += zImage.iseries 182image-$(CONFIG_DEFAULT_UIMAGE) += uImage 183 184# 185# Targets which embed a device tree blob 186# 187# Theses are default targets to build images which embed device tree blobs. 188# They are only required on boards which do not have FDT support in firmware. 189# Boards with newish u-boot firmware can use the uImage target above 190# 191 192# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/40x/Kconfig 193image-$(CONFIG_EP405) += dtbImage.ep405 194image-$(CONFIG_HOTFOOT) += cuImage.hotfoot 195image-$(CONFIG_WALNUT) += treeImage.walnut 196image-$(CONFIG_ACADIA) += cuImage.acadia 197 198# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/44x/Kconfig 199image-$(CONFIG_EBONY) += treeImage.ebony cuImage.ebony 200image-$(CONFIG_BAMBOO) += treeImage.bamboo cuImage.bamboo 201image-$(CONFIG_SAM440EP) += cuImage.sam440ep 202image-$(CONFIG_SEQUOIA) += cuImage.sequoia 203image-$(CONFIG_RAINIER) += cuImage.rainier 204image-$(CONFIG_TAISHAN) += cuImage.taishan 205image-$(CONFIG_KATMAI) += cuImage.katmai 206image-$(CONFIG_WARP) += cuImage.warp 207image-$(CONFIG_YOSEMITE) += cuImage.yosemite 208 209# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/8xx/Kconfig 210image-$(CONFIG_MPC86XADS) += cuImage.mpc866ads 211image-$(CONFIG_MPC885ADS) += cuImage.mpc885ads 212image-$(CONFIG_PPC_EP88XC) += dtbImage.ep88xc 213image-$(CONFIG_PPC_ADDER875) += cuImage.adder875-uboot \ 214 dtbImage.adder875-redboot 215 216# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/52xx/Kconfig 217image-$(CONFIG_PPC_LITE5200) += cuImage.lite5200 lite5200.dtb 218image-$(CONFIG_PPC_LITE5200) += cuImage.lite5200b lite5200b.dtb 219image-$(CONFIG_PPC_MEDIA5200) += cuImage.media5200 media5200.dtb 220 221# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/82xx/Kconfig 222image-$(CONFIG_MPC8272_ADS) += cuImage.mpc8272ads 223image-$(CONFIG_PQ2FADS) += cuImage.pq2fads 224image-$(CONFIG_EP8248E) += dtbImage.ep8248e 225 226# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/83xx/Kconfig 227image-$(CONFIG_MPC832x_MDS) += cuImage.mpc832x_mds 228image-$(CONFIG_MPC832x_RDB) += cuImage.mpc832x_rdb 229image-$(CONFIG_MPC834x_ITX) += cuImage.mpc8349emitx \ 230 cuImage.mpc8349emitxgp 231image-$(CONFIG_MPC834x_MDS) += cuImage.mpc834x_mds 232image-$(CONFIG_MPC836x_MDS) += cuImage.mpc836x_mds 233image-$(CONFIG_ASP834x) += dtbImage.asp834x-redboot 234 235# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/85xx/Kconfig 236image-$(CONFIG_MPC8540_ADS) += cuImage.mpc8540ads 237image-$(CONFIG_MPC8560_ADS) += cuImage.mpc8560ads 238image-$(CONFIG_MPC85xx_CDS) += cuImage.mpc8541cds \ 239 cuImage.mpc8548cds \ 240 cuImage.mpc8555cds 241image-$(CONFIG_MPC85xx_MDS) += cuImage.mpc8568mds 242image-$(CONFIG_MPC85xx_DS) += cuImage.mpc8544ds \ 243 cuImage.mpc8572ds 244image-$(CONFIG_TQM8540) += cuImage.tqm8540 245image-$(CONFIG_TQM8541) += cuImage.tqm8541 246image-$(CONFIG_TQM8548) += cuImage.tqm8548 247image-$(CONFIG_TQM8555) += cuImage.tqm8555 248image-$(CONFIG_TQM8560) += cuImage.tqm8560 249image-$(CONFIG_SBC8548) += cuImage.sbc8548 250image-$(CONFIG_SBC8560) += cuImage.sbc8560 251image-$(CONFIG_KSI8560) += cuImage.ksi8560 252 253# Board ports in arch/powerpc/platform/embedded6xx/Kconfig 254image-$(CONFIG_STORCENTER) += cuImage.storcenter 255image-$(CONFIG_MPC7448HPC2) += cuImage.mpc7448hpc2 256image-$(CONFIG_PPC_C2K) += cuImage.c2k 257 258# Board port in arch/powerpc/platform/amigaone/Kconfig 259image-$(CONFIG_AMIGAONE) += cuImage.amigaone 260 261# For 32-bit powermacs, build the COFF and miboot images 262# as well as the ELF images. 263ifeq ($(CONFIG_PPC32),y) 264image-$(CONFIG_PPC_PMAC) += zImage.coff zImage.miboot 265endif 266 267# Allow extra targets to be added to the defconfig 268image-y += $(subst ",,$(CONFIG_EXTRA_TARGETS)) 269 270initrd- := $(patsubst zImage%, zImage.initrd%, $(image-n) $(image-)) 271initrd-y := $(patsubst zImage%, zImage.initrd%, \ 272 $(patsubst dtbImage%, dtbImage.initrd%, \ 273 $(patsubst simpleImage%, simpleImage.initrd%, \ 274 $(patsubst treeImage%, treeImage.initrd%, $(image-y))))) 275initrd-y := $(filter-out $(image-y), $(initrd-y)) 276targets += $(image-y) $(initrd-y) 277 278$(addprefix $(obj)/, $(initrd-y)): $(obj)/ramdisk.image.gz 279 280# Don't put the ramdisk on the pattern rule; when its missing make will try 281# the pattern rule with less dependencies that also matches (even with the 282# hard dependency listed). 283$(obj)/zImage.initrd.%: vmlinux $(wrapperbits) 284 $(call if_changed,wrap,$*,,,$(obj)/ramdisk.image.gz) 285 286$(obj)/zImage.%: vmlinux $(wrapperbits) 287 $(call if_changed,wrap,$*) 288 289# dtbImage% - a dtbImage is a zImage with an embedded device tree blob 290$(obj)/dtbImage.initrd.%: vmlinux $(wrapperbits) $(obj)/%.dtb 291 $(call if_changed,wrap,$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb,$(obj)/ramdisk.image.gz) 292 293$(obj)/dtbImage.%: vmlinux $(wrapperbits) $(obj)/%.dtb 294 $(call if_changed,wrap,$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb) 295 296# This cannot be in the root of $(src) as the zImage rule always adds a $(obj) 297# prefix 298$(obj)/vmlinux.strip: vmlinux 299 $(STRIP) -s -R .comment $< -o $@ 300 301# The iseries hypervisor won't take an ET_DYN executable, so this 302# changes the type (byte 17) in the file to ET_EXEC (2). 303$(obj)/zImage.iseries: vmlinux 304 $(STRIP) -s -R .comment $< -o $@ 305 printf "\x02" | dd of=$@ conv=notrunc bs=1 seek=17 306 307$(obj)/uImage: vmlinux $(wrapperbits) 308 $(call if_changed,wrap,uboot) 309 310$(obj)/cuImage.initrd.%: vmlinux $(obj)/%.dtb $(wrapperbits) 311 $(call if_changed,wrap,cuboot-$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb,$(obj)/ramdisk.image.gz) 312 313$(obj)/cuImage.%: vmlinux $(obj)/%.dtb $(wrapperbits) 314 $(call if_changed,wrap,cuboot-$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb) 315 316$(obj)/simpleImage.initrd.%: vmlinux $(obj)/%.dtb $(wrapperbits) 317 $(call if_changed,wrap,simpleboot-$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb,$(obj)/ramdisk.image.gz) 318 319$(obj)/simpleImage.%: vmlinux $(obj)/%.dtb $(wrapperbits) 320 $(call if_changed,wrap,simpleboot-$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb) 321 322$(obj)/treeImage.initrd.%: vmlinux $(obj)/%.dtb $(wrapperbits) 323 $(call if_changed,wrap,treeboot-$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb,$(obj)/ramdisk.image.gz) 324 325$(obj)/treeImage.%: vmlinux $(obj)/%.dtb $(wrapperbits) 326 $(call if_changed,wrap,treeboot-$*,,$(obj)/$*.dtb) 327 328# Rule to build device tree blobs 329DTC = $(objtree)/scripts/dtc/dtc 330 331$(obj)/%.dtb: $(dtstree)/%.dts 332 $(DTC) -O dtb -o $(obj)/$*.dtb -b 0 $(DTS_FLAGS) $(dtstree)/$*.dts 333 334# If there isn't a platform selected then just strip the vmlinux. 335ifeq (,$(image-y)) 336image-y := vmlinux.strip 337endif 338 339$(obj)/zImage: $(addprefix $(obj)/, $(image-y)) 340 @rm -f $@; ln $< $@ 341$(obj)/zImage.initrd: $(addprefix $(obj)/, $(initrd-y)) 342 @rm -f $@; ln $< $@ 343 344install: $(CONFIGURE) $(addprefix $(obj)/, $(image-y)) 345 sh -x $(srctree)/$(src)/install.sh "$(KERNELRELEASE)" vmlinux System.map "$(INSTALL_PATH)" $^ 346 347# anything not in $(targets) 348clean-files += $(image-) $(initrd-) cuImage.* dtbImage.* treeImage.* \ 349 zImage zImage.initrd zImage.chrp zImage.coff zImage.holly \ 350 zImage.iseries zImage.miboot zImage.pmac zImage.pseries \ 351 simpleImage.* otheros.bld *.dtb 352 353# clean up files cached by wrapper 354clean-kernel := vmlinux.strip vmlinux.bin 355clean-kernel += $(addsuffix .gz,$(clean-kernel)) 356# If not absolute clean-files are relative to $(obj). 357clean-files += $(addprefix $(objtree)/, $(clean-kernel)) 358 359WRAPPER_OBJDIR := /usr/lib/kernel-wrapper 360WRAPPER_DTSDIR := /usr/lib/kernel-wrapper/dts 361WRAPPER_BINDIR := /usr/sbin 362INSTALL := install 363 364extra-installed := $(patsubst $(obj)/%, $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_OBJDIR)/%, $(extra-y)) 365hostprogs-installed := $(patsubst %, $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)/%, $(hostprogs-y)) 366wrapper-installed := $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)/wrapper 367dts-installed := $(patsubst $(obj)/dts/%, $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_DTSDIR)/%, $(wildcard $(obj)/dts/*.dts)) 368 369all-installed := $(extra-installed) $(hostprogs-installed) $(wrapper-installed) $(dts-installed) 370 371quiet_cmd_mkdir = MKDIR $(patsubst $(INSTALL_HDR_PATH)/%,%,$@) 372 cmd_mkdir = mkdir -p $@ 373 374quiet_cmd_install = INSTALL $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_OBJDIR)/%,%,$@) 375 cmd_install = $(INSTALL) -m0644 $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_OBJDIR)/%,$(obj)/%,$@) $@ 376 377quiet_cmd_install_dts = INSTALL $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_DTSDIR)/%,dts/%,$@) 378 cmd_install_dts = $(INSTALL) -m0644 $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_DTSDIR)/%,$(srctree)/$(obj)/dts/%,$@) $@ 379 380quiet_cmd_install_exe = INSTALL $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)/%,%,$@) 381 cmd_install_exe = $(INSTALL) -m0755 $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)/%,$(obj)/%,$@) $@ 382 383quiet_cmd_install_wrapper = INSTALL $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)/%,%,$@) 384 cmd_install_wrapper = $(INSTALL) -m0755 $(patsubst $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)/%,$(srctree)/$(obj)/%,$@) $@ ;\ 385 sed -i $@ -e 's%^object=.*%object=$(WRAPPER_OBJDIR)%' \ 386 -e 's%^objbin=.*%objbin=$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)%' \ 387 388 389$(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_OBJDIR) $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_DTSDIR) $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR): 390 $(call cmd,mkdir) 391 392$(extra-installed) : $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_OBJDIR)/% : $(obj)/% | $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_OBJDIR) 393 $(call cmd,install) 394 395$(hostprogs-installed) : $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR)/% : $(obj)/% | $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR) 396 $(call cmd,install_exe) 397 398$(dts-installed) : $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_DTSDIR)/% : $(srctree)/$(obj)/dts/% | $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_DTSDIR) 399 $(call cmd,install_dts) 400 401$(wrapper-installed): $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR) $(srctree)/$(obj)/wrapper | $(DESTDIR)$(WRAPPER_BINDIR) 402 $(call cmd,install_wrapper) 403 404$(obj)/bootwrapper_install: $(all-installed) 405 406