1====================================== 2Coresight - HW Assisted Tracing on ARM 3====================================== 4 5 :Author: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org> 6 :Date: September 11th, 2014 7 8Introduction 9------------ 10 11Coresight is an umbrella of technologies allowing for the debugging of ARM 12based SoC. It includes solutions for JTAG and HW assisted tracing. This 13document is concerned with the latter. 14 15HW assisted tracing is becoming increasingly useful when dealing with systems 16that have many SoCs and other components like GPU and DMA engines. ARM has 17developed a HW assisted tracing solution by means of different components, each 18being added to a design at synthesis time to cater to specific tracing needs. 19Components are generally categorised as source, link and sinks and are 20(usually) discovered using the AMBA bus. 21 22"Sources" generate a compressed stream representing the processor instruction 23path based on tracing scenarios as configured by users. From there the stream 24flows through the coresight system (via ATB bus) using links that are connecting 25the emanating source to a sink(s). Sinks serve as endpoints to the coresight 26implementation, either storing the compressed stream in a memory buffer or 27creating an interface to the outside world where data can be transferred to a 28host without fear of filling up the onboard coresight memory buffer. 29 30At typical coresight system would look like this:: 31 32 ***************************************************************** 33 **************************** AMBA AXI ****************************===|| 34 ***************************************************************** || 35 ^ ^ | || 36 | | * ** 37 0000000 ::::: 0000000 ::::: ::::: @@@@@@@ |||||||||||| 38 0 CPU 0<-->: C : 0 CPU 0<-->: C : : C : @ STM @ || System || 39 |->0000000 : T : |->0000000 : T : : T :<--->@@@@@ || Memory || 40 | #######<-->: I : | #######<-->: I : : I : @@@<-| |||||||||||| 41 | # ETM # ::::: | # PTM # ::::: ::::: @ | 42 | ##### ^ ^ | ##### ^ ! ^ ! . | ||||||||| 43 | |->### | ! | |->### | ! | ! . | || DAP || 44 | | # | ! | | # | ! | ! . | ||||||||| 45 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | | 46 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | * 47 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | SWD/ 48 | | . | ! | | . | ! | ! . | | JTAG 49 *****************************************************************<-| 50 *************************** AMBA Debug APB ************************ 51 ***************************************************************** 52 | . ! . ! ! . | 53 | . * . * * . | 54 ***************************************************************** 55 ******************** Cross Trigger Matrix (CTM) ******************* 56 ***************************************************************** 57 | . ^ . . | 58 | * ! * * | 59 ***************************************************************** 60 ****************** AMBA Advanced Trace Bus (ATB) ****************** 61 ***************************************************************** 62 | ! =============== | 63 | * ===== F =====<---------| 64 | ::::::::: ==== U ==== 65 |-->:: CTI ::<!! === N === 66 | ::::::::: ! == N == 67 | ^ * == E == 68 | ! &&&&&&&&& IIIIIII == L == 69 |------>&& ETB &&<......II I ======= 70 | ! &&&&&&&&& II I . 71 | ! I I . 72 | ! I REP I<.......... 73 | ! I I 74 | !!>&&&&&&&&& II I *Source: ARM ltd. 75 |------>& TPIU &<......II I DAP = Debug Access Port 76 &&&&&&&&& IIIIIII ETM = Embedded Trace Macrocell 77 ; PTM = Program Trace Macrocell 78 ; CTI = Cross Trigger Interface 79 * ETB = Embedded Trace Buffer 80 To trace port TPIU= Trace Port Interface Unit 81 SWD = Serial Wire Debug 82 83While on target configuration of the components is done via the APB bus, 84all trace data are carried out-of-band on the ATB bus. The CTM provides 85a way to aggregate and distribute signals between CoreSight components. 86 87The coresight framework provides a central point to represent, configure and 88manage coresight devices on a platform. This first implementation centers on 89the basic tracing functionality, enabling components such ETM/PTM, funnel, 90replicator, TMC, TPIU and ETB. Future work will enable more 91intricate IP blocks such as STM and CTI. 92 93 94Acronyms and Classification 95--------------------------- 96 97Acronyms: 98 99PTM: 100 Program Trace Macrocell 101ETM: 102 Embedded Trace Macrocell 103STM: 104 System trace Macrocell 105ETB: 106 Embedded Trace Buffer 107ITM: 108 Instrumentation Trace Macrocell 109TPIU: 110 Trace Port Interface Unit 111TMC-ETR: 112 Trace Memory Controller, configured as Embedded Trace Router 113TMC-ETF: 114 Trace Memory Controller, configured as Embedded Trace FIFO 115CTI: 116 Cross Trigger Interface 117 118Classification: 119 120Source: 121 ETMv3.x ETMv4, PTMv1.0, PTMv1.1, STM, STM500, ITM 122Link: 123 Funnel, replicator (intelligent or not), TMC-ETR 124Sinks: 125 ETBv1.0, ETB1.1, TPIU, TMC-ETF 126Misc: 127 CTI 128 129 130Device Tree Bindings 131-------------------- 132 133See ``Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/arm,coresight-*.yaml`` for details. 134 135As of this writing drivers for ITM, STMs and CTIs are not provided but are 136expected to be added as the solution matures. 137 138 139Framework and implementation 140---------------------------- 141 142The coresight framework provides a central point to represent, configure and 143manage coresight devices on a platform. Any coresight compliant device can 144register with the framework for as long as they use the right APIs: 145 146.. c:function:: struct coresight_device *coresight_register(struct coresight_desc *desc); 147.. c:function:: void coresight_unregister(struct coresight_device *csdev); 148 149The registering function is taking a ``struct coresight_desc *desc`` and 150register the device with the core framework. The unregister function takes 151a reference to a ``struct coresight_device *csdev`` obtained at registration time. 152 153If everything goes well during the registration process the new devices will 154show up under /sys/bus/coresight/devices, as showns here for a TC2 platform:: 155 156 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/ 157 replicator 20030000.tpiu 2201c000.ptm 2203c000.etm 2203e000.etm 158 20010000.etb 20040000.funnel 2201d000.ptm 2203d000.etm 159 root:~# 160 161The functions take a ``struct coresight_device``, which looks like this:: 162 163 struct coresight_desc { 164 enum coresight_dev_type type; 165 struct coresight_dev_subtype subtype; 166 const struct coresight_ops *ops; 167 struct coresight_platform_data *pdata; 168 struct device *dev; 169 const struct attribute_group **groups; 170 }; 171 172 173The "coresight_dev_type" identifies what the device is, i.e, source link or 174sink while the "coresight_dev_subtype" will characterise that type further. 175 176The ``struct coresight_ops`` is mandatory and will tell the framework how to 177perform base operations related to the components, each component having 178a different set of requirement. For that ``struct coresight_ops_sink``, 179``struct coresight_ops_link`` and ``struct coresight_ops_source`` have been 180provided. 181 182The next field ``struct coresight_platform_data *pdata`` is acquired by calling 183``of_get_coresight_platform_data()``, as part of the driver's _probe routine and 184``struct device *dev`` gets the device reference embedded in the ``amba_device``:: 185 186 static int etm_probe(struct amba_device *adev, const struct amba_id *id) 187 { 188 ... 189 ... 190 drvdata->dev = &adev->dev; 191 ... 192 } 193 194Specific class of device (source, link, or sink) have generic operations 195that can be performed on them (see ``struct coresight_ops``). The ``**groups`` 196is a list of sysfs entries pertaining to operations 197specific to that component only. "Implementation defined" customisations are 198expected to be accessed and controlled using those entries. 199 200Device Naming scheme 201-------------------- 202 203The devices that appear on the "coresight" bus were named the same as their 204parent devices, i.e, the real devices that appears on AMBA bus or the platform bus. 205Thus the names were based on the Linux Open Firmware layer naming convention, 206which follows the base physical address of the device followed by the device 207type. e.g:: 208 209 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/ 210 20010000.etf 20040000.funnel 20100000.stm 22040000.etm 211 22140000.etm 230c0000.funnel 23240000.etm 20030000.tpiu 212 20070000.etr 20120000.replicator 220c0000.funnel 213 23040000.etm 23140000.etm 23340000.etm 214 215However, with the introduction of ACPI support, the names of the real 216devices are a bit cryptic and non-obvious. Thus, a new naming scheme was 217introduced to use more generic names based on the type of the device. The 218following rules apply:: 219 220 1) Devices that are bound to CPUs, are named based on the CPU logical 221 number. 222 223 e.g, ETM bound to CPU0 is named "etm0" 224 225 2) All other devices follow a pattern, "<device_type_prefix>N", where : 226 227 <device_type_prefix> - A prefix specific to the type of the device 228 N - a sequential number assigned based on the order 229 of probing. 230 231 e.g, tmc_etf0, tmc_etr0, funnel0, funnel1 232 233Thus, with the new scheme the devices could appear as :: 234 235 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/ 236 etm0 etm1 etm2 etm3 etm4 etm5 funnel0 237 funnel1 funnel2 replicator0 stm0 tmc_etf0 tmc_etr0 tpiu0 238 239Some of the examples below might refer to old naming scheme and some 240to the newer scheme, to give a confirmation that what you see on your 241system is not unexpected. One must use the "names" as they appear on 242the system under specified locations. 243 244Topology Representation 245----------------------- 246 247Each CoreSight component has a ``connections`` directory which will contain 248links to other CoreSight components. This allows the user to explore the trace 249topology and for larger systems, determine the most appropriate sink for a 250given source. The connection information can also be used to establish 251which CTI devices are connected to a given component. This directory contains a 252``nr_links`` attribute detailing the number of links in the directory. 253 254For an ETM source, in this case ``etm0`` on a Juno platform, a typical 255arrangement will be:: 256 257 linaro-developer:~# ls - l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/etm0/connections 258 <file details> cti_cpu0 -> ../../../23020000.cti/cti_cpu0 259 <file details> nr_links 260 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../230c0000.funnel/funnel2 261 262Following the out port to ``funnel2``:: 263 264 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/funnel2/connections 265 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../23040000.etm/etm0 266 <file details> in:1 -> ../../../23140000.etm/etm3 267 <file details> in:2 -> ../../../23240000.etm/etm4 268 <file details> in:3 -> ../../../23340000.etm/etm5 269 <file details> nr_links 270 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20040000.funnel/funnel0 271 272And again to ``funnel0``:: 273 274 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/funnel0/connections 275 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../220c0000.funnel/funnel1 276 <file details> in:1 -> ../../../230c0000.funnel/funnel2 277 <file details> nr_links 278 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20010000.etf/tmc_etf0 279 280Finding the first sink ``tmc_etf0``. This can be used to collect data 281as a sink, or as a link to propagate further along the chain:: 282 283 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/tmc_etf0/connections 284 <file details> cti_sys0 -> ../../../20020000.cti/cti_sys0 285 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20040000.funnel/funnel0 286 <file details> nr_links 287 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20150000.funnel/funnel4 288 289via ``funnel4``:: 290 291 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/funnel4/connections 292 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20010000.etf/tmc_etf0 293 <file details> in:1 -> ../../../20140000.etf/tmc_etf1 294 <file details> nr_links 295 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20120000.replicator/replicator0 296 297and a ``replicator0``:: 298 299 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/replicator0/connections 300 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20150000.funnel/funnel4 301 <file details> nr_links 302 <file details> out:0 -> ../../../20030000.tpiu/tpiu0 303 <file details> out:1 -> ../../../20070000.etr/tmc_etr0 304 305Arriving at the final sink in the chain, ``tmc_etr0``:: 306 307 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/tmc_etr0/connections 308 <file details> cti_sys0 -> ../../../20020000.cti/cti_sys0 309 <file details> in:0 -> ../../../20120000.replicator/replicator0 310 <file details> nr_links 311 312As described below, when using sysfs it is sufficient to enable a sink and 313a source for successful trace. The framework will correctly enable all 314intermediate links as required. 315 316Note: ``cti_sys0`` appears in two of the connections lists above. 317CTIs can connect to multiple devices and are arranged in a star topology 318via the CTM. See (Documentation/trace/coresight/coresight-ect.rst) 319[#fourth]_ for further details. 320Looking at this device we see 4 connections:: 321 322 linaro-developer:~# ls -l /sys/bus/coresight/devices/cti_sys0/connections 323 <file details> nr_links 324 <file details> stm0 -> ../../../20100000.stm/stm0 325 <file details> tmc_etf0 -> ../../../20010000.etf/tmc_etf0 326 <file details> tmc_etr0 -> ../../../20070000.etr/tmc_etr0 327 <file details> tpiu0 -> ../../../20030000.tpiu/tpiu0 328 329 330How to use the tracer modules 331----------------------------- 332 333There are two ways to use the Coresight framework: 334 3351. using the perf cmd line tools. 3362. interacting directly with the Coresight devices using the sysFS interface. 337 338Preference is given to the former as using the sysFS interface 339requires a deep understanding of the Coresight HW. The following sections 340provide details on using both methods. 341 342Using the sysFS interface 343~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 344 345Before trace collection can start, a coresight sink needs to be identified. 346There is no limit on the amount of sinks (nor sources) that can be enabled at 347any given moment. As a generic operation, all device pertaining to the sink 348class will have an "active" entry in sysfs:: 349 350 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# ls 351 replicator 20030000.tpiu 2201c000.ptm 2203c000.etm 2203e000.etm 352 20010000.etb 20040000.funnel 2201d000.ptm 2203d000.etm 353 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# ls 20010000.etb 354 enable_sink status trigger_cntr 355 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# echo 1 > 20010000.etb/enable_sink 356 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# cat 20010000.etb/enable_sink 357 1 358 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# 359 360At boot time the current etm3x driver will configure the first address 361comparator with "_stext" and "_etext", essentially tracing any instruction 362that falls within that range. As such "enabling" a source will immediately 363trigger a trace capture:: 364 365 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# echo 1 > 2201c000.ptm/enable_source 366 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# cat 2201c000.ptm/enable_source 367 1 368 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# cat 20010000.etb/status 369 Depth: 0x2000 370 Status: 0x1 371 RAM read ptr: 0x0 372 RAM wrt ptr: 0x19d3 <----- The write pointer is moving 373 Trigger cnt: 0x0 374 Control: 0x1 375 Flush status: 0x0 376 Flush ctrl: 0x2001 377 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# 378 379Trace collection is stopped the same way:: 380 381 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# echo 0 > 2201c000.ptm/enable_source 382 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# 383 384The content of the ETB buffer can be harvested directly from /dev:: 385 386 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# dd if=/dev/20010000.etb \ 387 of=~/cstrace.bin 388 64+0 records in 389 64+0 records out 390 32768 bytes (33 kB) copied, 0.00125258 s, 26.2 MB/s 391 root:/sys/bus/coresight/devices# 392 393The file cstrace.bin can be decompressed using "ptm2human", DS-5 or Trace32. 394 395Following is a DS-5 output of an experimental loop that increments a variable up 396to a certain value. The example is simple and yet provides a glimpse of the 397wealth of possibilities that coresight provides. 398:: 399 400 Info Tracing enabled 401 Instruction 106378866 0x8026B53C E52DE004 false PUSH {lr} 402 Instruction 0 0x8026B540 E24DD00C false SUB sp,sp,#0xc 403 Instruction 0 0x8026B544 E3A03000 false MOV r3,#0 404 Instruction 0 0x8026B548 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4] 405 Instruction 0 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4] 406 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4 407 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1 408 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4] 409 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c 410 Timestamp Timestamp: 17106715833 411 Instruction 319 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4] 412 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4 413 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1 414 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4] 415 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c 416 Instruction 9 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4] 417 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4 418 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1 419 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4] 420 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c 421 Instruction 7 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4] 422 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4 423 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1 424 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4] 425 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c 426 Instruction 7 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4] 427 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4 428 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1 429 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4] 430 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c 431 Instruction 10 0x8026B54C E59D3004 false LDR r3,[sp,#4] 432 Instruction 0 0x8026B550 E3530004 false CMP r3,#4 433 Instruction 0 0x8026B554 E2833001 false ADD r3,r3,#1 434 Instruction 0 0x8026B558 E58D3004 false STR r3,[sp,#4] 435 Instruction 0 0x8026B55C DAFFFFFA true BLE {pc}-0x10 ; 0x8026b54c 436 Instruction 6 0x8026B560 EE1D3F30 false MRC p15,#0x0,r3,c13,c0,#1 437 Instruction 0 0x8026B564 E1A0100D false MOV r1,sp 438 Instruction 0 0x8026B568 E3C12D7F false BIC r2,r1,#0x1fc0 439 Instruction 0 0x8026B56C E3C2203F false BIC r2,r2,#0x3f 440 Instruction 0 0x8026B570 E59D1004 false LDR r1,[sp,#4] 441 Instruction 0 0x8026B574 E59F0010 false LDR r0,[pc,#16] ; [0x8026B58C] = 0x80550368 442 Instruction 0 0x8026B578 E592200C false LDR r2,[r2,#0xc] 443 Instruction 0 0x8026B57C E59221D0 false LDR r2,[r2,#0x1d0] 444 Instruction 0 0x8026B580 EB07A4CF true BL {pc}+0x1e9344 ; 0x804548c4 445 Info Tracing enabled 446 Instruction 13570831 0x8026B584 E28DD00C false ADD sp,sp,#0xc 447 Instruction 0 0x8026B588 E8BD8000 true LDM sp!,{pc} 448 Timestamp Timestamp: 17107041535 449 450Using perf framework 451~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 452 453Coresight tracers are represented using the Perf framework's Performance 454Monitoring Unit (PMU) abstraction. As such the perf framework takes charge of 455controlling when tracing gets enabled based on when the process of interest is 456scheduled. When configured in a system, Coresight PMUs will be listed when 457queried by the perf command line tool: 458 459 linaro@linaro-nano:~$ ./perf list pmu 460 461 List of pre-defined events (to be used in -e): 462 463 cs_etm// [Kernel PMU event] 464 465 linaro@linaro-nano:~$ 466 467Regardless of the number of tracers available in a system (usually equal to the 468amount of processor cores), the "cs_etm" PMU will be listed only once. 469 470A Coresight PMU works the same way as any other PMU, i.e the name of the PMU is 471listed along with configuration options within forward slashes '/'. Since a 472Coresight system will typically have more than one sink, the name of the sink to 473work with needs to be specified as an event option. 474On newer kernels the available sinks are listed in sysFS under 475($SYSFS)/bus/event_source/devices/cs_etm/sinks/:: 476 477 root@localhost:/sys/bus/event_source/devices/cs_etm/sinks# ls 478 tmc_etf0 tmc_etr0 tpiu0 479 480On older kernels, this may need to be found from the list of coresight devices, 481available under ($SYSFS)/bus/coresight/devices/:: 482 483 root:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/ 484 etm0 etm1 etm2 etm3 etm4 etm5 funnel0 485 funnel1 funnel2 replicator0 stm0 tmc_etf0 tmc_etr0 tpiu0 486 root@linaro-nano:~# perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --per-thread program 487 488As mentioned above in section "Device Naming scheme", the names of the devices could 489look different from what is used in the example above. One must use the device names 490as it appears under the sysFS. 491 492The syntax within the forward slashes '/' is important. The '@' character 493tells the parser that a sink is about to be specified and that this is the sink 494to use for the trace session. 495 496More information on the above and other example on how to use Coresight with 497the perf tools can be found in the "HOWTO.md" file of the openCSD gitHub 498repository [#third]_. 499 500Advanced perf framework usage 501----------------------------- 502 503AutoFDO analysis using the perf tools 504~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 505 506perf can be used to record and analyze trace of programs. 507 508Execution can be recorded using 'perf record' with the cs_etm event, 509specifying the name of the sink to record to, e.g:: 510 511 perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --per-thread 512 513The 'perf report' and 'perf script' commands can be used to analyze execution, 514synthesizing instruction and branch events from the instruction trace. 515'perf inject' can be used to replace the trace data with the synthesized events. 516The --itrace option controls the type and frequency of synthesized events 517(see perf documentation). 518 519Note that only 64-bit programs are currently supported - further work is 520required to support instruction decode of 32-bit Arm programs. 521 522Tracing PID 523~~~~~~~~~~~ 524 525The kernel can be built to write the PID value into the PE ContextID registers. 526For a kernel running at EL1, the PID is stored in CONTEXTIDR_EL1. A PE may 527implement Arm Virtualization Host Extensions (VHE), which the kernel can 528run at EL2 as a virtualisation host; in this case, the PID value is stored in 529CONTEXTIDR_EL2. 530 531perf provides PMU formats that program the ETM to insert these values into the 532trace data; the PMU formats are defined as below: 533 534 "contextid1": Available on both EL1 kernel and EL2 kernel. When the 535 kernel is running at EL1, "contextid1" enables the PID 536 tracing; when the kernel is running at EL2, this enables 537 tracing the PID of guest applications. 538 539 "contextid2": Only usable when the kernel is running at EL2. When 540 selected, enables PID tracing on EL2 kernel. 541 542 "contextid": Will be an alias for the option that enables PID 543 tracing. I.e, 544 contextid == contextid1, on EL1 kernel. 545 contextid == contextid2, on EL2 kernel. 546 547perf will always enable PID tracing at the relevant EL, this is accomplished by 548automatically enable the "contextid" config - but for EL2 it is possible to make 549specific adjustments using configs "contextid1" and "contextid2", E.g. if a user 550wants to trace PIDs for both host and guest, the two configs "contextid1" and 551"contextid2" can be set at the same time: 552 553 perf record -e cs_etm/contextid1,contextid2/u -- vm 554 555 556Generating coverage files for Feedback Directed Optimization: AutoFDO 557~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 558 559'perf inject' accepts the --itrace option in which case tracing data is 560removed and replaced with the synthesized events. e.g. 561:: 562 563 perf inject --itrace --strip -i perf.data -o perf.data.new 564 565Below is an example of using ARM ETM for autoFDO. It requires autofdo 566(https://github.com/google/autofdo) and gcc version 5. The bubble 567sort example is from the AutoFDO tutorial (https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/AutoFDO/Tutorial). 568:: 569 570 $ gcc-5 -O3 sort.c -o sort 571 $ taskset -c 2 ./sort 572 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements 573 5910 ms 574 575 $ perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --per-thread taskset -c 2 ./sort 576 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements 577 12543 ms 578 [ perf record: Woken up 35 times to write data ] 579 [ perf record: Captured and wrote 69.640 MB perf.data ] 580 581 $ perf inject -i perf.data -o inj.data --itrace=il64 --strip 582 $ create_gcov --binary=./sort --profile=inj.data --gcov=sort.gcov -gcov_version=1 583 $ gcc-5 -O3 -fauto-profile=sort.gcov sort.c -o sort_autofdo 584 $ taskset -c 2 ./sort_autofdo 585 Bubble sorting array of 30000 elements 586 5806 ms 587 588Config option formats 589~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 590 591The following strings can be provided between // on the perf command line to enable various options. 592They are also listed in the folder /sys/bus/event_source/devices/cs_etm/format/ 593 594.. list-table:: 595 :header-rows: 1 596 597 * - Option 598 - Description 599 * - branch_broadcast 600 - Session local version of the system wide setting: 601 :ref:`ETM_MODE_BB <coresight-branch-broadcast>` 602 * - contextid 603 - See `Tracing PID`_ 604 * - contextid1 605 - See `Tracing PID`_ 606 * - contextid2 607 - See `Tracing PID`_ 608 * - configid 609 - Selection for a custom configuration. This is an implementation detail and not used directly, 610 see :ref:`trace/coresight/coresight-config:Using Configurations in perf` 611 * - preset 612 - Override for parameters in a custom configuration, see 613 :ref:`trace/coresight/coresight-config:Using Configurations in perf` 614 * - sinkid 615 - Hashed version of the string to select a sink, automatically set when using the @ notation. 616 This is an internal implementation detail and is not used directly, see `Using perf 617 framework`_. 618 * - cycacc 619 - Session local version of the system wide setting: :ref:`ETMv4_MODE_CYCACC 620 <coresight-cycle-accurate>` 621 * - retstack 622 - Session local version of the system wide setting: :ref:`ETM_MODE_RETURNSTACK 623 <coresight-return-stack>` 624 * - timestamp 625 - Session local version of the system wide setting: :ref:`ETMv4_MODE_TIMESTAMP 626 <coresight-timestamp>` 627 * - cc_threshold 628 - Cycle count threshold value. If nothing is provided here or the provided value is 0, then the 629 default value i.e 0x100 will be used. If provided value is less than minimum cycles threshold 630 value, as indicated via TRCIDR3.CCITMIN, then the minimum value will be used instead. 631 632How to use the STM module 633------------------------- 634 635Using the System Trace Macrocell module is the same as the tracers - the only 636difference is that clients are driving the trace capture rather 637than the program flow through the code. 638 639As with any other CoreSight component, specifics about the STM tracer can be 640found in sysfs with more information on each entry being found in [#first]_:: 641 642 root@genericarmv8:~# ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/stm0 643 enable_source hwevent_select port_enable subsystem uevent 644 hwevent_enable mgmt port_select traceid 645 root@genericarmv8:~# 646 647Like any other source a sink needs to be identified and the STM enabled before 648being used:: 649 650 root@genericarmv8:~# echo 1 > /sys/bus/coresight/devices/tmc_etf0/enable_sink 651 root@genericarmv8:~# echo 1 > /sys/bus/coresight/devices/stm0/enable_source 652 653From there user space applications can request and use channels using the devfs 654interface provided for that purpose by the generic STM API:: 655 656 root@genericarmv8:~# ls -l /dev/stm0 657 crw------- 1 root root 10, 61 Jan 3 18:11 /dev/stm0 658 root@genericarmv8:~# 659 660Details on how to use the generic STM API can be found here: 661- Documentation/trace/stm.rst [#second]_. 662 663The CTI & CTM Modules 664--------------------- 665 666The CTI (Cross Trigger Interface) provides a set of trigger signals between 667individual CTIs and components, and can propagate these between all CTIs via 668channels on the CTM (Cross Trigger Matrix). 669 670A separate documentation file is provided to explain the use of these devices. 671(Documentation/trace/coresight/coresight-ect.rst) [#fourth]_. 672 673CoreSight System Configuration 674------------------------------ 675 676CoreSight components can be complex devices with many programming options. 677Furthermore, components can be programmed to interact with each other across the 678complete system. 679 680A CoreSight System Configuration manager is provided to allow these complex programming 681configurations to be selected and used easily from perf and sysfs. 682 683See the separate document for further information. 684(Documentation/trace/coresight/coresight-config.rst) [#fifth]_. 685 686 687.. [#first] Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-coresight-devices-stm 688 689.. [#second] Documentation/trace/stm.rst 690 691.. [#third] https://github.com/Linaro/perf-opencsd 692 693.. [#fourth] Documentation/trace/coresight/coresight-ect.rst 694 695.. [#fifth] Documentation/trace/coresight/coresight-config.rst 696