1======================== 2HCI backend for NFC Core 3======================== 4 5- Author: Eric Lapuyade, Samuel Ortiz 6- Contact: eric.lapuyade@intel.com, samuel.ortiz@intel.com 7 8General 9------- 10 11The HCI layer implements much of the ETSI TS 102 622 V10.2.0 specification. It 12enables easy writing of HCI-based NFC drivers. The HCI layer runs as an NFC Core 13backend, implementing an abstract nfc device and translating NFC Core API 14to HCI commands and events. 15 16HCI 17--- 18 19HCI registers as an nfc device with NFC Core. Requests coming from userspace are 20routed through netlink sockets to NFC Core and then to HCI. From this point, 21they are translated in a sequence of HCI commands sent to the HCI layer in the 22host controller (the chip). Commands can be executed synchronously (the sending 23context blocks waiting for response) or asynchronously (the response is returned 24from HCI Rx context). 25HCI events can also be received from the host controller. They will be handled 26and a translation will be forwarded to NFC Core as needed. There are hooks to 27let the HCI driver handle proprietary events or override standard behavior. 28HCI uses 2 execution contexts: 29 30- one for executing commands : nfc_hci_msg_tx_work(). Only one command 31 can be executing at any given moment. 32- one for dispatching received events and commands : nfc_hci_msg_rx_work(). 33 34HCI Session initialization 35-------------------------- 36 37The Session initialization is an HCI standard which must unfortunately 38support proprietary gates. This is the reason why the driver will pass a list 39of proprietary gates that must be part of the session. HCI will ensure all 40those gates have pipes connected when the hci device is set up. 41In case the chip supports pre-opened gates and pseudo-static pipes, the driver 42can pass that information to HCI core. 43 44HCI Gates and Pipes 45------------------- 46 47A gate defines the 'port' where some service can be found. In order to access 48a service, one must create a pipe to that gate and open it. In this 49implementation, pipes are totally hidden. The public API only knows gates. 50This is consistent with the driver need to send commands to proprietary gates 51without knowing the pipe connected to it. 52 53Driver interface 54---------------- 55 56A driver is generally written in two parts : the physical link management and 57the HCI management. This makes it easier to maintain a driver for a chip that 58can be connected using various phy (i2c, spi, ...) 59 60HCI Management 61-------------- 62 63A driver would normally register itself with HCI and provide the following 64entry points:: 65 66 struct nfc_hci_ops { 67 int (*open)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev); 68 void (*close)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev); 69 int (*hci_ready) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev); 70 int (*xmit) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, struct sk_buff *skb); 71 int (*start_poll) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, 72 u32 im_protocols, u32 tm_protocols); 73 int (*dep_link_up)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, struct nfc_target *target, 74 u8 comm_mode, u8 *gb, size_t gb_len); 75 int (*dep_link_down)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev); 76 int (*target_from_gate) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate, 77 struct nfc_target *target); 78 int (*complete_target_discovered) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate, 79 struct nfc_target *target); 80 int (*im_transceive) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, 81 struct nfc_target *target, struct sk_buff *skb, 82 data_exchange_cb_t cb, void *cb_context); 83 int (*tm_send)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, struct sk_buff *skb); 84 int (*check_presence)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, 85 struct nfc_target *target); 86 int (*event_received)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate, u8 event, 87 struct sk_buff *skb); 88 }; 89 90- open() and close() shall turn the hardware on and off. 91- hci_ready() is an optional entry point that is called right after the hci 92 session has been set up. The driver can use it to do additional initialization 93 that must be performed using HCI commands. 94- xmit() shall simply write a frame to the physical link. 95- start_poll() is an optional entrypoint that shall set the hardware in polling 96 mode. This must be implemented only if the hardware uses proprietary gates or a 97 mechanism slightly different from the HCI standard. 98- dep_link_up() is called after a p2p target has been detected, to finish 99 the p2p connection setup with hardware parameters that need to be passed back 100 to nfc core. 101- dep_link_down() is called to bring the p2p link down. 102- target_from_gate() is an optional entrypoint to return the nfc protocols 103 corresponding to a proprietary gate. 104- complete_target_discovered() is an optional entry point to let the driver 105 perform additional proprietary processing necessary to auto activate the 106 discovered target. 107- im_transceive() must be implemented by the driver if proprietary HCI commands 108 are required to send data to the tag. Some tag types will require custom 109 commands, others can be written to using the standard HCI commands. The driver 110 can check the tag type and either do proprietary processing, or return 1 to ask 111 for standard processing. The data exchange command itself must be sent 112 asynchronously. 113- tm_send() is called to send data in the case of a p2p connection 114- check_presence() is an optional entry point that will be called regularly 115 by the core to check that an activated tag is still in the field. If this is 116 not implemented, the core will not be able to push tag_lost events to the user 117 space 118- event_received() is called to handle an event coming from the chip. Driver 119 can handle the event or return 1 to let HCI attempt standard processing. 120 121On the rx path, the driver is responsible to push incoming HCP frames to HCI 122using nfc_hci_recv_frame(). HCI will take care of re-aggregation and handling 123This must be done from a context that can sleep. 124 125PHY Management 126-------------- 127 128The physical link (i2c, ...) management is defined by the following structure:: 129 130 struct nfc_phy_ops { 131 int (*write)(void *dev_id, struct sk_buff *skb); 132 int (*enable)(void *dev_id); 133 void (*disable)(void *dev_id); 134 }; 135 136enable(): 137 turn the phy on (power on), make it ready to transfer data 138disable(): 139 turn the phy off 140write(): 141 Send a data frame to the chip. Note that to enable higher 142 layers such as an llc to store the frame for re-emission, this 143 function must not alter the skb. It must also not return a positive 144 result (return 0 for success, negative for failure). 145 146Data coming from the chip shall be sent directly to nfc_hci_recv_frame(). 147 148LLC 149--- 150 151Communication between the CPU and the chip often requires some link layer 152protocol. Those are isolated as modules managed by the HCI layer. There are 153currently two modules : nop (raw transfer) and shdlc. 154A new llc must implement the following functions:: 155 156 struct nfc_llc_ops { 157 void *(*init) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, xmit_to_drv_t xmit_to_drv, 158 rcv_to_hci_t rcv_to_hci, int tx_headroom, 159 int tx_tailroom, int *rx_headroom, int *rx_tailroom, 160 llc_failure_t llc_failure); 161 void (*deinit) (struct nfc_llc *llc); 162 int (*start) (struct nfc_llc *llc); 163 int (*stop) (struct nfc_llc *llc); 164 void (*rcv_from_drv) (struct nfc_llc *llc, struct sk_buff *skb); 165 int (*xmit_from_hci) (struct nfc_llc *llc, struct sk_buff *skb); 166 }; 167 168init(): 169 allocate and init your private storage 170deinit(): 171 cleanup 172start(): 173 establish the logical connection 174stop (): 175 terminate the logical connection 176rcv_from_drv(): 177 handle data coming from the chip, going to HCI 178xmit_from_hci(): 179 handle data sent by HCI, going to the chip 180 181The llc must be registered with nfc before it can be used. Do that by 182calling:: 183 184 nfc_llc_register(const char *name, const struct nfc_llc_ops *ops); 185 186Again, note that the llc does not handle the physical link. It is thus very 187easy to mix any physical link with any llc for a given chip driver. 188 189Included Drivers 190---------------- 191 192An HCI based driver for an NXP PN544, connected through I2C bus, and using 193shdlc is included. 194 195Execution Contexts 196------------------ 197 198The execution contexts are the following: 199- IRQ handler (IRQH): 200fast, cannot sleep. sends incoming frames to HCI where they are passed to 201the current llc. In case of shdlc, the frame is queued in shdlc rx queue. 202 203- SHDLC State Machine worker (SMW) 204 205 Only when llc_shdlc is used: handles shdlc rx & tx queues. 206 207 Dispatches HCI cmd responses. 208 209- HCI Tx Cmd worker (MSGTXWQ) 210 211 Serializes execution of HCI commands. 212 213 Completes execution in case of response timeout. 214 215- HCI Rx worker (MSGRXWQ) 216 217 Dispatches incoming HCI commands or events. 218 219- Syscall context from a userspace call (SYSCALL) 220 221 Any entrypoint in HCI called from NFC Core 222 223Workflow executing an HCI command (using shdlc) 224----------------------------------------------- 225 226Executing an HCI command can easily be performed synchronously using the 227following API:: 228 229 int nfc_hci_send_cmd (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate, u8 cmd, 230 const u8 *param, size_t param_len, struct sk_buff **skb) 231 232The API must be invoked from a context that can sleep. Most of the time, this 233will be the syscall context. skb will return the result that was received in 234the response. 235 236Internally, execution is asynchronous. So all this API does is to enqueue the 237HCI command, setup a local wait queue on stack, and wait_event() for completion. 238The wait is not interruptible because it is guaranteed that the command will 239complete after some short timeout anyway. 240 241MSGTXWQ context will then be scheduled and invoke nfc_hci_msg_tx_work(). 242This function will dequeue the next pending command and send its HCP fragments 243to the lower layer which happens to be shdlc. It will then start a timer to be 244able to complete the command with a timeout error if no response arrive. 245 246SMW context gets scheduled and invokes nfc_shdlc_sm_work(). This function 247handles shdlc framing in and out. It uses the driver xmit to send frames and 248receives incoming frames in an skb queue filled from the driver IRQ handler. 249SHDLC I(nformation) frames payload are HCP fragments. They are aggregated to 250form complete HCI frames, which can be a response, command, or event. 251 252HCI Responses are dispatched immediately from this context to unblock 253waiting command execution. Response processing involves invoking the completion 254callback that was provided by nfc_hci_msg_tx_work() when it sent the command. 255The completion callback will then wake the syscall context. 256 257It is also possible to execute the command asynchronously using this API:: 258 259 static int nfc_hci_execute_cmd_async(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 pipe, u8 cmd, 260 const u8 *param, size_t param_len, 261 data_exchange_cb_t cb, void *cb_context) 262 263The workflow is the same, except that the API call returns immediately, and 264the callback will be called with the result from the SMW context. 265 266Workflow receiving an HCI event or command 267------------------------------------------ 268 269HCI commands or events are not dispatched from SMW context. Instead, they are 270queued to HCI rx_queue and will be dispatched from HCI rx worker 271context (MSGRXWQ). This is done this way to allow a cmd or event handler 272to also execute other commands (for example, handling the 273NFC_HCI_EVT_TARGET_DISCOVERED event from PN544 requires to issue an 274ANY_GET_PARAMETER to the reader A gate to get information on the target 275that was discovered). 276 277Typically, such an event will be propagated to NFC Core from MSGRXWQ context. 278 279Error management 280---------------- 281 282Errors that occur synchronously with the execution of an NFC Core request are 283simply returned as the execution result of the request. These are easy. 284 285Errors that occur asynchronously (e.g. in a background protocol handling thread) 286must be reported such that upper layers don't stay ignorant that something 287went wrong below and know that expected events will probably never happen. 288Handling of these errors is done as follows: 289 290- driver (pn544) fails to deliver an incoming frame: it stores the error such 291 that any subsequent call to the driver will result in this error. Then it 292 calls the standard nfc_shdlc_recv_frame() with a NULL argument to report the 293 problem above. shdlc stores a EREMOTEIO sticky status, which will trigger 294 SMW to report above in turn. 295 296- SMW is basically a background thread to handle incoming and outgoing shdlc 297 frames. This thread will also check the shdlc sticky status and report to HCI 298 when it discovers it is not able to run anymore because of an unrecoverable 299 error that happened within shdlc or below. If the problem occurs during shdlc 300 connection, the error is reported through the connect completion. 301 302- HCI: if an internal HCI error happens (frame is lost), or HCI is reported an 303 error from a lower layer, HCI will either complete the currently executing 304 command with that error, or notify NFC Core directly if no command is 305 executing. 306 307- NFC Core: when NFC Core is notified of an error from below and polling is 308 active, it will send a tag discovered event with an empty tag list to the user 309 space to let it know that the poll operation will never be able to detect a 310 tag. If polling is not active and the error was sticky, lower levels will 311 return it at next invocation. 312