1 accept_memory= [MM] 2 Format: { eager | lazy } 3 default: lazy 4 By default, unaccepted memory is accepted lazily to 5 avoid prolonged boot times. The lazy option will add 6 some runtime overhead until all memory is eventually 7 accepted. In most cases the overhead is negligible. 8 For some workloads or for debugging purposes 9 accept_memory=eager can be used to accept all memory 10 at once during boot. 11 12 acpi= [HW,ACPI,X86,ARM64,RISCV64,EARLY] 13 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface 14 Format: { force | on | off | strict | noirq | rsdt | 15 copy_dsdt | nospcr } 16 force -- enable ACPI if default was off 17 on -- enable ACPI but allow fallback to DT [arm64,riscv64] 18 off -- disable ACPI if default was on 19 noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing 20 strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not 21 strictly ACPI specification compliant. 22 rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT 23 copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory 24 nospcr -- disable console in ACPI SPCR table as 25 default _serial_ console on ARM64 26 For ARM64, ONLY "acpi=off", "acpi=on", "acpi=force" or 27 "acpi=nospcr" are available 28 For RISCV64, ONLY "acpi=off", "acpi=on" or "acpi=force" 29 are available 30 31 See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.rst, pci=noacpi 32 33 acpi_apic_instance= [ACPI,IOAPIC,EARLY] 34 Format: <int> 35 2: use 2nd APIC table, if available 36 1,0: use 1st APIC table 37 default: 0 38 39 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI] 40 { vendor | video | native | none } 41 If set to vendor, prefer vendor-specific driver 42 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead 43 of the ACPI video.ko driver. 44 If set to video, use the ACPI video.ko driver. 45 If set to native, use the device's native backlight mode. 46 If set to none, disable the ACPI backlight interface. 47 48 acpi_force_32bit_fadt_addr [ACPI,EARLY] 49 force FADT to use 32 bit addresses rather than the 50 64 bit X_* addresses. Some firmware have broken 64 51 bit addresses for force ACPI ignore these and use 52 the older legacy 32 bit addresses. 53 54 acpica_no_return_repair [HW, ACPI] 55 Disable AML predefined validation mechanism 56 This mechanism can repair the evaluation result to make 57 the return objects more ACPI specification compliant. 58 This option is useful for developers to identify the 59 root cause of an AML interpreter issue when the issue 60 has something to do with the repair mechanism. 61 62 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG] 63 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG] 64 Format: <int> 65 CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI 66 debug output. Bits in debug_layer correspond to a 67 _COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g., 68 #define _COMPONENT ACPI_EVENTS 69 Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in 70 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g., 71 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ... 72 The debug_level mask defaults to "info". See 73 Documentation/firmware-guide/acpi/debug.rst for more information about 74 debug layers and levels. 75 76 Enable processor driver info messages: 77 acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000 78 Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug 79 object while interpreting AML: 80 acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2 81 Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware: 82 acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff 83 84 Some values produce so much output that the system is 85 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful 86 if you need to capture more output. 87 88 acpi_enforce_resources= [ACPI] 89 { strict | lax | no } 90 Check for resource conflicts between native drivers 91 and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory 92 only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be 93 used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and 94 can interfere with legacy drivers. 95 strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI 96 is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved 97 resources will fail to bind to device using them. 98 lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed; 99 legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources 100 will bind successfully but a warning message is logged. 101 no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved, 102 no further checks are performed. 103 104 acpi_force_table_verification [HW,ACPI,EARLY] 105 Enable table checksum verification during early stage. 106 By default, this is disabled due to x86 early mapping 107 size limitation. 108 109 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI] 110 ACPI will balance active IRQs 111 default in APIC mode 112 113 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI] 114 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default) 115 default in PIC mode 116 117 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA 118 Format: <irq>,<irq>... 119 120 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for 121 use by PCI 122 Format: <irq>,<irq>... 123 124 acpi_mask_gpe= [HW,ACPI] 125 Due to the existence of _Lxx/_Exx, some GPEs triggered 126 by unsupported hardware/firmware features can result in 127 GPE floodings that cannot be automatically disabled by 128 the GPE dispatcher. 129 This facility can be used to prevent such uncontrolled 130 GPE floodings. 131 Format: <byte> or <bitmap-list> 132 133 acpi_no_auto_serialize [HW,ACPI] 134 Disable auto-serialization of AML methods 135 AML control methods that contain the opcodes to create 136 named objects will be marked as "Serialized" by the 137 auto-serialization feature. 138 This feature is enabled by default. 139 This option allows to turn off the feature. 140 141 acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug. Useful for kdump 142 kernels. 143 144 acpi_no_static_ssdt [HW,ACPI,EARLY] 145 Disable installation of static SSDTs at early boot time 146 By default, SSDTs contained in the RSDT/XSDT will be 147 installed automatically and they will appear under 148 /sys/firmware/acpi/tables. 149 This option turns off this feature. 150 Note that specifying this option does not affect 151 dynamic table installation which will install SSDT 152 tables to /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/dynamic. 153 154 acpi_no_watchdog [HW,ACPI,WDT] 155 Ignore the ACPI-based watchdog interface (WDAT) and let 156 a native driver control the watchdog device instead. 157 158 acpi_rsdp= [ACPI,EFI,KEXEC,EARLY] 159 Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used 160 on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the 161 second kernel for kdump. 162 163 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS 164 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows" 165 166 acpi_rev_override [ACPI] Override the _REV object to return 5 (instead 167 of 2 which is mandated by ACPI 6) as the supported ACPI 168 specification revision (when using this switch, it may 169 be necessary to carry out a cold reboot _twice_ in a 170 row to make it take effect on the platform firmware). 171 172 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings 173 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1 174 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove string2 175 acpi_osi=!* # remove all strings 176 acpi_osi=! # disable all built-in OS vendor 177 strings 178 acpi_osi=!! # enable all built-in OS vendor 179 strings 180 acpi_osi= # disable all strings 181 182 'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or 183 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS 184 vendor string(s). Note that such command can only 185 affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus 186 it cannot affect the default state of the feature group 187 strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings, 188 specifying it multiple times through kernel command line 189 is meaningless. This command is useful when one do not 190 care about the state of the feature group strings which 191 should be controlled by the OSPM. 192 Examples: 193 1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent 194 to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all 195 can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE. 196 197 'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other 198 'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not 199 exist in the ACPI namespace. NOTE that such command can 200 only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it 201 multiple times through kernel command line is also 202 meaningless. 203 Examples: 204 1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)' 205 FALSE. 206 207 'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or 208 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific 209 string(s). Note that such command can affect the 210 current state of both the OS vendor strings and the 211 feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times 212 through kernel command line is meaningful. But it may 213 still not able to affect the final state of a string if 214 there are quirks related to this string. This command 215 is useful when one want to control the state of the 216 feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to 217 the OSPM features. 218 Examples: 219 1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make 220 '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE. 221 2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make 222 '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE. 223 3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is 224 equivalent to 225 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' 226 and 227 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', 228 they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE. 229 230 acpi_pm_good [X86] 231 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel 232 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value 233 and always returns good values. 234 235 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI,EARLY] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode 236 Format: { level | edge | high | low } 237 238 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI,EARLY] 239 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override. 240 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer. 241 242 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options 243 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_hwsig, 244 s4_nohwsig, old_ordering, nonvs, 245 sci_force_enable, nobl } 246 See Documentation/power/video.rst for information on 247 s3_bios and s3_mode. 248 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep 249 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called. 250 s4_hwsig causes the kernel to check the ACPI hardware 251 signature during resume from hibernation, and gracefully 252 refuse to resume if it has changed. This complies with 253 the ACPI specification but not with reality, since 254 Windows does not do this and many laptops do change it 255 on docking. So the default behaviour is to allow resume 256 and simply warn when the signature changes, unless the 257 s4_hwsig option is enabled. 258 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being 259 used (or even warned about) during resume. 260 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS 261 control method, with respect to putting devices into 262 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering 263 of _PTS is used by default). 264 nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the 265 ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume. 266 sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly 267 on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec, 268 but some broken systems don't work without it). 269 nobl causes the internal blacklist of systems known to 270 behave incorrectly in some ways with respect to system 271 suspend and resume to be ignored (use wisely). 272 273 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI,EARLY] 274 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards 275 that require a timer override, but don't have HPET 276 277 add_efi_memmap [EFI,X86,EARLY] Include EFI memory map in 278 kernel's map of available physical RAM. 279 280 agp= [AGP] 281 { off | try_unsupported } 282 off: disable AGP support 283 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets 284 (may crash computer or cause data corruption) 285 286 ALSA [HW,ALSA] 287 See Documentation/sound/alsa-configuration.rst 288 289 alignment= [KNL,ARM] 290 Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler 291 behaviour to be specified. Bit 0 enables warnings, 292 bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault. 293 294 align_va_addr= [X86-64] 295 Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when 296 allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option 297 gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h 298 machines (where it is enabled by default) for a 299 CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in 300 a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler. 301 302 32: only for 32-bit processes 303 64: only for 64-bit processes 304 on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes 305 off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes 306 307 alloc_snapshot [FTRACE] 308 Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the 309 main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging 310 and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and 311 do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs 312 to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed. 313 314 allow_mismatched_32bit_el0 [ARM64,EARLY] 315 Allow execve() of 32-bit applications and setting of the 316 PER_LINUX32 personality on systems where only a strict 317 subset of the CPUs support 32-bit EL0. When this 318 parameter is present, the set of CPUs supporting 32-bit 319 EL0 is indicated by /sys/devices/system/cpu/aarch32_el0 320 and hot-unplug operations may be restricted. 321 322 See Documentation/arch/arm64/asymmetric-32bit.rst for more 323 information. 324 325 amd_iommu= [HW,X86-64] 326 Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system. 327 Possible values are: 328 fullflush - Deprecated, equivalent to iommu.strict=1 329 off - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in 330 the system 331 force_isolation - Force device isolation for all 332 devices. The IOMMU driver is not 333 allowed anymore to lift isolation 334 requirements as needed. This option 335 does not override iommu=pt 336 force_enable - Force enable the IOMMU on platforms known 337 to be buggy with IOMMU enabled. Use this 338 option with care. 339 pgtbl_v1 - Use v1 page table for DMA-API (Default). 340 pgtbl_v2 - Use v2 page table for DMA-API. 341 irtcachedis - Disable Interrupt Remapping Table (IRT) caching. 342 nohugepages - Limit page-sizes used for v1 page-tables 343 to 4 KiB. 344 v2_pgsizes_only - Limit page-sizes used for v1 page-tables 345 to 4KiB/2Mib/1GiB. 346 347 348 amd_iommu_dump= [HW,X86-64] 349 Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table 350 for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU 351 driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during 352 IOMMU initialization. 353 354 amd_iommu_intr= [HW,X86-64] 355 Specifies one of the following AMD IOMMU interrupt 356 remapping modes: 357 legacy - Use legacy interrupt remapping mode. 358 vapic - Use virtual APIC mode, which allows IOMMU 359 to inject interrupts directly into guest. 360 This mode requires kvm-amd.avic=1. 361 (Default when IOMMU HW support is present.) 362 363 amd_pstate= [X86,EARLY] 364 disable 365 Do not enable amd_pstate as the default 366 scaling driver for the supported processors 367 passive 368 Use amd_pstate with passive mode as a scaling driver. 369 In this mode autonomous selection is disabled. 370 Driver requests a desired performance level and platform 371 tries to match the same performance level if it is 372 satisfied by guaranteed performance level. 373 active 374 Use amd_pstate_epp driver instance as the scaling driver, 375 driver provides a hint to the hardware if software wants 376 to bias toward performance (0x0) or energy efficiency (0xff) 377 to the CPPC firmware. then CPPC power algorithm will 378 calculate the runtime workload and adjust the realtime cores 379 frequency. 380 guided 381 Activate guided autonomous mode. Driver requests minimum and 382 maximum performance level and the platform autonomously 383 selects a performance level in this range and appropriate 384 to the current workload. 385 386 amd_prefcore= 387 [X86] 388 disable 389 Disable amd-pstate preferred core. 390 391 amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support 392 Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT 393 Format: <a>,<b> 394 See also Documentation/input/joydev/joystick.rst 395 396 analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support 397 Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick 398 connected to one of 16 gameports 399 Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16> 400 401 apc= [HW,SPARC] 402 Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.) 403 Format: noidle 404 Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does 405 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have 406 APC and your system crashes randomly. 407 408 apic= [APIC,X86,EARLY] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller 409 Change the output verbosity while booting 410 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug } 411 Change the amount of debugging information output 412 when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components. 413 For X86-32, this can also be used to specify an APIC 414 driver name. 415 Format: apic=driver_name 416 Examples: apic=bigsmp 417 418 apic_extnmi= [APIC,X86,EARLY] External NMI delivery setting 419 Format: { bsp (default) | all | none } 420 bsp: External NMI is delivered only to CPU 0 421 all: External NMIs are broadcast to all CPUs as a 422 backup of CPU 0 423 none: External NMI is masked for all CPUs. This is 424 useful so that a dump capture kernel won't be 425 shot down by NMI 426 427 autoconf= [IPV6] 428 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst. 429 430 apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management 431 See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c. 432 433 apparmor= [APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time 434 Format: { "0" | "1" } 435 See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text 436 0 -- disable. 437 1 -- enable. 438 Default value is set via kernel config option. 439 440 arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards 441 Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID> 442 443 arm64.no32bit_el0 [ARM64] Unconditionally disable the execution of 444 32 bit applications. 445 446 arm64.nobti [ARM64] Unconditionally disable Branch Target 447 Identification support 448 449 arm64.nomops [ARM64] Unconditionally disable Memory Copy and Memory 450 Set instructions support 451 452 arm64.nomte [ARM64] Unconditionally disable Memory Tagging Extension 453 support 454 455 arm64.nopauth [ARM64] Unconditionally disable Pointer Authentication 456 support 457 458 arm64.nosme [ARM64] Unconditionally disable Scalable Matrix 459 Extension support 460 461 arm64.nosve [ARM64] Unconditionally disable Scalable Vector 462 Extension support 463 464 ataflop= [HW,M68k] 465 466 atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse 467 468 atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess, 469 EzKey and similar keyboards 470 471 atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization 472 473 atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set 474 Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2) 475 476 atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar 477 keyboards 478 479 atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode 480 Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default)) 481 482 atkbd.softrepeat= [HW] 483 Use software keyboard repeat 484 485 audit= [KNL] Enable the audit sub-system 486 Format: { "0" | "1" | "off" | "on" } 487 0 | off - kernel audit is disabled and can not be 488 enabled until the next reboot 489 unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and 490 will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd. 491 1 | on - kernel audit is initialized and partially 492 enabled, storing at most audit_backlog_limit 493 messages in RAM until it is fully enabled by the 494 userspace auditd. 495 Default: unset 496 497 audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit. 498 Format: <int> (must be >=0) 499 Default: 64 500 501 bau= [X86_UV] Enable the BAU on SGI UV. The default 502 behavior is to disable the BAU (i.e. bau=0). 503 Format: { "0" | "1" } 504 0 - Disable the BAU. 505 1 - Enable the BAU. 506 unset - Disable the BAU. 507 508 baycom_epp= [HW,AX25] 509 Format: <io>,<mode> 510 511 baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem 512 Format: <io>,<mode> 513 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c. 514 515 baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25] 516 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode) 517 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>] 518 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c. 519 520 baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25] 521 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode) 522 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode> 523 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c. 524 525 bdev_allow_write_mounted= 526 Format: <bool> 527 Control the ability to open a mounted block device 528 for writing, i.e., allow / disallow writes that bypass 529 the FS. This was implemented as a means to prevent 530 fuzzers from crashing the kernel by overwriting the 531 metadata underneath a mounted FS without its awareness. 532 This also prevents destructive formatting of mounted 533 filesystems by naive storage tooling that don't use 534 O_EXCL. Default is Y and can be changed through the 535 Kconfig option CONFIG_BLK_DEV_WRITE_MOUNTED. 536 537 bert_disable [ACPI] 538 Disable BERT OS support on buggy BIOSes. 539 540 bgrt_disable [ACPI,X86,EARLY] 541 Disable BGRT to avoid flickering OEM logo. 542 543 blkdevparts= Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for 544 embedded devices based on command line input. 545 See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.rst 546 547 boot_delay= [KNL,EARLY] 548 Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot. 549 Only works if CONFIG_BOOT_PRINTK_DELAY is enabled, 550 and you may also have to specify "lpj=". Boot_delay 551 values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are assumed 552 erroneous and ignored. 553 Format: integer 554 555 bootconfig [KNL,EARLY] 556 Extended command line options can be added to an initrd 557 and this will cause the kernel to look for it. 558 559 See Documentation/admin-guide/bootconfig.rst 560 561 bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards) 562 bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as 563 kernel args too. 564 bttv.pll= See Documentation/admin-guide/media/bttv.rst 565 bttv.tuner= 566 567 bulk_remove=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries 568 firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries 569 at a time. 570 571 c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card 572 573 cachesize= [BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection. 574 Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache 575 size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds 576 to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not 577 possible to determine what the correct size should be. 578 This option provides an override for these situations. 579 580 carrier_timeout= 581 [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that 582 the kernel should wait for a network carrier. By default 583 it waits 120 seconds. 584 585 ca_keys= [KEYS] This parameter identifies a specific key(s) on 586 the system trusted keyring to be used for certificate 587 trust validation. 588 format: { id:<keyid> | builtin } 589 590 cca= [MIPS,EARLY] Override the kernel pages' cache coherency 591 algorithm. Accepted values range from 0 to 7 592 inclusive. See arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-bits.h 593 for platform specific values (SB1, Loongson3 and 594 others). 595 596 ccw_timeout_log [S390] 597 See Documentation/arch/s390/common_io.rst for details. 598 599 cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller or optional feature 600 Format: {name of the controller(s) or feature(s) to disable} 601 The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are: 602 - foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in 603 a single hierarchy 604 - foo isn't visible as an individually mountable 605 subsystem 606 - if foo is an optional feature then the feature is 607 disabled and corresponding cgroup files are not 608 created 609 {Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and 610 cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So 611 only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy} 612 Specifying "pressure" disables per-cgroup pressure 613 stall information accounting feature 614 615 cgroup_no_v1= [KNL] Disable cgroup controllers and named hierarchies in v1 616 Format: { { controller | "all" | "named" } 617 [,{ controller | "all" | "named" }...] } 618 Like cgroup_disable, but only applies to cgroup v1; 619 the blacklisted controllers remain available in cgroup2. 620 "all" blacklists all controllers and "named" disables 621 named mounts. Specifying both "all" and "named" disables 622 all v1 hierarchies. 623 624 cgroup_favordynmods= [KNL] Enable or Disable favordynmods. 625 Format: { "true" | "false" } 626 Defaults to the value of CONFIG_CGROUP_FAVOR_DYNMODS. 627 628 cgroup.memory= [KNL] Pass options to the cgroup memory controller. 629 Format: <string> 630 nosocket -- Disable socket memory accounting. 631 nokmem -- Disable kernel memory accounting. 632 nobpf -- Disable BPF memory accounting. 633 634 checkreqprot= [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value. 635 Format: { "0" | "1" } 636 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 637 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes 638 any implied execute protection). 639 1 -- check protection requested by application. 640 Default value is set via a kernel config option. 641 Value can be changed at runtime via 642 /sys/fs/selinux/checkreqprot. 643 Setting checkreqprot to 1 is deprecated. 644 645 cio_ignore= [S390] 646 See Documentation/arch/s390/common_io.rst for details. 647 648 clearcpuid=X[,X...] [X86] 649 Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See 650 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h for the valid bit 651 numbers X. Note the Linux-specific bits are not necessarily 652 stable over kernel options, but the vendor-specific 653 ones should be. 654 X can also be a string as appearing in the flags: line 655 in /proc/cpuinfo which does not have the above 656 instability issue. However, not all features have names 657 in /proc/cpuinfo. 658 Note that using this option will taint your kernel. 659 Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly 660 or using the feature without checking anything 661 will still see it. This just prevents it from 662 being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo. 663 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable 664 some critical bits. 665 666 clk_ignore_unused 667 [CLK] 668 Prevents the clock framework from automatically gating 669 clocks that have not been explicitly enabled by a Linux 670 device driver but are enabled in hardware at reset or 671 by the bootloader/firmware. Note that this does not 672 force such clocks to be always-on nor does it reserve 673 those clocks in any way. This parameter is useful for 674 debug and development, but should not be needed on a 675 platform with proper driver support. For more 676 information, see Documentation/driver-api/clk.rst. 677 678 clock= [BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override. 679 [Deprecated] 680 Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used 681 when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified 682 clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT. 683 Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr } 684 685 clocksource= Override the default clocksource 686 Format: <string> 687 Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource 688 with the name specified. 689 Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on 690 the platform: 691 [all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource) 692 [ACPI] acpi_pm 693 [ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2, 694 pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1 695 [X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc; 696 scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440 697 [MIPS] MIPS 698 [PARISC] cr16 699 [S390] tod 700 [SH] SuperH 701 [SPARC64] tick 702 [X86-64] hpet,tsc 703 704 clocksource.arm_arch_timer.evtstrm= 705 [ARM,ARM64,EARLY] 706 Format: <bool> 707 Enable/disable the eventstream feature of the ARM 708 architected timer so that code using WFE-based polling 709 loops can be debugged more effectively on production 710 systems. 711 712 clocksource.verify_n_cpus= [KNL] 713 Limit the number of CPUs checked for clocksources 714 marked with CLOCK_SOURCE_VERIFY_PERCPU that 715 are marked unstable due to excessive skew. 716 A negative value says to check all CPUs, while 717 zero says not to check any. Values larger than 718 nr_cpu_ids are silently truncated to nr_cpu_ids. 719 The actual CPUs are chosen randomly, with 720 no replacement if the same CPU is chosen twice. 721 722 clocksource-wdtest.holdoff= [KNL] 723 Set the time in seconds that the clocksource 724 watchdog test waits before commencing its tests. 725 Defaults to zero when built as a module and to 726 10 seconds when built into the kernel. 727 728 cma=nn[MG]@[start[MG][-end[MG]]] 729 [KNL,CMA,EARLY] 730 Sets the size of kernel global memory area for 731 contiguous memory allocations and optionally the 732 placement constraint by the physical address range of 733 memory allocations. A value of 0 disables CMA 734 altogether. For more information, see 735 kernel/dma/contiguous.c 736 737 cma_pernuma=nn[MG] 738 [KNL,CMA,EARLY] 739 Sets the size of kernel per-numa memory area for 740 contiguous memory allocations. A value of 0 disables 741 per-numa CMA altogether. And If this option is not 742 specified, the default value is 0. 743 With per-numa CMA enabled, DMA users on node nid will 744 first try to allocate buffer from the pernuma area 745 which is located in node nid, if the allocation fails, 746 they will fallback to the global default memory area. 747 748 numa_cma=<node>:nn[MG][,<node>:nn[MG]] 749 [KNL,CMA,EARLY] 750 Sets the size of kernel numa memory area for 751 contiguous memory allocations. It will reserve CMA 752 area for the specified node. 753 754 With numa CMA enabled, DMA users on node nid will 755 first try to allocate buffer from the numa area 756 which is located in node nid, if the allocation fails, 757 they will fallback to the global default memory area. 758 759 cmo_free_hint= [PPC] Format: { yes | no } 760 Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive 761 when they are freed. This is used in CMO environments 762 to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by 763 a hypervisor. 764 Default: yes 765 766 coherent_pool=nn[KMG] [ARM,KNL,EARLY] 767 Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma 768 allocations, by default set to 256K. 769 770 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset 771 Format: 772 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]] 773 774 com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers) 775 Format: <io>[,<irq>] 776 777 com90xx= [HW,NET] 778 ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers) 779 Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]] 780 781 condev= [HW,S390] console device 782 conmode= 783 784 con3215_drop= [S390,EARLY] 3215 console drop mode. 785 Format: y|n|Y|N|1|0 786 When set to true, drop data on the 3215 console when 787 the console buffer is full. In this case the 788 operator using a 3270 terminal emulator (for example 789 x3270) does not have to enter the clear key for the 790 console output to advance and the kernel to continue. 791 This leads to a much faster boot time when a 3270 792 terminal emulator is active. If no 3270 terminal 793 emulator is used, this parameter has no effect. 794 795 console= [KNL] Output console device and options. 796 797 tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>. 798 799 ttyS<n>[,options] 800 ttyUSB0[,options] 801 Use the specified serial port. The options are of 802 the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate, 803 "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of 804 bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or 805 omit it). Default is "9600n8". 806 807 See Documentation/admin-guide/serial-console.rst for more 808 information. See 809 Documentation/networking/netconsole.rst for an 810 alternative. 811 812 <DEVNAME>:<n>.<n>[,options] 813 Use the specified serial port on the serial core bus. 814 The addressing uses DEVNAME of the physical serial port 815 device, followed by the serial core controller instance, 816 and the serial port instance. The options are the same 817 as documented for the ttyS addressing above. 818 819 The mapping of the serial ports to the tty instances 820 can be viewed with: 821 822 $ ls -d /sys/bus/serial-base/devices/*:*.*/tty/* 823 /sys/bus/serial-base/devices/00:04:0.0/tty/ttyS0 824 825 In the above example, the console can be addressed with 826 console=00:04:0.0. Note that a console addressed this 827 way will only get added when the related device driver 828 is ready. The use of an earlycon parameter in addition to 829 the console may be desired for console output early on. 830 831 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options] 832 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options] 833 uart[8250],mmio16,<addr>[,options] 834 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options] 835 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options] 836 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550 837 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address, 838 switching to the matching ttyS device later. 839 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit 840 (mmio), 16-bit (mmio16), or 32-bit (mmio32). 841 If none of [io|mmio|mmio16|mmio32], <addr> is assumed 842 to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified in 843 the same format described for ttyS above; if unspecified, 844 the h/w is not re-initialized. 845 846 hvc<n> Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for 847 both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors. 848 849 { null | "" } 850 Use to disable console output, i.e., to have kernel 851 console messages discarded. 852 This must be the only console= parameter used on the 853 kernel command line. 854 855 If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille 856 device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance 857 console=brl,ttyS0 858 For now, only VisioBraille is supported. 859 860 console_msg_format= 861 [KNL] Change console messages format 862 default 863 By default we print messages on consoles in 864 "[time stamp] text\n" format (time stamp may not be 865 printed, depending on CONFIG_PRINTK_TIME or 866 `printk_time' param). 867 syslog 868 Switch to syslog format: "<%u>[time stamp] text\n" 869 IOW, each message will have a facility and loglevel 870 prefix. The format is similar to one used by syslog() 871 syscall, or to executing "dmesg -S --raw" or to reading 872 from /proc/kmsg. 873 874 consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in 875 seconds. A value of 0 disables the blank timer. 876 Defaults to 0. 877 878 coredump_filter= 879 [KNL] Change the default value for 880 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter. 881 See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.rst. 882 883 coresight_cpu_debug.enable 884 [ARM,ARM64] 885 Format: <bool> 886 Enable/disable the CPU sampling based debugging. 887 0: default value, disable debugging 888 1: enable debugging at boot time 889 890 cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver 891 Format: 892 <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>] 893 894 cpuidle.off=1 [CPU_IDLE] 895 disable the cpuidle sub-system 896 897 cpuidle.governor= 898 [CPU_IDLE] Name of the cpuidle governor to use. 899 900 cpufreq.off=1 [CPU_FREQ] 901 disable the cpufreq sub-system 902 903 cpufreq.default_governor= 904 [CPU_FREQ] Name of the default cpufreq governor or 905 policy to use. This governor must be registered in the 906 kernel before the cpufreq driver probes. 907 908 cpu_init_udelay=N 909 [X86,EARLY] Delay for N microsec between assert and de-assert 910 of APIC INIT to start processors. This delay occurs 911 on every CPU online, such as boot, and resume from suspend. 912 Default: 10000 913 914 cpuhp.parallel= 915 [SMP] Enable/disable parallel bringup of secondary CPUs 916 Format: <bool> 917 Default is enabled if CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PARALLEL=y. Otherwise 918 the parameter has no effect. 919 920 crash_kexec_post_notifiers 921 Run kdump after running panic-notifiers and dumping 922 kmsg. This only for the users who doubt kdump always 923 succeeds in any situation. 924 Note that this also increases risks of kdump failure, 925 because some panic notifiers can make the crashed 926 kernel more unstable. 927 928 crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]] 929 [KNL,EARLY] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel' 930 upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical 931 memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel 932 image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset 933 is selected automatically. 934 [KNL, X86-64, ARM64, RISCV, LoongArch] Select a region 935 under 4G first, and fall back to reserve region above 936 4G when '@offset' hasn't been specified. 937 See Documentation/admin-guide/kdump/kdump.rst for further details. 938 939 crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset] 940 [KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory 941 in the running system. The syntax of range is 942 start-[end] where start and end are both 943 a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also 944 Documentation/admin-guide/kdump/kdump.rst for an example. 945 946 crashkernel=size[KMG],high 947 [KNL, X86-64, ARM64, RISCV, LoongArch] range could be 948 above 4G. 949 Allow kernel to allocate physical memory region from top, 950 so could be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram 951 installed. Otherwise memory region will be allocated 952 below 4G, if available. 953 It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified. 954 crashkernel=size[KMG],low 955 [KNL, X86-64, ARM64, RISCV, LoongArch] range under 4G. 956 When crashkernel=X,high is passed, kernel could allocate 957 physical memory region above 4G, that cause second kernel 958 crash on system that require some amount of low memory, 959 e.g. swiotlb requires at least 64M+32K low memory, also 960 enough extra low memory is needed to make sure DMA buffers 961 for 32-bit devices won't run out. Kernel would try to allocate 962 default size of memory below 4G automatically. The default 963 size is platform dependent. 964 --> x86: max(swiotlb_size_or_default() + 8MiB, 256MiB) 965 --> arm64: 128MiB 966 --> riscv: 128MiB 967 --> loongarch: 128MiB 968 This one lets the user specify own low range under 4G 969 for second kernel instead. 970 0: to disable low allocation. 971 It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used 972 or memory reserved is below 4G. 973 974 cryptomgr.notests 975 [KNL] Disable crypto self-tests 976 977 cs89x0_dma= [HW,NET] 978 Format: <dma> 979 980 cs89x0_media= [HW,NET] 981 Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc } 982 983 csdlock_debug= [KNL] Enable or disable debug add-ons of cross-CPU 984 function call handling. When switched on, 985 additional debug data is printed to the console 986 in case a hanging CPU is detected, and that 987 CPU is pinged again in order to try to resolve 988 the hang situation. The default value of this 989 option depends on the CSD_LOCK_WAIT_DEBUG_DEFAULT 990 Kconfig option. 991 992 dasd= [HW,NET] 993 See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c. 994 995 db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port 996 (one device per port) 997 Format: <port#>,<type> 998 See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst 999 1000 debug [KNL,EARLY] Enable kernel debugging (events log level). 1001 1002 debug_boot_weak_hash 1003 [KNL,EARLY] Enable printing [hashed] pointers early in the 1004 boot sequence. If enabled, we use a weak hash instead 1005 of siphash to hash pointers. Use this option if you are 1006 seeing instances of '(___ptrval___)') and need to see a 1007 value (hashed pointer) instead. Cryptographically 1008 insecure, please do not use on production kernels. 1009 1010 debug_locks_verbose= 1011 [KNL] verbose locking self-tests 1012 Format: <int> 1013 Print debugging info while doing the locking API 1014 self-tests. 1015 Bitmask for the various LOCKTYPE_ tests. Defaults to 0 1016 (no extra messages), setting it to -1 (all bits set) 1017 will print _a_lot_ more information - normally only 1018 useful to lockdep developers. 1019 1020 debug_objects [KNL,EARLY] Enable object debugging 1021 1022 debug_guardpage_minorder= 1023 [KNL,EARLY] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this 1024 parameter allows control of the order of pages that will 1025 be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the 1026 buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability 1027 of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the 1028 amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum 1029 possible value is MAX_PAGE_ORDER/2. Setting this 1030 parameter to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most 1031 random memory corruption problems caused by bugs in 1032 kernel or driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads 1033 from) a random memory location. Note that there exists 1034 a class of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy 1035 H/W or F/W or by drivers badly programming DMA 1036 (basically when memory is written at bus level and the 1037 CPU MMU is bypassed) which are not detectable by 1038 CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not 1039 help tracking down these problems. 1040 1041 debug_pagealloc= 1042 [KNL,EARLY] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this parameter 1043 enables the feature at boot time. By default, it is 1044 disabled and the system will work mostly the same as a 1045 kernel built without CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC. 1046 Note: to get most of debug_pagealloc error reports, it's 1047 useful to also enable the page_owner functionality. 1048 on: enable the feature 1049 1050 debugfs= [KNL,EARLY] This parameter enables what is exposed to 1051 userspace and debugfs internal clients. 1052 Format: { on, no-mount, off } 1053 on: All functions are enabled. 1054 no-mount: 1055 Filesystem is not registered but kernel clients can 1056 access APIs and a crashkernel can be used to read 1057 its content. There is nothing to mount. 1058 off: Filesystem is not registered and clients 1059 get a -EPERM as result when trying to register files 1060 or directories within debugfs. 1061 This is equivalent of the runtime functionality if 1062 debugfs was not enabled in the kernel at all. 1063 Default value is set in build-time with a kernel configuration. 1064 1065 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging 1066 1067 default_hugepagesz= 1068 [HW] The size of the default HugeTLB page. This is 1069 the size represented by the legacy /proc/ hugepages 1070 APIs. In addition, this is the default hugetlb size 1071 used for shmget(), mmap() and mounting hugetlbfs 1072 filesystems. If not specified, defaults to the 1073 architecture's default huge page size. Huge page 1074 sizes are architecture dependent. See also 1075 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst. 1076 Format: size[KMG] 1077 1078 deferred_probe_timeout= 1079 [KNL] Debugging option to set a timeout in seconds for 1080 deferred probe to give up waiting on dependencies to 1081 probe. Only specific dependencies (subsystems or 1082 drivers) that have opted in will be ignored. A timeout 1083 of 0 will timeout at the end of initcalls. If the time 1084 out hasn't expired, it'll be restarted by each 1085 successful driver registration. This option will also 1086 dump out devices still on the deferred probe list after 1087 retrying. 1088 1089 delayacct [KNL] Enable per-task delay accounting 1090 1091 dell_smm_hwmon.ignore_dmi= 1092 [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data 1093 indicates that the driver is running on unsupported 1094 hardware. 1095 1096 dell_smm_hwmon.force= 1097 [HW] Activate driver even if SMM BIOS signature does 1098 not match list of supported models and enable otherwise 1099 blacklisted features. 1100 1101 dell_smm_hwmon.power_status= 1102 [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k 1103 (disabled by default). 1104 1105 dell_smm_hwmon.restricted= 1106 [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN 1107 capability is set. 1108 1109 dell_smm_hwmon.fan_mult= 1110 [HW] Factor to multiply fan speed with. 1111 1112 dell_smm_hwmon.fan_max= 1113 [HW] Maximum configurable fan speed. 1114 1115 dfltcc= [HW,S390] 1116 Format: { on | off | def_only | inf_only | always } 1117 on: s390 zlib hardware support for compression on 1118 level 1 and decompression (default) 1119 off: No s390 zlib hardware support 1120 def_only: s390 zlib hardware support for deflate 1121 only (compression on level 1) 1122 inf_only: s390 zlib hardware support for inflate 1123 only (decompression) 1124 always: Same as 'on' but ignores the selected compression 1125 level always using hardware support (used for debugging) 1126 1127 dhash_entries= [KNL] 1128 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache. 1129 1130 disable_1tb_segments [PPC,EARLY] 1131 Disables the use of 1TB hash page table segments. This 1132 causes the kernel to fall back to 256MB segments which 1133 can be useful when debugging issues that require an SLB 1134 miss to occur. 1135 1136 disable= [IPV6] 1137 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst. 1138 1139 disable_radix [PPC,EARLY] 1140 Disable RADIX MMU mode on POWER9 1141 1142 disable_tlbie [PPC] 1143 Disable TLBIE instruction. Currently does not work 1144 with KVM, with HASH MMU, or with coherent accelerators. 1145 1146 disable_ddw [PPC/PSERIES,EARLY] 1147 Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this 1148 to workaround buggy firmware. 1149 1150 disable_ipv6= [IPV6] 1151 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst. 1152 1153 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86,EARLY] 1154 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous 1155 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB 1156 entry later. This parameter disables that. 1157 1158 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only,EARLY] 1159 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable 1160 memory out of your available memory pool based on 1161 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior, 1162 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly. 1163 1164 disable_timer_pin_1 [X86,EARLY] 1165 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer 1166 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs. 1167 1168 dis_ucode_ldr [X86] Disable the microcode loader. 1169 1170 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support, 1171 this option disables the debugging code at boot. 1172 1173 dma_debug_entries=<number> 1174 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated 1175 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is 1176 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the 1177 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the 1178 architectural default is too low. 1179 1180 dma_debug_driver=<driver_name> 1181 With this option the DMA-API debugging driver 1182 filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just 1183 pass the driver to filter for as the parameter. 1184 The filter can be disabled or changed to another 1185 driver later using sysfs. 1186 1187 reg_file_data_sampling= 1188 [X86] Controls mitigation for Register File Data 1189 Sampling (RFDS) vulnerability. RFDS is a CPU 1190 vulnerability which may allow userspace to infer 1191 kernel data values previously stored in floating point 1192 registers, vector registers, or integer registers. 1193 RFDS only affects Intel Atom processors. 1194 1195 on: Turns ON the mitigation. 1196 off: Turns OFF the mitigation. 1197 1198 This parameter overrides the compile time default set 1199 by CONFIG_MITIGATION_RFDS. Mitigation cannot be 1200 disabled when other VERW based mitigations (like MDS) 1201 are enabled. In order to disable RFDS mitigation all 1202 VERW based mitigations need to be disabled. 1203 1204 For details see: 1205 Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/reg-file-data-sampling.rst 1206 1207 driver_async_probe= [KNL] 1208 List of driver names to be probed asynchronously. * 1209 matches with all driver names. If * is specified, the 1210 rest of the listed driver names are those that will NOT 1211 match the *. 1212 Format: <driver_name1>,<driver_name2>... 1213 1214 drm.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>[,[<connector>:]<file>] 1215 Broken monitors, graphic adapters, KVMs and EDIDless 1216 panels may send no or incorrect EDID data sets. 1217 This parameter allows to specify an EDID data sets 1218 in the /lib/firmware directory that are used instead. 1219 An EDID data set will only be used for a particular 1220 connector, if its name and a colon are prepended to 1221 the EDID name. Each connector may use a unique EDID 1222 data set by separating the files with a comma. An EDID 1223 data set with no connector name will be used for 1224 any connectors not explicitly specified. 1225 1226 dscc4.setup= [NET] 1227 1228 dt_cpu_ftrs= [PPC,EARLY] 1229 Format: {"off" | "known"} 1230 Control how the dt_cpu_ftrs device-tree binding is 1231 used for CPU feature discovery and setup (if it 1232 exists). 1233 off: Do not use it, fall back to legacy cpu table. 1234 known: Do not pass through unknown features to guests 1235 or userspace, only those that the kernel is aware of. 1236 1237 dump_apple_properties [X86] 1238 Dump name and content of EFI device properties on 1239 x86 Macs. Useful for driver authors to determine 1240 what data is available or for reverse-engineering. 1241 1242 dyndbg[="val"] [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] 1243 <module>.dyndbg[="val"] 1244 Enable debug messages at boot time. See 1245 Documentation/admin-guide/dynamic-debug-howto.rst 1246 for details. 1247 1248 early_ioremap_debug [KNL,EARLY] 1249 Enable debug messages in early_ioremap support. This 1250 is useful for tracking down temporary early mappings 1251 which are not unmapped. 1252 1253 earlycon= [KNL,EARLY] Output early console device and options. 1254 1255 When used with no options, the early console is 1256 determined by stdout-path property in device tree's 1257 chosen node or the ACPI SPCR table if supported by 1258 the platform. 1259 1260 cdns,<addr>[,options] 1261 Start an early, polled-mode console on a Cadence 1262 (xuartps) serial port at the specified address. Only 1263 supported option is baud rate. If baud rate is not 1264 specified, the serial port must already be setup and 1265 configured. 1266 1267 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]] 1268 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]] 1269 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]] 1270 uart[8250],mmio32be,<addr>[,options[,uartclk]] 1271 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options] 1272 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550 1273 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address. 1274 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit 1275 (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32 or mmio32be). 1276 If none of [io|mmio|mmio32|mmio32be], <addr> is assumed 1277 to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified 1278 in the same format described for "console=ttyS<n>"; if 1279 unspecified, the h/w is not initialized. 'uartclk' is 1280 the uart clock frequency; if unspecified, it is set 1281 to 'BASE_BAUD' * 16. 1282 1283 pl011,<addr> 1284 pl011,mmio32,<addr> 1285 Start an early, polled-mode console on a pl011 serial 1286 port at the specified address. The pl011 serial port 1287 must already be setup and configured. Options are not 1288 yet supported. If 'mmio32' is specified, then only 1289 the driver will use only 32-bit accessors to read/write 1290 the device registers. 1291 1292 liteuart,<addr> 1293 Start an early console on a litex serial port at the 1294 specified address. The serial port must already be 1295 setup and configured. Options are not yet supported. 1296 1297 meson,<addr> 1298 Start an early, polled-mode console on a meson serial 1299 port at the specified address. The serial port must 1300 already be setup and configured. Options are not yet 1301 supported. 1302 1303 msm_serial,<addr> 1304 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial 1305 port at the specified address. The serial port 1306 must already be setup and configured. Options are not 1307 yet supported. 1308 1309 msm_serial_dm,<addr> 1310 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial 1311 dm port at the specified address. The serial port 1312 must already be setup and configured. Options are not 1313 yet supported. 1314 1315 owl,<addr> 1316 Start an early, polled-mode console on a serial port 1317 of an Actions Semi SoC, such as S500 or S900, at the 1318 specified address. The serial port must already be 1319 setup and configured. Options are not yet supported. 1320 1321 rda,<addr> 1322 Start an early, polled-mode console on a serial port 1323 of an RDA Micro SoC, such as RDA8810PL, at the 1324 specified address. The serial port must already be 1325 setup and configured. Options are not yet supported. 1326 1327 sbi 1328 Use RISC-V SBI (Supervisor Binary Interface) for early 1329 console. 1330 1331 smh Use ARM semihosting calls for early console. 1332 1333 s3c2410,<addr> 1334 s3c2412,<addr> 1335 s3c2440,<addr> 1336 s3c6400,<addr> 1337 s5pv210,<addr> 1338 exynos4210,<addr> 1339 Use early console provided by serial driver available 1340 on Samsung SoCs, requires selecting proper type and 1341 a correct base address of the selected UART port. The 1342 serial port must already be setup and configured. 1343 Options are not yet supported. 1344 1345 lantiq,<addr> 1346 Start an early, polled-mode console on a lantiq serial 1347 (lqasc) port at the specified address. The serial port 1348 must already be setup and configured. Options are not 1349 yet supported. 1350 1351 lpuart,<addr> 1352 lpuart32,<addr> 1353 Use early console provided by Freescale LP UART driver 1354 found on Freescale Vybrid and QorIQ LS1021A processors. 1355 A valid base address must be provided, and the serial 1356 port must already be setup and configured. 1357 1358 ec_imx21,<addr> 1359 ec_imx6q,<addr> 1360 Start an early, polled-mode, output-only console on the 1361 Freescale i.MX UART at the specified address. The UART 1362 must already be setup and configured. 1363 1364 ar3700_uart,<addr> 1365 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 1366 Armada 3700 serial port at the specified 1367 address. The serial port must already be setup 1368 and configured. Options are not yet supported. 1369 1370 qcom_geni,<addr> 1371 Start an early, polled-mode console on a Qualcomm 1372 Generic Interface (GENI) based serial port at the 1373 specified address. The serial port must already be 1374 setup and configured. Options are not yet supported. 1375 1376 efifb,[options] 1377 Start an early, unaccelerated console on the EFI 1378 memory mapped framebuffer (if available). On cache 1379 coherent non-x86 systems that use system memory for 1380 the framebuffer, pass the 'ram' option so that it is 1381 mapped with the correct attributes. 1382 1383 linflex,<addr> 1384 Use early console provided by Freescale LINFlexD UART 1385 serial driver for NXP S32V234 SoCs. A valid base 1386 address must be provided, and the serial port must 1387 already be setup and configured. 1388 1389 earlyprintk= [X86,SH,ARM,M68k,S390,UM,EARLY] 1390 earlyprintk=vga 1391 earlyprintk=sclp 1392 earlyprintk=xen 1393 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]] 1394 earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]] 1395 earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate] 1396 earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#] 1397 earlyprintk=pciserial[,force],bus:device.function[,baudrate] 1398 earlyprintk=xdbc[xhciController#] 1399 earlyprintk=bios 1400 1401 earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before 1402 the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by 1403 default because it has some cosmetic problems. 1404 1405 Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console 1406 takes over. 1407 1408 Only one of vga, serial, or usb debug port can 1409 be used at a time. 1410 1411 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by 1412 name. Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified 1413 on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by 1414 replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this: 1415 earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200 1416 You can find the port for a given device in 1417 /proc/tty/driver/serial: 1418 2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ... 1419 1420 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not 1421 very good. 1422 1423 The VGA output is eventually overwritten by 1424 the real console. 1425 1426 The xen option can only be used in Xen domains. 1427 1428 The sclp output can only be used on s390. 1429 1430 The bios output can only be used on SuperH. 1431 1432 The optional "force" to "pciserial" enables use of a 1433 PCI device even when its classcode is not of the 1434 UART class. 1435 1436 edac_report= [HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event 1437 Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"} 1438 on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden 1439 by other higher priority error reporting module. 1440 off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC. 1441 force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event. 1442 default: on. 1443 1444 edd= [EDD] 1445 Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"} 1446 1447 efi= [EFI,EARLY] 1448 Format: { "debug", "disable_early_pci_dma", 1449 "nochunk", "noruntime", "nosoftreserve", 1450 "novamap", "no_disable_early_pci_dma" } 1451 debug: enable misc debug output. 1452 disable_early_pci_dma: disable the busmaster bit on all 1453 PCI bridges while in the EFI boot stub. 1454 nochunk: disable reading files in "chunks" in the EFI 1455 boot stub, as chunking can cause problems with some 1456 firmware implementations. 1457 noruntime : disable EFI runtime services support 1458 nosoftreserve: The EFI_MEMORY_SP (Specific Purpose) 1459 attribute may cause the kernel to reserve the 1460 memory range for a memory mapping driver to 1461 claim. Specify efi=nosoftreserve to disable this 1462 reservation and treat the memory by its base type 1463 (i.e. EFI_CONVENTIONAL_MEMORY / "System RAM"). 1464 novamap: do not call SetVirtualAddressMap(). 1465 no_disable_early_pci_dma: Leave the busmaster bit set 1466 on all PCI bridges while in the EFI boot stub 1467 1468 efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI,X86,EARLY] 1469 Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of 1470 your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if 1471 you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and 1472 fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick. 1473 1474 efivar_ssdt= [EFI; X86] Name of an EFI variable that contains an SSDT 1475 that is to be dynamically loaded by Linux. If there are 1476 multiple variables with the same name but with different 1477 vendor GUIDs, all of them will be loaded. See 1478 Documentation/admin-guide/acpi/ssdt-overlays.rst for details. 1479 1480 1481 eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW] 1482 See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c. 1483 1484 ekgdboc= [X86,KGDB,EARLY] Allow early kernel console debugging 1485 Format: ekgdboc=kbd 1486 1487 This is designed to be used in conjunction with 1488 the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga 1489 1490 This parameter works in place of the kgdboc parameter 1491 but can only be used if the backing tty is available 1492 very early in the boot process. For early debugging 1493 via a serial port see kgdboc_earlycon instead. 1494 1495 elanfreq= [X86-32] 1496 See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in 1497 arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c. 1498 1499 elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [PPC,SH,X86,S390,EARLY] 1500 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core 1501 image elf header and optionally the size. Generally 1502 kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel. 1503 See Documentation/admin-guide/kdump/kdump.rst for details. 1504 1505 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86,EARLY] 1506 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous 1507 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB 1508 entry later. This parameter enables that. 1509 1510 enable_timer_pin_1 [X86] 1511 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer 1512 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs 1513 (in particular on some ATI chipsets). 1514 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default. 1515 1516 enforcing= [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status. 1517 Format: {"0" | "1"} 1518 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 1519 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials). 1520 1 -- enforcing (deny and log). 1521 Default value is 0. 1522 Value can be changed at runtime via 1523 /sys/fs/selinux/enforce. 1524 1525 erst_disable [ACPI] 1526 Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST) 1527 support. 1528 1529 ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters 1530 This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which 1531 has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details. 1532 1533 evm= [EVM] 1534 Format: { "fix" } 1535 Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of 1536 current integrity status. 1537 1538 early_page_ext [KNL,EARLY] Enforces page_ext initialization to earlier 1539 stages so cover more early boot allocations. 1540 Please note that as side effect some optimizations 1541 might be disabled to achieve that (e.g. parallelized 1542 memory initialization is disabled) so the boot process 1543 might take longer, especially on systems with a lot of 1544 memory. Available with CONFIG_PAGE_EXTENSION=y. 1545 1546 failslab= 1547 fail_usercopy= 1548 fail_page_alloc= 1549 fail_make_request=[KNL] 1550 General fault injection mechanism. 1551 Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times> 1552 See also Documentation/fault-injection/. 1553 1554 fb_tunnels= [NET] 1555 Format: { initns | none } 1556 See Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/net.rst for 1557 fb_tunnels_only_for_init_ns 1558 1559 floppy= [HW] 1560 See Documentation/admin-guide/blockdev/floppy.rst. 1561 1562 forcepae [X86-32] 1563 Forcefully enable Physical Address Extension (PAE). 1564 Many Pentium M systems disable PAE but may have a 1565 functionally usable PAE implementation. 1566 Warning: use of this parameter will taint the kernel 1567 and may cause unknown problems. 1568 1569 fred= [X86-64] 1570 Enable/disable Flexible Return and Event Delivery. 1571 Format: { on | off } 1572 on: enable FRED when it's present. 1573 off: disable FRED, the default setting. 1574 1575 ftrace=[tracer] 1576 [FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer 1577 as early as possible in order to facilitate early 1578 boot debugging. 1579 1580 ftrace_boot_snapshot 1581 [FTRACE] On boot up, a snapshot will be taken of the 1582 ftrace ring buffer that can be read at: 1583 /sys/kernel/tracing/snapshot. 1584 This is useful if you need tracing information from kernel 1585 boot up that is likely to be overridden by user space 1586 start up functionality. 1587 1588 Optionally, the snapshot can also be defined for a tracing 1589 instance that was created by the trace_instance= command 1590 line parameter. 1591 1592 trace_instance=foo,sched_switch ftrace_boot_snapshot=foo 1593 1594 The above will cause the "foo" tracing instance to trigger 1595 a snapshot at the end of boot up. 1596 1597 ftrace_dump_on_oops[=2(orig_cpu) | =<instance>][,<instance> | 1598 ,<instance>=2(orig_cpu)] 1599 [FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops. 1600 If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump global 1601 buffers of all CPUs, if you pass 2 or orig_cpu, it 1602 will dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered 1603 the oops, or the specific instance will be dumped if 1604 its name is passed. Multiple instance dump is also 1605 supported, and instances are separated by commas. Each 1606 instance supports only dump on CPU that triggered the 1607 oops by passing 2 or orig_cpu to it. 1608 1609 ftrace_dump_on_oops=foo=orig_cpu 1610 1611 The above will dump only the buffer of "foo" instance 1612 on CPU that triggered the oops. 1613 1614 ftrace_dump_on_oops,foo,bar=orig_cpu 1615 1616 The above will dump global buffer on all CPUs, the 1617 buffer of "foo" instance on all CPUs and the buffer 1618 of "bar" instance on CPU that triggered the oops. 1619 1620 ftrace_filter=[function-list] 1621 [FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function 1622 tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma-separated 1623 list of functions. This list can be changed at run 1624 time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs 1625 tracing directory. 1626 1627 ftrace_notrace=[function-list] 1628 [FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in 1629 function-list. This list can be changed at run time 1630 by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs 1631 tracing directory. 1632 1633 ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list] 1634 [FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced 1635 by the function graph tracer at boot up. 1636 function-list is a comma-separated list of functions 1637 that can be changed at run time by the 1638 set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory. 1639 1640 ftrace_graph_notrace=[function-list] 1641 [FTRACE] Do not trace from the functions specified in 1642 function-list. This list is a comma-separated list of 1643 functions that can be changed at run time by the 1644 set_graph_notrace file in the debugfs tracing directory. 1645 1646 ftrace_graph_max_depth=<uint> 1647 [FTRACE] Used with the function graph tracer. This is 1648 the max depth it will trace into a function. This value 1649 can be changed at run time by the max_graph_depth file 1650 in the tracefs tracing directory. default: 0 (no limit) 1651 1652 fw_devlink= [KNL,EARLY] Create device links between consumer and supplier 1653 devices by scanning the firmware to infer the 1654 consumer/supplier relationships. This feature is 1655 especially useful when drivers are loaded as modules as 1656 it ensures proper ordering of tasks like device probing 1657 (suppliers first, then consumers), supplier boot state 1658 clean up (only after all consumers have probed), 1659 suspend/resume & runtime PM (consumers first, then 1660 suppliers). 1661 Format: { off | permissive | on | rpm } 1662 off -- Don't create device links from firmware info. 1663 permissive -- Create device links from firmware info 1664 but use it only for ordering boot state clean 1665 up (sync_state() calls). 1666 on -- Create device links from firmware info and use it 1667 to enforce probe and suspend/resume ordering. 1668 rpm -- Like "on", but also use to order runtime PM. 1669 1670 fw_devlink.strict=<bool> 1671 [KNL,EARLY] Treat all inferred dependencies as mandatory 1672 dependencies. This only applies for fw_devlink=on|rpm. 1673 Format: <bool> 1674 1675 fw_devlink.sync_state = 1676 [KNL,EARLY] When all devices that could probe have finished 1677 probing, this parameter controls what to do with 1678 devices that haven't yet received their sync_state() 1679 calls. 1680 Format: { strict | timeout } 1681 strict -- Default. Continue waiting on consumers to 1682 probe successfully. 1683 timeout -- Give up waiting on consumers and call 1684 sync_state() on any devices that haven't yet 1685 received their sync_state() calls after 1686 deferred_probe_timeout has expired or by 1687 late_initcall() if !CONFIG_MODULES. 1688 1689 gamecon.map[2|3]= 1690 [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad 1691 support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port) 1692 Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5> 1693 See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst 1694 1695 gamma= [HW,DRM] 1696 1697 gart_fix_e820= [X86-64,EARLY] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART 1698 Format: off | on 1699 default: on 1700 1701 gather_data_sampling= 1702 [X86,INTEL,EARLY] Control the Gather Data Sampling (GDS) 1703 mitigation. 1704 1705 Gather Data Sampling is a hardware vulnerability which 1706 allows unprivileged speculative access to data which was 1707 previously stored in vector registers. 1708 1709 This issue is mitigated by default in updated microcode. 1710 The mitigation may have a performance impact but can be 1711 disabled. On systems without the microcode mitigation 1712 disabling AVX serves as a mitigation. 1713 1714 force: Disable AVX to mitigate systems without 1715 microcode mitigation. No effect if the microcode 1716 mitigation is present. Known to cause crashes in 1717 userspace with buggy AVX enumeration. 1718 1719 off: Disable GDS mitigation. 1720 1721 gcov_persist= [GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for 1722 kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via 1723 debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded. 1724 When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated 1725 debugfs files are removed at module unload time. 1726 1727 goldfish [X86] Enable the goldfish android emulator platform. 1728 Don't use this when you are not running on the 1729 android emulator 1730 1731 gpio-mockup.gpio_mockup_ranges 1732 [HW] Sets the ranges of gpiochip of for this device. 1733 Format: <start1>,<end1>,<start2>,<end2>... 1734 gpio-mockup.gpio_mockup_named_lines 1735 [HW] Let the driver know GPIO lines should be named. 1736 1737 gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but 1738 invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the 1739 primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate 1740 GPT to be used instead. 1741 1742 grcan.enable0= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines 1743 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register. 1744 Format: 0 | 1 1745 Default: 0 1746 grcan.enable1= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines 1747 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register. 1748 Format: 0 | 1 1749 Default: 0 1750 grcan.select= [HW] Select which physical interface to use. 1751 Format: 0 | 1 1752 Default: 0 1753 grcan.txsize= [HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer. 1754 Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0. 1755 Default: 1024 1756 grcan.rxsize= [HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer. 1757 Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0. 1758 Default: 1024 1759 1760 hardened_usercopy= 1761 [KNL] Under CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY, whether 1762 hardening is enabled for this boot. Hardened 1763 usercopy checking is used to protect the kernel 1764 from reading or writing beyond known memory 1765 allocation boundaries as a proactive defense 1766 against bounds-checking flaws in the kernel's 1767 copy_to_user()/copy_from_user() interface. 1768 on Perform hardened usercopy checks (default). 1769 off Disable hardened usercopy checks. 1770 1771 hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace= 1772 [KNL] Should the hard-lockup detector generate 1773 backtraces on all cpus. 1774 Format: 0 | 1 1775 1776 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot 1777 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on 1778 for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise. 1779 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on) 1780 1781 hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry 1782 Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect> 1783 1784 hest_disable [ACPI] 1785 Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support; 1786 corresponding firmware-first mode error processing 1787 logic will be disabled. 1788 1789 hibernate= [HIBERNATION] 1790 noresume Don't check if there's a hibernation image 1791 present during boot. 1792 nocompress Don't compress/decompress hibernation images. 1793 no Disable hibernation and resume. 1794 protect_image Turn on image protection during restoration 1795 (that will set all pages holding image data 1796 during restoration read-only). 1797 1798 hibernate.compressor= [HIBERNATION] Compression algorithm to be 1799 used with hibernation. 1800 Format: { lzo | lz4 } 1801 Default: lzo 1802 1803 lzo: Select LZO compression algorithm to 1804 compress/decompress hibernation image. 1805 1806 lz4: Select LZ4 compression algorithm to 1807 compress/decompress hibernation image. 1808 1809 highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,EARLY] forces the highmem zone to have an exact 1810 size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no 1811 highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem 1812 size on bigger boxes. 1813 1814 highres= [KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode. 1815 Valid parameters: "on", "off" 1816 Default: "on" 1817 1818 hlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] 1819 1820 hostname= [KNL,EARLY] Set the hostname (aka UTS nodename). 1821 Format: <string> 1822 This allows setting the system's hostname during early 1823 startup. This sets the name returned by gethostname. 1824 Using this parameter to set the hostname makes it 1825 possible to ensure the hostname is correctly set before 1826 any userspace processes run, avoiding the possibility 1827 that a process may call gethostname before the hostname 1828 has been explicitly set, resulting in the calling 1829 process getting an incorrect result. The string must 1830 not exceed the maximum allowed hostname length (usually 1831 64 characters) and will be truncated otherwise. 1832 1833 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage 1834 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force | 1835 verbose } 1836 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead 1837 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4, 1838 VIA, nVidia) 1839 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup 1840 1841 hpet_mmap= [X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET 1842 registers. Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT. 1843 1844 hugepages= [HW] Number of HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot. 1845 If this follows hugepagesz (below), it specifies 1846 the number of pages of hugepagesz to be allocated. 1847 If this is the first HugeTLB parameter on the command 1848 line, it specifies the number of pages to allocate for 1849 the default huge page size. If using node format, the 1850 number of pages to allocate per-node can be specified. 1851 See also Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst. 1852 Format: <integer> or (node format) 1853 <node>:<integer>[,<node>:<integer>] 1854 1855 hugepagesz= 1856 [HW] The size of the HugeTLB pages. This is used in 1857 conjunction with hugepages (above) to allocate huge 1858 pages of a specific size at boot. The pair 1859 hugepagesz=X hugepages=Y can be specified once for 1860 each supported huge page size. Huge page sizes are 1861 architecture dependent. See also 1862 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst. 1863 Format: size[KMG] 1864 1865 hugetlb_cma= [HW,CMA,EARLY] The size of a CMA area used for allocation 1866 of gigantic hugepages. Or using node format, the size 1867 of a CMA area per node can be specified. 1868 Format: nn[KMGTPE] or (node format) 1869 <node>:nn[KMGTPE][,<node>:nn[KMGTPE]] 1870 1871 Reserve a CMA area of given size and allocate gigantic 1872 hugepages using the CMA allocator. If enabled, the 1873 boot-time allocation of gigantic hugepages is skipped. 1874 1875 hugetlb_free_vmemmap= 1876 [KNL] Requires CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP 1877 enabled. 1878 Control if HugeTLB Vmemmap Optimization (HVO) is enabled. 1879 Allows heavy hugetlb users to free up some more 1880 memory (7 * PAGE_SIZE for each 2MB hugetlb page). 1881 Format: { on | off (default) } 1882 1883 on: enable HVO 1884 off: disable HVO 1885 1886 Built with CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP_DEFAULT_ON=y, 1887 the default is on. 1888 1889 Note that the vmemmap pages may be allocated from the added 1890 memory block itself when memory_hotplug.memmap_on_memory is 1891 enabled, those vmemmap pages cannot be optimized even if this 1892 feature is enabled. Other vmemmap pages not allocated from 1893 the added memory block itself do not be affected. 1894 1895 hung_task_panic= 1896 [KNL] Should the hung task detector generate panics. 1897 Format: 0 | 1 1898 1899 A value of 1 instructs the kernel to panic when a 1900 hung task is detected. The default value is controlled 1901 by the CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HUNG_TASK_PANIC build-time 1902 option. The value selected by this boot parameter can 1903 be changed later by the kernel.hung_task_panic sysctl. 1904 1905 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC) 1906 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8 1907 hvc_iucv_allow= [S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs. 1908 If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections 1909 from listed z/VM user IDs only. 1910 1911 hv_nopvspin [X86,HYPER_V,EARLY] 1912 Disables the paravirt spinlock optimizations 1913 which allow the hypervisor to 'idle' the guest 1914 on lock contention. 1915 1916 i2c_bus= [HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed 1917 or register an additional I2C bus that is not 1918 registered from board initialization code. 1919 Format: 1920 <bus_id>,<clkrate> 1921 1922 i2c_touchscreen_props= [HW,ACPI,X86] 1923 Set device-properties for ACPI-enumerated I2C-attached 1924 touchscreen, to e.g. fix coordinates of upside-down 1925 mounted touchscreens. If you need this option please 1926 submit a drivers/platform/x86/touchscreen_dmi.c patch 1927 adding a DMI quirk for this. 1928 1929 Format: 1930 <ACPI_HW_ID>:<prop_name>=<val>[:prop_name=val][:...] 1931 Where <val> is one of: 1932 Omit "=<val>" entirely Set a boolean device-property 1933 Unsigned number Set a u32 device-property 1934 Anything else Set a string device-property 1935 1936 Examples (split over multiple lines): 1937 i2c_touchscreen_props=GDIX1001:touchscreen-inverted-x: 1938 touchscreen-inverted-y 1939 1940 i2c_touchscreen_props=MSSL1680:touchscreen-size-x=1920: 1941 touchscreen-size-y=1080:touchscreen-inverted-y: 1942 firmware-name=gsl1680-vendor-model.fw:silead,home-button 1943 1944 i8042.debug [HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode 1945 i8042.unmask_kbd_data 1946 [HW] Enable printing of interrupt data from the KBD port 1947 (disabled by default, and as a pre-condition 1948 requires that i8042.debug=1 be enabled) 1949 i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode 1950 i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from 1951 keyboard and cannot control its state 1952 (Don't attempt to blink the leds) 1953 i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port 1954 i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port 1955 i8042.noloop [HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing 1956 for the AUX port 1957 i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing 1958 controller 1959 i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX 1960 controllers 1961 i8042.notimeout [HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller 1962 i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init, cleanup and 1963 suspend-to-ram transitions, only during s2r 1964 transitions, or never reset 1965 Format: { 1 | Y | y | 0 | N | n } 1966 1, Y, y: always reset controller 1967 0, N, n: don't ever reset controller 1968 Default: only on s2r transitions on x86; most other 1969 architectures force reset to be always executed 1970 i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock 1971 i8042.kbdreset [HW] Reset device connected to KBD port 1972 i8042.probe_defer 1973 [HW] Allow deferred probing upon i8042 probe errors 1974 1975 i810= [HW,DRM] 1976 1977 i915.invert_brightness= 1978 [DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to 1979 set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a 1980 brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off, 1981 and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight 1982 to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0 1983 (default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter 1984 is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight 1985 to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness 1986 value switches the backlight off. 1987 -1 -- never invert brightness 1988 0 -- machine default 1989 1 -- force brightness inversion 1990 1991 ia32_emulation= [X86-64] 1992 Format: <bool> 1993 When true, allows loading 32-bit programs and executing 32-bit 1994 syscalls, essentially overriding IA32_EMULATION_DEFAULT_DISABLED at 1995 boot time. When false, unconditionally disables IA32 emulation. 1996 1997 icn= [HW,ISDN] 1998 Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]] 1999 2000 2001 idle= [X86,EARLY] 2002 Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait 2003 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly 2004 improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but 2005 will use a lot of power and make the system run hot. 2006 Not recommended. 2007 idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle. 2008 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again. 2009 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states 2010 2011 idxd.sva= [HW] 2012 Format: <bool> 2013 Allow force disabling of Shared Virtual Memory (SVA) 2014 support for the idxd driver. By default it is set to 2015 true (1). 2016 2017 idxd.tc_override= [HW] 2018 Format: <bool> 2019 Allow override of default traffic class configuration 2020 for the device. By default it is set to false (0). 2021 2022 ieee754= [MIPS] Select IEEE Std 754 conformance mode 2023 Format: { strict | legacy | 2008 | relaxed | emulated } 2024 Default: strict 2025 2026 Choose which programs will be accepted for execution 2027 based on the IEEE 754 NaN encoding(s) supported by 2028 the FPU and the NaN encoding requested with the value 2029 of an ELF file header flag individually set by each 2030 binary. Hardware implementations are permitted to 2031 support either or both of the legacy and the 2008 NaN 2032 encoding mode. 2033 2034 Available settings are as follows: 2035 strict accept binaries that request a NaN encoding 2036 supported by the FPU 2037 legacy only accept legacy-NaN binaries, if supported 2038 by the FPU 2039 2008 only accept 2008-NaN binaries, if supported 2040 by the FPU 2041 relaxed accept any binaries regardless of whether 2042 supported by the FPU 2043 emulated accept any binaries but enable FPU emulator 2044 if binary mode is unsupported by the FPU. 2045 2046 The FPU emulator is always able to support both NaN 2047 encodings, so if no FPU hardware is present or it has 2048 been disabled with 'nofpu', then the settings of 2049 'legacy' and '2008' strap the emulator accordingly, 2050 'relaxed' straps the emulator for both legacy-NaN and 2051 2008-NaN, whereas 'strict' enables legacy-NaN only on 2052 legacy processors and both NaN encodings on MIPS32 or 2053 MIPS64 CPUs. 2054 2055 The setting for ABS.fmt/NEG.fmt instruction execution 2056 mode generally follows that for the NaN encoding, 2057 except where unsupported by hardware. 2058 2059 ignore_loglevel [KNL,EARLY] 2060 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/ 2061 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging. 2062 We also add it as printk module parameter, so users 2063 could change it dynamically, usually by 2064 /sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel. 2065 2066 ignore_rlimit_data 2067 Ignore RLIMIT_DATA setting for data mappings, 2068 print warning at first misuse. Can be changed via 2069 /sys/module/kernel/parameters/ignore_rlimit_data. 2070 2071 ihash_entries= [KNL] 2072 Set number of hash buckets for inode cache. 2073 2074 ima_appraise= [IMA] appraise integrity measurements 2075 Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" | "log" } 2076 default: "enforce" 2077 2078 ima_appraise_tcb [IMA] Deprecated. Use ima_policy= instead. 2079 The builtin appraise policy appraises all files 2080 owned by uid=0. 2081 2082 ima_canonical_fmt [IMA] 2083 Use the canonical format for the binary runtime 2084 measurements, instead of host native format. 2085 2086 ima_hash= [IMA] 2087 Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384 2088 | sha512 | ... } 2089 default: "sha1" 2090 2091 The list of supported hash algorithms is defined 2092 in crypto/hash_info.h. 2093 2094 ima_policy= [IMA] 2095 The builtin policies to load during IMA setup. 2096 Format: "tcb | appraise_tcb | secure_boot | 2097 fail_securely | critical_data" 2098 2099 The "tcb" policy measures all programs exec'd, files 2100 mmap'd for exec, and all files opened with the read 2101 mode bit set by either the effective uid (euid=0) or 2102 uid=0. 2103 2104 The "appraise_tcb" policy appraises the integrity of 2105 all files owned by root. 2106 2107 The "secure_boot" policy appraises the integrity 2108 of files (eg. kexec kernel image, kernel modules, 2109 firmware, policy, etc) based on file signatures. 2110 2111 The "fail_securely" policy forces file signature 2112 verification failure also on privileged mounted 2113 filesystems with the SB_I_UNVERIFIABLE_SIGNATURE 2114 flag. 2115 2116 The "critical_data" policy measures kernel integrity 2117 critical data. 2118 2119 ima_tcb [IMA] Deprecated. Use ima_policy= instead. 2120 Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted 2121 Computing Base. This means IMA will measure all 2122 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files 2123 opened for read by uid=0. 2124 2125 ima_template= [IMA] 2126 Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats. 2127 Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" | "ima-ngv2" | "ima-sig" | 2128 "ima-sigv2" } 2129 Default: "ima-ng" 2130 2131 ima_template_fmt= 2132 [IMA] Define a custom template format. 2133 Format: { "field1|...|fieldN" } 2134 2135 ima.ahash_minsize= [IMA] Minimum file size for asynchronous hash usage 2136 Format: <min_file_size> 2137 Set the minimal file size for using asynchronous hash. 2138 If left unspecified, ahash usage is disabled. 2139 2140 ahash performance varies for different data sizes on 2141 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used 2142 to achieve the best performance for a particular HW. 2143 2144 ima.ahash_bufsize= [IMA] Asynchronous hash buffer size 2145 Format: <bufsize> 2146 Set hashing buffer size. Default: 4k. 2147 2148 ahash performance varies for different chunk sizes on 2149 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used 2150 to achieve best performance for particular HW. 2151 2152 init= [KNL] 2153 Format: <full_path> 2154 Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init 2155 process. 2156 2157 initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful 2158 for working out where the kernel is dying during 2159 startup. 2160 2161 initcall_blacklist= [KNL] Do not execute a comma-separated list of 2162 initcall functions. Useful for debugging built-in 2163 modules and initcalls. 2164 2165 initramfs_async= [KNL] 2166 Format: <bool> 2167 Default: 1 2168 This parameter controls whether the initramfs 2169 image is unpacked asynchronously, concurrently 2170 with devices being probed and 2171 initialized. This should normally just work, 2172 but as a debugging aid, one can get the 2173 historical behaviour of the initramfs 2174 unpacking being completed before device_ and 2175 late_ initcalls. 2176 2177 initrd= [BOOT,EARLY] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk 2178 2179 initrdmem= [KNL,EARLY] Specify a physical address and size from which to 2180 load the initrd. If an initrd is compiled in or 2181 specified in the bootparams, it takes priority over this 2182 setting. 2183 Format: ss[KMG],nn[KMG] 2184 Default is 0, 0 2185 2186 init_on_alloc= [MM,EARLY] Fill newly allocated pages and heap objects with 2187 zeroes. 2188 Format: 0 | 1 2189 Default set by CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON. 2190 2191 init_on_free= [MM,EARLY] Fill freed pages and heap objects with zeroes. 2192 Format: 0 | 1 2193 Default set by CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON. 2194 2195 init_pkru= [X86] Specify the default memory protection keys rights 2196 register contents for all processes. 0x55555554 by 2197 default (disallow access to all but pkey 0). Can 2198 override in debugfs after boot. 2199 2200 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver 2201 Format: <irq> 2202 2203 int_pln_enable [X86] Enable power limit notification interrupt 2204 2205 integrity_audit=[IMA] 2206 Format: { "0" | "1" } 2207 0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default) 2208 1 -- additional integrity auditing messages. 2209 2210 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option 2211 on 2212 Enable intel iommu driver. 2213 off 2214 Disable intel iommu driver. 2215 igfx_off [Default Off] 2216 By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx 2217 device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is 2218 bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In 2219 this case, gfx device will use physical address for 2220 DMA. 2221 strict [Default Off] 2222 Deprecated, equivalent to iommu.strict=1. 2223 sp_off [Default Off] 2224 By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU 2225 has the capability. With this option, super page will 2226 not be supported. 2227 sm_on 2228 Enable the Intel IOMMU scalable mode if the hardware 2229 advertises that it has support for the scalable mode 2230 translation. 2231 sm_off 2232 Disallow use of the Intel IOMMU scalable mode. 2233 tboot_noforce [Default Off] 2234 Do not force the Intel IOMMU enabled under tboot. 2235 By default, tboot will force Intel IOMMU on, which 2236 could harm performance of some high-throughput 2237 devices like 40GBit network cards, even if identity 2238 mapping is enabled. 2239 Note that using this option lowers the security 2240 provided by tboot because it makes the system 2241 vulnerable to DMA attacks. 2242 2243 intel_idle.max_cstate= [KNL,HW,ACPI,X86] 2244 0 disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle. 2245 1 to 9 specify maximum depth of C-state. 2246 2247 intel_pstate= [X86,EARLY] 2248 disable 2249 Do not enable intel_pstate as the default 2250 scaling driver for the supported processors 2251 active 2252 Use intel_pstate driver to bypass the scaling 2253 governors layer of cpufreq and provides it own 2254 algorithms for p-state selection. There are two 2255 P-state selection algorithms provided by 2256 intel_pstate in the active mode: powersave and 2257 performance. The way they both operate depends 2258 on whether or not the hardware managed P-states 2259 (HWP) feature has been enabled in the processor 2260 and possibly on the processor model. 2261 passive 2262 Use intel_pstate as a scaling driver, but configure it 2263 to work with generic cpufreq governors (instead of 2264 enabling its internal governor). This mode cannot be 2265 used along with the hardware-managed P-states (HWP) 2266 feature. 2267 force 2268 Enable intel_pstate on systems that prohibit it by default 2269 in favor of acpi-cpufreq. Forcing the intel_pstate driver 2270 instead of acpi-cpufreq may disable platform features, such 2271 as thermal controls and power capping, that rely on ACPI 2272 P-States information being indicated to OSPM and therefore 2273 should be used with caution. This option does not work with 2274 processors that aren't supported by the intel_pstate driver 2275 or on platforms that use pcc-cpufreq instead of acpi-cpufreq. 2276 no_hwp 2277 Do not enable hardware P state control (HWP) 2278 if available. 2279 hwp_only 2280 Only load intel_pstate on systems which support 2281 hardware P state control (HWP) if available. 2282 support_acpi_ppc 2283 Enforce ACPI _PPC performance limits. If the Fixed ACPI 2284 Description Table, specifies preferred power management 2285 profile as "Enterprise Server" or "Performance Server", 2286 then this feature is turned on by default. 2287 per_cpu_perf_limits 2288 Allow per-logical-CPU P-State performance control limits using 2289 cpufreq sysfs interface 2290 2291 intremap= [X86-64,Intel-IOMMU,EARLY] 2292 on enable Interrupt Remapping (default) 2293 off disable Interrupt Remapping 2294 nosid disable Source ID checking 2295 no_x2apic_optout 2296 BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored 2297 nopost disable Interrupt Posting 2298 posted_msi 2299 enable MSIs delivered as posted interrupts 2300 2301 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory 2302 strict regions from userspace. 2303 relaxed 2304 2305 iommu= [X86,EARLY] 2306 off 2307 force 2308 noforce 2309 biomerge 2310 panic 2311 nopanic 2312 merge 2313 nomerge 2314 soft 2315 pt [X86] 2316 nopt [X86] 2317 nobypass [PPC/POWERNV] 2318 Disable IOMMU bypass, using IOMMU for PCI devices. 2319 2320 iommu.forcedac= [ARM64,X86,EARLY] Control IOVA allocation for PCI devices. 2321 Format: { "0" | "1" } 2322 0 - Try to allocate a 32-bit DMA address first, before 2323 falling back to the full range if needed. 2324 1 - Allocate directly from the full usable range, 2325 forcing Dual Address Cycle for PCI cards supporting 2326 greater than 32-bit addressing. 2327 2328 iommu.strict= [ARM64,X86,S390,EARLY] Configure TLB invalidation behaviour 2329 Format: { "0" | "1" } 2330 0 - Lazy mode. 2331 Request that DMA unmap operations use deferred 2332 invalidation of hardware TLBs, for increased 2333 throughput at the cost of reduced device isolation. 2334 Will fall back to strict mode if not supported by 2335 the relevant IOMMU driver. 2336 1 - Strict mode. 2337 DMA unmap operations invalidate IOMMU hardware TLBs 2338 synchronously. 2339 unset - Use value of CONFIG_IOMMU_DEFAULT_DMA_{LAZY,STRICT}. 2340 Note: on x86, strict mode specified via one of the 2341 legacy driver-specific options takes precedence. 2342 2343 iommu.passthrough= 2344 [ARM64,X86,EARLY] Configure DMA to bypass the IOMMU by default. 2345 Format: { "0" | "1" } 2346 0 - Use IOMMU translation for DMA. 2347 1 - Bypass the IOMMU for DMA. 2348 unset - Use value of CONFIG_IOMMU_DEFAULT_PASSTHROUGH. 2349 2350 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel-based Alpha systems 2351 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in 2352 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c. 2353 2354 io_delay= [X86,EARLY] I/O delay method 2355 0x80 2356 Standard port 0x80 based delay 2357 0xed 2358 Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems) 2359 udelay 2360 Simple two microseconds delay 2361 none 2362 No delay 2363 2364 ip= [IP_PNP] 2365 See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst. 2366 2367 ipcmni_extend [KNL,EARLY] Extend the maximum number of unique System V 2368 IPC identifiers from 32,768 to 16,777,216. 2369 2370 ipe.enforce= [IPE] 2371 Format: <bool> 2372 Determine whether IPE starts in permissive (0) or 2373 enforce (1) mode. The default is enforce. 2374 2375 ipe.success_audit= 2376 [IPE] 2377 Format: <bool> 2378 Start IPE with success auditing enabled, emitting 2379 an audit event when a binary is allowed. The default 2380 is 0. 2381 2382 irqaffinity= [SMP] Set the default irq affinity mask 2383 The argument is a cpu list, as described above. 2384 2385 irqchip.gicv2_force_probe= 2386 [ARM,ARM64,EARLY] 2387 Format: <bool> 2388 Force the kernel to look for the second 4kB page 2389 of a GICv2 controller even if the memory range 2390 exposed by the device tree is too small. 2391 2392 irqchip.gicv3_nolpi= 2393 [ARM,ARM64,EARLY] 2394 Force the kernel to ignore the availability of 2395 LPIs (and by consequence ITSs). Intended for system 2396 that use the kernel as a bootloader, and thus want 2397 to let secondary kernels in charge of setting up 2398 LPIs. 2399 2400 irqchip.gicv3_pseudo_nmi= [ARM64,EARLY] 2401 Enables support for pseudo-NMIs in the kernel. This 2402 requires the kernel to be built with 2403 CONFIG_ARM64_PSEUDO_NMI. 2404 2405 irqfixup [HW] 2406 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers 2407 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken 2408 firmware running. 2409 2410 irqpoll [HW] 2411 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers 2412 for it. Also check all handlers each timer 2413 interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken 2414 firmware running. 2415 2416 isapnp= [ISAPNP] 2417 Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity> 2418 2419 isolcpus= [KNL,SMP,ISOL] Isolate a given set of CPUs from disturbance. 2420 [Deprecated - use cpusets instead] 2421 Format: [flag-list,]<cpu-list> 2422 2423 Specify one or more CPUs to isolate from disturbances 2424 specified in the flag list (default: domain): 2425 2426 nohz 2427 Disable the tick when a single task runs. 2428 2429 A residual 1Hz tick is offloaded to workqueues, which you 2430 need to affine to housekeeping through the global 2431 workqueue's affinity configured via the 2432 /sys/devices/virtual/workqueue/cpumask sysfs file, or 2433 by using the 'domain' flag described below. 2434 2435 NOTE: by default the global workqueue runs on all CPUs, 2436 so to protect individual CPUs the 'cpumask' file has to 2437 be configured manually after bootup. 2438 2439 domain 2440 Isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling 2441 algorithms. Note that performing domain isolation this way 2442 is irreversible: it's not possible to bring back a CPU to 2443 the domains once isolated through isolcpus. It's strongly 2444 advised to use cpusets instead to disable scheduler load 2445 balancing through the "cpuset.sched_load_balance" file. 2446 It offers a much more flexible interface where CPUs can 2447 move in and out of an isolated set anytime. 2448 2449 You can move a process onto or off an "isolated" CPU via 2450 the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset. 2451 <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is 2452 "number of CPUs in system - 1". 2453 2454 managed_irq 2455 2456 Isolate from being targeted by managed interrupts 2457 which have an interrupt mask containing isolated 2458 CPUs. The affinity of managed interrupts is 2459 handled by the kernel and cannot be changed via 2460 the /proc/irq/* interfaces. 2461 2462 This isolation is best effort and only effective 2463 if the automatically assigned interrupt mask of a 2464 device queue contains isolated and housekeeping 2465 CPUs. If housekeeping CPUs are online then such 2466 interrupts are directed to the housekeeping CPU 2467 so that IO submitted on the housekeeping CPU 2468 cannot disturb the isolated CPU. 2469 2470 If a queue's affinity mask contains only isolated 2471 CPUs then this parameter has no effect on the 2472 interrupt routing decision, though interrupts are 2473 only delivered when tasks running on those 2474 isolated CPUs submit IO. IO submitted on 2475 housekeeping CPUs has no influence on those 2476 queues. 2477 2478 The format of <cpu-list> is described above. 2479 2480 iucv= [HW,NET] 2481 2482 ivrs_ioapic [HW,X86-64] 2483 Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID 2484 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. 2485 By default, PCI segment is 0, and can be omitted. 2486 2487 For example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to 2488 PCI segment 0x1 and PCI device 00:14.0, 2489 write the parameter as: 2490 ivrs_ioapic=10@0001:00:14.0 2491 2492 Deprecated formats: 2493 * To map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to PCI device 00:14.0 2494 write the parameter as: 2495 ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0 2496 * To map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to PCI segment 0x1 and 2497 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as: 2498 ivrs_ioapic[10]=0001:00:14.0 2499 2500 ivrs_hpet [HW,X86-64] 2501 Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID 2502 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. 2503 By default, PCI segment is 0, and can be omitted. 2504 2505 For example, to map HPET-ID decimal 10 to 2506 PCI segment 0x1 and PCI device 00:14.0, 2507 write the parameter as: 2508 ivrs_hpet=10@0001:00:14.0 2509 2510 Deprecated formats: 2511 * To map HPET-ID decimal 0 to PCI device 00:14.0 2512 write the parameter as: 2513 ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0 2514 * To map HPET-ID decimal 10 to PCI segment 0x1 and 2515 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as: 2516 ivrs_ioapic[10]=0001:00:14.0 2517 2518 ivrs_acpihid [HW,X86-64] 2519 Provide an override to the ACPI-HID:UID<->DEVICE-ID 2520 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. 2521 By default, PCI segment is 0, and can be omitted. 2522 2523 For example, to map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to 2524 PCI segment 0x1 and PCI device ID 00:14.5, 2525 write the parameter as: 2526 ivrs_acpihid=AMD0020:0@0001:00:14.5 2527 2528 Deprecated formats: 2529 * To map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to PCI segment is 0, 2530 PCI device ID 00:14.5, write the parameter as: 2531 ivrs_acpihid[00:14.5]=AMD0020:0 2532 * To map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to PCI segment 0x1 and 2533 PCI device ID 00:14.5, write the parameter as: 2534 ivrs_acpihid[0001:00:14.5]=AMD0020:0 2535 2536 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick 2537 See Documentation/input/joydev/joystick.rst. 2538 2539 kasan_multi_shot 2540 [KNL] Enforce KASAN (Kernel Address Sanitizer) to print 2541 report on every invalid memory access. Without this 2542 parameter KASAN will print report only for the first 2543 invalid access. 2544 2545 keep_bootcon [KNL,EARLY] 2546 Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only 2547 useful for debugging when something happens in the window 2548 between unregistering the boot console and initializing 2549 the real console. 2550 2551 keepinitrd [HW,ARM] See retain_initrd. 2552 2553 kernelcore= [KNL,X86,PPC,EARLY] 2554 Format: nn[KMGTPE] | nn% | "mirror" 2555 This parameter specifies the amount of memory usable by 2556 the kernel for non-movable allocations. The requested 2557 amount is spread evenly throughout all nodes in the 2558 system as ZONE_NORMAL. The remaining memory is used for 2559 movable memory in its own zone, ZONE_MOVABLE. In the 2560 event, a node is too small to have both ZONE_NORMAL and 2561 ZONE_MOVABLE, kernelcore memory will take priority and 2562 other nodes will have a larger ZONE_MOVABLE. 2563 2564 ZONE_MOVABLE is used for the allocation of pages that 2565 may be reclaimed or moved by the page migration 2566 subsystem. Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem 2567 still use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal 2568 zone if it does not. 2569 2570 It is possible to specify the exact amount of memory in 2571 the form of "nn[KMGTPE]", a percentage of total system 2572 memory in the form of "nn%", or "mirror". If "mirror" 2573 option is specified, mirrored (reliable) memory is used 2574 for non-movable allocations and remaining memory is used 2575 for Movable pages. "nn[KMGTPE]", "nn%", and "mirror" 2576 are exclusive, so you cannot specify multiple forms. 2577 2578 kgdbdbgp= [KGDB,HW,EARLY] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port. 2579 Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval] 2580 The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug 2581 port as it is probed via PCI. The poll interval is 2582 optional and is the number seconds in between 2583 each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need 2584 the functionality for interrupting the kernel with 2585 gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection. When 2586 not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into 2587 the kernel debugger. 2588 2589 kgdboc= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles. 2590 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling, 2591 or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb). 2592 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud] 2593 keyboard only format: kbd 2594 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud] 2595 Optional Kernel mode setting: 2596 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd 2597 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud] 2598 2599 kgdboc_earlycon= [KGDB,HW,EARLY] 2600 If the boot console provides the ability to read 2601 characters and can work in polling mode, you can use 2602 this parameter to tell kgdb to use it as a backend 2603 until the normal console is registered. Intended to 2604 be used together with the kgdboc parameter which 2605 specifies the normal console to transition to. 2606 2607 The name of the early console should be specified 2608 as the value of this parameter. Note that the name of 2609 the early console might be different than the tty 2610 name passed to kgdboc. It's OK to leave the value 2611 blank and the first boot console that implements 2612 read() will be picked. 2613 2614 kgdbwait [KGDB,EARLY] Stop kernel execution and enter the 2615 kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity. 2616 2617 kmac= [MIPS] Korina ethernet MAC address. 2618 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip 2619 Ethernet adapter MAC address. 2620 2621 kmemleak= [KNL,EARLY] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable 2622 Valid arguments: on, off 2623 Default: on 2624 Built with CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF=y, 2625 the default is off. 2626 2627 kprobe_event=[probe-list] 2628 [FTRACE] Add kprobe events and enable at boot time. 2629 The probe-list is a semicolon delimited list of probe 2630 definitions. Each definition is same as kprobe_events 2631 interface, but the parameters are comma delimited. 2632 For example, to add a kprobe event on vfs_read with 2633 arg1 and arg2, add to the command line; 2634 2635 kprobe_event=p,vfs_read,$arg1,$arg2 2636 2637 See also Documentation/trace/kprobetrace.rst "Kernel 2638 Boot Parameter" section. 2639 2640 kpti= [ARM64,EARLY] Control page table isolation of 2641 user and kernel address spaces. 2642 Default: enabled on cores which need mitigation. 2643 0: force disabled 2644 1: force enabled 2645 2646 kunit.enable= [KUNIT] Enable executing KUnit tests. Requires 2647 CONFIG_KUNIT to be set to be fully enabled. The 2648 default value can be overridden via 2649 KUNIT_DEFAULT_ENABLED. 2650 Default is 1 (enabled) 2651 2652 kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs. 2653 Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP) 2654 2655 kvm.eager_page_split= 2656 [KVM,X86] Controls whether or not KVM will try to 2657 proactively split all huge pages during dirty logging. 2658 Eager page splitting reduces interruptions to vCPU 2659 execution by eliminating the write-protection faults 2660 and MMU lock contention that would otherwise be 2661 required to split huge pages lazily. 2662 2663 VM workloads that rarely perform writes or that write 2664 only to a small region of VM memory may benefit from 2665 disabling eager page splitting to allow huge pages to 2666 still be used for reads. 2667 2668 The behavior of eager page splitting depends on whether 2669 KVM_DIRTY_LOG_INITIALLY_SET is enabled or disabled. If 2670 disabled, all huge pages in a memslot will be eagerly 2671 split when dirty logging is enabled on that memslot. If 2672 enabled, eager page splitting will be performed during 2673 the KVM_CLEAR_DIRTY ioctl, and only for the pages being 2674 cleared. 2675 2676 Eager page splitting is only supported when kvm.tdp_mmu=Y. 2677 2678 Default is Y (on). 2679 2680 kvm.enable_virt_at_load=[KVM,ARM64,LOONGARCH,MIPS,RISCV,X86] 2681 If enabled, KVM will enable virtualization in hardware 2682 when KVM is loaded, and disable virtualization when KVM 2683 is unloaded (if KVM is built as a module). 2684 2685 If disabled, KVM will dynamically enable and disable 2686 virtualization on-demand when creating and destroying 2687 VMs, i.e. on the 0=>1 and 1=>0 transitions of the 2688 number of VMs. 2689 2690 Enabling virtualization at module lode avoids potential 2691 latency for creation of the 0=>1 VM, as KVM serializes 2692 virtualization enabling across all online CPUs. The 2693 "cost" of enabling virtualization when KVM is loaded, 2694 is that doing so may interfere with using out-of-tree 2695 hypervisors that want to "own" virtualization hardware. 2696 2697 kvm.enable_vmware_backdoor=[KVM] Support VMware backdoor PV interface. 2698 Default is false (don't support). 2699 2700 kvm.nx_huge_pages= 2701 [KVM] Controls the software workaround for the 2702 X86_BUG_ITLB_MULTIHIT bug. 2703 force : Always deploy workaround. 2704 off : Never deploy workaround. 2705 auto : Deploy workaround based on the presence of 2706 X86_BUG_ITLB_MULTIHIT. 2707 2708 Default is 'auto'. 2709 2710 If the software workaround is enabled for the host, 2711 guests do need not to enable it for nested guests. 2712 2713 kvm.nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio= 2714 [KVM] Controls how many 4KiB pages are periodically zapped 2715 back to huge pages. 0 disables the recovery, otherwise if 2716 the value is N KVM will zap 1/Nth of the 4KiB pages every 2717 period (see below). The default is 60. 2718 2719 kvm.nx_huge_pages_recovery_period_ms= 2720 [KVM] Controls the time period at which KVM zaps 4KiB pages 2721 back to huge pages. If the value is a non-zero N, KVM will 2722 zap a portion (see ratio above) of the pages every N msecs. 2723 If the value is 0 (the default), KVM will pick a period based 2724 on the ratio, such that a page is zapped after 1 hour on average. 2725 2726 kvm-amd.nested= [KVM,AMD] Control nested virtualization feature in 2727 KVM/SVM. Default is 1 (enabled). 2728 2729 kvm-amd.npt= [KVM,AMD] Control KVM's use of Nested Page Tables, 2730 a.k.a. Two-Dimensional Page Tables. Default is 1 2731 (enabled). Disable by KVM if hardware lacks support 2732 for NPT. 2733 2734 kvm-arm.mode= 2735 [KVM,ARM,EARLY] Select one of KVM/arm64's modes of 2736 operation. 2737 2738 none: Forcefully disable KVM. 2739 2740 nvhe: Standard nVHE-based mode, without support for 2741 protected guests. 2742 2743 protected: nVHE-based mode with support for guests whose 2744 state is kept private from the host. 2745 2746 nested: VHE-based mode with support for nested 2747 virtualization. Requires at least ARMv8.3 2748 hardware. 2749 2750 Defaults to VHE/nVHE based on hardware support. Setting 2751 mode to "protected" will disable kexec and hibernation 2752 for the host. "nested" is experimental and should be 2753 used with extreme caution. 2754 2755 kvm-arm.vgic_v3_group0_trap= 2756 [KVM,ARM,EARLY] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 group-0 2757 system registers 2758 2759 kvm-arm.vgic_v3_group1_trap= 2760 [KVM,ARM,EARLY] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 group-1 2761 system registers 2762 2763 kvm-arm.vgic_v3_common_trap= 2764 [KVM,ARM,EARLY] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 common 2765 system registers 2766 2767 kvm-arm.vgic_v4_enable= 2768 [KVM,ARM,EARLY] Allow use of GICv4 for direct 2769 injection of LPIs. 2770 2771 kvm-arm.wfe_trap_policy= 2772 [KVM,ARM] Control when to set WFE instruction trap for 2773 KVM VMs. Traps are allowed but not guaranteed by the 2774 CPU architecture. 2775 2776 trap: set WFE instruction trap 2777 2778 notrap: clear WFE instruction trap 2779 2780 kvm-arm.wfi_trap_policy= 2781 [KVM,ARM] Control when to set WFI instruction trap for 2782 KVM VMs. Traps are allowed but not guaranteed by the 2783 CPU architecture. 2784 2785 trap: set WFI instruction trap 2786 2787 notrap: clear WFI instruction trap 2788 2789 kvm_cma_resv_ratio=n [PPC,EARLY] 2790 Reserves given percentage from system memory area for 2791 contiguous memory allocation for KVM hash pagetable 2792 allocation. 2793 By default it reserves 5% of total system memory. 2794 Format: <integer> 2795 Default: 5 2796 2797 kvm-intel.ept= [KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of Extended Page Tables, 2798 a.k.a. Two-Dimensional Page Tables. Default is 1 2799 (enabled). Disable by KVM if hardware lacks support 2800 for EPT. 2801 2802 kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state= 2803 [KVM,Intel] Control whether to emulate invalid guest 2804 state. Ignored if kvm-intel.enable_unrestricted_guest=1, 2805 as guest state is never invalid for unrestricted 2806 guests. This param doesn't apply to nested guests (L2), 2807 as KVM never emulates invalid L2 guest state. 2808 Default is 1 (enabled). 2809 2810 kvm-intel.flexpriority= 2811 [KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of FlexPriority feature 2812 (TPR shadow). Default is 1 (enabled). Disable by KVM if 2813 hardware lacks support for it. 2814 2815 kvm-intel.nested= 2816 [KVM,Intel] Control nested virtualization feature in 2817 KVM/VMX. Default is 1 (enabled). 2818 2819 kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest= 2820 [KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of unrestricted guest 2821 feature (virtualized real and unpaged mode). Default 2822 is 1 (enabled). Disable by KVM if EPT is disabled or 2823 hardware lacks support for it. 2824 2825 kvm-intel.vmentry_l1d_flush=[KVM,Intel] Mitigation for L1 Terminal Fault 2826 CVE-2018-3620. 2827 2828 Valid arguments: never, cond, always 2829 2830 always: L1D cache flush on every VMENTER. 2831 cond: Flush L1D on VMENTER only when the code between 2832 VMEXIT and VMENTER can leak host memory. 2833 never: Disables the mitigation 2834 2835 Default is cond (do L1 cache flush in specific instances) 2836 2837 kvm-intel.vpid= [KVM,Intel] Control KVM's use of Virtual Processor 2838 Identification feature (tagged TLBs). Default is 1 2839 (enabled). Disable by KVM if hardware lacks support 2840 for it. 2841 2842 l1d_flush= [X86,INTEL,EARLY] 2843 Control mitigation for L1D based snooping vulnerability. 2844 2845 Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against CPU 2846 internal buffers which can forward information to a 2847 disclosure gadget under certain conditions. 2848 2849 In vulnerable processors, the speculatively 2850 forwarded data can be used in a cache side channel 2851 attack, to access data to which the attacker does 2852 not have direct access. 2853 2854 This parameter controls the mitigation. The 2855 options are: 2856 2857 on - enable the interface for the mitigation 2858 2859 l1tf= [X86,EARLY] Control mitigation of the L1TF vulnerability on 2860 affected CPUs 2861 2862 The kernel PTE inversion protection is unconditionally 2863 enabled and cannot be disabled. 2864 2865 full 2866 Provides all available mitigations for the 2867 L1TF vulnerability. Disables SMT and 2868 enables all mitigations in the 2869 hypervisors, i.e. unconditional L1D flush. 2870 2871 SMT control and L1D flush control via the 2872 sysfs interface is still possible after 2873 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning 2874 when the first VM is started in a 2875 potentially insecure configuration, 2876 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled. 2877 2878 full,force 2879 Same as 'full', but disables SMT and L1D 2880 flush runtime control. Implies the 2881 'nosmt=force' command line option. 2882 (i.e. sysfs control of SMT is disabled.) 2883 2884 flush 2885 Leaves SMT enabled and enables the default 2886 hypervisor mitigation, i.e. conditional 2887 L1D flush. 2888 2889 SMT control and L1D flush control via the 2890 sysfs interface is still possible after 2891 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning 2892 when the first VM is started in a 2893 potentially insecure configuration, 2894 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled. 2895 2896 flush,nosmt 2897 2898 Disables SMT and enables the default 2899 hypervisor mitigation. 2900 2901 SMT control and L1D flush control via the 2902 sysfs interface is still possible after 2903 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning 2904 when the first VM is started in a 2905 potentially insecure configuration, 2906 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled. 2907 2908 flush,nowarn 2909 Same as 'flush', but hypervisors will not 2910 warn when a VM is started in a potentially 2911 insecure configuration. 2912 2913 off 2914 Disables hypervisor mitigations and doesn't 2915 emit any warnings. 2916 It also drops the swap size and available 2917 RAM limit restriction on both hypervisor and 2918 bare metal. 2919 2920 Default is 'flush'. 2921 2922 For details see: Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/l1tf.rst 2923 2924 l2cr= [PPC] 2925 2926 l3cr= [PPC] 2927 2928 lapic [X86-32,APIC,EARLY] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS 2929 disabled it. 2930 2931 lapic= [X86,APIC] Do not use TSC deadline 2932 value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default 2933 back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC. 2934 Format: notscdeadline 2935 2936 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC,EARLY] trust the local apic timer 2937 in C2 power state. 2938 2939 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control 2940 libata.dma=0 Disable all PATA and SATA DMA 2941 libata.dma=1 PATA and SATA Disk DMA only 2942 libata.dma=2 ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only 2943 libata.dma=4 Compact Flash DMA only 2944 Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA 2945 for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs. 2946 2947 libata.ignore_hpa= [LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit 2948 libata.ignore_hpa=0 keep BIOS limits (default) 2949 libata.ignore_hpa=1 ignore limits, using full disk 2950 2951 libata.noacpi [LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume 2952 when set. 2953 Format: <int> 2954 2955 libata.force= [LIBATA] Force configurations. The format is a comma- 2956 separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is PORT[.DEVICE]. 2957 PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers matching port, link 2958 or device. Basically, it matches the ATA ID string 2959 printed on console by libata. If the whole ID part is 2960 omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE values are used. If 2961 ID hasn't been specified yet, the configuration applies 2962 to all ports, links and devices. 2963 2964 If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to 2965 the port and all links and devices behind it. DEVICE 2966 number of 0 either selects the first device or the 2967 first fan-out link behind PMP device. It does not 2968 select the host link. DEVICE number of 15 selects the 2969 host link and device attached to it. 2970 2971 The VAL specifies the configuration to force. As long 2972 as there is no ambiguity, shortcut notation is allowed. 2973 For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps. 2974 The following configurations can be forced. 2975 2976 * Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata. 2977 Any ID with matching PORT is used. 2978 2979 * SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps. 2980 2981 * Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7]. 2982 udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also 2983 allowed. 2984 2985 * nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft and both 2986 resets. 2987 2988 * rstonce: only attempt one reset during hot-unplug 2989 link recovery. 2990 2991 * [no]dbdelay: Enable or disable the extra 200ms delay 2992 before debouncing a link PHY and device presence 2993 detection. 2994 2995 * [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ. 2996 2997 * [no]ncqtrim: Enable or disable queued DSM TRIM. 2998 2999 * [no]ncqati: Enable or disable NCQ trim on ATI chipset. 3000 3001 * [no]trim: Enable or disable (unqueued) TRIM. 3002 3003 * trim_zero: Indicate that TRIM command zeroes data. 3004 3005 * max_trim_128m: Set 128M maximum trim size limit. 3006 3007 * [no]dma: Turn on or off DMA transfers. 3008 3009 * atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support. 3010 3011 * atapi_mod16_dma: Enable the use of ATAPI DMA for 3012 commands that are not a multiple of 16 bytes. 3013 3014 * [no]dmalog: Enable or disable the use of the 3015 READ LOG DMA EXT command to access logs. 3016 3017 * [no]iddevlog: Enable or disable access to the 3018 identify device data log. 3019 3020 * [no]logdir: Enable or disable access to the general 3021 purpose log directory. 3022 3023 * max_sec_128: Set transfer size limit to 128 sectors. 3024 3025 * max_sec_1024: Set or clear transfer size limit to 3026 1024 sectors. 3027 3028 * max_sec_lba48: Set or clear transfer size limit to 3029 65535 sectors. 3030 3031 * [no]lpm: Enable or disable link power management. 3032 3033 * [no]setxfer: Indicate if transfer speed mode setting 3034 should be skipped. 3035 3036 * [no]fua: Disable or enable FUA (Force Unit Access) 3037 support for devices supporting this feature. 3038 3039 * dump_id: Dump IDENTIFY data. 3040 3041 * disable: Disable this device. 3042 3043 If there are multiple matching configurations changing 3044 the same attribute, the last one is used. 3045 3046 load_ramdisk= [RAM] [Deprecated] 3047 3048 lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period. 3049 Format: <integer> 3050 3051 lockd.nlm_tcpport=N [NFS] Assign TCP port. 3052 Format: <integer> 3053 3054 lockd.nlm_timeout=T [NFS] Assign timeout value. 3055 Format: <integer> 3056 3057 lockd.nlm_udpport=M [NFS] Assign UDP port. 3058 Format: <integer> 3059 3060 lockdown= [SECURITY,EARLY] 3061 { integrity | confidentiality } 3062 Enable the kernel lockdown feature. If set to 3063 integrity, kernel features that allow userland to 3064 modify the running kernel are disabled. If set to 3065 confidentiality, kernel features that allow userland 3066 to extract confidential information from the kernel 3067 are also disabled. 3068 3069 locktorture.acq_writer_lim= [KNL] 3070 Set the time limit in jiffies for a lock 3071 acquisition. Acquisitions exceeding this limit 3072 will result in a splat once they do complete. 3073 3074 locktorture.bind_readers= [KNL] 3075 Specify the list of CPUs to which the readers are 3076 to be bound. 3077 3078 locktorture.bind_writers= [KNL] 3079 Specify the list of CPUs to which the writers are 3080 to be bound. 3081 3082 locktorture.call_rcu_chains= [KNL] 3083 Specify the number of self-propagating call_rcu() 3084 chains to set up. These are used to ensure that 3085 there is a high probability of an RCU grace period 3086 in progress at any given time. Defaults to 0, 3087 which disables these call_rcu() chains. 3088 3089 locktorture.long_hold= [KNL] 3090 Specify the duration in milliseconds for the 3091 occasional long-duration lock hold time. Defaults 3092 to 100 milliseconds. Select 0 to disable. 3093 3094 locktorture.nested_locks= [KNL] 3095 Specify the maximum lock nesting depth that 3096 locktorture is to exercise, up to a limit of 8 3097 (MAX_NESTED_LOCKS). Specify zero to disable. 3098 Note that this parameter is ineffective on types 3099 of locks that do not support nested acquisition. 3100 3101 locktorture.nreaders_stress= [KNL] 3102 Set the number of locking read-acquisition kthreads. 3103 Defaults to being automatically set based on the 3104 number of online CPUs. 3105 3106 locktorture.nwriters_stress= [KNL] 3107 Set the number of locking write-acquisition kthreads. 3108 3109 locktorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL] 3110 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing. 3111 3112 locktorture.onoff_interval= [KNL] 3113 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or 3114 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing. 3115 3116 locktorture.rt_boost= [KNL] 3117 Do periodic testing of real-time lock priority 3118 boosting. Select 0 to disable, 1 to boost 3119 only rt_mutex, and 2 to boost unconditionally. 3120 Defaults to 2, which might seem to be an 3121 odd choice, but which should be harmless for 3122 non-real-time spinlocks, due to their disabling 3123 of preemption. Note that non-realtime mutexes 3124 disable boosting. 3125 3126 locktorture.rt_boost_factor= [KNL] 3127 Number that determines how often and for how 3128 long priority boosting is exercised. This is 3129 scaled down by the number of writers, so that the 3130 number of boosts per unit time remains roughly 3131 constant as the number of writers increases. 3132 On the other hand, the duration of each boost 3133 increases with the number of writers. 3134 3135 locktorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL] 3136 Set task-shuffle interval (jiffies). Shuffling 3137 tasks allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle 3138 mode during the locktorture test. 3139 3140 locktorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL] 3141 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This 3142 is useful for hands-off automated testing. 3143 3144 locktorture.stat_interval= [KNL] 3145 Time (s) between statistics printk()s. 3146 3147 locktorture.stutter= [KNL] 3148 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, 3149 specifying five seconds causes the test to run for 3150 five seconds, wait for five seconds, and so on. 3151 This tests the locking primitive's ability to 3152 transition abruptly to and from idle. 3153 3154 locktorture.torture_type= [KNL] 3155 Specify the locking implementation to test. 3156 3157 locktorture.verbose= [KNL] 3158 Enable additional printk() statements. 3159 3160 locktorture.writer_fifo= [KNL] 3161 Run the write-side locktorture kthreads at 3162 sched_set_fifo() real-time priority. 3163 3164 logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver 3165 Format: <irq> 3166 3167 loglevel= [KNL,EARLY] 3168 All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the 3169 console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can 3170 also be changed with klogd or other programs. The 3171 loglevels are defined as follows: 3172 3173 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable 3174 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately 3175 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions 3176 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions 3177 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions 3178 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition 3179 6 (KERN_INFO) informational 3180 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages 3181 3182 log_buf_len=n[KMG] [KNL,EARLY] 3183 Sets the size of the printk ring buffer, in bytes. 3184 n must be a power of two and greater than the 3185 minimal size. The minimal size is defined by 3186 LOG_BUF_SHIFT kernel config parameter. There 3187 is also CONFIG_LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT config 3188 parameter that allows to increase the default size 3189 depending on the number of CPUs. See init/Kconfig 3190 for more details. 3191 3192 logo.nologo [FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo. 3193 This may be used to provide more screen space for 3194 kernel log messages and is useful when debugging 3195 kernel boot problems. 3196 3197 lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g, 3198 lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses 3199 lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the 3200 lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be 3201 specified in addition to the ports) causes 3202 attached printers to be reset. Using 3203 lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports 3204 to associate lp devices with, starting with 3205 lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip 3206 that lp device, or a parport name such as 3207 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a 3208 port specification list means that device IDs 3209 from each port should be examined, to see if 3210 an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if 3211 so, the driver will manage that printer. 3212 See also header of drivers/char/lp.c. 3213 3214 lpj=n [KNL] 3215 Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding 3216 time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per 3217 CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine 3218 the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal 3219 autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that 3220 on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs, 3221 which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need 3222 significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value 3223 will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to 3224 unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although 3225 unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your 3226 hardware. 3227 3228 lsm.debug [SECURITY] Enable LSM initialization debugging output. 3229 3230 lsm=lsm1,...,lsmN 3231 [SECURITY] Choose order of LSM initialization. This 3232 overrides CONFIG_LSM, and the "security=" parameter. 3233 3234 machtype= [Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between 3235 different yeeloong laptops. 3236 Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch 3237 3238 maxcpus= [SMP,EARLY] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel 3239 will bring up during bootup. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits 3240 the kernel to bring up 'n' processors. Surely after 3241 bootup you can bring up the other plugged cpu by executing 3242 "echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/online". So maxcpus 3243 only takes effect during system bootup. 3244 While n=0 is a special case, it is equivalent to "nosmp", 3245 which also disables the IO APIC. 3246 3247 max_loop= [LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get 3248 (loop.max_loop) unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default 3249 number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead 3250 of statically allocating a predefined number, loop 3251 devices can be requested on-demand with the 3252 /dev/loop-control interface. 3253 3254 mce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception 3255 3256 mce=option [X86-64] See Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/boot-options.rst 3257 3258 md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level 3259 See Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst. 3260 3261 mdacon= [MDA] 3262 Format: <first>,<last> 3263 Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA. 3264 3265 mds= [X86,INTEL,EARLY] 3266 Control mitigation for the Micro-architectural Data 3267 Sampling (MDS) vulnerability. 3268 3269 Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against CPU 3270 internal buffers which can forward information to a 3271 disclosure gadget under certain conditions. 3272 3273 In vulnerable processors, the speculatively 3274 forwarded data can be used in a cache side channel 3275 attack, to access data to which the attacker does 3276 not have direct access. 3277 3278 This parameter controls the MDS mitigation. The 3279 options are: 3280 3281 full - Enable MDS mitigation on vulnerable CPUs 3282 full,nosmt - Enable MDS mitigation and disable 3283 SMT on vulnerable CPUs 3284 off - Unconditionally disable MDS mitigation 3285 3286 On TAA-affected machines, mds=off can be prevented by 3287 an active TAA mitigation as both vulnerabilities are 3288 mitigated with the same mechanism so in order to disable 3289 this mitigation, you need to specify tsx_async_abort=off 3290 too. 3291 3292 Not specifying this option is equivalent to 3293 mds=full. 3294 3295 For details see: Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/mds.rst 3296 3297 mem=nn[KMG] [HEXAGON,EARLY] Set the memory size. 3298 Must be specified, otherwise memory size will be 0. 3299 3300 mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,EARLY] Force usage of a specific amount 3301 of memory Amount of memory to be used in cases 3302 as follows: 3303 3304 1 for test; 3305 2 when the kernel is not able to see the whole system memory; 3306 3 memory that lies after 'mem=' boundary is excluded from 3307 the hypervisor, then assigned to KVM guests. 3308 4 to limit the memory available for kdump kernel. 3309 3310 [ARC,MICROBLAZE] - the limit applies only to low memory, 3311 high memory is not affected. 3312 3313 [ARM64] - only limits memory covered by the linear 3314 mapping. The NOMAP regions are not affected. 3315 3316 [X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together 3317 with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions. 3318 Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses 3319 belonging to unused RAM. 3320 3321 Note that this only takes effects during boot time since 3322 in above case 3, memory may need be hot added after boot 3323 if system memory of hypervisor is not sufficient. 3324 3325 mem=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG] 3326 [ARM,MIPS,EARLY] - override the memory layout 3327 reported by firmware. 3328 Define a memory region of size nn[KMG] starting at 3329 ss[KMG]. 3330 Multiple different regions can be specified with 3331 multiple mem= parameters on the command line. 3332 3333 mem=nopentium [BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel 3334 memory. 3335 3336 memblock=debug [KNL,EARLY] Enable memblock debug messages. 3337 3338 memchunk=nn[KMG] 3339 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for 3340 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers. 3341 3342 memhp_default_state=online/offline/online_kernel/online_movable 3343 [KNL] Set the initial state for the memory hotplug 3344 onlining policy. If not specified, the default value is 3345 set according to the 3346 CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_DEFAULT_ONLINE kernel config 3347 option. 3348 See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/memory-hotplug.rst. 3349 3350 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86,EARLY] Enable setting of an exact 3351 E820 memory map, as specified by the user. 3352 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on 3353 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss 3354 option description. 3355 3356 memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG] 3357 [KNL, X86,MIPS,XTENSA,EARLY] Force usage of a specific region of memory. 3358 Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn. 3359 If @ss[KMG] is omitted, it is equivalent to mem=nn[KMG], 3360 which limits max address to nn[KMG]. 3361 Multiple different regions can be specified, 3362 comma delimited. 3363 Example: 3364 memmap=100M@2G,100M#3G,1G!1024G 3365 3366 memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG] 3367 [KNL,ACPI,EARLY] Mark specific memory as ACPI data. 3368 Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn. 3369 3370 memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG] 3371 [KNL,ACPI,EARLY] Mark specific memory as reserved. 3372 Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn. 3373 Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff 3374 memmap=64K$0x18690000 3375 or 3376 memmap=0x10000$0x18690000 3377 Some bootloaders may need an escape character before '$', 3378 like Grub2, otherwise '$' and the following number 3379 will be eaten. 3380 3381 memmap=nn[KMG]!ss[KMG,EARLY] 3382 [KNL,X86] Mark specific memory as protected. 3383 Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn. 3384 The memory region may be marked as e820 type 12 (0xc) 3385 and is NVDIMM or ADR memory. 3386 3387 memmap=<size>%<offset>-<oldtype>+<newtype> 3388 [KNL,ACPI,EARLY] Convert memory within the specified region 3389 from <oldtype> to <newtype>. If "-<oldtype>" is left 3390 out, the whole region will be marked as <newtype>, 3391 even if previously unavailable. If "+<newtype>" is left 3392 out, matching memory will be removed. Types are 3393 specified as e820 types, e.g., 1 = RAM, 2 = reserved, 3394 3 = ACPI, 12 = PRAM. 3395 3396 memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86,EARLY] 3397 Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of 3398 memory when doing things like suspend/resume. 3399 Setting this option will scan the memory 3400 looking for corruption. Enabling this will 3401 both detect corruption and prevent the kernel 3402 from using the memory being corrupted. 3403 However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if 3404 repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always 3405 affects the same memory, you can use memmap= 3406 to prevent the kernel from using that memory. 3407 3408 memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86,EARLY] 3409 By default it checks for corruption in the low 3410 64k, making this memory unavailable for normal 3411 use. Use this parameter to scan for 3412 corruption in more or less memory. 3413 3414 memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86,EARLY] 3415 By default it checks for corruption every 60 3416 seconds. Use this parameter to check at some 3417 other rate. 0 disables periodic checking. 3418 3419 memory_hotplug.memmap_on_memory 3420 [KNL,X86,ARM] Boolean flag to enable this feature. 3421 Format: {on | off (default)} 3422 When enabled, runtime hotplugged memory will 3423 allocate its internal metadata (struct pages, 3424 those vmemmap pages cannot be optimized even 3425 if hugetlb_free_vmemmap is enabled) from the 3426 hotadded memory which will allow to hotadd a 3427 lot of memory without requiring additional 3428 memory to do so. 3429 This feature is disabled by default because it 3430 has some implication on large (e.g. GB) 3431 allocations in some configurations (e.g. small 3432 memory blocks). 3433 The state of the flag can be read in 3434 /sys/module/memory_hotplug/parameters/memmap_on_memory. 3435 Note that even when enabled, there are a few cases where 3436 the feature is not effective. 3437 3438 memtest= [KNL,X86,ARM,M68K,PPC,RISCV,EARLY] Enable memtest 3439 Format: <integer> 3440 default : 0 <disable> 3441 Specifies the number of memtest passes to be 3442 performed. Each pass selects another test 3443 pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest 3444 fills the memory with this pattern, validates 3445 memory contents and reserves bad memory 3446 regions that are detected. 3447 3448 mem_encrypt= [X86-64] AMD Secure Memory Encryption (SME) control 3449 Valid arguments: on, off 3450 Default: off 3451 mem_encrypt=on: Activate SME 3452 mem_encrypt=off: Do not activate SME 3453 3454 Refer to Documentation/virt/kvm/x86/amd-memory-encryption.rst 3455 for details on when memory encryption can be activated. 3456 3457 mem_sleep_default= [SUSPEND] Default system suspend mode: 3458 s2idle - Suspend-To-Idle 3459 shallow - Power-On Suspend or equivalent (if supported) 3460 deep - Suspend-To-RAM or equivalent (if supported) 3461 See Documentation/admin-guide/pm/sleep-states.rst. 3462 3463 mfgptfix [X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when 3464 the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS 3465 version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the 3466 problem by letting the user disable the workaround. 3467 3468 mga= [HW,DRM] 3469 3470 microcode.force_minrev= [X86] 3471 Format: <bool> 3472 Enable or disable the microcode minimal revision 3473 enforcement for the runtime microcode loader. 3474 3475 mini2440= [ARM,HW,KNL] 3476 Format:[0..2][b][c][t] 3477 Default: "0tb" 3478 MINI2440 configuration specification: 3479 0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT 3480 1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT 3481 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768) 3482 Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load 3483 the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left 3484 unconfigured. 3485 b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be 3486 linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO 3487 LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the 3488 VGA shield. 3489 c - Enable the s3c camera interface. 3490 t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The 3491 touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream 3492 kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found 3493 in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at 3494 https://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git 3495 3496 mitigations= 3497 [X86,PPC,S390,ARM64,EARLY] Control optional mitigations for 3498 CPU vulnerabilities. This is a set of curated, 3499 arch-independent options, each of which is an 3500 aggregation of existing arch-specific options. 3501 3502 Note, "mitigations" is supported if and only if the 3503 kernel was built with CPU_MITIGATIONS=y. 3504 3505 off 3506 Disable all optional CPU mitigations. This 3507 improves system performance, but it may also 3508 expose users to several CPU vulnerabilities. 3509 Equivalent to: if nokaslr then kpti=0 [ARM64] 3510 gather_data_sampling=off [X86] 3511 kvm.nx_huge_pages=off [X86] 3512 l1tf=off [X86] 3513 mds=off [X86] 3514 mmio_stale_data=off [X86] 3515 no_entry_flush [PPC] 3516 no_uaccess_flush [PPC] 3517 nobp=0 [S390] 3518 nopti [X86,PPC] 3519 nospectre_bhb [ARM64] 3520 nospectre_v1 [X86,PPC] 3521 nospectre_v2 [X86,PPC,S390,ARM64] 3522 reg_file_data_sampling=off [X86] 3523 retbleed=off [X86] 3524 spec_rstack_overflow=off [X86] 3525 spec_store_bypass_disable=off [X86,PPC] 3526 spectre_bhi=off [X86] 3527 spectre_v2_user=off [X86] 3528 srbds=off [X86,INTEL] 3529 ssbd=force-off [ARM64] 3530 tsx_async_abort=off [X86] 3531 3532 Exceptions: 3533 This does not have any effect on 3534 kvm.nx_huge_pages when 3535 kvm.nx_huge_pages=force. 3536 3537 auto (default) 3538 Mitigate all CPU vulnerabilities, but leave SMT 3539 enabled, even if it's vulnerable. This is for 3540 users who don't want to be surprised by SMT 3541 getting disabled across kernel upgrades, or who 3542 have other ways of avoiding SMT-based attacks. 3543 Equivalent to: (default behavior) 3544 3545 auto,nosmt 3546 Mitigate all CPU vulnerabilities, disabling SMT 3547 if needed. This is for users who always want to 3548 be fully mitigated, even if it means losing SMT. 3549 Equivalent to: l1tf=flush,nosmt [X86] 3550 mds=full,nosmt [X86] 3551 tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt [X86] 3552 mmio_stale_data=full,nosmt [X86] 3553 retbleed=auto,nosmt [X86] 3554 3555 mminit_loglevel= 3556 [KNL,EARLY] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this 3557 parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for 3558 the additional memory initialisation checks. A value 3559 of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will 3560 log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG 3561 so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified. 3562 3563 mmio_stale_data= 3564 [X86,INTEL,EARLY] Control mitigation for the Processor 3565 MMIO Stale Data vulnerabilities. 3566 3567 Processor MMIO Stale Data is a class of 3568 vulnerabilities that may expose data after an MMIO 3569 operation. Exposed data could originate or end in 3570 the same CPU buffers as affected by MDS and TAA. 3571 Therefore, similar to MDS and TAA, the mitigation 3572 is to clear the affected CPU buffers. 3573 3574 This parameter controls the mitigation. The 3575 options are: 3576 3577 full - Enable mitigation on vulnerable CPUs 3578 3579 full,nosmt - Enable mitigation and disable SMT on 3580 vulnerable CPUs. 3581 3582 off - Unconditionally disable mitigation 3583 3584 On MDS or TAA affected machines, 3585 mmio_stale_data=off can be prevented by an active 3586 MDS or TAA mitigation as these vulnerabilities are 3587 mitigated with the same mechanism so in order to 3588 disable this mitigation, you need to specify 3589 mds=off and tsx_async_abort=off too. 3590 3591 Not specifying this option is equivalent to 3592 mmio_stale_data=full. 3593 3594 For details see: 3595 Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/processor_mmio_stale_data.rst 3596 3597 <module>.async_probe[=<bool>] [KNL] 3598 If no <bool> value is specified or if the value 3599 specified is not a valid <bool>, enable asynchronous 3600 probe on this module. Otherwise, enable/disable 3601 asynchronous probe on this module as indicated by the 3602 <bool> value. See also: module.async_probe 3603 3604 module.async_probe=<bool> 3605 [KNL] When set to true, modules will use async probing 3606 by default. To enable/disable async probing for a 3607 specific module, use the module specific control that 3608 is documented under <module>.async_probe. When both 3609 module.async_probe and <module>.async_probe are 3610 specified, <module>.async_probe takes precedence for 3611 the specific module. 3612 3613 module.enable_dups_trace 3614 [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_DEBUG_AUTOLOAD_DUPS is set, 3615 this means that duplicate request_module() calls will 3616 trigger a WARN_ON() instead of a pr_warn(). Note that 3617 if MODULE_DEBUG_AUTOLOAD_DUPS_TRACE is set, WARN_ON()s 3618 will always be issued and this option does nothing. 3619 module.sig_enforce 3620 [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that 3621 modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load. 3622 Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that 3623 is always true, so this option does nothing. 3624 3625 module_blacklist= [KNL] Do not load a comma-separated list of 3626 modules. Useful for debugging problem modules. 3627 3628 mousedev.tap_time= 3629 [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and 3630 leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered 3631 a tap and be reported as a left button click (for 3632 touchpads working in absolute mode only). 3633 Format: <msecs> 3634 mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices 3635 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets 3636 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices 3637 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets 3638 3639 movablecore= [KNL,X86,PPC,EARLY] 3640 Format: nn[KMGTPE] | nn% 3641 This parameter is the complement to kernelcore=, it 3642 specifies the amount of memory used for migratable 3643 allocations. If both kernelcore and movablecore is 3644 specified, then kernelcore will be at *least* the 3645 specified value but may be more. If movablecore on its 3646 own is specified, the administrator must be careful 3647 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations 3648 is not too small. 3649 3650 movable_node [KNL,EARLY] Boot-time switch to make hotplugable memory 3651 NUMA nodes to be movable. This means that the memory 3652 of such nodes will be usable only for movable 3653 allocations which rules out almost all kernel 3654 allocations. Use with caution! 3655 3656 MTD_Partition= [MTD] 3657 Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset> 3658 3659 MTD_Region= [MTD] Format: 3660 <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>] 3661 3662 mtdparts= [MTD] 3663 See drivers/mtd/parsers/cmdlinepart.c 3664 3665 mtouchusb.raw_coordinates= 3666 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates 3667 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n') 3668 3669 mtrr=debug [X86,EARLY] 3670 Enable printing debug information related to MTRR 3671 registers at boot time. 3672 3673 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG,X86,EARLY] 3674 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk 3675 that could hold holes aka. UC entries. 3676 3677 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG,X86,EARLY] 3678 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block. 3679 Default is 1. 3680 Large value could prevent small alignment from 3681 using up MTRRs. 3682 3683 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86,EARLY] 3684 Format: <integer> 3685 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number 3686 Default : 1 3687 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number. 3688 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more. 3689 3690 multitce=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries 3691 firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries 3692 at a time. 3693 3694 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card 3695 3696 netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters 3697 Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name> 3698 Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean 3699 something different and driver-specific. 3700 This usage is only documented in each driver source 3701 file if at all. 3702 3703 netpoll.carrier_timeout= 3704 [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that 3705 netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll 3706 waits 4 seconds. 3707 3708 nf_conntrack.acct= 3709 [NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting 3710 0 to disable accounting 3711 1 to enable accounting 3712 Default value is 0. 3713 3714 nfs.cache_getent= 3715 [NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used 3716 to update the NFS client cache entries. 3717 3718 nfs.cache_getent_timeout= 3719 [NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to 3720 update a cache entry is deemed to have failed. 3721 3722 nfs.callback_nr_threads= 3723 [NFSv4] set the total number of threads that the 3724 NFS client will assign to service NFSv4 callback 3725 requests. 3726 3727 nfs.callback_tcpport= 3728 [NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback 3729 channel should listen. 3730 3731 nfs.delay_retrans= 3732 [NFS] specifies the number of times the NFSv4 client 3733 retries the request before returning an EAGAIN error, 3734 after a reply of NFS4ERR_DELAY from the server. 3735 Only applies if the softerr mount option is enabled, 3736 and the specified value is >= 0. 3737 3738 nfs.enable_ino64= 3739 [NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers. 3740 If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode 3741 number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead 3742 of returning the full 64-bit number. 3743 The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers. 3744 3745 nfs.idmap_cache_timeout= 3746 [NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache 3747 entries. 3748 3749 nfs.max_session_cb_slots= 3750 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session 3751 slots the client will assign to the callback 3752 channel. This determines the maximum number of 3753 callbacks the client will process in parallel for 3754 a particular server. 3755 3756 nfs.max_session_slots= 3757 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots 3758 the client will attempt to negotiate with the server. 3759 This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests 3760 that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server. 3761 Note that there is little point in setting this 3762 value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit. 3763 3764 nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping= 3765 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option 3766 ensures that both the RPC level authentication 3767 scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use 3768 numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the 3769 'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is 3770 disabling idmapping, which can make migration from 3771 legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier. 3772 Servers that do not support this mode of operation 3773 will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall 3774 back to using the idmapper. 3775 To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'. 3776 3777 nfs.nfs4_unique_id= 3778 [NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident- 3779 ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into 3780 their nfs_client_id4 string. This is typically a 3781 UUID that is generated at system install time. 3782 3783 nfs.recover_lost_locks= 3784 [NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due 3785 to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that 3786 doing this risks data corruption, since there are 3787 no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged 3788 after the locks are lost. 3789 If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of 3790 attempting to recover these locks, then set this 3791 parameter to '1'. 3792 The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel 3793 not to attempt recovery of lost locks. 3794 3795 nfs.send_implementation_id= 3796 [NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification 3797 information in exchange_id requests. 3798 If zero, no implementation identification information 3799 will be sent. 3800 The default is to send the implementation identification 3801 information. 3802 3803 nfs4.layoutstats_timer= 3804 [NFSv4.2] Change the rate at which the kernel sends 3805 layoutstats to the pNFS metadata server. 3806 3807 Setting this to value to 0 causes the kernel to use 3808 whatever value is the default set by the layout 3809 driver. A non-zero value sets the minimum interval 3810 in seconds between layoutstats transmissions. 3811 3812 nfsd.inter_copy_offload_enable= 3813 [NFSv4.2] When set to 1, the server will support 3814 server-to-server copies for which this server is 3815 the destination of the copy. 3816 3817 nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping= 3818 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4 3819 server will return only numeric uids and gids to 3820 clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids 3821 and gids from such clients. This is intended to ease 3822 migration from NFSv2/v3. 3823 3824 nfsd.nfsd4_ssc_umount_timeout= 3825 [NFSv4.2] When used as the destination of a 3826 server-to-server copy, knfsd temporarily mounts 3827 the source server. It caches the mount in case 3828 it will be needed again, and discards it if not 3829 used for the number of milliseconds specified by 3830 this parameter. 3831 3832 nfsaddrs= [NFS] Deprecated. Use ip= instead. 3833 See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst. 3834 3835 nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes. 3836 See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst. 3837 3838 nfsrootdebug [NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages. 3839 See Documentation/admin-guide/nfs/nfsroot.rst. 3840 3841 nmi_backtrace.backtrace_idle [KNL] 3842 Dump stacks even of idle CPUs in response to an 3843 NMI stack-backtrace request. 3844 3845 nmi_debug= [KNL,SH] Specify one or more actions to take 3846 when a NMI is triggered. 3847 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die] 3848 3849 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels 3850 Format: [panic,][nopanic,][rNNN,][num] 3851 Valid num: 0 or 1 3852 0 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog off 3853 1 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog on 3854 rNNN - configure the watchdog with raw perf event 0xNNN 3855 3856 When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog 3857 timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to not panic on an NMI 3858 watchdog, if CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HARDLOCKUP_PANIC is set) 3859 To disable both hard and soft lockup detectors, 3860 please see 'nowatchdog'. 3861 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and 3862 need the box quickly up again. 3863 3864 These settings can be accessed at runtime via 3865 the nmi_watchdog and hardlockup_panic sysctls. 3866 3867 no387 [BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths 3868 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor 3869 is present. 3870 3871 no4lvl [RISCV,EARLY] Disable 4-level and 5-level paging modes. 3872 Forces kernel to use 3-level paging instead. 3873 3874 no5lvl [X86-64,RISCV,EARLY] Disable 5-level paging mode. Forces 3875 kernel to use 4-level paging instead. 3876 3877 noalign [KNL,ARM] 3878 3879 noapic [SMP,APIC,EARLY] Tells the kernel to not make use of any 3880 IOAPICs that may be present in the system. 3881 3882 noautogroup Disable scheduler automatic task group creation. 3883 3884 nocache [ARM,EARLY] 3885 3886 no_console_suspend 3887 [HW] Never suspend the console 3888 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and 3889 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging 3890 messages can reach various consoles while the rest 3891 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while 3892 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may 3893 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known 3894 to work with serial and VGA consoles. 3895 To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add 3896 console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control 3897 it. Users could use console_suspend (usually 3898 /sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to 3899 turn on/off it dynamically. 3900 3901 no_debug_objects 3902 [KNL,EARLY] Disable object debugging 3903 3904 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time. 3905 3906 noefi [EFI,EARLY] Disable EFI runtime services support. 3907 3908 no_entry_flush [PPC,EARLY] Don't flush the L1-D cache when entering the kernel. 3909 3910 noexec32 [X86-64] 3911 This affects only 32-bit executables. 3912 noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default) 3913 read doesn't imply executable mappings 3914 noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings 3915 read implies executable mappings 3916 3917 no_file_caps Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities. The 3918 only way then for a file to be executed with privilege 3919 is to be setuid root or executed by root. 3920 3921 nofpu [MIPS,SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time. 3922 3923 nofsgsbase [X86] Disables FSGSBASE instructions. 3924 3925 nofxsr [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended 3926 register save and restore. The kernel will only save 3927 legacy floating-point registers on task switch. 3928 3929 no_hash_pointers 3930 [KNL,EARLY] 3931 Force pointers printed to the console or buffers to be 3932 unhashed. By default, when a pointer is printed via %p 3933 format string, that pointer is "hashed", i.e. obscured 3934 by hashing the pointer value. This is a security feature 3935 that hides actual kernel addresses from unprivileged 3936 users, but it also makes debugging the kernel more 3937 difficult since unequal pointers can no longer be 3938 compared. However, if this command-line option is 3939 specified, then all normal pointers will have their true 3940 value printed. This option should only be specified when 3941 debugging the kernel. Please do not use on production 3942 kernels. 3943 3944 nohibernate [HIBERNATION] Disable hibernation and resume. 3945 3946 nohlt [ARM,ARM64,MICROBLAZE,MIPS,PPC,RISCV,SH] Forces the kernel to 3947 busy wait in do_idle() and not use the arch_cpu_idle() 3948 implementation; requires CONFIG_GENERIC_IDLE_POLL_SETUP 3949 to be effective. This is useful on platforms where the 3950 sleep(SH) or wfi(ARM,ARM64) instructions do not work 3951 correctly or when doing power measurements to evaluate 3952 the impact of the sleep instructions. This is also 3953 useful when using JTAG debugger. 3954 3955 nohugeiomap [KNL,X86,PPC,ARM64,EARLY] Disable kernel huge I/O mappings. 3956 3957 nohugevmalloc [KNL,X86,PPC,ARM64,EARLY] Disable kernel huge vmalloc mappings. 3958 3959 nohz= [KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks 3960 Valid arguments: on, off 3961 Default: on 3962 3963 nohz_full= [KNL,BOOT,SMP,ISOL] 3964 The argument is a cpu list, as described above. 3965 In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set 3966 the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped 3967 whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside 3968 the range to maintain the timekeeping. Any CPUs 3969 in this list will have their RCU callbacks offloaded, 3970 just as if they had also been called out in the 3971 rcu_nocbs= boot parameter. 3972 3973 Note that this argument takes precedence over 3974 the CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_DEFAULT_ALL option. 3975 3976 noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured 3977 initial RAM disk. 3978 3979 nointremap [X86-64,Intel-IOMMU,EARLY] Do not enable interrupt 3980 remapping. 3981 [Deprecated - use intremap=off] 3982 3983 noinvpcid [X86,EARLY] Disable the INVPCID cpu feature. 3984 3985 noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses. 3986 3987 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and 3988 disable unhandled interrupt sources. 3989 3990 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code. 3991 3992 nokaslr [KNL,EARLY] 3993 When CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE is set, this disables 3994 kernel and module base offset ASLR (Address Space 3995 Layout Randomization). 3996 3997 no-kvmapf [X86,KVM,EARLY] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page 3998 fault handling. 3999 4000 no-kvmclock [X86,KVM,EARLY] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver 4001 4002 nolapic [X86-32,APIC,EARLY] Do not enable or use the local APIC. 4003 4004 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC,EARLY] Do not use the local APIC timer. 4005 4006 nomce [X86-32] Disable Machine Check Exception 4007 4008 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose 4009 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines). 4010 4011 nomodeset Disable kernel modesetting. Most systems' firmware 4012 sets up a display mode and provides framebuffer memory 4013 for output. With nomodeset, DRM and fbdev drivers will 4014 not load if they could possibly displace the pre- 4015 initialized output. Only the system framebuffer will 4016 be available for use. The respective drivers will not 4017 perform display-mode changes or accelerated rendering. 4018 4019 Useful as error fallback, or for testing and debugging. 4020 4021 nomodule Disable module load 4022 4023 nonmi_ipi [X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to 4024 shutdown the other cpus. Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR 4025 irq. 4026 4027 nopat [X86,EARLY] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of 4028 pagetables) support. 4029 4030 nopcid [X86-64,EARLY] Disable the PCID cpu feature. 4031 4032 nopku [X86] Disable Memory Protection Keys CPU feature found 4033 in some Intel CPUs. 4034 4035 nopti [X86-64,EARLY] 4036 Equivalent to pti=off 4037 4038 nopv= [X86,XEN,KVM,HYPER_V,VMWARE,EARLY] 4039 Disables the PV optimizations forcing the guest to run 4040 as generic guest with no PV drivers. Currently support 4041 XEN HVM, KVM, HYPER_V and VMWARE guest. 4042 4043 nopvspin [X86,XEN,KVM,EARLY] 4044 Disables the qspinlock slow path using PV optimizations 4045 which allow the hypervisor to 'idle' the guest on lock 4046 contention. 4047 4048 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to 4049 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space 4050 4051 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions 4052 with UP alternatives 4053 4054 noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap 4055 space. 4056 4057 no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback. 4058 This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille 4059 reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany). 4060 4061 nosgx [X86-64,SGX,EARLY] Disables Intel SGX kernel support. 4062 4063 nosmap [PPC,EARLY] 4064 Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention) 4065 even if it is supported by processor. 4066 4067 nosmep [PPC64s,EARLY] 4068 Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention) 4069 even if it is supported by processor. 4070 4071 nosmp [SMP,EARLY] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel, 4072 and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0". 4073 4074 nosmt [KNL,MIPS,PPC,S390,EARLY] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT). 4075 Equivalent to smt=1. 4076 4077 [KNL,X86,PPC] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT). 4078 nosmt=force: Force disable SMT, cannot be undone 4079 via the sysfs control file. 4080 4081 nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector. 4082 4083 nospec_store_bypass_disable 4084 [HW,EARLY] Disable all mitigations for the Speculative 4085 Store Bypass vulnerability 4086 4087 nospectre_bhb [ARM64,EARLY] Disable all mitigations for Spectre-BHB (branch 4088 history injection) vulnerability. System may allow data leaks 4089 with this option. 4090 4091 nospectre_v1 [X86,PPC,EARLY] Disable mitigations for Spectre Variant 1 4092 (bounds check bypass). With this option data leaks are 4093 possible in the system. 4094 4095 nospectre_v2 [X86,PPC_E500,ARM64,EARLY] Disable all mitigations 4096 for the Spectre variant 2 (indirect branch 4097 prediction) vulnerability. System may allow data 4098 leaks with this option. 4099 4100 no-steal-acc [X86,PV_OPS,ARM64,PPC/PSERIES,RISCV,LOONGARCH,EARLY] 4101 Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting. steal time 4102 is computed, but won't influence scheduler behaviour 4103 4104 nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices. 4105 4106 no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for 4107 broken timer IRQ sources. 4108 4109 no_uaccess_flush 4110 [PPC,EARLY] Don't flush the L1-D cache after accessing user data. 4111 4112 novmcoredd [KNL,KDUMP] 4113 Disable device dump. Device dump allows drivers to 4114 append dump data to vmcore so you can collect driver 4115 specified debug info. Drivers can append the data 4116 without any limit and this data is stored in memory, 4117 so this may cause significant memory stress. Disabling 4118 device dump can help save memory but the driver debug 4119 data will be no longer available. This parameter 4120 is only available when CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE_DEVICE_DUMP 4121 is set. 4122 4123 no-vmw-sched-clock 4124 [X86,PV_OPS,EARLY] Disable paravirtualized VMware 4125 scheduler clock and use the default one. 4126 4127 nowatchdog [KNL] Disable both lockup detectors, i.e. 4128 soft-lockup and NMI watchdog (hard-lockup). 4129 4130 nowb [ARM,EARLY] 4131 4132 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC,EARLY] Do not enable x2APIC mode. 4133 4134 NOTE: this parameter will be ignored on systems with the 4135 LEGACY_XAPIC_DISABLED bit set in the 4136 IA32_XAPIC_DISABLE_STATUS MSR. 4137 4138 noxsave [BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save 4139 and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to 4140 enabling legacy floating-point and sse state. 4141 4142 noxsaveopt [X86] Disables xsaveopt used in saving x86 extended 4143 register states. The kernel will fall back to use 4144 xsave to save the states. By using this parameter, 4145 performance of saving the states is degraded because 4146 xsave doesn't support modified optimization while 4147 xsaveopt supports it on xsaveopt enabled systems. 4148 4149 noxsaves [X86] Disables xsaves and xrstors used in saving and 4150 restoring x86 extended register state in compacted 4151 form of xsave area. The kernel will fall back to use 4152 xsaveopt and xrstor to save and restore the states 4153 in standard form of xsave area. By using this 4154 parameter, xsave area per process might occupy more 4155 memory on xsaves enabled systems. 4156 4157 nr_cpus= [SMP,EARLY] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel 4158 could support. nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to 4159 support 'n' processors. It could be larger than the 4160 number of already plugged CPU during bootup, later in 4161 runtime you can physically add extra cpu until it reaches 4162 n. So during boot up some boot time memory for per-cpu 4163 variables need be pre-allocated for later physical cpu 4164 hot plugging. 4165 4166 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered. 4167 4168 numa=off [KNL, ARM64, PPC, RISCV, SPARC, X86, EARLY] 4169 Disable NUMA, Only set up a single NUMA node 4170 spanning all memory. 4171 4172 numa=fake=<size>[MG] 4173 [KNL, ARM64, RISCV, X86, EARLY] 4174 If given as a memory unit, fills all system RAM with 4175 nodes of size interleaved over physical nodes. 4176 4177 numa=fake=<N> 4178 [KNL, ARM64, RISCV, X86, EARLY] 4179 If given as an integer, fills all system RAM with N 4180 fake nodes interleaved over physical nodes. 4181 4182 numa=fake=<N>U 4183 [KNL, ARM64, RISCV, X86, EARLY] 4184 If given as an integer followed by 'U', it will 4185 divide each physical node into N emulated nodes. 4186 4187 numa_balancing= [KNL,ARM64,PPC,RISCV,S390,X86] Enable or disable automatic 4188 NUMA balancing. 4189 Allowed values are enable and disable 4190 4191 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA. 4192 'node', 'default' can be specified 4193 This can be set from sysctl after boot. 4194 See Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.rst for details. 4195 4196 ohci1394_dma=early [HW,EARLY] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver. 4197 See Documentation/core-api/debugging-via-ohci1394.rst for more 4198 info. 4199 4200 olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands 4201 Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC 4202 command is not properly ACKed, override the length 4203 of the timeout. We have interrupts disabled while 4204 waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high 4205 interrupts *may* be lost! 4206 4207 omap_mux= [OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing. 4208 Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>... 4209 For example, to override I2C bus2: 4210 omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100 4211 4212 onenand.bdry= [HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration 4213 4214 Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock] 4215 4216 boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND. 4217 The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks. 4218 lock - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked. 4219 Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed. 4220 1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status. 4221 4222 oops=panic [KNL,EARLY] 4223 Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the 4224 process, but there is a small probability of 4225 deadlocking the machine. 4226 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions. 4227 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot. 4228 4229 page_alloc.shuffle= 4230 [KNL] Boolean flag to control whether the page allocator 4231 should randomize its free lists. This parameter can be 4232 used to enable/disable page randomization. The state of 4233 the flag can be read from sysfs at: 4234 /sys/module/page_alloc/parameters/shuffle. 4235 This parameter is only available if CONFIG_SHUFFLE_PAGE_ALLOCATOR=y. 4236 4237 page_owner= [KNL,EARLY] Boot-time page_owner enabling option. 4238 Storage of the information about who allocated 4239 each page is disabled in default. With this switch, 4240 we can turn it on. 4241 on: enable the feature 4242 4243 page_poison= [KNL,EARLY] Boot-time parameter changing the state of 4244 poisoning on the buddy allocator, available with 4245 CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING=y. 4246 off: turn off poisoning (default) 4247 on: turn on poisoning 4248 4249 page_reporting.page_reporting_order= 4250 [KNL] Minimal page reporting order 4251 Format: <integer> 4252 Adjust the minimal page reporting order. The page 4253 reporting is disabled when it exceeds MAX_PAGE_ORDER. 4254 4255 panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout> 4256 timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting 4257 timeout = 0: wait forever 4258 timeout < 0: reboot immediately 4259 Format: <timeout> 4260 4261 panic_on_taint= [KNL,EARLY] 4262 Bitmask for conditionally calling panic() in add_taint() 4263 Format: <hex>[,nousertaint] 4264 Hexadecimal bitmask representing the set of TAINT flags 4265 that will cause the kernel to panic when add_taint() is 4266 called with any of the flags in this set. 4267 The optional switch "nousertaint" can be utilized to 4268 prevent userspace forced crashes by writing to sysctl 4269 /proc/sys/kernel/tainted any flagset matching with the 4270 bitmask set on panic_on_taint. 4271 See Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst for 4272 extra details on the taint flags that users can pick 4273 to compose the bitmask to assign to panic_on_taint. 4274 4275 panic_on_warn=1 panic() instead of WARN(). Useful to cause kdump 4276 on a WARN(). 4277 4278 panic_print= Bitmask for printing system info when panic happens. 4279 User can chose combination of the following bits: 4280 bit 0: print all tasks info 4281 bit 1: print system memory info 4282 bit 2: print timer info 4283 bit 3: print locks info if CONFIG_LOCKDEP is on 4284 bit 4: print ftrace buffer 4285 bit 5: print all printk messages in buffer 4286 bit 6: print all CPUs backtrace (if available in the arch) 4287 bit 7: print only tasks in uninterruptible (blocked) state 4288 *Be aware* that this option may print a _lot_ of lines, 4289 so there are risks of losing older messages in the log. 4290 Use this option carefully, maybe worth to setup a 4291 bigger log buffer with "log_buf_len" along with this. 4292 4293 parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is 4294 connected to, default is 0. 4295 Format: <parport#> 4296 parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation, 4297 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT). 4298 Format: <mode> 4299 4300 parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables. 4301 Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] } 4302 Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any 4303 IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to 4304 ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of 4305 possible conflicts). You can specify the base 4306 address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA 4307 should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected 4308 settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo' 4309 (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected). 4310 Parallel ports are assigned in the order they 4311 are specified on the command line, starting 4312 with parport0. 4313 4314 parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT] 4315 Configure VIA parallel port to operate in 4316 a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos 4317 computer where firmware has no options for setting 4318 up parallel port mode and sets it to spp. 4319 Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips. 4320 Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp] 4321 4322 pata_legacy.all= [HW,LIBATA] 4323 Format: <int> 4324 Set to non-zero to probe primary and secondary ISA 4325 port ranges on PCI systems where no PCI PATA device 4326 has been found at either range. Disabled by default. 4327 4328 pata_legacy.autospeed= [HW,LIBATA] 4329 Format: <int> 4330 Set to non-zero if a chip is present that snoops speed 4331 changes. Disabled by default. 4332 4333 pata_legacy.ht6560a= [HW,LIBATA] 4334 Format: <int> 4335 Set to 1, 2, or 3 for HT 6560A on the primary channel, 4336 the secondary channel, or both channels respectively. 4337 Disabled by default. 4338 4339 pata_legacy.ht6560b= [HW,LIBATA] 4340 Format: <int> 4341 Set to 1, 2, or 3 for HT 6560B on the primary channel, 4342 the secondary channel, or both channels respectively. 4343 Disabled by default. 4344 4345 pata_legacy.iordy_mask= [HW,LIBATA] 4346 Format: <int> 4347 IORDY enable mask. Set individual bits to allow IORDY 4348 for the respective channel. Bit 0 is for the first 4349 legacy channel handled by this driver, bit 1 is for 4350 the second channel, and so on. The sequence will often 4351 correspond to the primary legacy channel, the secondary 4352 legacy channel, and so on, but the handling of a PCI 4353 bus and the use of other driver options may interfere 4354 with the sequence. By default IORDY is allowed across 4355 all channels. 4356 4357 pata_legacy.opti82c46x= [HW,LIBATA] 4358 Format: <int> 4359 Set to 1, 2, or 3 for Opti 82c611A on the primary 4360 channel, the secondary channel, or both channels 4361 respectively. Disabled by default. 4362 4363 pata_legacy.opti82c611a= [HW,LIBATA] 4364 Format: <int> 4365 Set to 1, 2, or 3 for Opti 82c465MV on the primary 4366 channel, the secondary channel, or both channels 4367 respectively. Disabled by default. 4368 4369 pata_legacy.pio_mask= [HW,LIBATA] 4370 Format: <int> 4371 PIO mode mask for autospeed devices. Set individual 4372 bits to allow the use of the respective PIO modes. 4373 Bit 0 is for mode 0, bit 1 is for mode 1, and so on. 4374 All modes allowed by default. 4375 4376 pata_legacy.probe_all= [HW,LIBATA] 4377 Format: <int> 4378 Set to non-zero to probe tertiary and further ISA 4379 port ranges on PCI systems. Disabled by default. 4380 4381 pata_legacy.probe_mask= [HW,LIBATA] 4382 Format: <int> 4383 Probe mask for legacy ISA PATA ports. Depending on 4384 platform configuration and the use of other driver 4385 options up to 6 legacy ports are supported: 0x1f0, 4386 0x170, 0x1e8, 0x168, 0x1e0, 0x160, however probing 4387 of individual ports can be disabled by setting the 4388 corresponding bits in the mask to 1. Bit 0 is for 4389 the first port in the list above (0x1f0), and so on. 4390 By default all supported ports are probed. 4391 4392 pata_legacy.qdi= [HW,LIBATA] 4393 Format: <int> 4394 Set to non-zero to probe QDI controllers. By default 4395 set to 1 if CONFIG_PATA_QDI_MODULE, 0 otherwise. 4396 4397 pata_legacy.winbond= [HW,LIBATA] 4398 Format: <int> 4399 Set to non-zero to probe Winbond controllers. Use 4400 the standard I/O port (0x130) if 1, otherwise the 4401 value given is the I/O port to use (typically 0x1b0). 4402 By default set to 1 if CONFIG_PATA_WINBOND_VLB_MODULE, 4403 0 otherwise. 4404 4405 pata_platform.pio_mask= [HW,LIBATA] 4406 Format: <int> 4407 Supported PIO mode mask. Set individual bits to allow 4408 the use of the respective PIO modes. Bit 0 is for 4409 mode 0, bit 1 is for mode 1, and so on. Mode 0 only 4410 allowed by default. 4411 4412 pause_on_oops=<int> 4413 Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for 4414 the specified number of seconds. This is to be used if 4415 your oopses keep scrolling off the screen. 4416 4417 pcbit= [HW,ISDN] 4418 4419 pci=option[,option...] [PCI,EARLY] various PCI subsystem options. 4420 4421 Some options herein operate on a specific device 4422 or a set of devices (<pci_dev>). These are 4423 specified in one of the following formats: 4424 4425 [<domain>:]<bus>:<dev>.<func>[/<dev>.<func>]* 4426 pci:<vendor>:<device>[:<subvendor>:<subdevice>] 4427 4428 Note: the first format specifies a PCI 4429 bus/device/function address which may change 4430 if new hardware is inserted, if motherboard 4431 firmware changes, or due to changes caused 4432 by other kernel parameters. If the 4433 domain is left unspecified, it is 4434 taken to be zero. Optionally, a path 4435 to a device through multiple device/function 4436 addresses can be specified after the base 4437 address (this is more robust against 4438 renumbering issues). The second format 4439 selects devices using IDs from the 4440 configuration space which may match multiple 4441 devices in the system. 4442 4443 earlydump dump PCI config space before the kernel 4444 changes anything 4445 off [X86] don't probe for the PCI bus 4446 bios [X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access 4447 the hardware directly. Use this if your machine 4448 has a non-standard PCI host bridge. 4449 nobios [X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct 4450 hardware access methods are allowed. Use this 4451 if you experience crashes upon bootup and you 4452 suspect they are caused by the BIOS. 4453 conf1 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access 4454 Mechanism 1 (config address in IO port 0xCF8, 4455 data in IO port 0xCFC, both 32-bit). 4456 conf2 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access 4457 Mechanism 2 (IO port 0xCF8 is an 8-bit port for 4458 the function, IO port 0xCFA, also 8-bit, sets 4459 bus number. The config space is then accessed 4460 through ports 0xC000-0xCFFF). 4461 See http://wiki.osdev.org/PCI for more info 4462 on the configuration access mechanisms. 4463 noaer [PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is 4464 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to 4465 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting. 4466 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI 4467 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak). 4468 nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI 4469 Configuration 4470 check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable 4471 properly configured MMIO access to PCI 4472 config space on AMD family 10h CPU 4473 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is 4474 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to 4475 disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide. 4476 noioapicquirk [APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks. 4477 Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This 4478 should never be necessary. 4479 ioapicreroute [APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the 4480 primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable 4481 boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs 4482 when the system masks IRQs. 4483 noioapicreroute [APIC] Disable workaround that uses the 4484 boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to 4485 a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled. 4486 The opposite of ioapicreroute. 4487 biosirq [X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt 4488 routing table. These calls are known to be buggy 4489 on several machines and they hang the machine 4490 when used, but on other computers it's the only 4491 way to get the interrupt routing table. Try 4492 this option if the kernel is unable to allocate 4493 IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your 4494 motherboard. 4495 rom [X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs. 4496 Use with caution as certain devices share 4497 address decoders between ROMs and other 4498 resources. 4499 norom [X86] Do not assign address space to 4500 expansion ROMs that do not already have 4501 BIOS assigned address ranges. 4502 nobar [X86] Do not assign address space to the 4503 BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS. 4504 irqmask=0xMMMM [X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be 4505 assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can 4506 make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards 4507 this way. 4508 pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [X86] Specify the physical address 4509 of the PIRQ table (normally generated 4510 by the BIOS) if it is outside the 4511 F0000h-100000h range. 4512 lastbus=N [X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be 4513 useful if the kernel is unable to find your 4514 secondary buses and you want to tell it 4515 explicitly which ones they are. 4516 assign-busses [X86] Always assign all PCI bus 4517 numbers ourselves, overriding 4518 whatever the firmware may have done. 4519 usepirqmask [X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored 4520 in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on 4521 some systems with broken BIOSes, notably 4522 some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3 4523 notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI 4524 IRQ routing is enabled. 4525 noacpi [X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing 4526 or for PCI scanning. 4527 use_crs [X86] Use PCI host bridge window information 4528 from ACPI. On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this 4529 is enabled by default. If you need to use this, 4530 please report a bug. 4531 nocrs [X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI. 4532 If you need to use this, please report a bug. 4533 use_e820 [X86] Use E820 reservations to exclude parts of 4534 PCI host bridge windows. This is a workaround 4535 for BIOS defects in host bridge _CRS methods. 4536 If you need to use this, please report a bug to 4537 <linux-pci@vger.kernel.org>. 4538 no_e820 [X86] Ignore E820 reservations for PCI host 4539 bridge windows. This is the default on modern 4540 hardware. If you need to use this, please report 4541 a bug to <linux-pci@vger.kernel.org>. 4542 routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices. 4543 This is normally done in pci_enable_device(), 4544 so this option is a temporary workaround 4545 for broken drivers that don't call it. 4546 skip_isa_align [X86] do not align io start addr, so can 4547 handle more pci cards 4548 noearly [X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning. 4549 This might help on some broken boards which 4550 machine check when some devices' config space 4551 is read. But various workarounds are disabled 4552 and some IOMMU drivers will not work. 4553 bfsort Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order. 4554 This sorting is done to get a device 4555 order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels. 4556 nobfsort Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order. 4557 pcie_bus_tune_off Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size) 4558 tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults. 4559 pcie_bus_safe Set every device's MPS to the largest value 4560 supported by all devices below the root complex. 4561 pcie_bus_perf Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS 4562 based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max 4563 Read Request Size) to the largest supported 4564 value (no larger than the MPS that the device 4565 or bus can support) for best performance. 4566 pcie_bus_peer2peer Set every device's MPS to 128B, which 4567 every device is guaranteed to support. This 4568 configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between 4569 any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of 4570 reduced performance. This also guarantees 4571 that hot-added devices will work. 4572 cbiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is 4573 reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window. 4574 The default value is 256 bytes. 4575 cbmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is 4576 reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory 4577 window. The default value is 64 megabytes. 4578 resource_alignment= 4579 Format: 4580 [<order of align>@]<pci_dev>[; ...] 4581 Specifies alignment and device to reassign 4582 aligned memory resources. How to 4583 specify the device is described above. 4584 If <order of align> is not specified, 4585 PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment. 4586 A PCI-PCI bridge can be specified if resource 4587 windows need to be expanded. 4588 To specify the alignment for several 4589 instances of a device, the PCI vendor, 4590 device, subvendor, and subdevice may be 4591 specified, e.g., 12@pci:8086:9c22:103c:198f 4592 for 4096-byte alignment. 4593 ecrc= Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer 4594 end-to-end CRC checking). Only effective if 4595 OS has native AER control (either granted by 4596 ACPI _OSC or forced via "pcie_ports=native") 4597 bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the 4598 the default. 4599 off: Turn ECRC off 4600 on: Turn ECRC on. 4601 hpiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is 4602 reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window. 4603 Default size is 256 bytes. 4604 hpmmiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is 4605 reserved for hotplug bridge's MMIO window. 4606 Default size is 2 megabytes. 4607 hpmmioprefsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is 4608 reserved for hotplug bridge's MMIO_PREF window. 4609 Default size is 2 megabytes. 4610 hpmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is 4611 reserved for hotplug bridge's MMIO and 4612 MMIO_PREF window. 4613 Default size is 2 megabytes. 4614 hpbussize=nn The minimum amount of additional bus numbers 4615 reserved for buses below a hotplug bridge. 4616 Default is 1. 4617 realloc= Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources 4618 if allocations done by BIOS are too small to 4619 accommodate resources required by all child 4620 devices. 4621 off: Turn realloc off 4622 on: Turn realloc on 4623 realloc same as realloc=on 4624 noari do not use PCIe ARI. 4625 noats [PCIE, Intel-IOMMU, AMD-IOMMU] 4626 do not use PCIe ATS (and IOMMU device IOTLB). 4627 pcie_scan_all Scan all possible PCIe devices. Otherwise we 4628 only look for one device below a PCIe downstream 4629 port. 4630 big_root_window Try to add a big 64bit memory window to the PCIe 4631 root complex on AMD CPUs. Some GFX hardware 4632 can resize a BAR to allow access to all VRAM. 4633 Adding the window is slightly risky (it may 4634 conflict with unreported devices), so this 4635 taints the kernel. 4636 disable_acs_redir=<pci_dev>[; ...] 4637 Specify one or more PCI devices (in the format 4638 specified above) separated by semicolons. 4639 Each device specified will have the PCI ACS 4640 redirect capabilities forced off which will 4641 allow P2P traffic between devices through 4642 bridges without forcing it upstream. Note: 4643 this removes isolation between devices and 4644 may put more devices in an IOMMU group. 4645 config_acs= 4646 Format: 4647 <ACS flags>@<pci_dev>[; ...] 4648 Specify one or more PCI devices (in the format 4649 specified above) optionally prepended with flags 4650 and separated by semicolons. The respective 4651 capabilities will be enabled, disabled or 4652 unchanged based on what is specified in 4653 flags. 4654 4655 ACS Flags is defined as follows: 4656 bit-0 : ACS Source Validation 4657 bit-1 : ACS Translation Blocking 4658 bit-2 : ACS P2P Request Redirect 4659 bit-3 : ACS P2P Completion Redirect 4660 bit-4 : ACS Upstream Forwarding 4661 bit-5 : ACS P2P Egress Control 4662 bit-6 : ACS Direct Translated P2P 4663 Each bit can be marked as: 4664 '0' – force disabled 4665 '1' – force enabled 4666 'x' – unchanged 4667 For example, 4668 pci=config_acs=10x 4669 would configure all devices that support 4670 ACS to enable P2P Request Redirect, disable 4671 Translation Blocking, and leave Source 4672 Validation unchanged from whatever power-up 4673 or firmware set it to. 4674 4675 Note: this may remove isolation between devices 4676 and may put more devices in an IOMMU group. 4677 force_floating [S390] Force usage of floating interrupts. 4678 nomio [S390] Do not use MIO instructions. 4679 norid [S390] ignore the RID field and force use of 4680 one PCI domain per PCI function 4681 4682 pcie_aspm= [PCIE] Forcibly enable or ignore PCIe Active State Power 4683 Management. 4684 off Don't touch ASPM configuration at all. Leave any 4685 configuration done by firmware unchanged. 4686 force Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it. 4687 WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups. 4688 4689 pcie_ports= [PCIE] PCIe port services handling: 4690 native Use native PCIe services (PME, AER, DPC, PCIe hotplug) 4691 even if the platform doesn't give the OS permission to 4692 use them. This may cause conflicts if the platform 4693 also tries to use these services. 4694 dpc-native Use native PCIe service for DPC only. May 4695 cause conflicts if firmware uses AER or DPC. 4696 compat Disable native PCIe services (PME, AER, DPC, PCIe 4697 hotplug). 4698 4699 pcie_port_pm= [PCIE] PCIe port power management handling: 4700 off Disable power management of all PCIe ports 4701 force Forcibly enable power management of all PCIe ports 4702 4703 pcie_pme= [PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options: 4704 nomsi Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes 4705 all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services). 4706 4707 pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4 4708 4709 pd_ignore_unused 4710 [PM] 4711 Keep all power-domains already enabled by bootloader on, 4712 even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful 4713 for debug and development, but should not be 4714 needed on a platform with proper driver support. 4715 4716 pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at 4717 boot time. 4718 Format: { 0 | 1 } 4719 See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c 4720 4721 percpu_alloc= [MM,EARLY] 4722 Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use. 4723 Currently supported values are "embed" and "page". 4724 Archs may support subset or none of the selections. 4725 See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each 4726 allocator. This parameter is primarily for debugging 4727 and performance comparison. 4728 4729 pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup 4730 See Documentation/arch/x86/i386/IO-APIC.rst. 4731 4732 plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link 4733 Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 } 4734 See also Documentation/admin-guide/parport.rst. 4735 4736 pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port. 4737 Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value. 4738 e.g. pmtmr=0x508 4739 4740 pmu_override= [PPC] Override the PMU. 4741 This option takes over the PMU facility, so it is no 4742 longer usable by perf. Setting this option starts the 4743 PMU counters by setting MMCR0 to 0 (the FC bit is 4744 cleared). If a number is given, then MMCR1 is set to 4745 that number, otherwise (e.g., 'pmu_override=on'), MMCR1 4746 remains 0. 4747 4748 pm_debug_messages [SUSPEND,KNL] 4749 Enable suspend/resume debug messages during boot up. 4750 4751 pnp.debug=1 [PNP] 4752 Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the 4753 CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option). Change at run-time 4754 via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug. We always show 4755 current resource usage; turning this on also shows 4756 possible settings and some assignment information. 4757 4758 pnpacpi= [ACPI] 4759 { off } 4760 4761 pnpbios= [ISAPNP] 4762 { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res } 4763 4764 pnp_reserve_irq= 4765 [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration 4766 4767 pnp_reserve_dma= 4768 [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration 4769 4770 pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration 4771 Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size). 4772 4773 pnp_reserve_mem= 4774 [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the 4775 autoconfiguration. 4776 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size). 4777 4778 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module 4779 Default is 21. 4780 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports 4781 may be specified. 4782 Format: <port>,<port>.... 4783 4784 possible_cpus= [SMP,S390,X86] 4785 Format: <unsigned int> 4786 Set the number of possible CPUs, overriding the 4787 regular discovery mechanisms (such as ACPI/FW, etc). 4788 4789 powersave=off [PPC] This option disables power saving features. 4790 It specifically disables cpuidle and sets the 4791 platform machine description specific power_save 4792 function to NULL. On Idle the CPU just reduces 4793 execution priority. 4794 4795 ppc_strict_facility_enable 4796 [PPC,ENABLE] This option catches any kernel floating point, 4797 Altivec, VSX and SPE outside of regions specifically 4798 allowed (eg kernel_enable_fpu()/kernel_disable_fpu()). 4799 There is some performance impact when enabling this. 4800 4801 ppc_tm= [PPC,EARLY] 4802 Format: {"off"} 4803 Disable Hardware Transactional Memory 4804 4805 preempt= [KNL] 4806 Select preemption mode if you have CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC 4807 none - Limited to cond_resched() calls 4808 voluntary - Limited to cond_resched() and might_sleep() calls 4809 full - Any section that isn't explicitly preempt disabled 4810 can be preempted anytime. Tasks will also yield 4811 contended spinlocks (if the critical section isn't 4812 explicitly preempt disabled beyond the lock itself). 4813 4814 print-fatal-signals= 4815 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals 4816 4817 If enabled, warn about various signal handling 4818 related application anomalies: too many signals, 4819 too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a 4820 coredump - etc. 4821 4822 If you hit the warning due to signal overflow, 4823 you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited". 4824 4825 default: off. 4826 4827 printk.always_kmsg_dump= 4828 Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or 4829 panics 4830 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable) 4831 default: disabled 4832 4833 printk.console_no_auto_verbose= 4834 Disable console loglevel raise on oops, panic 4835 or lockdep-detected issues (only if lock debug is on). 4836 With an exception to setups with low baudrate on 4837 serial console, keeping this 0 is a good choice 4838 in order to provide more debug information. 4839 Format: <bool> 4840 default: 0 (auto_verbose is enabled) 4841 4842 printk.devkmsg={on,off,ratelimit} 4843 Control writing to /dev/kmsg. 4844 on - unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace 4845 off - logging to /dev/kmsg disabled 4846 ratelimit - ratelimit the logging 4847 Default: ratelimit 4848 4849 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line 4850 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable) 4851 4852 proc_mem.force_override= [KNL] 4853 Format: {always | ptrace | never} 4854 Traditionally /proc/pid/mem allows memory permissions to be 4855 overridden without restrictions. This option may be set to 4856 restrict that. Can be one of: 4857 - 'always': traditional behavior always allows mem overrides. 4858 - 'ptrace': only allow mem overrides for active ptracers. 4859 - 'never': never allow mem overrides. 4860 If not specified, default is the CONFIG_PROC_MEM_* choice. 4861 4862 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI] 4863 Limit processor to maximum C-state 4864 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit. 4865 4866 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI] 4867 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states, 4868 instead using the legacy FADT method 4869 4870 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile 4871 Format: [<profiletype>,]<number> 4872 Param: <profiletype>: "schedule" or "kvm" 4873 [defaults to kernel profiling] 4874 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points. 4875 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits. 4876 Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for 4877 statistical time based profiling. 4878 4879 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] [Deprecated] 4880 4881 prot_virt= [S390] enable hosting protected virtual machines 4882 isolated from the hypervisor (if hardware supports 4883 that). If enabled, the default kernel base address 4884 might be overridden even when Kernel Address Space 4885 Layout Randomization is disabled. 4886 Format: <bool> 4887 4888 psi= [KNL] Enable or disable pressure stall information 4889 tracking. 4890 Format: <bool> 4891 4892 psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to 4893 probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any). 4894 psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports 4895 per second. 4896 psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE] 4897 Try to reset the device after so many bad packets 4898 (0 = never). 4899 psmouse.resolution= 4900 [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi. 4901 psmouse.smartscroll= 4902 [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat. 4903 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default). 4904 4905 pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use 4906 4907 pti= [X86-64] Control Page Table Isolation of user and 4908 kernel address spaces. Disabling this feature 4909 removes hardening, but improves performance of 4910 system calls and interrupts. 4911 4912 on - unconditionally enable 4913 off - unconditionally disable 4914 auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is 4915 vulnerable to issues that PTI mitigates 4916 4917 Not specifying this option is equivalent to pti=auto. 4918 4919 pty.legacy_count= 4920 [KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in 4921 default number. 4922 4923 quiet [KNL,EARLY] Disable most log messages 4924 4925 r128= [HW,DRM] 4926 4927 radix_hcall_invalidate=on [PPC/PSERIES] 4928 Disable RADIX GTSE feature and use hcall for TLB 4929 invalidate. 4930 4931 raid= [HW,RAID] 4932 See Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst. 4933 4934 ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes 4935 See Documentation/admin-guide/blockdev/ramdisk.rst. 4936 4937 ramdisk_start= [RAM] RAM disk image start address 4938 4939 random.trust_cpu=off 4940 [KNL,EARLY] Disable trusting the use of the CPU's 4941 random number generator (if available) to 4942 initialize the kernel's RNG. 4943 4944 random.trust_bootloader=off 4945 [KNL,EARLY] Disable trusting the use of the a seed 4946 passed by the bootloader (if available) to 4947 initialize the kernel's RNG. 4948 4949 randomize_kstack_offset= 4950 [KNL,EARLY] Enable or disable kernel stack offset 4951 randomization, which provides roughly 5 bits of 4952 entropy, frustrating memory corruption attacks 4953 that depend on stack address determinism or 4954 cross-syscall address exposures. This is only 4955 available on architectures that have defined 4956 CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET. 4957 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable) 4958 Default is CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT. 4959 4960 ras=option[,option,...] [KNL] RAS-specific options 4961 4962 cec_disable [X86] 4963 Disable the Correctable Errors Collector, 4964 see CONFIG_RAS_CEC help text. 4965 4966 rcu_nocbs[=cpu-list] 4967 [KNL] The optional argument is a cpu list, 4968 as described above. 4969 4970 In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, 4971 enable the no-callback CPU mode, which prevents 4972 such CPUs' callbacks from being invoked in 4973 softirq context. Invocation of such CPUs' RCU 4974 callbacks will instead be offloaded to "rcuox/N" 4975 kthreads created for that purpose, where "x" is 4976 "p" for RCU-preempt, "s" for RCU-sched, and "g" 4977 for the kthreads that mediate grace periods; and 4978 "N" is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on 4979 the offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC 4980 and real-time workloads. It can also improve 4981 energy efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors. 4982 4983 If a cpulist is passed as an argument, the specified 4984 list of CPUs is set to no-callback mode from boot. 4985 4986 Otherwise, if the '=' sign and the cpulist 4987 arguments are omitted, no CPU will be set to 4988 no-callback mode from boot but the mode may be 4989 toggled at runtime via cpusets. 4990 4991 Note that this argument takes precedence over 4992 the CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_DEFAULT_ALL option. 4993 4994 rcu_nocb_poll [KNL] 4995 Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs 4996 (specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly 4997 awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads, 4998 make these kthreads poll for callbacks. 4999 This improves the real-time response for the 5000 offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to 5001 wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades 5002 energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads 5003 periodically wake up to do the polling. 5004 5005 rcutree.blimit= [KNL] 5006 Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to 5007 process in one batch. 5008 5009 rcutree.csd_lock_suppress_rcu_stall= [KNL] 5010 Do only a one-line RCU CPU stall warning when 5011 there is an ongoing too-long CSD-lock wait. 5012 5013 rcutree.do_rcu_barrier= [KNL] 5014 Request a call to rcu_barrier(). This is 5015 throttled so that userspace tests can safely 5016 hammer on the sysfs variable if they so choose. 5017 If triggered before the RCU grace-period machinery 5018 is fully active, this will error out with EAGAIN. 5019 5020 rcutree.dump_tree= [KNL] 5021 Dump the structure of the rcu_node combining tree 5022 out at early boot. This is used for diagnostic 5023 purposes, to verify correct tree setup. 5024 5025 rcutree.gp_cleanup_delay= [KNL] 5026 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of 5027 RCU grace-period cleanup. 5028 5029 rcutree.gp_init_delay= [KNL] 5030 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of 5031 RCU grace-period initialization. 5032 5033 rcutree.gp_preinit_delay= [KNL] 5034 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of 5035 RCU grace-period pre-initialization, that is, 5036 the propagation of recent CPU-hotplug changes up 5037 the rcu_node combining tree. 5038 5039 rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL] 5040 Set delay from grace-period initialization to 5041 first attempt to force quiescent states. 5042 Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero, 5043 and maximum value is HZ. 5044 5045 rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL] 5046 Set delay between subsequent attempts to force 5047 quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum 5048 value is one, and maximum value is HZ. 5049 5050 rcutree.jiffies_till_sched_qs= [KNL] 5051 Set required age in jiffies for a 5052 given grace period before RCU starts 5053 soliciting quiescent-state help from 5054 rcu_note_context_switch() and cond_resched(). 5055 If not specified, the kernel will calculate 5056 a value based on the most recent settings 5057 of rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs 5058 and rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs. 5059 This calculated value may be viewed in 5060 rcutree.jiffies_to_sched_qs. Any attempt to set 5061 rcutree.jiffies_to_sched_qs will be cheerfully 5062 overwritten. 5063 5064 rcutree.kthread_prio= [KNL,BOOT] 5065 Set the SCHED_FIFO priority of the RCU per-CPU 5066 kthreads (rcuc/N). This value is also used for 5067 the priority of the RCU boost threads (rcub/N) 5068 and for the RCU grace-period kthreads (rcu_bh, 5069 rcu_preempt, and rcu_sched). If RCU_BOOST is 5070 set, valid values are 1-99 and the default is 1 5071 (the least-favored priority). Otherwise, when 5072 RCU_BOOST is not set, valid values are 0-99 and 5073 the default is zero (non-realtime operation). 5074 When RCU_NOCB_CPU is set, also adjust the 5075 priority of NOCB callback kthreads. 5076 5077 rcutree.nocb_nobypass_lim_per_jiffy= [KNL] 5078 On callback-offloaded (rcu_nocbs) CPUs, 5079 RCU reduces the lock contention that would 5080 otherwise be caused by callback floods through 5081 use of the ->nocb_bypass list. However, in the 5082 common non-flooded case, RCU queues directly to 5083 the main ->cblist in order to avoid the extra 5084 overhead of the ->nocb_bypass list and its lock. 5085 But if there are too many callbacks queued during 5086 a single jiffy, RCU pre-queues the callbacks into 5087 the ->nocb_bypass queue. The definition of "too 5088 many" is supplied by this kernel boot parameter. 5089 5090 rcutree.nohz_full_patience_delay= [KNL] 5091 On callback-offloaded (rcu_nocbs) CPUs, avoid 5092 disturbing RCU unless the grace period has 5093 reached the specified age in milliseconds. 5094 Defaults to zero. Large values will be capped 5095 at five seconds. All values will be rounded down 5096 to the nearest value representable by jiffies. 5097 5098 rcutree.qhimark= [KNL] 5099 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which 5100 batch limiting is disabled. 5101 5102 rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL] 5103 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which 5104 batch limiting is re-enabled. 5105 5106 rcutree.qovld= [KNL] 5107 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which 5108 RCU's force-quiescent-state scan will aggressively 5109 enlist help from cond_resched() and sched IPIs to 5110 help CPUs more quickly reach quiescent states. 5111 Set to less than zero to make this be set based 5112 on rcutree.qhimark at boot time and to zero to 5113 disable more aggressive help enlistment. 5114 5115 rcutree.rcu_delay_page_cache_fill_msec= [KNL] 5116 Set the page-cache refill delay (in milliseconds) 5117 in response to low-memory conditions. The range 5118 of permitted values is in the range 0:100000. 5119 5120 rcutree.rcu_divisor= [KNL] 5121 Set the shift-right count to use to compute 5122 the callback-invocation batch limit bl from 5123 the number of callbacks queued on this CPU. 5124 The result will be bounded below by the value of 5125 the rcutree.blimit kernel parameter. Every bl 5126 callbacks, the softirq handler will exit in 5127 order to allow the CPU to do other work. 5128 5129 Please note that this callback-invocation batch 5130 limit applies only to non-offloaded callback 5131 invocation. Offloaded callbacks are instead 5132 invoked in the context of an rcuoc kthread, which 5133 scheduler will preempt as it does any other task. 5134 5135 rcutree.rcu_fanout_exact= [KNL] 5136 Disable autobalancing of the rcu_node combining 5137 tree. This is used by rcutorture, and might 5138 possibly be useful for architectures having high 5139 cache-to-cache transfer latencies. 5140 5141 rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL] 5142 Change the number of CPUs assigned to each 5143 leaf rcu_node structure. Useful for very 5144 large systems, which will choose the value 64, 5145 and for NUMA systems with large remote-access 5146 latencies, which will choose a value aligned 5147 with the appropriate hardware boundaries. 5148 5149 rcutree.rcu_min_cached_objs= [KNL] 5150 Minimum number of objects which are cached and 5151 maintained per one CPU. Object size is equal 5152 to PAGE_SIZE. The cache allows to reduce the 5153 pressure to page allocator, also it makes the 5154 whole algorithm to behave better in low memory 5155 condition. 5156 5157 rcutree.rcu_nocb_gp_stride= [KNL] 5158 Set the number of NOCB callback kthreads in 5159 each group, which defaults to the square root 5160 of the number of CPUs. Larger numbers reduce 5161 the wakeup overhead on the global grace-period 5162 kthread, but increases that same overhead on 5163 each group's NOCB grace-period kthread. 5164 5165 rcutree.rcu_kick_kthreads= [KNL] 5166 Cause the grace-period kthread to get an extra 5167 wake_up() if it sleeps three times longer than 5168 it should at force-quiescent-state time. 5169 This wake_up() will be accompanied by a 5170 WARN_ONCE() splat and an ftrace_dump(). 5171 5172 rcutree.rcu_resched_ns= [KNL] 5173 Limit the time spend invoking a batch of RCU 5174 callbacks to the specified number of nanoseconds. 5175 By default, this limit is checked only once 5176 every 32 callbacks in order to limit the pain 5177 inflicted by local_clock() overhead. 5178 5179 rcutree.rcu_unlock_delay= [KNL] 5180 In CONFIG_RCU_STRICT_GRACE_PERIOD=y kernels, 5181 this specifies an rcu_read_unlock()-time delay 5182 in microseconds. This defaults to zero. 5183 Larger delays increase the probability of 5184 catching RCU pointer leaks, that is, buggy use 5185 of RCU-protected pointers after the relevant 5186 rcu_read_unlock() has completed. 5187 5188 rcutree.sysrq_rcu= [KNL] 5189 Commandeer a sysrq key to dump out Tree RCU's 5190 rcu_node tree with an eye towards determining 5191 why a new grace period has not yet started. 5192 5193 rcutree.use_softirq= [KNL] 5194 If set to zero, move all RCU_SOFTIRQ processing to 5195 per-CPU rcuc kthreads. Defaults to a non-zero 5196 value, meaning that RCU_SOFTIRQ is used by default. 5197 Specify rcutree.use_softirq=0 to use rcuc kthreads. 5198 5199 But note that CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT=y kernels disable 5200 this kernel boot parameter, forcibly setting it 5201 to zero. 5202 5203 rcutree.enable_rcu_lazy= [KNL] 5204 To save power, batch RCU callbacks and flush after 5205 delay, memory pressure or callback list growing too 5206 big. 5207 5208 rcutree.rcu_normal_wake_from_gp= [KNL] 5209 Reduces a latency of synchronize_rcu() call. This approach 5210 maintains its own track of synchronize_rcu() callers, so it 5211 does not interact with regular callbacks because it does not 5212 use a call_rcu[_hurry]() path. Please note, this is for a 5213 normal grace period. 5214 5215 How to enable it: 5216 5217 echo 1 > /sys/module/rcutree/parameters/rcu_normal_wake_from_gp 5218 or pass a boot parameter "rcutree.rcu_normal_wake_from_gp=1" 5219 5220 Default is 0. 5221 5222 rcuscale.gp_async= [KNL] 5223 Measure performance of asynchronous 5224 grace-period primitives such as call_rcu(). 5225 5226 rcuscale.gp_async_max= [KNL] 5227 Specify the maximum number of outstanding 5228 callbacks per writer thread. When a writer 5229 thread exceeds this limit, it invokes the 5230 corresponding flavor of rcu_barrier() to allow 5231 previously posted callbacks to drain. 5232 5233 rcuscale.gp_exp= [KNL] 5234 Measure performance of expedited synchronous 5235 grace-period primitives. 5236 5237 rcuscale.holdoff= [KNL] 5238 Set test-start holdoff period. The purpose of 5239 this parameter is to delay the start of the 5240 test until boot completes in order to avoid 5241 interference. 5242 5243 rcuscale.kfree_by_call_rcu= [KNL] 5244 In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_LAZY=y, test 5245 call_rcu() instead of kfree_rcu(). 5246 5247 rcuscale.kfree_mult= [KNL] 5248 Instead of allocating an object of size kfree_obj, 5249 allocate one of kfree_mult * sizeof(kfree_obj). 5250 Defaults to 1. 5251 5252 rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test= [KNL] 5253 Set to measure performance of kfree_rcu() flooding. 5254 5255 rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_double= [KNL] 5256 Test the double-argument variant of kfree_rcu(). 5257 If this parameter has the same value as 5258 rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_single, both the single- 5259 and double-argument variants are tested. 5260 5261 rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_single= [KNL] 5262 Test the single-argument variant of kfree_rcu(). 5263 If this parameter has the same value as 5264 rcuscale.kfree_rcu_test_double, both the single- 5265 and double-argument variants are tested. 5266 5267 rcuscale.kfree_nthreads= [KNL] 5268 The number of threads running loops of kfree_rcu(). 5269 5270 rcuscale.kfree_alloc_num= [KNL] 5271 Number of allocations and frees done in an iteration. 5272 5273 rcuscale.kfree_loops= [KNL] 5274 Number of loops doing rcuscale.kfree_alloc_num number 5275 of allocations and frees. 5276 5277 rcuscale.minruntime= [KNL] 5278 Set the minimum test run time in seconds. This 5279 does not affect the data-collection interval, 5280 but instead allows better measurement of things 5281 like CPU consumption. 5282 5283 rcuscale.nreaders= [KNL] 5284 Set number of RCU readers. The value -1 selects 5285 N, where N is the number of CPUs. A value 5286 "n" less than -1 selects N-n+1, where N is again 5287 the number of CPUs. For example, -2 selects N 5288 (the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on. 5289 A value of "n" less than or equal to -N selects 5290 a single reader. 5291 5292 rcuscale.nwriters= [KNL] 5293 Set number of RCU writers. The values operate 5294 the same as for rcuscale.nreaders. 5295 N, where N is the number of CPUs 5296 5297 rcuscale.scale_type= [KNL] 5298 Specify the RCU implementation to test. 5299 5300 rcuscale.shutdown= [KNL] 5301 Shut the system down after performance tests 5302 complete. This is useful for hands-off automated 5303 testing. 5304 5305 rcuscale.verbose= [KNL] 5306 Enable additional printk() statements. 5307 5308 rcuscale.writer_holdoff= [KNL] 5309 Write-side holdoff between grace periods, 5310 in microseconds. The default of zero says 5311 no holdoff. 5312 5313 rcuscale.writer_holdoff_jiffies= [KNL] 5314 Additional write-side holdoff between grace 5315 periods, but in jiffies. The default of zero 5316 says no holdoff. 5317 5318 rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL] 5319 Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts 5320 in microseconds. 5321 5322 rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL] 5323 Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts 5324 in microseconds. 5325 5326 rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL] 5327 Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts 5328 in seconds. 5329 5330 rcutorture.fwd_progress= [KNL] 5331 Specifies the number of kthreads to be used 5332 for RCU grace-period forward-progress testing 5333 for the types of RCU supporting this notion. 5334 Defaults to 1 kthread, values less than zero or 5335 greater than the number of CPUs cause the number 5336 of CPUs to be used. 5337 5338 rcutorture.fwd_progress_div= [KNL] 5339 Specify the fraction of a CPU-stall-warning 5340 period to do tight-loop forward-progress testing. 5341 5342 rcutorture.fwd_progress_holdoff= [KNL] 5343 Number of seconds to wait between successive 5344 forward-progress tests. 5345 5346 rcutorture.fwd_progress_need_resched= [KNL] 5347 Enclose cond_resched() calls within checks for 5348 need_resched() during tight-loop forward-progress 5349 testing. 5350 5351 rcutorture.gp_cond= [KNL] 5352 Use conditional/asynchronous update-side 5353 primitives, if available. 5354 5355 rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL] 5356 Use expedited update-side primitives, if available. 5357 5358 rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL] 5359 Use normal (non-expedited) asynchronous 5360 update-side primitives, if available. 5361 5362 rcutorture.gp_sync= [KNL] 5363 Use normal (non-expedited) synchronous 5364 update-side primitives, if available. If all 5365 of rcutorture.gp_cond=, rcutorture.gp_exp=, 5366 rcutorture.gp_normal=, and rcutorture.gp_sync= 5367 are zero, rcutorture acts as if is interpreted 5368 they are all non-zero. 5369 5370 rcutorture.irqreader= [KNL] 5371 Run RCU readers from irq handlers, or, more 5372 accurately, from a timer handler. Not all RCU 5373 flavors take kindly to this sort of thing. 5374 5375 rcutorture.leakpointer= [KNL] 5376 Leak an RCU-protected pointer out of the reader. 5377 This can of course result in splats, and is 5378 intended to test the ability of things like 5379 CONFIG_RCU_STRICT_GRACE_PERIOD=y to detect 5380 such leaks. 5381 5382 rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL] 5383 Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing. 5384 5385 rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL] 5386 Set number of concurrent RCU writers. These just 5387 stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual 5388 test, hence the "fake". 5389 5390 rcutorture.nocbs_nthreads= [KNL] 5391 Set number of RCU callback-offload togglers. 5392 Zero (the default) disables toggling. 5393 5394 rcutorture.nocbs_toggle= [KNL] 5395 Set the delay in milliseconds between successive 5396 callback-offload toggling attempts. 5397 5398 rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL] 5399 Set number of RCU readers. The value -1 selects 5400 N-1, where N is the number of CPUs. A value 5401 "n" less than -1 selects N-n-2, where N is again 5402 the number of CPUs. For example, -2 selects N 5403 (the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on. 5404 5405 rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL] 5406 Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing. 5407 5408 rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL] 5409 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing. 5410 5411 rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL] 5412 Set time (jiffies) between CPU-hotplug operations, 5413 or zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing. 5414 5415 rcutorture.read_exit= [KNL] 5416 Set the number of read-then-exit kthreads used 5417 to test the interaction of RCU updaters and 5418 task-exit processing. 5419 5420 rcutorture.read_exit_burst= [KNL] 5421 The number of times in a given read-then-exit 5422 episode that a set of read-then-exit kthreads 5423 is spawned. 5424 5425 rcutorture.read_exit_delay= [KNL] 5426 The delay, in seconds, between successive 5427 read-then-exit testing episodes. 5428 5429 rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL] 5430 Set task-shuffle interval (s). Shuffling tasks 5431 allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode 5432 during the rcutorture test. 5433 5434 rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL] 5435 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This 5436 is useful for hands-off automated testing. 5437 5438 rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL] 5439 Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall 5440 warnings, zero to disable. 5441 5442 rcutorture.stall_cpu_block= [KNL] 5443 Sleep while stalling if set. This will result 5444 in warnings from preemptible RCU in addition to 5445 any other stall-related activity. Note that 5446 in kernels built with CONFIG_PREEMPTION=n and 5447 CONFIG_PREEMPT_COUNT=y, this parameter will 5448 cause the CPU to pass through a quiescent state. 5449 Given CONFIG_PREEMPTION=n, this will suppress 5450 RCU CPU stall warnings, but will instead result 5451 in scheduling-while-atomic splats. 5452 5453 Use of this module parameter results in splats. 5454 5455 5456 rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL] 5457 Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall. 5458 5459 rcutorture.stall_cpu_irqsoff= [KNL] 5460 Disable interrupts while stalling if set, but only 5461 on the first stall in the set. 5462 5463 rcutorture.stall_cpu_repeat= [KNL] 5464 Number of times to repeat the stall sequence, 5465 so that rcutorture.stall_cpu_repeat=3 will result 5466 in four stall sequences. 5467 5468 rcutorture.stall_gp_kthread= [KNL] 5469 Duration (s) of forced sleep within RCU 5470 grace-period kthread to test RCU CPU stall 5471 warnings, zero to disable. If both stall_cpu 5472 and stall_gp_kthread are specified, the 5473 kthread is starved first, then the CPU. 5474 5475 rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL] 5476 Time (s) between statistics printk()s. 5477 5478 rcutorture.stutter= [KNL] 5479 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying 5480 five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds, 5481 wait for five seconds, and so on. This tests RCU's 5482 ability to transition abruptly to and from idle. 5483 5484 rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL] 5485 Test RCU priority boosting? 0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes. 5486 "Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation 5487 under test support RCU priority boosting. 5488 5489 rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL] 5490 Duration (s) of each individual boost test. 5491 5492 rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL] 5493 Interval (s) between each boost test. 5494 5495 rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL] 5496 Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling. See also the 5497 rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter. 5498 5499 rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL] 5500 Specify the RCU implementation to test. 5501 5502 rcutorture.verbose= [KNL] 5503 Enable additional printk() statements. 5504 5505 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_ftrace_dump= [KNL] 5506 Dump ftrace buffer after reporting RCU CPU 5507 stall warning. 5508 5509 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_notifiers= [KNL] 5510 Provide RCU CPU stall notifiers, but see the 5511 warnings in the RCU_CPU_STALL_NOTIFIER Kconfig 5512 option's help text. TL;DR: You almost certainly 5513 do not want rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_notifiers. 5514 5515 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL] 5516 Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages. 5517 5518 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress_at_boot= [KNL] 5519 Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages and 5520 rcutorture writer stall warnings that occur 5521 during early boot, that is, during the time 5522 before the init task is spawned. 5523 5524 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL] 5525 Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages. 5526 The value is in seconds and the maximum allowed 5527 value is 300 seconds. 5528 5529 rcupdate.rcu_exp_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL] 5530 Set timeout for expedited RCU CPU stall warning 5531 messages. The value is in milliseconds 5532 and the maximum allowed value is 21000 5533 milliseconds. Please note that this value is 5534 adjusted to an arch timer tick resolution. 5535 Setting this to zero causes the value from 5536 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout to be used (after 5537 conversion from seconds to milliseconds). 5538 5539 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_cputime= [KNL] 5540 Provide statistics on the cputime and count of 5541 interrupts and tasks during the sampling period. For 5542 multiple continuous RCU stalls, all sampling periods 5543 begin at half of the first RCU stall timeout. 5544 5545 rcupdate.rcu_exp_stall_task_details= [KNL] 5546 Print stack dumps of any tasks blocking the 5547 current expedited RCU grace period during an 5548 expedited RCU CPU stall warning. 5549 5550 rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL] 5551 Use expedited grace-period primitives, for 5552 example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead 5553 of synchronize_rcu(). This reduces latency, 5554 but can increase CPU utilization, degrade 5555 real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency. 5556 No effect on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels. 5557 5558 rcupdate.rcu_normal= [KNL] 5559 Use only normal grace-period primitives, 5560 for example, synchronize_rcu() instead of 5561 synchronize_rcu_expedited(). This improves 5562 real-time latency, CPU utilization, and 5563 energy efficiency, but can expose users to 5564 increased grace-period latency. This parameter 5565 overrides rcupdate.rcu_expedited. No effect on 5566 CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels. 5567 5568 rcupdate.rcu_normal_after_boot= [KNL] 5569 Once boot has completed (that is, after 5570 rcu_end_inkernel_boot() has been invoked), use 5571 only normal grace-period primitives. No effect 5572 on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels. 5573 5574 But note that CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT=y kernels enables 5575 this kernel boot parameter, forcibly setting 5576 it to the value one, that is, converting any 5577 post-boot attempt at an expedited RCU grace 5578 period to instead use normal non-expedited 5579 grace-period processing. 5580 5581 rcupdate.rcu_task_collapse_lim= [KNL] 5582 Set the maximum number of callbacks present 5583 at the beginning of a grace period that allows 5584 the RCU Tasks flavors to collapse back to using 5585 a single callback queue. This switching only 5586 occurs when rcupdate.rcu_task_enqueue_lim is 5587 set to the default value of -1. 5588 5589 rcupdate.rcu_task_contend_lim= [KNL] 5590 Set the minimum number of callback-queuing-time 5591 lock-contention events per jiffy required to 5592 cause the RCU Tasks flavors to switch to per-CPU 5593 callback queuing. This switching only occurs 5594 when rcupdate.rcu_task_enqueue_lim is set to 5595 the default value of -1. 5596 5597 rcupdate.rcu_task_enqueue_lim= [KNL] 5598 Set the number of callback queues to use for the 5599 RCU Tasks family of RCU flavors. The default 5600 of -1 allows this to be automatically (and 5601 dynamically) adjusted. This parameter is intended 5602 for use in testing. 5603 5604 rcupdate.rcu_task_ipi_delay= [KNL] 5605 Set time in jiffies during which RCU tasks will 5606 avoid sending IPIs, starting with the beginning 5607 of a given grace period. Setting a large 5608 number avoids disturbing real-time workloads, 5609 but lengthens grace periods. 5610 5611 rcupdate.rcu_task_lazy_lim= [KNL] 5612 Number of callbacks on a given CPU that will 5613 cancel laziness on that CPU. Use -1 to disable 5614 cancellation of laziness, but be advised that 5615 doing so increases the danger of OOM due to 5616 callback flooding. 5617 5618 rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_info= [KNL] 5619 Set initial timeout in jiffies for RCU task stall 5620 informational messages, which give some indication 5621 of the problem for those not patient enough to 5622 wait for ten minutes. Informational messages are 5623 only printed prior to the stall-warning message 5624 for a given grace period. Disable with a value 5625 less than or equal to zero. Defaults to ten 5626 seconds. A change in value does not take effect 5627 until the beginning of the next grace period. 5628 5629 rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_info_mult= [KNL] 5630 Multiplier for time interval between successive 5631 RCU task stall informational messages for a given 5632 RCU tasks grace period. This value is clamped 5633 to one through ten, inclusive. It defaults to 5634 the value three, so that the first informational 5635 message is printed 10 seconds into the grace 5636 period, the second at 40 seconds, the third at 5637 160 seconds, and then the stall warning at 600 5638 seconds would prevent a fourth at 640 seconds. 5639 5640 rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_timeout= [KNL] 5641 Set timeout in jiffies for RCU task stall 5642 warning messages. Disable with a value less 5643 than or equal to zero. Defaults to ten minutes. 5644 A change in value does not take effect until 5645 the beginning of the next grace period. 5646 5647 rcupdate.rcu_tasks_lazy_ms= [KNL] 5648 Set timeout in milliseconds RCU Tasks asynchronous 5649 callback batching for call_rcu_tasks(). 5650 A negative value will take the default. A value 5651 of zero will disable batching. Batching is 5652 always disabled for synchronize_rcu_tasks(). 5653 5654 rcupdate.rcu_tasks_trace_lazy_ms= [KNL] 5655 Set timeout in milliseconds RCU Tasks 5656 Trace asynchronous callback batching for 5657 call_rcu_tasks_trace(). A negative value 5658 will take the default. A value of zero will 5659 disable batching. Batching is always disabled 5660 for synchronize_rcu_tasks_trace(). 5661 5662 rcupdate.rcu_self_test= [KNL] 5663 Run the RCU early boot self tests 5664 5665 rdinit= [KNL] 5666 Format: <full_path> 5667 Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk, 5668 used for early userspace startup. See initrd. 5669 5670 rdrand= [X86,EARLY] 5671 force - Override the decision by the kernel to hide the 5672 advertisement of RDRAND support (this affects 5673 certain AMD processors because of buggy BIOS 5674 support, specifically around the suspend/resume 5675 path). 5676 5677 rdt= [HW,X86,RDT] 5678 Turn on/off individual RDT features. List is: 5679 cmt, mbmtotal, mbmlocal, l3cat, l3cdp, l2cat, l2cdp, 5680 mba, smba, bmec. 5681 E.g. to turn on cmt and turn off mba use: 5682 rdt=cmt,!mba 5683 5684 reboot= [KNL] 5685 Format (x86 or x86_64): 5686 [w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] | d[efault] \ 5687 [[,]s[mp]#### \ 5688 [[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \ 5689 [[,]f[orce] 5690 Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio 5691 (prefix with 'panic_' to set mode for panic 5692 reboot only), 5693 reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci, 5694 reboot_force is either force or not specified, 5695 reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor 5696 to be used for rebooting. 5697 5698 refscale.holdoff= [KNL] 5699 Set test-start holdoff period. The purpose of 5700 this parameter is to delay the start of the 5701 test until boot completes in order to avoid 5702 interference. 5703 5704 refscale.lookup_instances= [KNL] 5705 Number of data elements to use for the forms of 5706 SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU testing. A negative number 5707 is negated and multiplied by nr_cpu_ids, while 5708 zero specifies nr_cpu_ids. 5709 5710 refscale.loops= [KNL] 5711 Set the number of loops over the synchronization 5712 primitive under test. Increasing this number 5713 reduces noise due to loop start/end overhead, 5714 but the default has already reduced the per-pass 5715 noise to a handful of picoseconds on ca. 2020 5716 x86 laptops. 5717 5718 refscale.nreaders= [KNL] 5719 Set number of readers. The default value of -1 5720 selects N, where N is roughly 75% of the number 5721 of CPUs. A value of zero is an interesting choice. 5722 5723 refscale.nruns= [KNL] 5724 Set number of runs, each of which is dumped onto 5725 the console log. 5726 5727 refscale.readdelay= [KNL] 5728 Set the read-side critical-section duration, 5729 measured in microseconds. 5730 5731 refscale.scale_type= [KNL] 5732 Specify the read-protection implementation to test. 5733 5734 refscale.shutdown= [KNL] 5735 Shut down the system at the end of the performance 5736 test. This defaults to 1 (shut it down) when 5737 refscale is built into the kernel and to 0 (leave 5738 it running) when refscale is built as a module. 5739 5740 refscale.verbose= [KNL] 5741 Enable additional printk() statements. 5742 5743 refscale.verbose_batched= [KNL] 5744 Batch the additional printk() statements. If zero 5745 (the default) or negative, print everything. Otherwise, 5746 print every Nth verbose statement, where N is the value 5747 specified. 5748 5749 regulator_ignore_unused 5750 [REGULATOR] 5751 Prevents regulator framework from disabling regulators 5752 that are unused, due no driver claiming them. This may 5753 be useful for debug and development, but should not be 5754 needed on a platform with proper driver support. 5755 5756 relax_domain_level= 5757 [KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level. 5758 See Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.rst. 5759 5760 reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force kernel to ignore I/O ports or memory 5761 Format: <base1>,<size1>[,<base2>,<size2>,...] 5762 Reserve I/O ports or memory so the kernel won't use 5763 them. If <base> is less than 0x10000, the region 5764 is assumed to be I/O ports; otherwise it is memory. 5765 5766 reserve_mem= [RAM] 5767 Format: nn[KNG]:<align>:<label> 5768 Reserve physical memory and label it with a name that 5769 other subsystems can use to access it. This is typically 5770 used for systems that do not wipe the RAM, and this command 5771 line will try to reserve the same physical memory on 5772 soft reboots. Note, it is not guaranteed to be the same 5773 location. For example, if anything about the system changes 5774 or if booting a different kernel. It can also fail if KASLR 5775 places the kernel at the location of where the RAM reservation 5776 was from a previous boot, the new reservation will be at a 5777 different location. 5778 Any subsystem using this feature must add a way to verify 5779 that the contents of the physical memory is from a previous 5780 boot, as there may be cases where the memory will not be 5781 located at the same location. 5782 5783 The format is size:align:label for example, to request 5784 12 megabytes of 4096 alignment for ramoops: 5785 5786 reserve_mem=12M:4096:oops ramoops.mem_name=oops 5787 5788 reservetop= [X86-32,EARLY] 5789 Format: nn[KMG] 5790 Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual 5791 address space. 5792 5793 reset_devices [KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device 5794 during initialization. 5795 5796 resume= [SWSUSP] 5797 Specify the partition device for software suspend 5798 Format: 5799 {/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>} 5800 5801 resume_offset= [SWSUSP] 5802 Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition 5803 given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located, 5804 in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files). 5805 See Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.rst 5806 5807 resumedelay= [HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to 5808 read the resume files 5809 5810 resumewait [HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up. 5811 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously 5812 (e.g. USB and MMC devices). 5813 5814 retain_initrd [RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction. After boot, it will 5815 be accessible via /sys/firmware/initrd. 5816 5817 retbleed= [X86] Control mitigation of RETBleed (Arbitrary 5818 Speculative Code Execution with Return Instructions) 5819 vulnerability. 5820 5821 AMD-based UNRET and IBPB mitigations alone do not stop 5822 sibling threads from influencing the predictions of other 5823 sibling threads. For that reason, STIBP is used on pro- 5824 cessors that support it, and mitigate SMT on processors 5825 that don't. 5826 5827 off - no mitigation 5828 auto - automatically select a migitation 5829 auto,nosmt - automatically select a mitigation, 5830 disabling SMT if necessary for 5831 the full mitigation (only on Zen1 5832 and older without STIBP). 5833 ibpb - On AMD, mitigate short speculation 5834 windows on basic block boundaries too. 5835 Safe, highest perf impact. It also 5836 enables STIBP if present. Not suitable 5837 on Intel. 5838 ibpb,nosmt - Like "ibpb" above but will disable SMT 5839 when STIBP is not available. This is 5840 the alternative for systems which do not 5841 have STIBP. 5842 unret - Force enable untrained return thunks, 5843 only effective on AMD f15h-f17h based 5844 systems. 5845 unret,nosmt - Like unret, but will disable SMT when STIBP 5846 is not available. This is the alternative for 5847 systems which do not have STIBP. 5848 5849 Selecting 'auto' will choose a mitigation method at run 5850 time according to the CPU. 5851 5852 Not specifying this option is equivalent to retbleed=auto. 5853 5854 rfkill.default_state= 5855 0 "airplane mode". All wifi, bluetooth, wimax, gps, fm, 5856 etc. communication is blocked by default. 5857 1 Unblocked. 5858 5859 rfkill.master_switch_mode= 5860 0 The "airplane mode" button does nothing. 5861 1 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything 5862 blocked and the previous configuration. 5863 2 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything 5864 blocked and everything unblocked. 5865 5866 ring3mwait=disable 5867 [KNL] Disable ring 3 MONITOR/MWAIT feature on supported 5868 CPUs. 5869 5870 riscv_isa_fallback [RISCV,EARLY] 5871 When CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_FALLBACK is not enabled, permit 5872 falling back to detecting extension support by parsing 5873 "riscv,isa" property on devicetree systems when the 5874 replacement properties are not found. See the Kconfig 5875 entry for RISCV_ISA_FALLBACK. 5876 5877 ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot 5878 5879 rodata= [KNL,EARLY] 5880 on Mark read-only kernel memory as read-only (default). 5881 off Leave read-only kernel memory writable for debugging. 5882 full Mark read-only kernel memory and aliases as read-only 5883 [arm64] 5884 5885 rockchip.usb_uart 5886 [EARLY] 5887 Enable the uart passthrough on the designated usb port 5888 on Rockchip SoCs. When active, the signals of the 5889 debug-uart get routed to the D+ and D- pins of the usb 5890 port and the regular usb controller gets disabled. 5891 5892 root= [KNL] Root filesystem 5893 Usually this a a block device specifier of some kind, 5894 see the early_lookup_bdev comment in 5895 block/early-lookup.c for details. 5896 Alternatively this can be "ram" for the legacy initial 5897 ramdisk, "nfs" and "cifs" for root on a network file 5898 system, or "mtd" and "ubi" for mounting from raw flash. 5899 5900 rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to 5901 mount the root filesystem 5902 5903 rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string 5904 5905 rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type 5906 5907 rootwait [KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up. 5908 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously 5909 (e.g. USB and MMC devices). 5910 5911 rootwait= [KNL] Maximum time (in seconds) to wait for root device 5912 to show up before attempting to mount the root 5913 filesystem. 5914 5915 rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address] 5916 [KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block. 5917 Memory area to be used by remote processor image, 5918 managed by CMA. 5919 5920 rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot 5921 5922 S [KNL] Run init in single mode 5923 5924 s390_iommu= [HW,S390] 5925 Set s390 IOTLB flushing mode 5926 strict 5927 With strict flushing every unmap operation will result 5928 in an IOTLB flush. Default is lazy flushing before 5929 reuse, which is faster. Deprecated, equivalent to 5930 iommu.strict=1. 5931 5932 s390_iommu_aperture= [KNL,S390] 5933 Specifies the size of the per device DMA address space 5934 accessible through the DMA and IOMMU APIs as a decimal 5935 factor of the size of main memory. 5936 The default is 1 meaning that one can concurrently use 5937 as many DMA addresses as physical memory is installed, 5938 if supported by hardware, and thus map all of memory 5939 once. With a value of 2 one can map all of memory twice 5940 and so on. As a special case a factor of 0 imposes no 5941 restrictions other than those given by hardware at the 5942 cost of significant additional memory use for tables. 5943 5944 sa1100ir [NET] 5945 See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c. 5946 5947 sched_verbose [KNL,EARLY] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages. 5948 5949 schedstats= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable scheduled statistics. 5950 Allowed values are enable and disable. This feature 5951 incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler 5952 but is useful for debugging and performance tuning. 5953 5954 sched_thermal_decay_shift= 5955 [Deprecated] 5956 [KNL, SMP] Set a decay shift for scheduler thermal 5957 pressure signal. Thermal pressure signal follows the 5958 default decay period of other scheduler pelt 5959 signals(usually 32 ms but configurable). Setting 5960 sched_thermal_decay_shift will left shift the decay 5961 period for the thermal pressure signal by the shift 5962 value. 5963 i.e. with the default pelt decay period of 32 ms 5964 sched_thermal_decay_shift thermal pressure decay pr 5965 1 64 ms 5966 2 128 ms 5967 and so on. 5968 Format: integer between 0 and 10 5969 Default is 0. 5970 5971 scftorture.holdoff= [KNL] 5972 Number of seconds to hold off before starting 5973 test. Defaults to zero for module insertion and 5974 to 10 seconds for built-in smp_call_function() 5975 tests. 5976 5977 scftorture.longwait= [KNL] 5978 Request ridiculously long waits randomly selected 5979 up to the chosen limit in seconds. Zero (the 5980 default) disables this feature. Please note 5981 that requesting even small non-zero numbers of 5982 seconds can result in RCU CPU stall warnings, 5983 softlockup complaints, and so on. 5984 5985 scftorture.nthreads= [KNL] 5986 Number of kthreads to spawn to invoke the 5987 smp_call_function() family of functions. 5988 The default of -1 specifies a number of kthreads 5989 equal to the number of CPUs. 5990 5991 scftorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL] 5992 Number seconds to wait after the start of the 5993 test before initiating CPU-hotplug operations. 5994 5995 scftorture.onoff_interval= [KNL] 5996 Number seconds to wait between successive 5997 CPU-hotplug operations. Specifying zero (which 5998 is the default) disables CPU-hotplug operations. 5999 6000 scftorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL] 6001 The number of seconds following the start of the 6002 test after which to shut down the system. The 6003 default of zero avoids shutting down the system. 6004 Non-zero values are useful for automated tests. 6005 6006 scftorture.stat_interval= [KNL] 6007 The number of seconds between outputting the 6008 current test statistics to the console. A value 6009 of zero disables statistics output. 6010 6011 scftorture.stutter_cpus= [KNL] 6012 The number of jiffies to wait between each change 6013 to the set of CPUs under test. 6014 6015 scftorture.use_cpus_read_lock= [KNL] 6016 Use use_cpus_read_lock() instead of the default 6017 preempt_disable() to disable CPU hotplug 6018 while invoking one of the smp_call_function*() 6019 functions. 6020 6021 scftorture.verbose= [KNL] 6022 Enable additional printk() statements. 6023 6024 scftorture.weight_single= [KNL] 6025 The probability weighting to use for the 6026 smp_call_function_single() function with a zero 6027 "wait" parameter. A value of -1 selects the 6028 default if all other weights are -1. However, 6029 if at least one weight has some other value, a 6030 value of -1 will instead select a weight of zero. 6031 6032 scftorture.weight_single_wait= [KNL] 6033 The probability weighting to use for the 6034 smp_call_function_single() function with a 6035 non-zero "wait" parameter. See weight_single. 6036 6037 scftorture.weight_many= [KNL] 6038 The probability weighting to use for the 6039 smp_call_function_many() function with a zero 6040 "wait" parameter. See weight_single. 6041 Note well that setting a high probability for 6042 this weighting can place serious IPI load 6043 on the system. 6044 6045 scftorture.weight_many_wait= [KNL] 6046 The probability weighting to use for the 6047 smp_call_function_many() function with a 6048 non-zero "wait" parameter. See weight_single 6049 and weight_many. 6050 6051 scftorture.weight_all= [KNL] 6052 The probability weighting to use for the 6053 smp_call_function_all() function with a zero 6054 "wait" parameter. See weight_single and 6055 weight_many. 6056 6057 scftorture.weight_all_wait= [KNL] 6058 The probability weighting to use for the 6059 smp_call_function_all() function with a 6060 non-zero "wait" parameter. See weight_single 6061 and weight_many. 6062 6063 skew_tick= [KNL,EARLY] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate 6064 xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock 6065 contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set. 6066 Format: { "0" | "1" } 6067 0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1" 6068 1 -- enable. 6069 Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be 6070 enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads. 6071 6072 security= [SECURITY] Choose a legacy "major" security module to 6073 enable at boot. This has been deprecated by the 6074 "lsm=" parameter. 6075 6076 selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time. 6077 Format: { "0" | "1" } 6078 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text. 6079 0 -- disable. 6080 1 -- enable. 6081 Default value is 1. 6082 6083 serialnumber [BUGS=X86-32] 6084 6085 sev=option[,option...] [X86-64] See Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/boot-options.rst 6086 6087 shapers= [NET] 6088 Maximal number of shapers. 6089 6090 show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller 6091 Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal 6092 number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible 6093 to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here. 6094 Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }. 6095 The parameter valid if only apic=debug or 6096 apic=verbose is specified. 6097 Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all 6098 6099 slab_debug[=options[,slabs][;[options[,slabs]]...] [MM] 6100 Enabling slab_debug allows one to determine the 6101 culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling 6102 slab_debug can create guard zones around objects and 6103 may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the 6104 last alloc / free. For more information see 6105 Documentation/mm/slub.rst. 6106 (slub_debug legacy name also accepted for now) 6107 6108 slab_max_order= [MM] 6109 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs. 6110 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory 6111 fragmentation. For more information see 6112 Documentation/mm/slub.rst. 6113 (slub_max_order legacy name also accepted for now) 6114 6115 slab_merge [MM] 6116 Enable merging of slabs with similar size when the 6117 kernel is built without CONFIG_SLAB_MERGE_DEFAULT. 6118 (slub_merge legacy name also accepted for now) 6119 6120 slab_min_objects= [MM] 6121 The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will 6122 increase the slab order up to slab_max_order to 6123 generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain 6124 the number of objects indicated. The higher the number 6125 of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs 6126 and the less frequently locks need to be acquired. 6127 For more information see Documentation/mm/slub.rst. 6128 (slub_min_objects legacy name also accepted for now) 6129 6130 slab_min_order= [MM] 6131 Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be 6132 lower or equal to slab_max_order. For more information see 6133 Documentation/mm/slub.rst. 6134 (slub_min_order legacy name also accepted for now) 6135 6136 slab_nomerge [MM] 6137 Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be 6138 necessary if there is some reason to distinguish 6139 allocs to different slabs, especially in hardened 6140 environments where the risk of heap overflows and 6141 layout control by attackers can usually be 6142 frustrated by disabling merging. This will reduce 6143 most of the exposure of a heap attack to a single 6144 cache (risks via metadata attacks are mostly 6145 unchanged). Debug options disable merging on their 6146 own. 6147 For more information see Documentation/mm/slub.rst. 6148 (slub_nomerge legacy name also accepted for now) 6149 6150 slram= [HW,MTD] 6151 6152 smart2= [HW] 6153 Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]] 6154 6155 smp.csd_lock_timeout= [KNL] 6156 Specify the period of time in milliseconds 6157 that smp_call_function() and friends will wait 6158 for a CPU to release the CSD lock. This is 6159 useful when diagnosing bugs involving CPUs 6160 disabling interrupts for extended periods 6161 of time. Defaults to 5,000 milliseconds, and 6162 setting a value of zero disables this feature. 6163 This feature may be more efficiently disabled 6164 using the csdlock_debug- kernel parameter. 6165 6166 smp.panic_on_ipistall= [KNL] 6167 If a csd_lock_timeout extends for more than 6168 the specified number of milliseconds, panic the 6169 system. By default, let CSD-lock acquisition 6170 take as long as they take. Specifying 300,000 6171 for this value provides a 5-minute timeout. 6172 6173 smsc-ircc2.nopnp [HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices 6174 smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg= [HW] Device configuration I/O port 6175 smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir= [HW] SIR base I/O port 6176 smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir= [HW] FIR base I/O port 6177 smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq= [HW] IRQ line 6178 smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma= [HW] DMA channel 6179 smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type: 6180 0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select) 6181 1: Fast pin select (default) 6182 2: ATC IRMode 6183 6184 smt= [KNL,MIPS,S390,EARLY] Set the maximum number of threads 6185 (logical CPUs) to use per physical CPU on systems 6186 capable of symmetric multithreading (SMT). Will 6187 be capped to the actual hardware limit. 6188 Format: <integer> 6189 Default: -1 (no limit) 6190 6191 softlockup_panic= 6192 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics. 6193 Format: 0 | 1 6194 6195 A value of 1 instructs the soft-lockup detector 6196 to panic the machine when a soft-lockup occurs. It is 6197 also controlled by the kernel.softlockup_panic sysctl 6198 and CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_SOFTLOCKUP_PANIC, which is the 6199 respective build-time switch to that functionality. 6200 6201 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace= 6202 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate 6203 backtraces on all cpus. 6204 Format: 0 | 1 6205 6206 sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver 6207 See Documentation/admin-guide/laptops/sonypi.rst 6208 6209 spectre_bhi= [X86] Control mitigation of Branch History Injection 6210 (BHI) vulnerability. This setting affects the 6211 deployment of the HW BHI control and the SW BHB 6212 clearing sequence. 6213 6214 on - (default) Enable the HW or SW mitigation as 6215 needed. This protects the kernel from 6216 both syscalls and VMs. 6217 vmexit - On systems which don't have the HW mitigation 6218 available, enable the SW mitigation on vmexit 6219 ONLY. On such systems, the host kernel is 6220 protected from VM-originated BHI attacks, but 6221 may still be vulnerable to syscall attacks. 6222 off - Disable the mitigation. 6223 6224 spectre_v2= [X86,EARLY] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2 6225 (indirect branch speculation) vulnerability. 6226 The default operation protects the kernel from 6227 user space attacks. 6228 6229 on - unconditionally enable, implies 6230 spectre_v2_user=on 6231 off - unconditionally disable, implies 6232 spectre_v2_user=off 6233 auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is 6234 vulnerable 6235 6236 Selecting 'on' will, and 'auto' may, choose a 6237 mitigation method at run time according to the 6238 CPU, the available microcode, the setting of the 6239 CONFIG_MITIGATION_RETPOLINE configuration option, 6240 and the compiler with which the kernel was built. 6241 6242 Selecting 'on' will also enable the mitigation 6243 against user space to user space task attacks. 6244 6245 Selecting 'off' will disable both the kernel and 6246 the user space protections. 6247 6248 Specific mitigations can also be selected manually: 6249 6250 retpoline - replace indirect branches 6251 retpoline,generic - Retpolines 6252 retpoline,lfence - LFENCE; indirect branch 6253 retpoline,amd - alias for retpoline,lfence 6254 eibrs - Enhanced/Auto IBRS 6255 eibrs,retpoline - Enhanced/Auto IBRS + Retpolines 6256 eibrs,lfence - Enhanced/Auto IBRS + LFENCE 6257 ibrs - use IBRS to protect kernel 6258 6259 Not specifying this option is equivalent to 6260 spectre_v2=auto. 6261 6262 spectre_v2_user= 6263 [X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2 6264 (indirect branch speculation) vulnerability between 6265 user space tasks 6266 6267 on - Unconditionally enable mitigations. Is 6268 enforced by spectre_v2=on 6269 6270 off - Unconditionally disable mitigations. Is 6271 enforced by spectre_v2=off 6272 6273 prctl - Indirect branch speculation is enabled, 6274 but mitigation can be enabled via prctl 6275 per thread. The mitigation control state 6276 is inherited on fork. 6277 6278 prctl,ibpb 6279 - Like "prctl" above, but only STIBP is 6280 controlled per thread. IBPB is issued 6281 always when switching between different user 6282 space processes. 6283 6284 seccomp 6285 - Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp 6286 threads will enable the mitigation unless 6287 they explicitly opt out. 6288 6289 seccomp,ibpb 6290 - Like "seccomp" above, but only STIBP is 6291 controlled per thread. IBPB is issued 6292 always when switching between different 6293 user space processes. 6294 6295 auto - Kernel selects the mitigation depending on 6296 the available CPU features and vulnerability. 6297 6298 Default mitigation: "prctl" 6299 6300 Not specifying this option is equivalent to 6301 spectre_v2_user=auto. 6302 6303 spec_rstack_overflow= 6304 [X86,EARLY] Control RAS overflow mitigation on AMD Zen CPUs 6305 6306 off - Disable mitigation 6307 microcode - Enable microcode mitigation only 6308 safe-ret - Enable sw-only safe RET mitigation (default) 6309 ibpb - Enable mitigation by issuing IBPB on 6310 kernel entry 6311 ibpb-vmexit - Issue IBPB only on VMEXIT 6312 (cloud-specific mitigation) 6313 6314 spec_store_bypass_disable= 6315 [HW,EARLY] Control Speculative Store Bypass (SSB) Disable mitigation 6316 (Speculative Store Bypass vulnerability) 6317 6318 Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against a 6319 a common industry wide performance optimization known 6320 as "Speculative Store Bypass" in which recent stores 6321 to the same memory location may not be observed by 6322 later loads during speculative execution. The idea 6323 is that such stores are unlikely and that they can 6324 be detected prior to instruction retirement at the 6325 end of a particular speculation execution window. 6326 6327 In vulnerable processors, the speculatively forwarded 6328 store can be used in a cache side channel attack, for 6329 example to read memory to which the attacker does not 6330 directly have access (e.g. inside sandboxed code). 6331 6332 This parameter controls whether the Speculative Store 6333 Bypass optimization is used. 6334 6335 On x86 the options are: 6336 6337 on - Unconditionally disable Speculative Store Bypass 6338 off - Unconditionally enable Speculative Store Bypass 6339 auto - Kernel detects whether the CPU model contains an 6340 implementation of Speculative Store Bypass and 6341 picks the most appropriate mitigation. If the 6342 CPU is not vulnerable, "off" is selected. If the 6343 CPU is vulnerable the default mitigation is 6344 architecture and Kconfig dependent. See below. 6345 prctl - Control Speculative Store Bypass per thread 6346 via prctl. Speculative Store Bypass is enabled 6347 for a process by default. The state of the control 6348 is inherited on fork. 6349 seccomp - Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp threads 6350 will disable SSB unless they explicitly opt out. 6351 6352 Default mitigations: 6353 X86: "prctl" 6354 6355 On powerpc the options are: 6356 6357 on,auto - On Power8 and Power9 insert a store-forwarding 6358 barrier on kernel entry and exit. On Power7 6359 perform a software flush on kernel entry and 6360 exit. 6361 off - No action. 6362 6363 Not specifying this option is equivalent to 6364 spec_store_bypass_disable=auto. 6365 6366 split_lock_detect= 6367 [X86] Enable split lock detection or bus lock detection 6368 6369 When enabled (and if hardware support is present), atomic 6370 instructions that access data across cache line 6371 boundaries will result in an alignment check exception 6372 for split lock detection or a debug exception for 6373 bus lock detection. 6374 6375 off - not enabled 6376 6377 warn - the kernel will emit rate-limited warnings 6378 about applications triggering the #AC 6379 exception or the #DB exception. This mode is 6380 the default on CPUs that support split lock 6381 detection or bus lock detection. Default 6382 behavior is by #AC if both features are 6383 enabled in hardware. 6384 6385 fatal - the kernel will send SIGBUS to applications 6386 that trigger the #AC exception or the #DB 6387 exception. Default behavior is by #AC if 6388 both features are enabled in hardware. 6389 6390 ratelimit:N - 6391 Set system wide rate limit to N bus locks 6392 per second for bus lock detection. 6393 0 < N <= 1000. 6394 6395 N/A for split lock detection. 6396 6397 6398 If an #AC exception is hit in the kernel or in 6399 firmware (i.e. not while executing in user mode) 6400 the kernel will oops in either "warn" or "fatal" 6401 mode. 6402 6403 #DB exception for bus lock is triggered only when 6404 CPL > 0. 6405 6406 srbds= [X86,INTEL,EARLY] 6407 Control the Special Register Buffer Data Sampling 6408 (SRBDS) mitigation. 6409 6410 Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an MDS-like 6411 exploit which can leak bits from the random 6412 number generator. 6413 6414 By default, this issue is mitigated by 6415 microcode. However, the microcode fix can cause 6416 the RDRAND and RDSEED instructions to become 6417 much slower. Among other effects, this will 6418 result in reduced throughput from /dev/urandom. 6419 6420 The microcode mitigation can be disabled with 6421 the following option: 6422 6423 off: Disable mitigation and remove 6424 performance impact to RDRAND and RDSEED 6425 6426 srcutree.big_cpu_lim [KNL] 6427 Specifies the number of CPUs constituting a 6428 large system, such that srcu_struct structures 6429 should immediately allocate an srcu_node array. 6430 This kernel-boot parameter defaults to 128, 6431 but takes effect only when the low-order four 6432 bits of srcutree.convert_to_big is equal to 3 6433 (decide at boot). 6434 6435 srcutree.convert_to_big [KNL] 6436 Specifies under what conditions an SRCU tree 6437 srcu_struct structure will be converted to big 6438 form, that is, with an rcu_node tree: 6439 6440 0: Never. 6441 1: At init_srcu_struct() time. 6442 2: When rcutorture decides to. 6443 3: Decide at boot time (default). 6444 0x1X: Above plus if high contention. 6445 6446 Either way, the srcu_node tree will be sized based 6447 on the actual runtime number of CPUs (nr_cpu_ids) 6448 instead of the compile-time CONFIG_NR_CPUS. 6449 6450 srcutree.counter_wrap_check [KNL] 6451 Specifies how frequently to check for 6452 grace-period sequence counter wrap for the 6453 srcu_data structure's ->srcu_gp_seq_needed field. 6454 The greater the number of bits set in this kernel 6455 parameter, the less frequently counter wrap will 6456 be checked for. Note that the bottom two bits 6457 are ignored. 6458 6459 srcutree.exp_holdoff [KNL] 6460 Specifies how many nanoseconds must elapse 6461 since the end of the last SRCU grace period for 6462 a given srcu_struct until the next normal SRCU 6463 grace period will be considered for automatic 6464 expediting. Set to zero to disable automatic 6465 expediting. 6466 6467 srcutree.srcu_max_nodelay [KNL] 6468 Specifies the number of no-delay instances 6469 per jiffy for which the SRCU grace period 6470 worker thread will be rescheduled with zero 6471 delay. Beyond this limit, worker thread will 6472 be rescheduled with a sleep delay of one jiffy. 6473 6474 srcutree.srcu_max_nodelay_phase [KNL] 6475 Specifies the per-grace-period phase, number of 6476 non-sleeping polls of readers. Beyond this limit, 6477 grace period worker thread will be rescheduled 6478 with a sleep delay of one jiffy, between each 6479 rescan of the readers, for a grace period phase. 6480 6481 srcutree.srcu_retry_check_delay [KNL] 6482 Specifies number of microseconds of non-sleeping 6483 delay between each non-sleeping poll of readers. 6484 6485 srcutree.small_contention_lim [KNL] 6486 Specifies the number of update-side contention 6487 events per jiffy will be tolerated before 6488 initiating a conversion of an srcu_struct 6489 structure to big form. Note that the value of 6490 srcutree.convert_to_big must have the 0x10 bit 6491 set for contention-based conversions to occur. 6492 6493 ssbd= [ARM64,HW,EARLY] 6494 Speculative Store Bypass Disable control 6495 6496 On CPUs that are vulnerable to the Speculative 6497 Store Bypass vulnerability and offer a 6498 firmware based mitigation, this parameter 6499 indicates how the mitigation should be used: 6500 6501 force-on: Unconditionally enable mitigation for 6502 for both kernel and userspace 6503 force-off: Unconditionally disable mitigation for 6504 for both kernel and userspace 6505 kernel: Always enable mitigation in the 6506 kernel, and offer a prctl interface 6507 to allow userspace to register its 6508 interest in being mitigated too. 6509 6510 stack_guard_gap= [MM] 6511 override the default stack gap protection. The value 6512 is in page units and it defines how many pages prior 6513 to (for stacks growing down) resp. after (for stacks 6514 growing up) the main stack are reserved for no other 6515 mapping. Default value is 256 pages. 6516 6517 stack_depot_disable= [KNL,EARLY] 6518 Setting this to true through kernel command line will 6519 disable the stack depot thereby saving the static memory 6520 consumed by the stack hash table. By default this is set 6521 to false. 6522 6523 stacktrace [FTRACE] 6524 Enabled the stack tracer on boot up. 6525 6526 stacktrace_filter=[function-list] 6527 [FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer 6528 will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma-separated 6529 list of functions. This list can be changed at run 6530 time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs 6531 tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing 6532 and the stacktrace above is not needed. 6533 6534 sti= [PARISC,HW] 6535 Format: <num> 6536 Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC 6537 machines) console (graphic card) which should be used 6538 as the initial boot-console. 6539 See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c. 6540 6541 sti_font= [HW] 6542 See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c. 6543 6544 stifb= [HW] 6545 Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]] 6546 6547 strict_sas_size= 6548 [X86] 6549 Format: <bool> 6550 Enable or disable strict sigaltstack size checks 6551 against the required signal frame size which 6552 depends on the supported FPU features. This can 6553 be used to filter out binaries which have 6554 not yet been made aware of AT_MINSIGSTKSZ. 6555 6556 stress_hpt [PPC,EARLY] 6557 Limits the number of kernel HPT entries in the hash 6558 page table to increase the rate of hash page table 6559 faults on kernel addresses. 6560 6561 stress_slb [PPC,EARLY] 6562 Limits the number of kernel SLB entries, and flushes 6563 them frequently to increase the rate of SLB faults 6564 on kernel addresses. 6565 6566 sunrpc.min_resvport= 6567 sunrpc.max_resvport= 6568 [NFS,SUNRPC] 6569 SunRPC servers often require that client requests 6570 originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the 6571 range 0 < portnr < 1024). 6572 An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these 6573 ports for other uses may adjust the range that the 6574 kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged 6575 using these two parameters to set the minimum and 6576 maximum port values. 6577 6578 sunrpc.svc_rpc_per_connection_limit= 6579 [NFS,SUNRPC] 6580 Limit the number of requests that the server will 6581 process in parallel from a single connection. 6582 The default value is 0 (no limit). 6583 6584 sunrpc.pool_mode= 6585 [NFS] 6586 Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to 6587 service thread pools. Depending on how many NICs 6588 you have and where their interrupts are bound, this 6589 option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving. 6590 Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the 6591 NFS server is running. 6592 6593 auto the server chooses an appropriate mode 6594 automatically using heuristics 6595 global a single global pool contains all CPUs 6596 percpu one pool for each CPU 6597 pernode one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent 6598 to global on non-NUMA machines) 6599 6600 sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries= 6601 sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries= 6602 [NFS,SUNRPC] 6603 Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous 6604 RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a 6605 server. Increasing these values may allow you to 6606 improve throughput, but will also increase the 6607 amount of memory reserved for use by the client. 6608 6609 suspend.pm_test_delay= 6610 [SUSPEND] 6611 Sets the number of seconds to remain in a suspend test 6612 mode before resuming the system (see 6613 /sys/power/pm_test). Only available when CONFIG_PM_DEBUG 6614 is set. Default value is 5. 6615 6616 svm= [PPC] 6617 Format: { on | off | y | n | 1 | 0 } 6618 This parameter controls use of the Protected 6619 Execution Facility on pSeries. 6620 6621 swiotlb= [ARM,PPC,MIPS,X86,S390,EARLY] 6622 Format: { <int> [,<int>] | force | noforce } 6623 <int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs 6624 <int> -- Second integer after comma. Number of swiotlb 6625 areas with their own lock. Will be rounded up 6626 to a power of 2. 6627 force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they 6628 wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel 6629 noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging) 6630 6631 switches= [HW,M68k,EARLY] 6632 6633 sysctl.*= [KNL] 6634 Set a sysctl parameter, right before loading the init 6635 process, as if the value was written to the respective 6636 /proc/sys/... file. Both '.' and '/' are recognized as 6637 separators. Unrecognized parameters and invalid values 6638 are reported in the kernel log. Sysctls registered 6639 later by a loaded module cannot be set this way. 6640 Example: sysctl.vm.swappiness=40 6641 6642 sysrq_always_enabled 6643 [KNL] 6644 Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will 6645 neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq. 6646 Useful for debugging. 6647 6648 tcpmhash_entries= [KNL,NET] 6649 Set the number of tcp_metrics_hash slots. 6650 Default value is 8192 or 16384 depending on total 6651 ram pages. This is used to specify the TCP metrics 6652 cache size. See Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst 6653 "tcp_no_metrics_save" section for more details. 6654 6655 tdfx= [HW,DRM] 6656 6657 test_suspend= [SUSPEND] 6658 Format: { "mem" | "standby" | "freeze" }[,N] 6659 Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for 6660 standby suspend) or "freeze" (for suspend type freeze) 6661 as the system sleep state during system startup with 6662 the optional capability to repeat N number of times. 6663 The system is woken from this state using a 6664 wakeup-capable RTC alarm. 6665 6666 thash_entries= [KNL,NET] 6667 Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection 6668 6669 thermal.act= [HW,ACPI] 6670 -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones 6671 <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points 6672 6673 thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI] 6674 -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones 6675 <degrees C>: override all critical trip points 6676 6677 thermal.off= [HW,ACPI] 6678 1: disable ACPI thermal control 6679 6680 thermal.psv= [HW,ACPI] 6681 -1: disable all passive trip points 6682 <degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this 6683 value 6684 6685 thermal.tzp= [HW,ACPI] 6686 Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate 6687 <deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency 6688 0: no polling (default) 6689 6690 thp_anon= [KNL] 6691 Format: <size>[KMG],<size>[KMG]:<state>;<size>[KMG]-<size>[KMG]:<state> 6692 state is one of "always", "madvise", "never" or "inherit". 6693 Control the default behavior of the system with respect 6694 to anonymous transparent hugepages. 6695 Can be used multiple times for multiple anon THP sizes. 6696 See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst for more 6697 details. 6698 6699 threadirqs [KNL,EARLY] 6700 Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those 6701 marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD. 6702 6703 topology= [S390,EARLY] 6704 Format: {off | on} 6705 Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu 6706 topology information if the hardware supports this. 6707 The scheduler will make use of this information and 6708 e.g. base its process migration decisions on it. 6709 Default is on. 6710 6711 torture.disable_onoff_at_boot= [KNL] 6712 Prevent the CPU-hotplug component of torturing 6713 until after init has spawned. 6714 6715 torture.ftrace_dump_at_shutdown= [KNL] 6716 Dump the ftrace buffer at torture-test shutdown, 6717 even if there were no errors. This can be a 6718 very costly operation when many torture tests 6719 are running concurrently, especially on systems 6720 with rotating-rust storage. 6721 6722 torture.verbose_sleep_frequency= [KNL] 6723 Specifies how many verbose printk()s should be 6724 emitted between each sleep. The default of zero 6725 disables verbose-printk() sleeping. 6726 6727 torture.verbose_sleep_duration= [KNL] 6728 Duration of each verbose-printk() sleep in jiffies. 6729 6730 tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM] 6731 Format: integer pcr id 6732 Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver 6733 should extend the specified pcr with zeros, 6734 as a workaround for some chips which fail to 6735 flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState. 6736 This will guarantee that all the other pcrs 6737 are saved. 6738 6739 tpm_tis.interrupts= [HW,TPM] 6740 Enable interrupts for the MMIO based physical layer 6741 for the FIFO interface. By default it is set to false 6742 (0). For more information about TPM hardware interfaces 6743 defined by Trusted Computing Group (TCG) see 6744 https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/pc-client-platform-tpm-profile-ptp-specification/ 6745 6746 tp_printk [FTRACE] 6747 Have the tracepoints sent to printk as well as the 6748 tracing ring buffer. This is useful for early boot up 6749 where the system hangs or reboots and does not give the 6750 option for reading the tracing buffer or performing a 6751 ftrace_dump_on_oops. 6752 6753 To turn off having tracepoints sent to printk, 6754 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk 6755 Note, echoing 1 into this file without the 6756 tp_printk kernel cmdline option has no effect. 6757 6758 The tp_printk_stop_on_boot (see below) can also be used 6759 to stop the printing of events to console at 6760 late_initcall_sync. 6761 6762 ** CAUTION ** 6763 6764 Having tracepoints sent to printk() and activating high 6765 frequency tracepoints such as irq or sched, can cause 6766 the system to live lock. 6767 6768 tp_printk_stop_on_boot [FTRACE] 6769 When tp_printk (above) is set, it can cause a lot of noise 6770 on the console. It may be useful to only include the 6771 printing of events during boot up, as user space may 6772 make the system inoperable. 6773 6774 This command line option will stop the printing of events 6775 to console at the late_initcall_sync() time frame. 6776 6777 trace_buf_size=nn[KMG] 6778 [FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size on each cpu. 6779 6780 trace_clock= [FTRACE] Set the clock used for tracing events 6781 at boot up. 6782 local - Use the per CPU time stamp counter 6783 (converted into nanoseconds). Fast, but 6784 depending on the architecture, may not be 6785 in sync between CPUs. 6786 global - Event time stamps are synchronize across 6787 CPUs. May be slower than the local clock, 6788 but better for some race conditions. 6789 counter - Simple counting of events (1, 2, ..) 6790 note, some counts may be skipped due to the 6791 infrastructure grabbing the clock more than 6792 once per event. 6793 uptime - Use jiffies as the time stamp. 6794 perf - Use the same clock that perf uses. 6795 mono - Use ktime_get_mono_fast_ns() for time stamps. 6796 mono_raw - Use ktime_get_raw_fast_ns() for time 6797 stamps. 6798 boot - Use ktime_get_boot_fast_ns() for time stamps. 6799 Architectures may add more clocks. See 6800 Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst for more details. 6801 6802 trace_event=[event-list] 6803 [FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order 6804 to facilitate early boot debugging. The event-list is a 6805 comma-separated list of trace events to enable. See 6806 also Documentation/trace/events.rst 6807 6808 trace_instance=[instance-info] 6809 [FTRACE] Create a ring buffer instance early in boot up. 6810 This will be listed in: 6811 6812 /sys/kernel/tracing/instances 6813 6814 Events can be enabled at the time the instance is created 6815 via: 6816 6817 trace_instance=<name>,<system1>:<event1>,<system2>:<event2> 6818 6819 Note, the "<system*>:" portion is optional if the event is 6820 unique. 6821 6822 trace_instance=foo,sched:sched_switch,irq_handler_entry,initcall 6823 6824 will enable the "sched_switch" event (note, the "sched:" is optional, and 6825 the same thing would happen if it was left off). The irq_handler_entry 6826 event, and all events under the "initcall" system. 6827 6828 Flags can be added to the instance to modify its behavior when it is 6829 created. The flags are separated by '^'. 6830 6831 The available flags are: 6832 6833 traceoff - Have the tracing instance tracing disabled after it is created. 6834 traceprintk - Have trace_printk() write into this trace instance 6835 (note, "printk" and "trace_printk" can also be used) 6836 6837 trace_instance=foo^traceoff^traceprintk,sched,irq 6838 6839 The flags must come before the defined events. 6840 6841 If memory has been reserved (see memmap for x86), the instance 6842 can use that memory: 6843 6844 memmap=12M$0x284500000 trace_instance=boot_map@0x284500000:12M 6845 6846 The above will create a "boot_map" instance that uses the physical 6847 memory at 0x284500000 that is 12Megs. The per CPU buffers of that 6848 instance will be split up accordingly. 6849 6850 Alternatively, the memory can be reserved by the reserve_mem option: 6851 6852 reserve_mem=12M:4096:trace trace_instance=boot_map@trace 6853 6854 This will reserve 12 megabytes at boot up with a 4096 byte alignment 6855 and place the ring buffer in this memory. Note that due to KASLR, the 6856 memory may not be the same location each time, which will not preserve 6857 the buffer content. 6858 6859 Also note that the layout of the ring buffer data may change between 6860 kernel versions where the validator will fail and reset the ring buffer 6861 if the layout is not the same as the previous kernel. 6862 6863 If the ring buffer is used for persistent bootups and has events enabled, 6864 it is recommend to disable tracing so that events from a previous boot do not 6865 mix with events of the current boot (unless you are debugging a random crash 6866 at boot up). 6867 6868 reserve_mem=12M:4096:trace trace_instance=boot_map^traceoff^traceprintk@trace,sched,irq 6869 6870 See also Documentation/trace/debugging.rst 6871 6872 6873 trace_options=[option-list] 6874 [FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot. 6875 The option-list is a comma delimited list of options 6876 that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were 6877 to echo the option name into 6878 6879 /sys/kernel/tracing/trace_options 6880 6881 For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the 6882 stack trace of each event), add to the command line: 6883 6884 trace_options=stacktrace 6885 6886 See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst "trace options" 6887 section. 6888 6889 trace_trigger=[trigger-list] 6890 [FTRACE] Add a event trigger on specific events. 6891 Set a trigger on top of a specific event, with an optional 6892 filter. 6893 6894 The format is is "trace_trigger=<event>.<trigger>[ if <filter>],..." 6895 Where more than one trigger may be specified that are comma deliminated. 6896 6897 For example: 6898 6899 trace_trigger="sched_switch.stacktrace if prev_state == 2" 6900 6901 The above will enable the "stacktrace" trigger on the "sched_switch" 6902 event but only trigger it if the "prev_state" of the "sched_switch" 6903 event is "2" (TASK_UNINTERUPTIBLE). 6904 6905 See also "Event triggers" in Documentation/trace/events.rst 6906 6907 6908 traceoff_on_warning 6909 [FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a 6910 warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can 6911 be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on" 6912 file located in /sys/kernel/tracing/ 6913 6914 This option is useful, as it disables the trace before 6915 the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to 6916 be filled with content caused by the warning output. 6917 6918 This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl 6919 option: kernel/traceoff_on_warning 6920 6921 transparent_hugepage= 6922 [KNL] 6923 Format: [always|madvise|never] 6924 Can be used to control the default behavior of the system 6925 with respect to transparent hugepages. 6926 See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst 6927 for more details. 6928 6929 trusted.source= [KEYS] 6930 Format: <string> 6931 This parameter identifies the trust source as a backend 6932 for trusted keys implementation. Supported trust 6933 sources: 6934 - "tpm" 6935 - "tee" 6936 - "caam" 6937 - "dcp" 6938 If not specified then it defaults to iterating through 6939 the trust source list starting with TPM and assigns the 6940 first trust source as a backend which is initialized 6941 successfully during iteration. 6942 6943 trusted.rng= [KEYS] 6944 Format: <string> 6945 The RNG used to generate key material for trusted keys. 6946 Can be one of: 6947 - "kernel" 6948 - the same value as trusted.source: "tpm" or "tee" 6949 - "default" 6950 If not specified, "default" is used. In this case, 6951 the RNG's choice is left to each individual trust source. 6952 6953 trusted.dcp_use_otp_key 6954 This is intended to be used in combination with 6955 trusted.source=dcp and will select the DCP OTP key 6956 instead of the DCP UNIQUE key blob encryption. 6957 6958 trusted.dcp_skip_zk_test 6959 This is intended to be used in combination with 6960 trusted.source=dcp and will disable the check if the 6961 blob key is all zeros. This is helpful for situations where 6962 having this key zero'ed is acceptable. E.g. in testing 6963 scenarios. 6964 6965 tsc= Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC. 6966 Format: <string> 6967 [x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this 6968 disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well 6969 as the stability checks done at bootup. Used to enable 6970 high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in 6971 virtualized environment. 6972 [x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting. 6973 Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any 6974 platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting 6975 can add overhead. 6976 [x86] unstable: mark the TSC clocksource as unstable, this 6977 marks the TSC unconditionally unstable at bootup and 6978 avoids any further wobbles once the TSC watchdog notices. 6979 [x86] nowatchdog: disable clocksource watchdog. Used 6980 in situations with strict latency requirements (where 6981 interruptions from clocksource watchdog are not 6982 acceptable). 6983 [x86] recalibrate: force recalibration against a HW timer 6984 (HPET or PM timer) on systems whose TSC frequency was 6985 obtained from HW or FW using either an MSR or CPUID(0x15). 6986 Warn if the difference is more than 500 ppm. 6987 [x86] watchdog: Use TSC as the watchdog clocksource with 6988 which to check other HW timers (HPET or PM timer), but 6989 only on systems where TSC has been deemed trustworthy. 6990 This will be suppressed by an earlier tsc=nowatchdog and 6991 can be overridden by a later tsc=nowatchdog. A console 6992 message will flag any such suppression or overriding. 6993 6994 tsc_early_khz= [X86,EARLY] Skip early TSC calibration and use the given 6995 value instead. Useful when the early TSC frequency discovery 6996 procedure is not reliable, such as on overclocked systems 6997 with CPUID.16h support and partial CPUID.15h support. 6998 Format: <unsigned int> 6999 7000 tsx= [X86] Control Transactional Synchronization 7001 Extensions (TSX) feature in Intel processors that 7002 support TSX control. 7003 7004 This parameter controls the TSX feature. The options are: 7005 7006 on - Enable TSX on the system. Although there are 7007 mitigations for all known security vulnerabilities, 7008 TSX has been known to be an accelerator for 7009 several previous speculation-related CVEs, and 7010 so there may be unknown security risks associated 7011 with leaving it enabled. 7012 7013 off - Disable TSX on the system. (Note that this 7014 option takes effect only on newer CPUs which are 7015 not vulnerable to MDS, i.e., have 7016 MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=1 and which get 7017 the new IA32_TSX_CTRL MSR through a microcode 7018 update. This new MSR allows for the reliable 7019 deactivation of the TSX functionality.) 7020 7021 auto - Disable TSX if X86_BUG_TAA is present, 7022 otherwise enable TSX on the system. 7023 7024 Not specifying this option is equivalent to tsx=off. 7025 7026 See Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/tsx_async_abort.rst 7027 for more details. 7028 7029 tsx_async_abort= [X86,INTEL,EARLY] Control mitigation for the TSX Async 7030 Abort (TAA) vulnerability. 7031 7032 Similar to Micro-architectural Data Sampling (MDS) 7033 certain CPUs that support Transactional 7034 Synchronization Extensions (TSX) are vulnerable to an 7035 exploit against CPU internal buffers which can forward 7036 information to a disclosure gadget under certain 7037 conditions. 7038 7039 In vulnerable processors, the speculatively forwarded 7040 data can be used in a cache side channel attack, to 7041 access data to which the attacker does not have direct 7042 access. 7043 7044 This parameter controls the TAA mitigation. The 7045 options are: 7046 7047 full - Enable TAA mitigation on vulnerable CPUs 7048 if TSX is enabled. 7049 7050 full,nosmt - Enable TAA mitigation and disable SMT on 7051 vulnerable CPUs. If TSX is disabled, SMT 7052 is not disabled because CPU is not 7053 vulnerable to cross-thread TAA attacks. 7054 off - Unconditionally disable TAA mitigation 7055 7056 On MDS-affected machines, tsx_async_abort=off can be 7057 prevented by an active MDS mitigation as both vulnerabilities 7058 are mitigated with the same mechanism so in order to disable 7059 this mitigation, you need to specify mds=off too. 7060 7061 Not specifying this option is equivalent to 7062 tsx_async_abort=full. On CPUs which are MDS affected 7063 and deploy MDS mitigation, TAA mitigation is not 7064 required and doesn't provide any additional 7065 mitigation. 7066 7067 For details see: 7068 Documentation/admin-guide/hw-vuln/tsx_async_abort.rst 7069 7070 turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY] 7071 TurboGraFX parallel port interface 7072 Format: 7073 <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7> 7074 See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst 7075 7076 udbg-immortal [PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that 7077 happen after console_init() and before a proper 7078 console driver takes over, this boot options might 7079 help "seeing" what's going on. 7080 7081 uhash_entries= [KNL,NET] 7082 Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections 7083 7084 uhci-hcd.ignore_oc= 7085 [USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N). 7086 Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of 7087 bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to 7088 anything. Set this parameter to avoid log spamming. 7089 Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be 7090 reported either. 7091 7092 unknown_nmi_panic 7093 [X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI. 7094 7095 unwind_debug [X86-64,EARLY] 7096 Enable unwinder debug output. This can be 7097 useful for debugging certain unwinder error 7098 conditions, including corrupt stacks and 7099 bad/missing unwinder metadata. 7100 7101 usbcore.authorized_default= 7102 [USB] Default USB device authorization: 7103 (default -1 = authorized (same as 1), 7104 0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized, 2 = authorized 7105 if device connected to internal port) 7106 7107 usbcore.autosuspend= 7108 [USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used 7109 for newly-detected USB devices (default 2). This 7110 is the time required before an idle device will be 7111 autosuspended. Devices for which the delay is set 7112 to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all. 7113 7114 usbcore.usbfs_snoop= 7115 [USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off). 7116 7117 usbcore.usbfs_snoop_max= 7118 [USB] Maximum number of bytes to snoop in each URB 7119 (default = 65536). 7120 7121 usbcore.blinkenlights= 7122 [USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off). 7123 7124 usbcore.old_scheme_first= 7125 [USB] Start with the old device initialization 7126 scheme (default 0 = off). 7127 7128 usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb= 7129 [USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by 7130 usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047). 7131 7132 usbcore.use_both_schemes= 7133 [USB] Try the other device initialization scheme 7134 if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled). 7135 7136 usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout= 7137 [USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte 7138 USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds 7139 (default 5000 = 5.0 seconds). 7140 7141 usbcore.nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem 7142 7143 usbcore.quirks= 7144 [USB] A list of quirk entries to augment the built-in 7145 usb core quirk list. List entries are separated by 7146 commas. Each entry has the form 7147 VendorID:ProductID:Flags. The IDs are 4-digit hex 7148 numbers and Flags is a set of letters. Each letter 7149 will change the built-in quirk; setting it if it is 7150 clear and clearing it if it is set. The letters have 7151 the following meanings: 7152 a = USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255 (string 7153 descriptors must not be fetched using 7154 a 255-byte read); 7155 b = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME (device can't resume 7156 correctly so reset it instead); 7157 c = USB_QUIRK_NO_SET_INTF (device can't handle 7158 Set-Interface requests); 7159 d = USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS (device can't 7160 handle its Configuration or Interface 7161 strings); 7162 e = USB_QUIRK_RESET (device can't be reset 7163 (e.g morph devices), don't use reset); 7164 f = USB_QUIRK_HONOR_BNUMINTERFACES (device has 7165 more interface descriptions than the 7166 bNumInterfaces count, and can't handle 7167 talking to these interfaces); 7168 g = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT (device needs a pause 7169 during initialization, after we read 7170 the device descriptor); 7171 h = USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_UFRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL (For 7172 high speed and super speed interrupt 7173 endpoints, the USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 spec 7174 require the interval in microframes (1 7175 microframe = 125 microseconds) to be 7176 calculated as interval = 2 ^ 7177 (bInterval-1). 7178 Devices with this quirk report their 7179 bInterval as the result of this 7180 calculation instead of the exponent 7181 variable used in the calculation); 7182 i = USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER (device can't 7183 handle device_qualifier descriptor 7184 requests); 7185 j = USB_QUIRK_IGNORE_REMOTE_WAKEUP (device 7186 generates spurious wakeup, ignore 7187 remote wakeup capability); 7188 k = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM (device can't handle Link 7189 Power Management); 7190 l = USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_FRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL 7191 (Device reports its bInterval as linear 7192 frames instead of the USB 2.0 7193 calculation); 7194 m = USB_QUIRK_DISCONNECT_SUSPEND (Device needs 7195 to be disconnected before suspend to 7196 prevent spurious wakeup); 7197 n = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_CTRL_MSG (Device needs a 7198 pause after every control message); 7199 o = USB_QUIRK_HUB_SLOW_RESET (Hub needs extra 7200 delay after resetting its port); 7201 p = USB_QUIRK_SHORT_SET_ADDRESS_REQ_TIMEOUT 7202 (Reduce timeout of the SET_ADDRESS 7203 request from 5000 ms to 500 ms); 7204 Example: quirks=0781:5580:bk,0a5c:5834:gij 7205 7206 usbhid.mousepoll= 7207 [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at. 7208 7209 usbhid.jspoll= 7210 [USBHID] The interval which joysticks are to be polled at. 7211 7212 usbhid.kbpoll= 7213 [USBHID] The interval which keyboards are to be polled at. 7214 7215 usb-storage.delay_use= 7216 [UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is 7217 scanned for Logical Units (default 1). 7218 Optionally the delay in milliseconds if the value has 7219 suffix with "ms". 7220 Example: delay_use=2567ms 7221 7222 usb-storage.quirks= 7223 [UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or 7224 override the built-in unusual_devs list. List 7225 entries are separated by commas. Each entry has 7226 the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor 7227 and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and 7228 Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding 7229 to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows: 7230 a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes 7231 of sense data, not on uas); 7232 b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18 7233 bytes of sense data, not on uas); 7234 c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported 7235 device capacity by one sector); 7236 d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use 7237 READ_DISC_INFO command, not on uas); 7238 e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use 7239 READ_CAPACITY_16 command); 7240 f = NO_REPORT_OPCODES (don't use report opcodes 7241 command, uas only); 7242 g = MAX_SECTORS_240 (don't transfer more than 7243 240 sectors at a time, uas only); 7244 h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the 7245 reported device capacity by one 7246 sector if the number is odd); 7247 i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this 7248 device); 7249 j = NO_REPORT_LUNS (don't use report luns 7250 command, uas only); 7251 k = NO_SAME (do not use WRITE_SAME, uas only) 7252 l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and 7253 unlock ejectable media, not on uas); 7254 m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more 7255 than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time, 7256 not on uas); 7257 n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the 7258 initial READ(10) command, not on uas); 7259 o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity 7260 reported by the device, not on uas); 7261 p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON 7262 by default, not on uas); 7263 r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports 7264 bogus residue values, not on uas); 7265 s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one 7266 Logical Unit); 7267 t = NO_ATA_1X (don't allow ATA(12) and ATA(16) 7268 commands, uas only); 7269 u = IGNORE_UAS (don't bind to the uas driver); 7270 w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the 7271 medium is write-protected). 7272 y = ALWAYS_SYNC (issue a SYNCHRONIZE_CACHE 7273 even if the device claims no cache, 7274 not on uas) 7275 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc 7276 7277 user_debug= [KNL,ARM] 7278 Format: <int> 7279 See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text. 7280 1 - undefined instruction events 7281 2 - system calls 7282 4 - invalid data aborts 7283 8 - SIGSEGV faults 7284 16 - SIGBUS faults 7285 Example: user_debug=31 7286 7287 userpte= 7288 [X86,EARLY] Flags controlling user PTE allocations. 7289 7290 nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in 7291 HIGHMEM regardless of setting 7292 of CONFIG_HIGHPTE. 7293 7294 vdso= [X86,SH,SPARC] 7295 On X86_32, this is an alias for vdso32=. Otherwise: 7296 7297 vdso=1: enable VDSO (the default) 7298 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping 7299 7300 vdso32= [X86] Control the 32-bit vDSO 7301 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO 7302 vdso32=0 or vdso32=2: disable 32-bit VDSO 7303 7304 See the help text for CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO for more 7305 details. If CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO is set, the default is 7306 vdso32=0; otherwise, the default is vdso32=1. 7307 7308 For compatibility with older kernels, vdso32=2 is an 7309 alias for vdso32=0. 7310 7311 Try vdso32=0 if you encounter an error that says: 7312 dl_main: Assertion `(void *) ph->p_vaddr == _rtld_local._dl_sysinfo_dso' failed! 7313 7314 video= [FB,EARLY] Frame buffer configuration 7315 See Documentation/fb/modedb.rst. 7316 7317 video.brightness_switch_enabled= [ACPI] 7318 Format: [0|1] 7319 If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event 7320 generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness 7321 level and then send out the event to user space through 7322 the allocated input device. If set to 0, video driver 7323 will only send out the event without touching backlight 7324 brightness level. 7325 default: 1 7326 7327 virtio_mmio.device= 7328 [VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device. 7329 7330 <size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>] 7331 where: 7332 <size> := size (can use standard suffixes 7333 like K, M and G) 7334 <baseaddr> := physical base address 7335 <irq> := interrupt number (as passed to 7336 request_irq()) 7337 <id> := (optional) platform device id 7338 example: 7339 virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7 7340 7341 Can be used multiple times for multiple devices. 7342 7343 vga= [BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode 7344 See Documentation/arch/x86/boot.rst and 7345 Documentation/admin-guide/svga.rst. 7346 Use vga=ask for menu. 7347 This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is 7348 passed to the kernel using a special protocol. 7349 7350 vm_debug[=options] [KNL] Available with CONFIG_DEBUG_VM=y. 7351 May slow down system boot speed, especially when 7352 enabled on systems with a large amount of memory. 7353 All options are enabled by default, and this 7354 interface is meant to allow for selectively 7355 enabling or disabling specific virtual memory 7356 debugging features. 7357 7358 Available options are: 7359 P Enable page structure init time poisoning 7360 - Disable all of the above options 7361 7362 vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,EARLY] Forces the vmalloc area to have an 7363 exact size of <nn>. This can be used to increase 7364 the minimum size (128MB on x86, arm32 platforms). 7365 It can also be used to decrease the size and leave more room 7366 for directly mapped kernel RAM. Note that this parameter does 7367 not exist on many other platforms (including arm64, alpha, 7368 loongarch, arc, csky, hexagon, microblaze, mips, nios2, openrisc, 7369 parisc, m64k, powerpc, riscv, sh, um, xtensa, s390, sparc). 7370 7371 vmcp_cma=nn[MG] [KNL,S390,EARLY] 7372 Sets the memory size reserved for contiguous memory 7373 allocations for the vmcp device driver. 7374 7375 vmhalt= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt. 7376 Format: <command> 7377 7378 vmpanic= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic. 7379 Format: <command> 7380 7381 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off. 7382 Format: <command> 7383 7384 vsyscall= [X86-64,EARLY] 7385 Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to 7386 fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy 7387 code). Most statically-linked binaries and older 7388 versions of glibc use these calls. Because these 7389 functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice 7390 targets for exploits that can control RIP. 7391 7392 emulate Vsyscalls turn into traps and are emulated 7393 reasonably safely. The vsyscall page is 7394 readable. 7395 7396 xonly [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are 7397 emulated reasonably safely. The vsyscall 7398 page is not readable. 7399 7400 none Vsyscalls don't work at all. This makes 7401 them quite hard to use for exploits but 7402 might break your system. 7403 7404 vt.color= [VT] Default text color. 7405 Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background. 7406 Default: 0x07 = light gray on black. 7407 7408 vt.cur_default= [VT] Default cursor shape. 7409 Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as 7410 the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence; 7411 see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline. 7412 7413 vt.default_blu= [VT] 7414 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15> 7415 Change the default blue palette of the console. 7416 This is a 16-member array composed of values 7417 ranging from 0-255. 7418 7419 vt.default_grn= [VT] 7420 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15> 7421 Change the default green palette of the console. 7422 This is a 16-member array composed of values 7423 ranging from 0-255. 7424 7425 vt.default_red= [VT] 7426 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15> 7427 Change the default red palette of the console. 7428 This is a 16-member array composed of values 7429 ranging from 0-255. 7430 7431 vt.default_utf8= 7432 [VT] 7433 Format=<0|1> 7434 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's. 7435 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all 7436 newly opened terminals. 7437 7438 vt.global_cursor_default= 7439 [VT] 7440 Format=<-1|0|1> 7441 Set system-wide default for whether a cursor 7442 is shown on new VTs. Default is -1, 7443 i.e. cursors will be created by default unless 7444 overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide 7445 cursors, 1 will display them. 7446 7447 vt.italic= [VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15. 7448 Default: 2 = green. 7449 7450 vt.underline= [VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15. 7451 Default: 3 = cyan. 7452 7453 watchdog timers [HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers, 7454 see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.rst 7455 or other driver-specific files in the 7456 Documentation/watchdog/ directory. 7457 7458 watchdog_thresh= 7459 [KNL] 7460 Set the hard lockup detector stall duration 7461 threshold in seconds. The soft lockup detector 7462 threshold is set to twice the value. A value of 0 7463 disables both lockup detectors. Default is 10 7464 seconds. 7465 7466 workqueue.unbound_cpus= 7467 [KNL,SMP] Specify to constrain one or some CPUs 7468 to use in unbound workqueues. 7469 Format: <cpu-list> 7470 By default, all online CPUs are available for 7471 unbound workqueues. 7472 7473 workqueue.watchdog_thresh= 7474 If CONFIG_WQ_WATCHDOG is configured, workqueue can 7475 warn stall conditions and dump internal state to 7476 help debugging. 0 disables workqueue stall 7477 detection; otherwise, it's the stall threshold 7478 duration in seconds. The default value is 30 and 7479 it can be updated at runtime by writing to the 7480 corresponding sysfs file. 7481 7482 workqueue.panic_on_stall=<uint> 7483 Panic when workqueue stall is detected by 7484 CONFIG_WQ_WATCHDOG. It sets the number times of the 7485 stall to trigger panic. 7486 7487 The default is 0, which disables the panic on stall. 7488 7489 workqueue.cpu_intensive_thresh_us= 7490 Per-cpu work items which run for longer than this 7491 threshold are automatically considered CPU intensive 7492 and excluded from concurrency management to prevent 7493 them from noticeably delaying other per-cpu work 7494 items. Default is 10000 (10ms). 7495 7496 If CONFIG_WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE_REPORT is set, the kernel 7497 will report the work functions which violate this 7498 threshold repeatedly. They are likely good 7499 candidates for using WQ_UNBOUND workqueues instead. 7500 7501 workqueue.cpu_intensive_warning_thresh=<uint> 7502 If CONFIG_WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE_REPORT is set, the kernel 7503 will report the work functions which violate the 7504 intensive_threshold_us repeatedly. In order to prevent 7505 spurious warnings, start printing only after a work 7506 function has violated this threshold number of times. 7507 7508 The default is 4 times. 0 disables the warning. 7509 7510 workqueue.power_efficient 7511 Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because 7512 they show better performance thanks to cache 7513 locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to 7514 be more power hungry than unbound workqueues. 7515 7516 Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which 7517 were observed to contribute significantly to power 7518 consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower 7519 power usage at the cost of small performance 7520 overhead. 7521 7522 The default value of this parameter is determined by 7523 the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT. 7524 7525 workqueue.default_affinity_scope= 7526 Select the default affinity scope to use for unbound 7527 workqueues. Can be one of "cpu", "smt", "cache", 7528 "numa" and "system". Default is "cache". For more 7529 information, see the Affinity Scopes section in 7530 Documentation/core-api/workqueue.rst. 7531 7532 This can be changed after boot by writing to the 7533 matching /sys/module/workqueue/parameters file. All 7534 workqueues with the "default" affinity scope will be 7535 updated accordingly. 7536 7537 workqueue.debug_force_rr_cpu 7538 Workqueue used to implicitly guarantee that work 7539 items queued without explicit CPU specified are put 7540 on the local CPU. This guarantee is no longer true 7541 and while local CPU is still preferred work items 7542 may be put on foreign CPUs. This debug option 7543 forces round-robin CPU selection to flush out 7544 usages which depend on the now broken guarantee. 7545 When enabled, memory and cache locality will be 7546 impacted. 7547 7548 writecombine= [LOONGARCH,EARLY] Control the MAT (Memory Access 7549 Type) of ioremap_wc(). 7550 7551 on - Enable writecombine, use WUC for ioremap_wc() 7552 off - Disable writecombine, use SUC for ioremap_wc() 7553 7554 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC,EARLY] Use x2apic physical mode instead of 7555 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms 7556 supporting x2apic. 7557 7558 xen_512gb_limit [KNL,X86-64,XEN] 7559 Restricts the kernel running paravirtualized under Xen 7560 to use only up to 512 GB of RAM. The reason to do so is 7561 crash analysis tools and Xen tools for doing domain 7562 save/restore/migration must be enabled to handle larger 7563 domains. 7564 7565 xen_emul_unplug= [HW,X86,XEN,EARLY] 7566 Unplug Xen emulated devices 7567 Format: [unplug0,][unplug1] 7568 ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices 7569 aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices 7570 nics -- unplug network devices 7571 all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks) 7572 unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is 7573 unnecessary even if the host did not respond to 7574 the unplug protocol 7575 never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds 7576 7577 xen_legacy_crash [X86,XEN,EARLY] 7578 Crash from Xen panic notifier, without executing late 7579 panic() code such as dumping handler. 7580 7581 xen_mc_debug [X86,XEN,EARLY] 7582 Enable multicall debugging when running as a Xen PV guest. 7583 Enabling this feature will reduce performance a little 7584 bit, so it should only be enabled for obtaining extended 7585 debug data in case of multicall errors. 7586 7587 xen_msr_safe= [X86,XEN,EARLY] 7588 Format: <bool> 7589 Select whether to always use non-faulting (safe) MSR 7590 access functions when running as Xen PV guest. The 7591 default value is controlled by CONFIG_XEN_PV_MSR_SAFE. 7592 7593 xen_nopv [X86] 7594 Disables the PV optimizations forcing the HVM guest to 7595 run as generic HVM guest with no PV drivers. 7596 This option is obsoleted by the "nopv" option, which 7597 has equivalent effect for XEN platform. 7598 7599 xen_no_vector_callback 7600 [KNL,X86,XEN,EARLY] Disable the vector callback for Xen 7601 event channel interrupts. 7602 7603 xen_scrub_pages= [XEN] 7604 Boolean option to control scrubbing pages before giving them back 7605 to Xen, for use by other domains. Can be also changed at runtime 7606 with /sys/devices/system/xen_memory/xen_memory0/scrub_pages. 7607 Default value controlled with CONFIG_XEN_SCRUB_PAGES_DEFAULT. 7608 7609 xen_timer_slop= [X86-64,XEN,EARLY] 7610 Set the timer slop (in nanoseconds) for the virtual Xen 7611 timers (default is 100000). This adjusts the minimum 7612 delta of virtualized Xen timers, where lower values 7613 improve timer resolution at the expense of processing 7614 more timer interrupts. 7615 7616 xen.balloon_boot_timeout= [XEN] 7617 The time (in seconds) to wait before giving up to boot 7618 in case initial ballooning fails to free enough memory. 7619 Applies only when running as HVM or PVH guest and 7620 started with less memory configured than allowed at 7621 max. Default is 180. 7622 7623 xen.event_eoi_delay= [XEN] 7624 How long to delay EOI handling in case of event 7625 storms (jiffies). Default is 10. 7626 7627 xen.event_loop_timeout= [XEN] 7628 After which time (jiffies) the event handling loop 7629 should start to delay EOI handling. Default is 2. 7630 7631 xen.fifo_events= [XEN] 7632 Boolean parameter to disable using fifo event handling 7633 even if available. Normally fifo event handling is 7634 preferred over the 2-level event handling, as it is 7635 fairer and the number of possible event channels is 7636 much higher. Default is on (use fifo events). 7637 7638 xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA] 7639 Format: 7640 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]] 7641 7642 xive= [PPC] 7643 By default on POWER9 and above, the kernel will 7644 natively use the XIVE interrupt controller. This option 7645 allows the fallback firmware mode to be used: 7646 7647 off Fallback to firmware control of XIVE interrupt 7648 controller on both pseries and powernv 7649 platforms. Only useful on POWER9 and above. 7650 7651 xive.store-eoi=off [PPC] 7652 By default on POWER10 and above, the kernel will use 7653 stores for EOI handling when the XIVE interrupt mode 7654 is active. This option allows the XIVE driver to use 7655 loads instead, as on POWER9. 7656 7657 xhci-hcd.quirks [USB,KNL] 7658 A hex value specifying bitmask with supplemental xhci 7659 host controller quirks. Meaning of each bit can be 7660 consulted in header drivers/usb/host/xhci.h. 7661 7662 xmon [PPC,EARLY] 7663 Format: { early | on | rw | ro | off } 7664 Controls if xmon debugger is enabled. Default is off. 7665 Passing only "xmon" is equivalent to "xmon=early". 7666 early Call xmon as early as possible on boot; xmon 7667 debugger is called from setup_arch(). 7668 on xmon debugger hooks will be installed so xmon 7669 is only called on a kernel crash. Default mode, 7670 i.e. either "ro" or "rw" mode, is controlled 7671 with CONFIG_XMON_DEFAULT_RO_MODE. 7672 rw xmon debugger hooks will be installed so xmon 7673 is called only on a kernel crash, mode is write, 7674 meaning SPR registers, memory and, other data 7675 can be written using xmon commands. 7676 ro same as "rw" option above but SPR registers, 7677 memory, and other data can't be written using 7678 xmon commands. 7679 off xmon is disabled. 7680