xref: /freebsd/contrib/tzdata/australasia (revision 46226b0162ba03986b1de2c790804b37dd8e64d6)
1# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
2
3# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
5
6# This file also includes Pacific islands.
7
8# Notes are at the end of this file
9
10###############################################################################
11
12# Australia
13
14# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
15
16# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
17Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
18Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
19Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
20Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
21Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00s	1:00	D
22Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
23Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
24
25# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
26# Northern Territory
27Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
28			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
29			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
30# Western Australia
31#
32# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
33Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
34Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
35Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
36Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
37Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
38Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
39Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
40Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
41Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
42Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
43			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
44			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
45Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
46			 8:45	Aus	%z	1943 Jul
47			 8:45	AW	%z
48
49# Queensland
50#
51# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
52# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
53# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
54# Queensland ceased to.
55#
56# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
57# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
58# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
59# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
60# so use Lindeman.
61#
62# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
63# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
64# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
65# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
66# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
67# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
68# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
69#
70# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
71Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
72Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
73Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
74Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
75Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
76Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
77Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
78			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
79			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
80Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
81			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
82			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
83			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
84
85# South Australia
86# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
87Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
88Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
89Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
90Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
91Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
92Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
93Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
94Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
95Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
96Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
97Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
98Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
99Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
100Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
101Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
102# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
103Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
104			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
105			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
106			9:30	AS	AC%sT
107
108# Tasmania
109#
110# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
111# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
112# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
113#
114# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
115Rule	AT	1916	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
116Rule	AT	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
117Rule	AT	1917	1918	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
118Rule	AT	1918	1919	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
119Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
120Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	Sun>=29	2:00s	0	S
121Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
122Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
123Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
124Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
125Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
126Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
127Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
128Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
129Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
130Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
131Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
132Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
133Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
134Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
135Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
136Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
137Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
138# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
139Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
140			10:00	AT	AE%sT	1919 Oct 24
141			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
142			10:00	AT	AE%sT
143
144# Victoria
145# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
146Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
147Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
148Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
149Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
150Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
151Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
152Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
153Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
154Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
155Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
156Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
157Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
158Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
159Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
160# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
161Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
162			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
163			10:00	AV	AE%sT
164
165# New South Wales
166# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
167Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
168Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
169Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
170Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
171Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
172Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
173Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
174Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
175Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
176Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
177Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
178Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
179Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
180Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
181Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
182Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
183# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
184Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
185			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
186			10:00	AN	AE%sT
187Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
188			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
189			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
190			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
191			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
192			9:30	AS	AC%sT
193
194# Lord Howe Island
195# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
196Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
197Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
198Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
199Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
200Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
201Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
202Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
203Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
204Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
205Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
206Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
207Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
208Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
209Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
210Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
211			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
212			10:30	LH	%z	1985 Jul
213			10:30	LH	%z
214
215# Australian miscellany
216#
217# Ashmore Is, Cartier
218# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
219# no times are set
220#
221# Coral Sea Is
222# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
223# no times are set
224#
225# Macquarie
226# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
227# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
228# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
229# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
230# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
231# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
232#
233# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
234# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
235# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
236# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
237# on 4 April.
238#
239# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
240# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
241# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
242# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
243# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
244Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
245			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
246			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
247			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
248			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
249			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
250			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010
251			10:00	1:00	AEDT	2011
252			10:00	AT	AE%sT
253
254# Fiji
255
256# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
257
258# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
259# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
260# from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
261#
262# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
263# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
264# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
265
266# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
267# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
268# amendments:
269# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
270
271# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
272# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
273# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
274# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
275# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
276#
277# Official source:
278# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
279#
280# A bit more background info here:
281# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
282
283# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
284# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
285# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
286# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
287# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
288# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
289# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
290
291# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
292# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
293# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
294#
295# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
296# which says
297# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
298# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
299# 2am on February 26 next year.
300
301# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
302# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
303# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
304#
305# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
306# states:
307#
308# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
309# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
310# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
311# on the  23rd of October, 2011.
312
313# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
314# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
315# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
316# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
317# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
318
319# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
320# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
321# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
322# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
323
324# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
325# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
326# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-(1).aspx
327
328# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
329# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
330# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
331
332# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
333# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
334# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
335# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
336# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
337# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
338
339# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
340# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
341# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
342# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
343# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
344
345# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
346# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
347# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
348# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
349
350# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
351# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
352# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
353
354# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06):
355# Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27
356# (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on
357# Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020."
358# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00
359# the first Sunday on or after January 12.  January transitions reportedly
360# depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
361# transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice
362# than guessing no DST.
363# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
364# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848
365
366# From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08):
367# [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021.
368# From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08):
369# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071
370# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08):
371# https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/
372# "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of
373# stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should
374# start and end.  Bala says it is a short period..."
375#
376# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan
377# (2021-10-12):
378# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21
379# https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/
380# In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in
381# Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the
382# suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process
383# of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight
384# Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of
385# scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be
386# concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple
387# thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and
388# internationally."
389
390# From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27):
391# Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change
392# in Fiji for 2022-2023....
393# https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl
394
395# From Almaz Mingaleev (2023-10-06):
396# Cabinet approved the suspension of Daylight Saving and appropriate
397# legislative changes will be considered including the repeal of the
398# Daylight Saving Act 1998
399# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/CABINET-DECISIONS-3-OCTOBER-2023
400#
401# From Paul Eggert (2023-10-06):
402# For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely.
403
404# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
405Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
406Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
407Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
408Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
409Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
410Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
411Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
412Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
413Rule	Fiji	2014	2018	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
414Rule	Fiji	2015	2021	-	Jan	Sun>=12	3:00	0	-
415Rule	Fiji	2019	only	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
416Rule	Fiji	2020	only	-	Dec	20	2:00	1:00	-
417# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
418Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
419			12:00	Fiji	%z
420
421# French Polynesia
422# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
423Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1 # Rikitea
424			 -9:00	-	%z
425Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1
426			 -9:30	-	%z
427Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1 # Papeete
428			-10:00	-	%z
429# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
430# it is uninhabited.
431
432
433# Guam
434# N Mariana Is
435
436# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
437# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
438# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
439Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
440# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
441Rule	Guam	1961	only	-	Jan	29	2:00	0	S
442# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
443Rule	Guam	1967	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	1:00	D
444# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
445Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jan	26	0:01	0	S
446# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
447Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
448Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Aug	31	2:00	0	S
449# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
450# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
451# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
452Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
453Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
454# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
455Rule	Guam	1973	only	-	Dec	16	2:00	1:00	D
456# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
457Rule	Guam	1974	only	-	Feb	24	2:00	0	S
458# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
459Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	May	26	2:00	1:00	D
460# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
461Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	Aug	22	2:01	0	S
462# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
463Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	D
464# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
465Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S
466
467# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
468Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
469			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
470			10:00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
471			 9:00	-	%z	1944 Jul 31
472			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
473			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
474
475
476# Kiribati (Gilbert Is)
477# Marshall Is
478# Tuvalu
479# Wake
480# Wallis & Futuna
481# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
482Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
483			 12:00	-	%z
484
485# Kiribati (except Gilbert Is)
486# See Pacific/Tarawa for the Gilbert Is.
487# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
488Zone Pacific/Kanton	  0	-	-00	1937 Aug 31
489			-12:00	-	%z	1979 Oct
490			-11:00	-	%z	1994 Dec 31
491			 13:00	-	%z
492Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
493			-10:40	-	%z	1979 Oct
494			-10:00	-	%z	1994 Dec 31
495			 14:00	-	%z
496
497# Marshall Is
498# See Pacific/Tarawa for most locations.
499# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
500Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
501			 11:00	-	%z	1937
502			 10:00	-	%z	1941 Apr  1
503			  9:00	-	%z	1944 Feb  6
504			 11:00	-	%z	1969 Oct
505			-12:00	-	%z	1993 Aug 20 24:00
506			 12:00	-	%z
507
508# Micronesia
509# For Chuuk and Yap see Pacific/Port_Moresby.
510# For Pohnpei see Pacific/Guadalcanal.
511# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
512Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
513			 10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
514			 11:00	-	%z	1914 Oct
515			  9:00	-	%z	1919 Feb  1
516			 11:00	-	%z	1937
517			 10:00	-	%z	1941 Apr  1
518			  9:00	-	%z	1945 Aug
519			 11:00	-	%z	1969 Oct
520			 12:00	-	%z	1999
521			 11:00	-	%z
522
523# Nauru
524# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
525Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
526			11:30	-	%z	1942 Aug 29
527			 9:00	-	%z	1945 Sep  8
528			11:30	-	%z	1979 Feb 10  2:00
529			12:00	-	%z
530
531# New Caledonia
532# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
533Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
534Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
535Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
536# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
537Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
538# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
539Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
540			11:00	NC	%z
541
542
543###############################################################################
544
545# New Zealand
546# McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time.
547
548# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
549Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
550Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
551Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
552Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
553Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
554Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
555Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
556# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
557# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
558# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
559# time to percolate out.
560Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
561Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
562Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
563Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
564Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
565Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
566Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
567Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
568Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
569Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
570Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
571Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
572Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
573Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
574Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
575Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
576Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
577Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
578# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
579Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
580			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
581			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
582
583Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
584			12:15	-	%z	1946 Jan  1
585			12:45	Chatham	%z
586
587# Auckland Is
588# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
589# and scientific personnel have wintered
590
591# Campbell I
592# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
593# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
594# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
595# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
596
597# Cook Is
598#
599# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24):
600# In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar.
601# According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of
602# the International Date line, when they came from Sydney.
603# Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead....
604# http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html
605# ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900
606# https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3
607# (page 20)
608#
609# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24):
610# ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at
611# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/
612# "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the
613#  Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island."
614# so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915.
615# This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ...
616# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/
617# "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook
618#  Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were
619#  situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes
620#  West of Greenwich.  (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be
621#  determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and
622#  seventy degrees West of Greenwich."
623# This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it
624# applies since 1952-10-16.  But there is the possibility that the act just
625# legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of
626# 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19.
627#
628# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24):
629# Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
630#
631# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
632Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
633Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
634Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
635# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
636Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	13:20:56 -	LMT	1899 Dec 26 # Avarua
637			-10:39:04 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16
638			-10:30	-	%z	1978 Nov 12
639			-10:00	Cook	%z
640
641###############################################################################
642
643
644# Niue
645# See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition.
646#
647# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
648# Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
649# Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964:
650#   Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23
651#   Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23
652# Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition.
653
654# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
655Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16	# Alofi
656			-11:20	-	%z	1964 Jul
657			-11:00	-	%z
658
659# Norfolk
660# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
661Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
662			11:12	-	%z	1951
663			11:30	-	%z	1974 Oct 27 02:00s
664			11:30	1:00	%z	1975 Mar  2 02:00s
665			11:30	-	%z	2015 Oct  4 02:00s
666			11:00	-	%z	2019 Jul
667			11:00	AN	%z
668
669# Palau (Belau)
670# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
671Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
672			  8:57:56 -	LMT	1901
673			  9:00	-	%z
674
675# Papua New Guinea
676# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
677Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
678			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
679			10:00	-	%z
680#
681# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
682# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
683# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
684#
685# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
686# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
687# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
688# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
689# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
690# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
691# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
692#
693# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
694# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
695# See:
696# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
697#
698Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
699			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
700			10:00	-	%z	1942 Jul
701			 9:00	-	%z	1945 Aug 21
702			10:00	-	%z	2014 Dec 28  2:00
703			11:00	-	%z
704
705# Pitcairn
706# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
707Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
708			-8:30	-	%z	1998 Apr 27  0:00
709			-8:00	-	%z
710
711# American Samoa
712# Midway
713Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
714			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
715			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
716
717# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
718
719# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
720# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
721# the following info:
722#
723# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
724# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
725# Sunday of April 2011."
726#
727# Background info:
728# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
729#
730# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
731# contain any dates:
732# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20(English)%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
733
734# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
735# Please see
736# http://www.mcil.gov.ws
737# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
738# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
739# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
740# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
741
742# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
743# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
744#
745# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
746# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
747# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
748# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
749
750# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
751# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
752#
753# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
754
755# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
756# The International Date Line Act 2011
757# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
758# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
759# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
760# accordingly.
761
762# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
763# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
764#
765# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
766#
767# DST
768# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
769# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
770# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
771#
772# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
773# Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
774# Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
775#
776# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
777# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
778# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
779# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
780#
781# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
782# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
783# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
784#
785# From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20):
786# https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf
787# DST has been cancelled for this year.
788
789# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
790Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
791Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
792Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
793Rule	WS	2012	2021	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
794Rule	WS	2012	2020	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
795# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
796Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
797			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
798			-11:30	-	%z	1950
799			-11:00	WS	%z	2011 Dec 29 24:00
800			 13:00	WS	%z
801
802# Solomon Is
803# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
804# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
805Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1 # Honiara
806			11:00	-	%z
807
808# Tokelau
809#
810# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
811# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
812# December 31 this year ...
813#
814# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
815# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
816# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
817# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
818# actually was to UT-11 back then.
819#
820# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
821# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
822# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
823# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
824# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
825# are off by an hour starting in 1901.
826
827# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
828Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
829			-11:00	-	%z	2011 Dec 30
830			13:00	-	%z
831
832# Tonga
833# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
834Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
835Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
836Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
837Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
838Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
839Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
840# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
841Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:12 -	LMT	1945 Sep 10
842			12:20	-	%z	1961
843			13:00	-	%z	1999
844			13:00	Tonga	%z
845
846
847# US minor outlying islands
848
849# Howland, Baker
850# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
851# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
852# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
853# uninhabited thereafter.
854# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
855# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
856# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
857# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
858# until they were abandoned after the war.
859
860# Jarvis
861# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
862# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
863# uninhabited thereafter.
864# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
865
866# Johnston
867#
868# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
869# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
870# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
871# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
872# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
873#
874# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
875# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
876# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
877# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
878# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
879#
880# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
881# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
882# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
883# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
884# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
885# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
886# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
887# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
888# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
889# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
890# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
891# Minus One Hour".
892
893# Kingman
894# uninhabited
895
896# Palmyra
897# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
898
899
900# Vanuatu
901
902# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
903# Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973
904# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973
905# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15
906#
907# Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974
908# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974
909# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11
910#
911# Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01]
912# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48
913#
914# Summer Time Act (Cap 157)
915# Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988
916# http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html
917#
918# Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11]
919# http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/
920#
921# Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03]
922# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59
923
924# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
925Rule	Vanuatu	1973	only	-	Dec	22	12:00u	1:00	-
926Rule	Vanuatu	1974	only	-	Mar	30	12:00u	0	-
927Rule	Vanuatu	1983	1991	-	Sep	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
928Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
929Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
930Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
931# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
932Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
933			11:00	Vanuatu	%z
934
935###############################################################################
936
937# NOTES
938
939# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
940# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
941# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
942# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
943
944# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
945#
946# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
947# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
948# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
949# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
950#
951# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
952# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
953# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
954# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
955# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
956# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
957#
958# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
959# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
960# I found in the UCLA library.
961#
962# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
963# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
964# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
965#
966# For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see:
967# Société Française de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913),
968# page 752, 18b.
969#
970# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
971# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
972#
973# I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
974# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
975# Corrections are welcome!
976#		std	dst
977#		LMT		Local Mean Time
978#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
979#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
980#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
981#	 10:00	GST	GDT*	Guam through 2000
982#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
983#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
984#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
985#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
986#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
987#
988# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
989# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
990
991###############################################################################
992
993# Australia
994
995# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
996# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
997# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
998# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
999# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
1000# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
1001# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
1002# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
1003# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
1004# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
1005# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
1006# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
1007
1008# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
1009# Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01]
1010# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/
1011#
1012# Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25]
1013# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/
1014#
1015# Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24]
1016# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323
1017#
1018# Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10]
1019# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392
1020#
1021# Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29]
1022# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241
1023#
1024# All transition times should be 02:00 standard time.
1025
1026
1027# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
1028# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
1029# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
1030# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
1031
1032# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
1033# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
1034# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
1035# covers New South Wales in particular.
1036
1037# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1038# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
1039# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
1040# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
1041# abbreviation does _not_ change...
1042# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
1043# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
1044# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
1045# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
1046# time'.
1047# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
1048# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
1049# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
1050# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
1051# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
1052# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
1053# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
1054
1055# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
1056#
1057# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
1058# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
1059# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
1060# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
1061# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
1062# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
1063# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
1064# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
1065# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
1066# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
1067# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
1068# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
1069#
1070#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
1071#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
1072#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
1073#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
1074#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
1075#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
1076#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
1077#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
1078#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
1079#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
1080#
1081#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
1082#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
1083#
1084# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
1085# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
1086# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
1087# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
1088#
1089#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
1090#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
1091#
1092# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
1093# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
1094# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
1095# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
1096# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
1097# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
1098# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
1099#
1100# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
1101# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
1102# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
1103# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
1104# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
1105# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
1106# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
1107# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
1108# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
1109# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
1110# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
1111# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
1112# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
1113# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
1114#
1115# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
1116#
1117#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
1118#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
1119#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
1120#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1121#
1122#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
1123#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
1124#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
1125#
1126#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
1127#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
1128#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
1129#
1130#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
1131#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
1132#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1133#
1134#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
1135#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
1136#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
1137#
1138#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
1139#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
1140#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
1141#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
1142#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
1143#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
1144#
1145# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
1146# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
1147# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
1148# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
1149# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
1150# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
1151# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
1152# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
1153# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
1154
1155# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1156# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1157# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1158# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1159# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1160# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1161# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1162
1163# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1164#
1165# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1166# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1167# relevant entries in this database.
1168#
1169# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1170# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1171# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1172# ACT
1173# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1174# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1175# SA
1176# Standard Time Act, 1898
1177# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1178
1179# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1180# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1181# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1182# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1183# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1184#
1185# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1186# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1187# to extend DST together in 2006.
1188# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1189# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1190# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1191# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1192# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1193# allude to it.
1194# But not Queensland
1195# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1196
1197# Northern Territory
1198
1199# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1200# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1201# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
1202# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1203# ...
1204# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST
1205
1206# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1207# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1208# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1209
1210# Western Australia
1211
1212# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1213# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1214# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
1215# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1216# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1217# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1218# #	before reaching parliament.
1219# ...
1220# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
1221# ...
1222# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1223# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
1224# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1225# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
1226
1227# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1228# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1229# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1230
1231# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1232# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1233# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1234# work at 9.00am.)
1235# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1236# everybody again.
1237
1238# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1239# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1240# it matches what was used in the past.
1241
1242# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1243# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1244# WA are trialing DST for three years.
1245# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1246
1247# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
1248# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
1249# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
1250# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
1251# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
1252# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
1253# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
1254# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
1255# [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."]
1256
1257# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1258# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1259# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1260# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1261
1262# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1263# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1264# southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1265# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
1266# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1267# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1268# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1269# Australia and Western Australia....
1270#
1271# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1272# This is confirmed by the section entitled
1273# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1274# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1275#
1276# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1277# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1278# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1279# coast of the continent.
1280#
1281# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1282# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1283# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1284# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1285# the largest population centre in this zone....
1286#
1287# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1288# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1289# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1290# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1291#
1292# (2006-12-09):
1293# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1294# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1295# of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
1296# before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1297#
1298# From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08):
1299# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000
1300# ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries...
1301# "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny
1302# roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village."
1303# ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence
1304# since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ...
1305# From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17):
1306# That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says:
1307#    Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your
1308#    phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which
1309#    way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in
1310#    Texta is the word: 'Why'?
1311#    "Good question," Mr Pike said.
1312#    "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years."
1313
1314# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1315# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1316# introduction of standard time in 1895.
1317
1318# From Stuart Bishop (2024-11-12):
1319# An article discussing the in-use but technically unofficial timezones
1320# in the Western Australian portion of the Nullarbor Plain.
1321# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-11-22/outback-wa-properties-strange-time-zones/104542494
1322# From Paul Eggert (2024-11-12):
1323# As the article says, the Eyre Bird Observatory and nearby sheep stations
1324# can use Tokyo time.  Other possibilities include Asia/Chita, Asia/Seoul,
1325# and Asia/Jayapura.
1326
1327# Queensland
1328
1329# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
1330# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
1331# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
1332# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
1333# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
1334
1335# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1336# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1337# #						[ Dec 1990 ]
1338# ...
1339# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
1340# ...
1341# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1342# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
1343# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1344# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
1345
1346# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1347# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1348# October 1989).
1349
1350# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1351# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1352# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1353# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1354
1355# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1356# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1357# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
1358# me.)
1359
1360# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1361# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1362# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1363# ...
1364# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1365# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
1366# ...
1367
1368# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1369# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1370
1371
1372# southeast Australia
1373#
1374# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1375# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1376# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1377# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1378
1379
1380# South Australia
1381
1382# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1383# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1384# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1385# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1386
1387# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1388# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1389# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
1390# ...
1391# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
1392# ...
1393# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1394# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
1395# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
1396# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
1397
1398# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1399# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1400# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1401# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1402
1403# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1404# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1405# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1406# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
1407# is on...
1408
1409# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1410# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1411# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1412# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1413
1414# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1415# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1416# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1417# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1418
1419# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1420# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1421# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1422# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1423
1424# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1425# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1426
1427# Tasmania
1428
1429# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
1430# Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919.
1431#
1432# Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22]
1433# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/
1434#
1435# Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01]
1436# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/
1437#
1438# Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24]
1439# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/
1440#
1441# King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act.
1442# Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69.
1443#
1444# Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22]
1445# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/
1446#
1447# Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15]
1448# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/
1449
1450# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1451# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1452# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1453# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
1454
1455# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1456# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1457# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1458# (but nothing new about that).
1459
1460# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1461# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1462# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1463# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1464# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1465# instead of the first Sunday in October.
1466
1467# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1468# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1469
1470# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1471# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1472
1473# Victoria
1474
1475# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1476# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1477# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1478# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
1479
1480# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1481# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1482# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
1483# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1484# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1485# in Melbourne, Australia.
1486#
1487# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1488# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1489# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1490# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1491# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1492# expected time.
1493#
1494# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1495# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1496# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
1497# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1498#
1499# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1500# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1501
1502# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1503# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1504
1505# New South Wales
1506
1507# From Arthur David Olson:
1508# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1509# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1510# who notes:
1511#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1512#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1513#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1514#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1515#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
1516#	I have researched New South Wales time only...
1517
1518# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1519# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1520# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
1521# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1522# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1523
1524# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1525# See the following official NSW source:
1526# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1527# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1528#
1529# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1530# daylight saving next year.  See:
1531# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1532# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1533# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1534#
1535# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
1536# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1537# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1538#
1539# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
1540# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1541# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1542#
1543# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
1544# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1545# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1546# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1547# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1548# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1549# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1550# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1551# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1552#
1553# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
1554# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1555# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1556
1557# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1558# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1559# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1560
1561# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1562# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1563# towns to use Queensland time.
1564
1565# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1566# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1567
1568# Yancowinna
1569
1570# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1571# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1572
1573# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1574# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1575# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
1576# ...
1577# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1578# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1579# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1580# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1581# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1582# # presently available.
1583# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
1584# ...
1585# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1586# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
1587# [followed by other Rules]
1588
1589# Lord Howe Island
1590
1591# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1592# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1593#					[ Dec 1990 ]
1594# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1595# hour ahead of NSW time.
1596
1597# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1598# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1599# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
1600# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1601# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1602# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1603# instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1604# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1605# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1606# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1607
1608# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1609# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1610# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1611# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1612# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1613# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1614
1615# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1616# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1617# Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.
1618
1619# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1620# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1621
1622# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1623# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1624# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1625# summer (southern hemisphere).
1626#
1627# From
1628# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1629# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1630# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1631# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1632# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1633# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1634# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1635# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1636#
1637# We have a wrap-up here:
1638# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1639###############################################################################
1640
1641# New Zealand
1642
1643# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1644# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1645# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1646# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1647# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1648
1649# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1650# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1651# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1652# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1653# #				[ Nov 1990 ]
1654# ...
1655# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1656# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
1657# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
1658# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
1659# ...
1660# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
1661# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1662
1663# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1664# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1665# rather than the October 1 value.
1666
1667# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1668# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1669# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1670# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1671# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1672# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1673#
1674# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1675# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1676# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1677# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1678#
1679# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1680# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1681# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1682
1683# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1684# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1685# first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
1686# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1687# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1688
1689# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1690# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1691# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1692# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1693# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1694# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1695# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1696# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1697# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1698# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1699# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1700# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1701
1702###############################################################################
1703
1704
1705# Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima)
1706
1707# From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick:
1708# National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government
1709# officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there.
1710# According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC
1711# + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan
1712# at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST.  The exact periods of DST are still unknown.
1713# I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have
1714# synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own
1715# decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones....
1716#
1717# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時
1718
1719# From Phake Nick (2019-02-12):
1720# Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned
1721# to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database
1722# rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin
1723# Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only.
1724# ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon
1725# regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese
1726# in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands.  Many reports claim that
1727# the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own
1728# coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two
1729# hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island.  Some
1730# sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be
1731# incorrect to be same as Guam.  And then in a few Japanese governmental
1732# report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications
1733# Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus
1734# Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the
1735# island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time
1736# (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense
1737# Force).  Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time
1738# and there are also no information on things like how the time was used.
1739
1740
1741# Fiji
1742
1743# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1744# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1745# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1746
1747# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1748# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1749# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
1750# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1751
1752# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1753# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
1754
1755# From the BBC World Service in
1756# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1757# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1758# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1759# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1760# of the new millennium.
1761
1762# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1763# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1764
1765
1766# Kiribati
1767
1768# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1769# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1770# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1771# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1772
1773# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
1774# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
1775# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
1776# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
1777# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
1778# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
1779
1780# Kanton
1781
1782# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
1783# Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated
1784# island.  (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".)
1785# Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators
1786# <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>;
1787# Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to
1788# establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the
1789# next war.  Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial
1790# airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently
1791# for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the
1792# airfield for high-end niche tourism.  Kanton has about two dozen
1793# people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5
1794# year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures
1795# <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>.
1796
1797# Kwajalein
1798
1799# From an AP article (1993-08-22):
1800# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
1801# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
1802# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
1803# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
1804# one side of the international date line to the other."
1805# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
1806# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
1807
1808# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31):
1809# Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s
1810# citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying
1811# Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier.
1812# However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this.  The article
1813# says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States
1814# Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
1815# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
1816# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
1817# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
1818# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
1819# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
1820
1821
1822# N Mariana Is, Guam
1823
1824# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1825# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
1826# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
1827# period.  It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
1828# that period of time like the surrounding area.
1829
1830# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23):
1831# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1832# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1833# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1834# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1835# see Asia/Manila.
1836#
1837# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
1838# and end of Japanese control of Agana.  We don't know whether the Northern
1839# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
1840# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
1841#
1842# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1843# under the name "Chamorro standard time".  There is no official abbreviation,
1844# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1845# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1846
1847# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
1848
1849
1850# Marshall Is
1851# See the commentary for Micronesia.
1852
1853
1854# Micronesia (and nearby)
1855
1856# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1857# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
1858# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
1859
1860# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1861# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1862# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1863# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1864# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1865# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1866
1867# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1868#
1869# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
1870# ...
1871# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
1872# Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
1873#
1874# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
1875# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
1876# of German New Guinea.  However there is a marking saying it have not been
1877# implemented (yet).  No further information after that were found.
1878#
1879# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
1880# instructed to use JST at the time.
1881#
1882# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
1883# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
1884# longitude of the atoll.
1885# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
1886# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
1887# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
1888# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
1889# is if they keep their own time back then)
1890#
1891# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
1892# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
1893# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
1894# year.  Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
1895# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
1896# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
1897#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
1898#    (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1899#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
1900#    administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
1901#  * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
1902#    administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
1903#  * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
1904#    formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
1905#    governance structure have been established, these district [become
1906#    subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
1907#    time of the area.
1908#  * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
1909#    occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
1910#    Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
1911#    subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
1912#    subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
1913#    starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
1914#    Marshall Islands.
1915#
1916# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
1917# area into 2 timezones:
1918#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
1919#    Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1920#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
1921#    Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
1922#    Standard Time)
1923#
1924# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
1925# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
1926# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
1927#
1928# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
1929# island.  The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
1930# period of time....
1931#
1932# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
1933# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
1934# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
1935# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
1936#
1937# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
1938# under American administration from year 1947.  The site listed some
1939# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
1940# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
1941# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
1942# information can be found.
1943#
1944#
1945# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1946#
1947# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
1948# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known.  The information
1949# for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
1950#
1951# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
1952# done, so omit it from the data for now.
1953#
1954# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
1955
1956
1957# Midway
1958
1959# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1960# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1961# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1962# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1963# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1964# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
1965# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
1966# air at 6am your time.
1967#
1968# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1969# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1970# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
1971# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1972
1973# Nauru
1974
1975# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
1976# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
1977# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
1978# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
1979# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
1980# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
1981# ...
1982# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
1983# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
1984# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
1985# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
1986# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
1987#
1988# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
1989# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
1990# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
1991# page 3, which does not give the UT offset.  In response to a comment by
1992# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
1993# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
1994# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
1995
1996# Norfolk
1997
1998# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1999# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
2000# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
2001# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
2002# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
2003
2004# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
2005# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
2006# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
2007# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
2008# other than in 1974/5.  See:
2009# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
2010# However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition;
2011# timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said
2012# (thanks to Michael Deckers).
2013
2014# Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019.
2015# From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13):
2016# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702
2017# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14):
2018# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010
2019
2020# Palau
2021# See commentary for Micronesia.
2022
2023# Pitcairn
2024
2025# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
2026# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
2027# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
2028#
2029#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
2030#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
2031#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
2032#
2033# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
2034# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
2035# somehow in light of this proclamation.
2036
2037# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
2038# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
2039# ... at midnight.
2040
2041# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
2042# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
2043# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
2044# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
2045
2046
2047# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
2048
2049# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
2050# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
2051# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
2052# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
2053# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
2054# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
2055# https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_alaska_samoa.htm
2056
2057# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
2058# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
2059# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
2060# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
2061# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
2062# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
2063# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
2064# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
2065
2066
2067# Tonga
2068
2069# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04):
2070# In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast
2071# on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic
2072# Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360.
2073
2074# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03):
2075# [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity".
2076# Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]:
2077# On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours,
2078# 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich.
2079
2080# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
2081# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
2082# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
2083# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
2084
2085# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
2086# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
2087# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
2088#
2089# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
2090# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
2091# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
2092# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
2093# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
2094# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
2095#
2096# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
2097# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
2098# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
2099#
2100# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
2101# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
2102# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
2103# minutes we have lost?"
2104#
2105# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
2106# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
2107# to say your prayers in the morning."
2108#
2109# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael
2110# Deckers (2021-03-03):
2111# Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks &
2112# Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01.
2113#
2114# The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times,
2115# which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961:
2116#   Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19
2117#   Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19
2118# (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.)
2119# This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time
2120# has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further
2121# writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on
2122# 1960-10-19. (p. 255)
2123#
2124# Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to
2125# a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in
2126# 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with
2127# this over Shanks & Pottenger.
2128
2129# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
2130# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
2131# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
2132# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
2133# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
2134# Government.
2135
2136# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2137# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
2138#
2139# I was given this link by John Letts:
2140# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
2141#
2142# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
2143# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
2144# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
2145# (12 + 1 hour DST).
2146
2147# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
2148# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
2149# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
2150# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
2151# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
2152# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
2153# set back an hour on the closing date."
2154# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
2155
2156# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
2157# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
2158# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
2159
2160# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
2161# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
2162# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
2163# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
2164# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
2165# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
2166# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
2167
2168# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
2169# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
2170
2171# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
2172# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
2173# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
2174# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
2175# hour to 1:00am.
2176
2177# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
2178# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
2179
2180# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
2181# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
2182# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
2183# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
2184#
2185# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
2186# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
2187# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
2188
2189# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
2190# In August government was dissolved by the King.  The current prime minister
2191# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
2192# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
2193#
2194# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
2195# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
2196
2197
2198###############################################################################
2199
2200# The International Date Line
2201
2202# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
2203#
2204# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
2205# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
2206# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
2207# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
2208#
2209# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
2210# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
2211# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
2212# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
2213# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
2214# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
2215# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
2216# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
2217# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
2218# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
2219# correct date is ambiguous.
2220
2221# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time> (2023-01-23):
2222# The nautical time zone system is analogous to the terrestrial time zone
2223# system for use on high seas.  Under the system time changes are required for
2224# changes of longitude in one-hour steps.  The one-hour step corresponds to a
2225# time zone width of 15° longitude.  The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or
2226# UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two
2227# 7°30' gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours.  A nautical date line is
2228# implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps.  It follows the 180th
2229# meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to
2230# land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.
2231
2232# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23):
2233# The American Practical Navigator <https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/APN>,
2234# 2019 edition, merely says that the International Date Line
2235# "coincides with the 180th meridian over most of its length."
2236