1Updating Information for FreeBSD current users 2 3This file is maintained and copyrighted by M. Warner Losh 4<imp@village.org>. See end of file for further details. For commonly 5done items, please see the COMMON ITEMS: section later in the file. 6 7Items affecting the ports and packages system can be found in 8/usr/ports/UPDATING. Please read that file before running 9portupgrade. 10 11NOTE TO PEOPLE WHO THINK THAT FreeBSD 7.x IS SLOW: 12 FreeBSD 7.x has many debugging features turned on, in 13 both the kernel and userland. These features attempt to detect 14 incorrect use of system primitives, and encourage loud failure 15 through extra sanity checking and fail stop semantics. They 16 also substantially impact system performance. If you want to 17 do performance measurement, benchmarking, and optimization, 18 you'll want to turn them off. This includes various WITNESS- 19 related kernel options, INVARIANTS, malloc debugging flags 20 in userland, and various verbose features in the kernel. Many 21 developers choose to disable these features on build machines 22 to maximize performance. 23 2420060816: 25 The IPFIREWALL_FORWARD_EXTENDED option is gone and the behaviour 26 for IP_FIREWALL_FORWARD is now as it was before when it was first 27 committed and for years after. The behaviour is now ON. 28 2920060725: 30 enigma(1)/crypt(1) utility has been changed on 64 bit architectures. 31 Now it can decrypt files created from different architectures. 32 Unfortunately, it is no longer able to decrypt a cipher text 33 generated with an older version on 64 bit architectures. 34 If you have such a file, you need old utility to decrypt it. 35 3620060709: 37 The interface version of the i4b kernel part has changed. So 38 after updating the kernel sources and compiling a new kernel, 39 the i4b user space tools in "/usr/src/usr.sbin/i4b" must also 40 be rebuilt, and vice versa. 41 4220060627: 43 The XBOX kernel now defaults to the nfe(4) driver instead of 44 the nve(4) driver. Please update your configuration 45 accordingly. 46 4720060514: 48 The i386-only lnc(4) driver for the AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx 49 PCnet family of NICs has been removed. The new le(4) driver serves 50 as an equivalent but cross-platform replacement with the pcn(4) 51 driver still providing performance-optimized support for the subset 52 of AMD Am79C971 PCnet-FAST and greater chips as before. 53 5420060511: 55 The machdep.* sysctls and the adjkerntz utility have been 56 modified a bit. The new adjkerntz utility uses the new 57 sysctl names and sysctlbyname() calls, so it may be impossible 58 to run an old /sbin/adjkerntz utility in single-user mode 59 with a new kernel. Replace the `adjkerntz -i' step before 60 `make installworld' with: 61 62 /usr/obj/usr/src/sbin/adjkerntz/adjkerntz -i 63 64 and proceed as usual with the rest of the installworld-stage 65 steps. Otherwise, you risk installing binaries with their 66 timestamp set several hours in the future, especially if 67 you are running with local time set to GMT+X hours. 68 6920060412: 70 The ip6fw utility has been removed. The behavior provided by 71 ip6fw has been in ipfw2 for a good while and the rc.d scripts 72 have been updated to deal with it. There are some rules that 73 might not migrate cleanly. Use rc.firewall6 as a template to 74 rewrite rules. 75 7620060428: 77 The puc(4) driver has been overhauled. The ebus(4) and sbus(4) 78 attachments have been removed. Make sure to configure scc(4) 79 on sparc64. Note also that by default puc(4) will use uart(4) 80 and not sio(4) for serial ports because interrupt handling has 81 been optimized for multi-port serial cards and only uart(4) 82 implements the interface to support it. 83 8420060330: 85 The scc(4) driver replaces puc(4) for Serial Communications 86 Controllers (SCCs) like the Siemens SAB82532 and the Zilog 87 Z8530. On sparc64, it is advised to add scc(4) to the kernel 88 configuration to make sure that the serial ports remain 89 functional. 90 9120060317: 92 Most world/kernel related NO_* build options changed names. 93 New knobs have common prefixes WITHOUT_*/WITH_* (modelled 94 after FreeBSD ports) and should be set in /etc/src.conf 95 (the src.conf(5) manpage is provided). Full backwards 96 compatibility is maintained for the time being though it's 97 highly recommended to start moving old options out of the 98 system-wide /etc/make.conf file into the new /etc/src.conf 99 while also properly renaming them. More conversions will 100 likely follow. Posting to current@: 101 102 http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/2006-March/061725.html 103 10420060305: 105 The NETSMBCRYPTO kernel option has been retired because its 106 functionality is always included in NETSMB and smbfs.ko now. 107 10820060303: 109 The TDFX_LINUX kernel option was retired and replaced by the 110 tdfx_linux device. The latter can be loaded as the 3dfx_linux.ko 111 kernel module. Loading it alone should suffice to get 3dfx support 112 for Linux apps because it will pull in 3dfx.ko and linux.ko through 113 its dependencies. 114 11520060204: 116 The 'audit' group was added to support the new auditing functionality 117 in the base system. Be sure to follow the directions for updating, 118 including the requirement to run mergemaster -p. 119 12020060201: 121 The kernel ABI to file system modules was changed on i386. 122 Please make sure that your kernel and modules are in sync. 123 12420060118: 125 This actually occured some time ago, but installing the kernel 126 now also installs a bunch of symbol files for the kernel modules. 127 This increases the size of /boot/kernel to about 67Mbytes. You 128 will need twice this if you will eventually back this up to kernel.old 129 on your next install. 130 If you have a shortage of room in your root partition, you should add 131 -DINSTALL_NODEBUG to your make arguments or add INSTALL_NODEBUG="yes" 132 to your /etc/make.conf. 133 13420060113: 135 libc's malloc implementation has been replaced. This change has the 136 potential to uncover application bugs that previously went unnoticed. 137 See the malloc(3) manual page for more details. 138 13920060112: 140 The generic netgraph(4) cookie has been changed. If you upgrade 141 kernel passing this point, you also need to upgrade userland 142 and netgraph(4) utilities like ports/net/mpd or ports/net/mpd4. 143 14420060106: 145 si(4)'s device files now contain the unit number. 146 Uses of {cua,tty}A[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}A0[0-9a-f]. 147 14820060106: 149 The kernel ABI was mostly destroyed due to a change in the size 150 of struct lock_object which is nested in other structures such 151 as mutexes which are nested in all sorts of other structures. 152 Make sure your kernel and modules are in sync. 153 15420051231: 155 The page coloring algorithm in the VM subsystem was converted 156 from tuning with kernel options to autotuning. Please remove 157 any PQ_* option except PQ_NOOPT from your kernel config. 158 15920051211: 160 The net80211-related tools in the tools/tools/ath directory 161 have been moved to tools/tools/net80211 and renamed with a 162 "wlan" prefix. Scripts that use them should be adjusted 163 accordingly. 164 16520051202: 166 Scripts in the local_startup directories (as defined in 167 /etc/defaults/rc.conf) that have the new rc.d semantics will 168 now be run as part of the base system rcorder. If there are 169 errors or problems with one of these local scripts, it could 170 cause boot problems. If you encounter such problems, boot in 171 single user mode, remove that script from the */rc.d directory. 172 Please report the problem to the port's maintainer, and the 173 freebsd-ports@freebsd.org mailing list. 174 17520051129: 176 The nodev mount option was deprecated in RELENG_6 (where it 177 was a no-op), and is now unsupported. If you have nodev or dev listed 178 in /etc/fstab, remove it, otherwise it will result in a mount error. 179 18020051129: 181 ABI between ipfw(4) and ipfw(8) has been changed. You need 182 to rebuild ipfw(8) when rebuilding kernel. 183 18420051108: 185 rp(4)'s device files now contain the unit number. 186 Uses of {cua,tty}R[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}R0[0-9a-f]. 187 18820051029: 189 /etc/rc.d/ppp-user has been renamed to /etc/rc.d/ppp. 190 Its /etc/rc.conf.d configuration file has been `ppp' from 191 the beginning, and hence there is no need to touch it. 192 19320051014: 194 Now most modules get their build-time options from the kernel 195 configuration file. A few modules still have fixed options 196 due to their non-conformant implementation, but they will be 197 corrected eventually. You may need to review the options of 198 the modules in use, explicitly specify the non-default options 199 in the kernel configuration file, and rebuild the kernel and 200 modules afterwards. 201 20220051001: 203 kern.polling.enable sysctl MIB is now deprecated. Use ifconfig(8) 204 to turn polling(4) on your interfaces. 205 20620050927: 207 The old bridge(4) implementation was retired. The new 208 if_bridge(4) serves as a full functional replacement. 209 21020050722: 211 The ai_addrlen of a struct addrinfo was changed to a socklen_t 212 to conform to POSIX-2001. This change broke an ABI 213 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. You have to recompile 214 userland programs that use getaddrinfo(3) on 64 bit 215 architecture. 216 21720050711: 218 RELENG_6 branched here. 219 22020050629: 221 The pccard_ifconfig rc.conf variable has been removed and a new 222 variable, ifconfig_DEFAULT has been introduced. Unlike 223 pccard_ifconfig, ifconfig_DEFAULT applies to ALL interfaces that 224 do not have ifconfig_ifn entries rather than just those in 225 removable_interfaces. 226 22720050616: 228 Some previous versions of PAM have permitted the use of 229 non-absolute paths in /etc/pam.conf or /etc/pam.d/* when referring 230 to third party PAM modules in /usr/local/lib. A change has been 231 made to require the use of absolute paths in order to avoid 232 ambiguity and dependence on library path configuration, which may 233 affect existing configurations. 234 23520050610: 236 Major changes to network interface API. All drivers must be 237 recompiled. Drivers not in the base system will need to be 238 updated to the new APIs. 239 24020050609: 241 Changes were made to kinfo_proc in sys/user.h. Please recompile 242 userland, or commands like `fstat', `pkill', `ps', `top' and `w' 243 will not behave correctly. 244 245 The API and ABI for hwpmc(4) have changed with the addition 246 of sampling support. Please recompile lib/libpmc(3) and 247 usr.sbin/{pmcstat,pmccontrol}. 248 24920050606: 250 The OpenBSD dhclient was imported in place of the ISC dhclient 251 and the network interface configuration scripts were updated 252 accordingly. If you use DHCP to configure your interfaces, you 253 must now run devd. Also, DNS updating was lost so you will need 254 to find a workaround if you use this feature. 255 256 The '_dhcp' user was added to support the OpenBSD dhclient. Be 257 sure to run mergemaster -p (like you are supposed to do every time 258 anyway). 259 26020050605: 261 if_bridge was added to the tree. This has changed struct ifnet. 262 Please recompile userland and all network related modules. 263 26420050603: 265 The n_net of a struct netent was changed to an uint32_t, and 266 1st argument of getnetbyaddr() was changed to an uint32_t, to 267 conform to POSIX-2001. These changes broke an ABI 268 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. With these changes, 269 shlib major of libpcap was bumped. You have to recompile 270 userland programs that use getnetbyaddr(3), getnetbyname(3), 271 getnetent(3) and/or libpcap on 64 bit architecture. 272 27320050528: 274 Kernel parsing of extra options on '#!' first lines of shell 275 scripts has changed. Lines with multiple options likely will 276 fail after this date. For full details, please see 277 http://people.freebsd.org/~gad/Updating-20050528.txt 278 27920050503: 280 The packet filter (pf) code has been updated to OpenBSD 3.7 281 Please note the changed anchor syntax and the fact that 282 authpf(8) now needs a mounted fdescfs(5) to function. 283 28420050415: 285 The NO_MIXED_MODE kernel option has been removed from the i386 286 amd64 platforms as its use has been superceded by the new local 287 APIC timer code. Any kernel config files containing this option 288 should be updated. 289 29020050227: 291 The on-disk format of LC_CTYPE files was changed to be machine 292 independent. Please make sure NOT to use NO_CLEAN buildworld 293 when crossing this point. Crossing this point also requires 294 recompile or reinstall of all locale depended packages. 295 29620050225: 297 The ifi_epoch member of struct if_data has been changed to 298 contain the uptime at which the interface was created or the 299 statistics zeroed rather then the wall clock time because 300 wallclock time may go backwards. This should have no impact 301 unless an snmp implementation is using this value (I know of 302 none at this point.) 303 30420050224: 305 The acpi_perf and acpi_throttle drivers are now part of the 306 acpi(4) main module. They are no longer built separately. 307 30820050223: 309 The layout of struct image_params has changed. You have to 310 recompile all compatibility modules (linux, svr4, etc) for use 311 with the new kernel. 312 31320050223: 314 The p4tcc driver has been merged into cpufreq(4). This makes 315 "options CPU_ENABLE_TCC" obsolete. Please load cpufreq.ko or 316 compile in "device cpufreq" to restore this functionality. 317 31820050220: 319 The responsibility of recomputing the file system summary of 320 a SoftUpdates-enabled dirty volume has been transferred to the 321 background fsck. A rebuild of fsck(8) utility is recommended 322 if you have updated the kernel. 323 324 To get the old behavior (recompute file system summary at mount 325 time), you can set vfs.ffs.compute_summary_at_mount=1 before 326 mounting the new volume. 327 32820050206: 329 The cpufreq import is complete. As part of this, the sysctls for 330 acpi(4) throttling have been removed. The power_profile script 331 has been updated, so you can use performance/economy_cpu_freq in 332 rc.conf(5) to set AC on/offline cpu frequencies. 333 33420050206: 335 NG_VERSION has been increased. Recompiling kernel (or ng_socket.ko) 336 requires recompiling libnetgraph and userland netgraph utilities. 337 33820050114: 339 Support for abbreviated forms of a number of ipfw options is 340 now deprecated. Warnings are printed to stderr indicating the 341 correct full form when a match occurs. Some abbreviations may 342 be supported at a later date based on user feedback. To be 343 considered for support, abbreviations must be in use prior to 344 this commit and unlikely to be confused with current key words. 345 34620041221: 347 By a popular demand, a lot of NOFOO options were renamed 348 to NO_FOO (see bsd.compat.mk for a full list). The old 349 spellings are still supported, but will cause annoying 350 warnings on stderr. Make sure you upgrade properly (see 351 the COMMON ITEMS: section later in this file). 352 35320041219: 354 Auto-loading of ancillary wlan modules such as wlan_wep has 355 been temporarily disabled; you need to statically configure 356 the modules you need into your kernel or explicitly load them 357 prior to use. Specifically, if you intend to use WEP encryption 358 with an 802.11 device load/configure wlan_wep; if you want to 359 use WPA with the ath driver load/configure wlan_tkip, wlan_ccmp, 360 and wlan_xauth as required. 361 36220041213: 363 The behaviour of ppp(8) has changed slightly. If lqr is enabled 364 (``enable lqr''), older versions would revert to LCP ECHO mode on 365 negotiation failure. Now, ``enable echo'' is required for this 366 behaviour. The ppp version number has been bumped to 3.4.2 to 367 reflect the change. 368 36920041201: 370 The wlan support has been updated to split the crypto support 371 into separate modules. For static WEP you must configure the 372 wlan_wep module in your system or build and install the module 373 in place where it can be loaded (the kernel will auto-load 374 the module when a wep key is configured). 375 37620041201: 377 The ath driver has been updated to split the tx rate control 378 algorithm into a separate module. You need to include either 379 ath_rate_onoe or ath_rate_amrr when configuring the kernel. 380 38120041116: 382 Support for systems with an 80386 CPU has been removed. Please 383 use FreeBSD 5.x or earlier on systems with an 80386. 384 38520041110: 386 We have had a hack which would mount the root filesystem 387 R/W if the device were named 'md*'. As part of the vnode 388 work I'm doing I have had to remove this hack. People 389 building systems which use preloaded MD root filesystems 390 may need to insert a "/sbin/mount -u -o rw /dev/md0 /" in 391 their /etc/rc scripts. 392 39320041104: 394 FreeBSD 5.3 shipped here. 395 39620041102: 397 The size of struct tcpcb has changed again due to the removal 398 of RFC1644 T/TCP. You have to recompile userland programs that 399 read kmem for tcp sockets directly (netstat, sockstat, etc.) 400 40120041022: 402 The size of struct tcpcb has changed. You have to recompile 403 userland programs that read kmem for tcp sockets directly 404 (netstat, sockstat, etc.) 405 40620041016: 407 RELENG_5 branched here. For older entries, please see updating 408 in the RELENG_5 branch. 409 410COMMON ITEMS: 411 412 General Notes 413 ------------- 414 Avoid using make -j when upgrading. From time to time in the 415 past there have been problems using -j with buildworld and/or 416 installworld. This is especially true when upgrading between 417 "distant" versions (eg one that cross a major release boundary 418 or several minor releases, or when several months have passed 419 on the -current branch). 420 421 Sometimes, obscure build problems are the result of environment 422 poisoning. This can happen because the make utility reads its 423 environment when searching for values for global variables. 424 To run your build attempts in an "environmental clean room", 425 prefix all make commands with 'env -i '. See the env(1) manual 426 page for more details. 427 428 When upgrading from one major version to another it is generally 429 best to upgrade to the latest code in the currently installed branch 430 first, then do an upgrade to the new branch. This is the best-tested 431 upgrade path, and has the highest probability of being successful. 432 Please try this approach before reporting problems with a major 433 version upgrade. 434 435 To build a kernel 436 ----------------- 437 If you are updating from a prior version of FreeBSD (even one just 438 a few days old), you should follow this procedure. It is the most 439 failsafe as it uses a /usr/obj tree with a fresh mini-buildworld, 440 441 make kernel-toolchain 442 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 443 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 444 445 To test a kernel once 446 --------------------- 447 If you just want to boot a kernel once (because you are not sure 448 if it works, or if you want to boot a known bad kernel to provide 449 debugging information) run 450 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE KODIR=/boot/testkernel 451 nextboot -k testkernel 452 453 To just build a kernel when you know that it won't mess you up 454 -------------------------------------------------------------- 455 This assumes you are already running a 5.X system. Replace 456 ${arch} with the architecture of your machine (e.g. "i386", 457 "alpha", "amd64", "ia64", "pc98", "sparc64", etc). 458 459 cd src/sys/${arch}/conf 460 config KERNEL_NAME_HERE 461 cd ../compile/KERNEL_NAME_HERE 462 make depend 463 make 464 make install 465 466 If this fails, go to the "To build a kernel" section. 467 468 To rebuild everything and install it on the current system. 469 ----------------------------------------------------------- 470 # Note: sometimes if you are running current you gotta do more than 471 # is listed here if you are upgrading from a really old current. 472 473 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 474 make buildworld 475 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 476 [1] 477 <reboot in single user> [3] 478 mergemaster -p [5] 479 make installworld 480 make delete-old 481 mergemaster [4] 482 <reboot> 483 484 485 To cross-install current onto a separate partition 486 -------------------------------------------------- 487 # In this approach we use a separate partition to hold 488 # current's root, 'usr', and 'var' directories. A partition 489 # holding "/", "/usr" and "/var" should be about 2GB in 490 # size. 491 492 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 493 <boot into -stable> 494 make buildworld 495 make buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 496 <maybe newfs current's root partition> 497 <mount current's root partition on directory ${CURRENT_ROOT}> 498 make installworld DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} 499 make distribution DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} # if newfs'd 500 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} 501 cp /etc/fstab ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab # if newfs'd 502 <edit ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab to mount "/" from the correct partition> 503 <reboot into current> 504 <do a "native" rebuild/install as described in the previous section> 505 <maybe install compatibility libraries from src/lib/compat> 506 <reboot> 507 508 509 To upgrade in-place from 5.x-stable to current 510 ---------------------------------------------- 511 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 512 make buildworld [9] 513 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE [8] 514 [1] 515 <reboot in single user> [3] 516 mergemaster -p [5] 517 make installworld 518 make delete-old 519 mergemaster -i [4] 520 <reboot> 521 522 Make sure that you've read the UPDATING file to understand the 523 tweaks to various things you need. At this point in the life 524 cycle of current, things change often and you are on your own 525 to cope. The defaults can also change, so please read ALL of 526 the UPDATING entries. 527 528 Also, if you are tracking -current, you must be subscribed to 529 freebsd-current@freebsd.org. Make sure that before you update 530 your sources that you have read and understood all the recent 531 messages there. If in doubt, please track -stable which has 532 much fewer pitfalls. 533 534 [1] If you have third party modules, such as vmware, you 535 should disable them at this point so they don't crash your 536 system on reboot. 537 538 [3] From the bootblocks, boot -s, and then do 539 fsck -p 540 mount -u / 541 mount -a 542 cd src 543 adjkerntz -i # if CMOS is wall time 544 Also, when doing a major release upgrade, it is required that 545 you boot into single user mode to do the installworld. 546 547 [4] Note: This step is non-optional. Failure to do this step 548 can result in a significant reduction in the functionality of the 549 system. Attempting to do it by hand is not recommended and those 550 that pursue this avenue should read this file carefully, as well 551 as the archives of freebsd-current and freebsd-hackers mailing lists 552 for potential gotchas. 553 554 [5] Usually this step is a noop. However, from time to time 555 you may need to do this if you get unknown user in the following 556 step. It never hurts to do it all the time. You may need to 557 install a new mergemaster (cd src/usr.sbin/mergemaster && make 558 install) after the buildworld before this step if you last updated 559 from current before 20020224 or from -stable before 20020408. 560 561 [8] In order to have a kernel that can run the 4.x binaries 562 needed to do an installworld, you must include the COMPAT_FREEBSD4 563 option in your kernel. Failure to do so may leave you with a system 564 that is hard to boot to recover. A similar kernel option COMPAT_FREEBSD5 565 is required to run the 5.x binaries on more recent kernels. 566 567 Make sure that you merge any new devices from GENERIC since the 568 last time you updated your kernel config file. 569 570 [9] When checking out sources, you must include the -P flag to have 571 cvs prune empty directories. 572 573 If CPUTYPE is defined in your /etc/make.conf, make sure to use the 574 "?=" instead of the "=" assignment operator, so that buildworld can 575 override the CPUTYPE if it needs to. 576 577 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX must be defined in an environment variable, and 578 not on the command line, or in /etc/make.conf. buildworld will 579 warn if it is improperly defined. 580FORMAT: 581 582This file contains a list, in reverse chronological order, of major 583breakages in tracking -current. Not all things will be listed here, 584and it only starts on October 16, 2004. Updating files can found in 585previous releases if your system is older than this. 586 587Copyright information: 588 589Copyright 1998-2005 M. Warner Losh. All Rights Reserved. 590 591Redistribution, publication, translation and use, with or without 592modification, in full or in part, in any form or format of this 593document are permitted without further permission from the author. 594 595THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED BY WARNER LOSH ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR 596IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 597WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE 598DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WARNER LOSH BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, 599INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES 600(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR 601SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 602HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, 603STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING 604IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 605POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 606 607If you find this document useful, and you want to, you may buy the 608author a beer. 609 610Contact Warner Losh if you have any questions about your use of 611this document. 612 613$FreeBSD$ 614