1Updating Information for FreeBSD current users 2 3This file is maintained and copyrighted by M. Warner Losh 4<imp@village.org>. See end of file for further details. For commonly 5done items, please see the COMMON ITEMS: section later in the file. 6 7Items affecting the ports and packages system can be found in 8/usr/ports/UPDATING. Please read that file before running 9portupgrade. 10 11NOTE TO PEOPLE WHO THINK THAT FreeBSD 8.x IS SLOW: 12 FreeBSD 8.x has many debugging features turned on, in 13 both the kernel and userland. These features attempt to detect 14 incorrect use of system primitives, and encourage loud failure 15 through extra sanity checking and fail stop semantics. They 16 also substantially impact system performance. If you want to 17 do performance measurement, benchmarking, and optimization, 18 you'll want to turn them off. This includes various WITNESS- 19 related kernel options, INVARIANTS, malloc debugging flags 20 in userland, and various verbose features in the kernel. Many 21 developers choose to disable these features on build machines 22 to maximize performance. (To disable malloc debugging, run 23 ln -s aj /etc/malloc.conf.) 24 2520090119: 26 NTFS has been removed from GENERIC kernel on amd64 to match 27 GENERIC on i386. Should not cause any issues since mount_ntfs(8) 28 will load ntfs.ko module automatically when NTFS support is 29 actually needed, unless ntfs.ko is not installed or security 30 level prohibits loading kernel modules. If either is the case, 31 "options NTFS" has to be added into kernel config. 32 3320090115: 34 TCP Appropriate Byte Counting (RFC 3465) support added to kernel. 35 New field in struct tcpcb breaks ABI, so bump __FreeBSD_version to 36 800061. User space tools that rely on the size of struct tcpcb in 37 tcp_var.h (e.g. sockstat) need to be recompiled. 38 3920081225: 40 ng_tty(4) module updated to match the new TTY subsystem. 41 Due to API change, user-level applications must be updated. 42 New API support added to mpd5 CVS and expected to be present 43 in next mpd5.3 release. 44 4520081219: 46 With __FreeBSD_version 800060 the makefs tool is part of 47 the base system (it was a port). 48 4920081216: 50 The afdata and ifnet locks have been changed from mutexes to 51 rwlocks, network modules will need to be re-compiled. 52 5320081214: 54 __FreeBSD_version 800059 incorporates the new arp-v2 rewrite. 55 RTF_CLONING, RTF_LLINFO and RTF_WASCLONED flags are eliminated. 56 The new code reduced struct rtentry{} by 16 bytes on 32-bit 57 architecture and 40 bytes on 64-bit architecture. The userland 58 applications "arp" and "ndp" have been updated accordingly. 59 The output from "netstat -r" shows only routing entries and 60 none of the L2 information. 61 6220081130: 63 __FreeBSD_version 800057 marks the switchover from the 64 binary ath hal to source code. Users must add the line: 65 66 options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 67 68 to their kernel config files when specifying: 69 70 device ath_hal 71 72 The ath_hal module no longer exists; the code is now compiled 73 together with the driver in the ath module. It is now 74 possible to tailor chip support (i.e. reduce the set of chips 75 and thereby the code size); consult ath_hal(4) for details. 76 7720081121: 78 __FreeBSD_version 800054 adds memory barriers to 79 <machine/atomic.h>, new interfaces to ifnet to facilitate 80 multiple hardware transmit queues for cards that support 81 them, and a lock-less ring-buffer implementation to 82 enable drivers to more efficiently manage queueing of 83 packets. 84 8520081117: 86 A new version of ZFS (version 13) has been merged to -HEAD. 87 This version has zpool attribute "listsnapshots" off by 88 default, which means "zfs list" does not show snapshots, 89 and is the same as Solaris behavior. 90 9120081028: 92 dummynet(4) ABI has changed. ipfw(8) needs to be recompiled. 93 9420081009: 95 The uhci, ohci, ehci and slhci USB Host controller drivers have 96 been put into separate modules. If you load the usb module 97 separately through loader.conf you will need to load the 98 appropriate *hci module as well. E.g. for a UHCI-based USB 2.0 99 controller add the following to loader.conf: 100 101 uhci_load="YES" 102 ehci_load="YES" 103 10420081009: 105 The ABI used by the PMC toolset has changed. Please keep 106 userland (libpmc(3)) and the kernel module (hwpmc(4)) in 107 sync. 108 10920080820: 110 The TTY subsystem of the kernel has been replaced by a new 111 implementation, which provides better scalability and an 112 improved driver model. Most common drivers have been migrated to 113 the new TTY subsystem, while others have not. The following 114 drivers have not yet been ported to the new TTY layer: 115 116 PCI/ISA: 117 cy, digi, rc, rp, sio 118 119 USB: 120 ubser, ucycom 121 122 Line disciplines: 123 ng_h4, ng_tty, ppp, sl, snp 124 125 Adding these drivers to your kernel configuration file shall 126 cause compilation to fail. 127 12820080818: 129 ntpd has been upgraded to 4.2.4p5. 130 13120080801: 132 OpenSSH has been upgraded to 5.1p1. 133 134 For many years, FreeBSD's version of OpenSSH preferred DSA 135 over RSA for host and user authentication keys. With this 136 upgrade, we've switched to the vendor's default of RSA over 137 DSA. This may cause upgraded clients to warn about unknown 138 host keys even for previously known hosts. Users should 139 follow the usual procedure for verifying host keys before 140 accepting the RSA key. 141 142 This can be circumvented by setting the "HostKeyAlgorithms" 143 option to "ssh-dss,ssh-rsa" in ~/.ssh/config or on the ssh 144 command line. 145 146 Please note that the sequence of keys offered for 147 authentication has been changed as well. You may want to 148 specify IdentityFile in a different order to revert this 149 behavior. 150 15120080713: 152 The sio(4) driver has been removed from the i386 and amd64 153 kernel configuration files. This means uart(4) is now the 154 default serial port driver on those platforms as well. 155 156 To prevent collisions with the sio(4) driver, the uart(4) driver 157 uses different names for its device nodes. This means the 158 onboard serial port will now most likely be called "ttyu0" 159 instead of "ttyd0". You may need to reconfigure applications to 160 use the new device names. 161 162 When using the serial port as a boot console, be sure to update 163 /boot/device.hints and /etc/ttys before booting the new kernel. 164 If you forget to do so, you can still manually specify the hints 165 at the loader prompt: 166 167 set hint.uart.0.at="isa" 168 set hint.uart.0.port="0x3F8" 169 set hint.uart.0.flags="0x10" 170 set hint.uart.0.irq="4" 171 boot -s 172 17320080609: 174 The gpt(8) utility has been removed. Use gpart(8) to partition 175 disks instead. 176 17720080603: 178 The version that Linuxulator emulates was changed from 2.4.2 179 to 2.6.16. If you experience any problems with Linux binaries 180 please try to set sysctl compat.linux.osrelease to 2.4.2 and 181 if it fixes the problem contact emulation mailing list. 182 18320080525: 184 ISDN4BSD (I4B) was removed from the src tree. You may need to 185 update a your kernel configuration and remove relevant entries. 186 18720080509: 188 I have checked in code to support multiple routing tables. 189 See the man pages setfib(1) and setfib(2). 190 This is a hopefully backwards compatible version, 191 but to make use of it you need to compile your kernel 192 with options ROUTETABLES=2 (or more up to 16). 193 19420080420: 195 The 802.11 wireless support was redone to enable multi-bss 196 operation on devices that are capable. The underlying device 197 is no longer used directly but instead wlanX devices are 198 cloned with ifconfig. This requires changes to rc.conf files. 199 For example, change: 200 ifconfig_ath0="WPA DHCP" 201 to 202 wlans_ath0=wlan0 203 ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP" 204 see rc.conf(5) for more details. In addition, mergemaster of 205 /etc/rc.d is highly recommended. Simultaneous update of userland 206 and kernel wouldn't hurt either. 207 208 As part of the multi-bss changes the wlan_scan_ap and wlan_scan_sta 209 modules were merged into the base wlan module. All references 210 to these modules (e.g. in kernel config files) must be removed. 211 21220080408: 213 psm(4) has gained write(2) support in native operation level. 214 Arbitrary commands can be written to /dev/psm%d and status can 215 be read back from it. Therefore, an application is responsible 216 for status validation and error recovery. It is a no-op in 217 other operation levels. 218 21920080312: 220 Support for KSE threading has been removed from the kernel. To 221 run legacy applications linked against KSE libmap.conf may 222 be used. The following libmap.conf may be used to ensure 223 compatibility with any prior release: 224 225 libpthread.so.1 libthr.so.1 226 libpthread.so.2 libthr.so.2 227 libkse.so.3 libthr.so.3 228 22920080301: 230 The layout of struct vmspace has changed. This affects libkvm 231 and any executables that link against libkvm and use the 232 kvm_getprocs() function. In particular, but not exclusively, 233 it affects ps(1), fstat(1), pkill(1), systat(1), top(1) and w(1). 234 The effects are minimal, but it's advisable to upgrade world 235 nonetheless. 236 23720080229: 238 The latest em driver no longer has support in it for the 239 82575 adapter, this is now moved to the igb driver. The 240 split was done to make new features that are incompatible 241 with older hardware easier to do. 242 24320080220: 244 The new geom_lvm(4) geom class has been renamed to geom_linux_lvm(4), 245 likewise the kernel option is now GEOM_LINUX_LVM. 246 24720080211: 248 The default NFS mount mode has changed from UDP to TCP for 249 increased reliability. If you rely on (insecurely) NFS 250 mounting across a firewall you may need to update your 251 firewall rules. 252 25320080208: 254 Belatedly note the addition of m_collapse for compacting 255 mbuf chains. 256 25720080126: 258 The fts(3) structures have been changed to use adequate 259 integer types for their members and so to be able to cope 260 with huge file trees. The old fts(3) ABI is preserved 261 through symbol versioning in libc, so third-party binaries 262 using fts(3) should still work, although they will not take 263 advantage of the extended types. At the same time, some 264 third-party software might fail to build after this change 265 due to unportable assumptions made in its source code about 266 fts(3) structure members. Such software should be fixed 267 by its vendor or, in the worst case, in the ports tree. 268 FreeBSD_version 800015 marks this change for the unlikely 269 case that a portable fix is impossible. 270 27120080123: 272 To upgrade to -current after this date, you must be running 273 FreeBSD not older than 6.0-RELEASE. Upgrading to -current 274 from 5.x now requires a stop over at RELENG_6 or RELENG_7 systems. 275 27620071128: 277 The ADAPTIVE_GIANT kernel option has been retired because its 278 functionality is the default now. 279 28020071118: 281 The AT keyboard emulation of sunkbd(4) has been turned on 282 by default. In order to make the special symbols of the Sun 283 keyboards driven by sunkbd(4) work under X these now have 284 to be configured the same way as Sun USB keyboards driven 285 by ukbd(4) (which also does AT keyboard emulation), f.e.: 286 287 Option "XkbLayout" "us" 288 Option "XkbRules" "xorg" 289 Option "XkbSymbols" "pc(pc105)+sun_vndr/usb(sun_usb)+us" 290 29120071024: 292 It has been decided that it is desirable to provide ABI 293 backwards compatibility to the FreeBSD 4/5/6 versions of the 294 PCIOCGETCONF, PCIOCREAD and PCIOCWRITE IOCTLs, which was 295 broken with the introduction of PCI domain support (see the 296 20070930 entry). Unfortunately, this required the ABI of 297 PCIOCGETCONF to be broken again in order to be able to 298 provide backwards compatibility to the old version of that 299 IOCTL. Thus consumers of PCIOCGETCONF have to be recompiled 300 again. As for prominent ports this affects neither pciutils 301 nor xorg-server this time, the hal port needs to be rebuilt 302 however. 303 30420071020: 305 The misnamed kthread_create() and friends have been renamed 306 to kproc_create() etc. Many of the callers already 307 used kproc_start().. 308 I will return kthread_create() and friends in a while 309 with implementations that actually create threads, not procs. 310 Renaming corresponds with version 800002. 311 31220071010: 313 RELENG_7 branched. 314 31520071009: 316 Setting WITHOUT_LIBPTHREAD now means WITHOUT_LIBKSE and 317 WITHOUT_LIBTHR are set. 318 31920070930: 320 The PCI code has been made aware of PCI domains. This means that 321 the location strings as used by pciconf(8) etc are now in the 322 following format: pci<domain>:<bus>:<device>[:<function>]. It 323 also means that consumers of <sys/pciio.h> potentially need to 324 be recompiled; this includes the hal and xorg-server ports. 325 32620070928: 327 The caching daemon (cached) was renamed to nscd. nscd.conf 328 configuration file should be used instead of cached.conf and 329 nscd_enable, nscd_pidfile and nscd_flags options should be used 330 instead of cached_enable, cached_pidfile and cached_flags in 331 rc.conf. 332 33320070921: 334 The getfacl(1) utility now prints owning user and group name 335 instead of owning uid and gid in the three line comment header. 336 This is the same behavior as getfacl(1) on Solaris and Linux. 337 33820070704: 339 The new IPsec code is now compiled in using the IPSEC option. The 340 IPSEC option now requires "device crypto" be defined in your kernel 341 configuration. The FAST_IPSEC kernel option is now deprecated. 342 34320070702: 344 The packet filter (pf) code has been updated to OpenBSD 4.1 Please 345 note the changed syntax - keep state is now on by default. Also 346 note the fact that ftp-proxy(8) has been changed from bottom up and 347 has been moved from libexec to usr/sbin. Changes in the ALTQ 348 handling also affect users of IPFW's ALTQ capabilities. 349 35020070701: 351 Remove KAME IPsec in favor of FAST_IPSEC, which is now the 352 only IPsec supported by FreeBSD. The new IPsec stack 353 supports both IPv4 and IPv6. The kernel option will change 354 after the code changes have settled in. For now the kernel 355 option IPSEC is deprecated and FAST_IPSEC is the only option, that 356 will change after some settling time. 357 35820070701: 359 The wicontrol(8) utility has been removed from the base system. wi(4) 360 cards should be configured using ifconfig(8), see the man page for more 361 information. 362 36320070612: 364 The i386/amd64 GENERIC kernel now defaults to the nfe(4) driver 365 instead of the nve(4) driver. Please update your configuration 366 accordingly. 367 36820070612: 369 By default, /etc/rc.d/sendmail no longer rebuilds the aliases 370 database if it is missing or older than the aliases file. If 371 desired, set the new rc.conf option sendmail_rebuild_aliases 372 to "YES" to restore that functionality. 373 37420070612: 375 The IPv4 multicast socket code has been considerably modified, and 376 moved to the file sys/netinet/in_mcast.c. Initial support for the 377 RFC 3678 Source-Specific Multicast Socket API has been added to 378 the IPv4 network stack. 379 380 Strict multicast and broadcast reception is now the default for 381 UDP/IPv4 sockets; the net.inet.udp.strict_mcast_mship sysctl variable 382 has now been removed. 383 384 The RFC 1724 hack for interface selection has been removed; the use 385 of the Linux-derived ip_mreqn structure with IP_MULTICAST_IF has 386 been added to replace it. Consumers such as routed will soon be 387 updated to reflect this. 388 389 These changes affect users who are running routed(8) or rdisc(8) 390 from the FreeBSD base system on point-to-point or unnumbered 391 interfaces. 392 39320070610: 394 The net80211 layer has changed significantly and all wireless 395 drivers that depend on it need to be recompiled. Further these 396 changes require that any program that interacts with the wireless 397 support in the kernel be recompiled; this includes: ifconfig, 398 wpa_supplicant, hostapd, and wlanstats. Users must also, for 399 the moment, kldload the wlan_scan_sta and/or wlan_scan_ap modules 400 if they use modules for wireless support. These modules implement 401 scanning support for station and ap modes, respectively. Failure 402 to load the appropriate module before marking a wireless interface 403 up will result in a message to the console and the device not 404 operating properly. 405 40620070610: 407 The pam_nologin(8) module ceases to provide an authentication 408 function and starts providing an account management function. 409 Consequent changes to /etc/pam.d should be brought in using 410 mergemaster(8). Third-party files in /usr/local/etc/pam.d may 411 need manual editing as follows. Locate this line (or similar): 412 413 auth required pam_nologin.so no_warn 414 415 and change it according to this example: 416 417 account required pam_nologin.so no_warn 418 419 That is, the first word needs to be changed from "auth" to 420 "account". The new line can be moved to the account section 421 within the file for clarity. Not updating pam.conf(5) files 422 will result in nologin(5) ignored by the respective services. 423 42420070529: 425 The ether_ioctl() function has been synchronized with ioctl(2) 426 and ifnet.if_ioctl. Due to that, the size of one of its arguments 427 has changed on 64-bit architectures. All kernel modules using 428 ether_ioctl() need to be rebuilt on such architectures. 429 43020070516: 431 Improved INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE support has been introduced to the 432 config(8) utility. In order to take advantage of this new 433 functionality, you are expected to recompile and install 434 src/usr.sbin/config. If you don't rebuild config(8), and your 435 kernel configuration depends on INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE, the kernel 436 build will be broken because of a missing "kernconfstring" 437 symbol. 438 43920070513: 440 Symbol versioning is enabled by default. To disable it, use 441 option WITHOUT_SYMVER. It is not advisable to attempt to 442 disable symbol versioning once it is enabled; your installworld 443 will break because a symbol version-less libc will get installed 444 before the install tools. As a result, the old install tools, 445 which previously had symbol dependencies to FBSD_1.0, will fail 446 because the freshly installed libc will not have them. 447 448 The default threading library (providing "libpthread") has been 449 changed to libthr. If you wish to have libkse as your default, 450 use option DEFAULT_THREAD_LIB=libkse for the buildworld. 451 45220070423: 453 The ABI breakage in sendmail(8)'s libmilter has been repaired 454 so it is no longer necessary to recompile mail filters (aka, 455 milters). If you recompiled mail filters after the 20070408 456 note, it is not necessary to recompile them again. 457 45820070417: 459 The new trunk(4) driver has been renamed to lagg(4) as it better 460 reflects its purpose. ifconfig will need to be recompiled. 461 46220070408: 463 sendmail(8) has been updated to version 8.14.1. Mail filters 464 (aka, milters) compiled against the libmilter included in the 465 base operating system should be recompiled. 466 46720070302: 468 Firmwares for ipw(4) and iwi(4) are now included in the base tree. 469 In order to use them one must agree to the respective LICENSE in 470 share/doc/legal and define legal.intel_<name>.license_ack=1 via 471 loader.conf(5) or kenv(1). Make sure to deinstall the now 472 deprecated modules from the respective firmware ports. 473 47420070228: 475 The name resolution/mapping functions addr2ascii(3) and ascii2addr(3) 476 were removed from FreeBSD's libc. These originally came from INRIA 477 IPv6. Nothing in FreeBSD ever used them. They may be regarded as 478 deprecated in previous releases. 479 The AF_LINK support for getnameinfo(3) was merged from NetBSD to 480 replace it as a more portable (and re-entrant) API. 481 48220070224: 483 To support interrupt filtering a modification to the newbus API 484 has occurred, ABI was broken and __FreeBSD_version was bumped 485 to 700031. Please make sure that your kernel and modules are in 486 sync. For more info: 487 http://docs.freebsd.org/cgi/mid.cgi?20070221233124.GA13941 488 48920070224: 490 The IPv6 multicast forwarding code may now be loaded into GENERIC 491 kernels by loading the ip_mroute.ko module. This is built into the 492 module unless WITHOUT_INET6 or WITHOUT_INET6_SUPPORT options are 493 set; see src.conf(5) for more information. 494 49520070214: 496 The output of netstat -r has changed. Without -n, we now only 497 print a "network name" without the prefix length if the network 498 address and mask exactly match a Class A/B/C network, and an entry 499 exists in the nsswitch "networks" map. 500 With -n, we print the full unabbreviated CIDR network prefix in 501 the form "a.b.c.d/p". 0.0.0.0/0 is always printed as "default". 502 This change is in preparation for changes such as equal-cost 503 multipath, and to more generally assist operational deployment 504 of FreeBSD as a modern IPv4 router. 505 50620070210: 507 PIM has been turned on by default in the IPv4 multicast 508 routing code. The kernel option 'PIM' has now been removed. 509 PIM is now built by default if option 'MROUTING' is specified. 510 It may now be loaded into GENERIC kernels by loading the 511 ip_mroute.ko module. 512 51320070207: 514 Support for IPIP tunnels (VIFF_TUNNEL) in IPv4 multicast routing 515 has been removed. Its functionality may be achieved by explicitly 516 configuring gif(4) interfaces and using the 'phyint' keyword in 517 mrouted.conf. 518 XORP does not support source-routed IPv4 multicast tunnels nor the 519 integrated IPIP tunneling, therefore it is not affected by this 520 change. The __FreeBSD_version macro has been bumped to 700030. 521 52220061221: 523 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been 524 re-enabled in the bge driver, only for those chips which are 525 believed to support it properly. If there are any problems, 526 MSI can be disabled completely by setting the 527 'hw.pci.enable_msi' and 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 528 in the loader. 529 53020061214: 531 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been 532 disabled again in the bge driver. Many revisions of the 533 hardware fail to support it properly. Support can be 534 re-enabled by removing the #define of BGE_DISABLE_MSI in 535 "src/sys/dev/bge/if_bge.c". 536 53720061214: 538 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been added 539 to the bge driver. If there are any problems, MSI can be 540 disabled completely by setting the 'hw.pci.enable_msi' and 541 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 in the loader. 542 54320061205: 544 The removal of several facets of the experimental Threading 545 system from the kernel means that the proc and thread structures 546 have changed quite a bit. I suggest all kernel modules that might 547 reference these structures be recompiled.. Especially the 548 linux module. 549 55020061126: 551 Sound infrastructure has been updated with various fixes and 552 improvements. Most of the changes are pretty much transparent, 553 with exceptions of followings: 554 1) All sound driver specific sysctls (hw.snd.pcm%d.*) have been 555 moved to their own dev sysctl nodes, for example: 556 hw.snd.pcm0.vchans -> dev.pcm.0.vchans 557 2) /dev/dspr%d.%d has been deprecated. Each channel now has its 558 own chardev in the form of "dsp%d.<function>%d", where <function> 559 is p = playback, r = record and v = virtual, respectively. Users 560 are encouraged to use these devs instead of (old) "/dev/dsp%d.%d". 561 This does not affect those who are using "/dev/dsp". 562 56320061122: 564 geom(4)'s gmirror(8) class metadata structure has been 565 rev'd from v3 to v4. If you update across this point and 566 your metadata is converted for you, you will not be easily 567 able to downgrade since the /boot/kernel.old/geom_mirror.ko 568 kernel module will be unable to read the v4 metadata. You 569 can resolve this by doing from the loader(8) prompt: 570 571 set vfs.root.mountfrom="ufs:/dev/XXX" 572 573 where XXX is the root slice of one of the disks that composed 574 the mirror (i.e.: /dev/ad0s1a). You can then rebuild 575 the array the same way you built it originally. 576 57720061122: 578 The following binaries have been disconnected from the build: 579 mount_devfs, mount_ext2fs, mount_fdescfs, mount_procfs, mount_linprocfs, 580 and mount_std. The functionality of these programs has been 581 moved into the mount program. For example, to mount a devfs 582 filesystem, instead of using mount_devfs, use: "mount -t devfs". 583 This does not affect entries in /etc/fstab, since entries in 584 /etc/fstab are always processed with "mount -t fstype". 585 58620061113: 587 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts on i386 and amd64 588 has been added to the kernel and various drivers will soon be 589 updated to use MSI when it is available. If there are any problems, 590 MSI can be disabled completely by setting the 'hw.pci.enable_msi' 591 and 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 in the loader. 592 59320061110: 594 The MUTEX_PROFILING option has been renamed to LOCK_PROFILING. 595 The lockmgr object layout has been changed as a result of having 596 a lock_object embedded in it. As a consequence all file system 597 kernel modules must be re-compiled. The mutex profiling man page 598 has not yet been updated to reflect this change. 599 60020061026: 601 KSE in the kernel has now been made optional and turned on by 602 default. Use 'nooption KSE' in your kernel config to turn it 603 off. All kernel modules *must* be recompiled after this change. 604 There-after, modules from a KSE kernel should be compatible with 605 modules from a NOKSE kernel due to the temporary padding fields 606 added to 'struct proc'. 607 60820060929: 609 mrouted and its utilities have been removed from the base system. 610 61120060927: 612 Some ioctl(2) command codes have changed. Full backward ABI 613 compatibility is provided if the "options COMPAT_FREEBSD6" is 614 present in the kernel configuration file. Make sure to add 615 this option to your kernel config file, or recompile X.Org 616 and the rest of ports; otherwise they may refuse to work. 617 61820060924: 619 tcpslice has been removed from the base system. 620 62120060913: 622 The sizes of struct tcpcb (and struct xtcpcb) have changed due to 623 the rewrite of TCP syncookies. Tools like netstat, sockstat, and 624 systat needs to be rebuilt. 625 62620060903: 627 libpcap updated to v0.9.4 and tcpdump to v3.9.4 628 62920060816: 630 The IPFIREWALL_FORWARD_EXTENDED option is gone and the behaviour 631 for IPFIREWALL_FORWARD is now as it was before when it was first 632 committed and for years after. The behaviour is now ON. 633 63420060725: 635 enigma(1)/crypt(1) utility has been changed on 64 bit architectures. 636 Now it can decrypt files created from different architectures. 637 Unfortunately, it is no longer able to decrypt a cipher text 638 generated with an older version on 64 bit architectures. 639 If you have such a file, you need old utility to decrypt it. 640 64120060709: 642 The interface version of the i4b kernel part has changed. So 643 after updating the kernel sources and compiling a new kernel, 644 the i4b user space tools in "/usr/src/usr.sbin/i4b" must also 645 be rebuilt, and vice versa. 646 64720060627: 648 The XBOX kernel now defaults to the nfe(4) driver instead of 649 the nve(4) driver. Please update your configuration 650 accordingly. 651 65220060514: 653 The i386-only lnc(4) driver for the AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx 654 PCnet family of NICs has been removed. The new le(4) driver serves 655 as an equivalent but cross-platform replacement with the pcn(4) 656 driver still providing performance-optimized support for the subset 657 of AMD Am79C971 PCnet-FAST and greater chips as before. 658 65920060511: 660 The machdep.* sysctls and the adjkerntz utility have been 661 modified a bit. The new adjkerntz utility uses the new 662 sysctl names and sysctlbyname() calls, so it may be impossible 663 to run an old /sbin/adjkerntz utility in single-user mode 664 with a new kernel. Replace the `adjkerntz -i' step before 665 `make installworld' with: 666 667 /usr/obj/usr/src/sbin/adjkerntz/adjkerntz -i 668 669 and proceed as usual with the rest of the installworld-stage 670 steps. Otherwise, you risk installing binaries with their 671 timestamp set several hours in the future, especially if 672 you are running with local time set to GMT+X hours. 673 67420060412: 675 The ip6fw utility has been removed. The behavior provided by 676 ip6fw has been in ipfw2 for a good while and the rc.d scripts 677 have been updated to deal with it. There are some rules that 678 might not migrate cleanly. Use rc.firewall6 as a template to 679 rewrite rules. 680 68120060428: 682 The puc(4) driver has been overhauled. The ebus(4) and sbus(4) 683 attachments have been removed. Make sure to configure scc(4) 684 on sparc64. Note also that by default puc(4) will use uart(4) 685 and not sio(4) for serial ports because interrupt handling has 686 been optimized for multi-port serial cards and only uart(4) 687 implements the interface to support it. 688 68920060330: 690 The scc(4) driver replaces puc(4) for Serial Communications 691 Controllers (SCCs) like the Siemens SAB82532 and the Zilog 692 Z8530. On sparc64, it is advised to add scc(4) to the kernel 693 configuration to make sure that the serial ports remain 694 functional. 695 69620060317: 697 Most world/kernel related NO_* build options changed names. 698 New knobs have common prefixes WITHOUT_*/WITH_* (modelled 699 after FreeBSD ports) and should be set in /etc/src.conf 700 (the src.conf(5) manpage is provided). Full backwards 701 compatibility is maintained for the time being though it's 702 highly recommended to start moving old options out of the 703 system-wide /etc/make.conf file into the new /etc/src.conf 704 while also properly renaming them. More conversions will 705 likely follow. Posting to current@: 706 707 http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/2006-March/061725.html 708 70920060305: 710 The NETSMBCRYPTO kernel option has been retired because its 711 functionality is always included in NETSMB and smbfs.ko now. 712 71320060303: 714 The TDFX_LINUX kernel option was retired and replaced by the 715 tdfx_linux device. The latter can be loaded as the 3dfx_linux.ko 716 kernel module. Loading it alone should suffice to get 3dfx support 717 for Linux apps because it will pull in 3dfx.ko and linux.ko through 718 its dependencies. 719 72020060204: 721 The 'audit' group was added to support the new auditing functionality 722 in the base system. Be sure to follow the directions for updating, 723 including the requirement to run mergemaster -p. 724 72520060201: 726 The kernel ABI to file system modules was changed on i386. 727 Please make sure that your kernel and modules are in sync. 728 72920060118: 730 This actually occured some time ago, but installing the kernel 731 now also installs a bunch of symbol files for the kernel modules. 732 This increases the size of /boot/kernel to about 67Mbytes. You 733 will need twice this if you will eventually back this up to kernel.old 734 on your next install. 735 If you have a shortage of room in your root partition, you should add 736 -DINSTALL_NODEBUG to your make arguments or add INSTALL_NODEBUG="yes" 737 to your /etc/make.conf. 738 73920060113: 740 libc's malloc implementation has been replaced. This change has the 741 potential to uncover application bugs that previously went unnoticed. 742 See the malloc(3) manual page for more details. 743 74420060112: 745 The generic netgraph(4) cookie has been changed. If you upgrade 746 kernel passing this point, you also need to upgrade userland 747 and netgraph(4) utilities like ports/net/mpd or ports/net/mpd4. 748 74920060106: 750 si(4)'s device files now contain the unit number. 751 Uses of {cua,tty}A[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}A0[0-9a-f]. 752 75320060106: 754 The kernel ABI was mostly destroyed due to a change in the size 755 of struct lock_object which is nested in other structures such 756 as mutexes which are nested in all sorts of other structures. 757 Make sure your kernel and modules are in sync. 758 75920051231: 760 The page coloring algorithm in the VM subsystem was converted 761 from tuning with kernel options to autotuning. Please remove 762 any PQ_* option except PQ_NOOPT from your kernel config. 763 76420051211: 765 The net80211-related tools in the tools/tools/ath directory 766 have been moved to tools/tools/net80211 and renamed with a 767 "wlan" prefix. Scripts that use them should be adjusted 768 accordingly. 769 77020051202: 771 Scripts in the local_startup directories (as defined in 772 /etc/defaults/rc.conf) that have the new rc.d semantics will 773 now be run as part of the base system rcorder. If there are 774 errors or problems with one of these local scripts, it could 775 cause boot problems. If you encounter such problems, boot in 776 single user mode, remove that script from the */rc.d directory. 777 Please report the problem to the port's maintainer, and the 778 freebsd-ports@freebsd.org mailing list. 779 78020051129: 781 The nodev mount option was deprecated in RELENG_6 (where it 782 was a no-op), and is now unsupported. If you have nodev or dev listed 783 in /etc/fstab, remove it, otherwise it will result in a mount error. 784 78520051129: 786 ABI between ipfw(4) and ipfw(8) has been changed. You need 787 to rebuild ipfw(8) when rebuilding kernel. 788 78920051108: 790 rp(4)'s device files now contain the unit number. 791 Uses of {cua,tty}R[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}R0[0-9a-f]. 792 79320051029: 794 /etc/rc.d/ppp-user has been renamed to /etc/rc.d/ppp. 795 Its /etc/rc.conf.d configuration file has been `ppp' from 796 the beginning, and hence there is no need to touch it. 797 79820051014: 799 Now most modules get their build-time options from the kernel 800 configuration file. A few modules still have fixed options 801 due to their non-conformant implementation, but they will be 802 corrected eventually. You may need to review the options of 803 the modules in use, explicitly specify the non-default options 804 in the kernel configuration file, and rebuild the kernel and 805 modules afterwards. 806 80720051001: 808 kern.polling.enable sysctl MIB is now deprecated. Use ifconfig(8) 809 to turn polling(4) on your interfaces. 810 81120050927: 812 The old bridge(4) implementation was retired. The new 813 if_bridge(4) serves as a full functional replacement. 814 81520050722: 816 The ai_addrlen of a struct addrinfo was changed to a socklen_t 817 to conform to POSIX-2001. This change broke an ABI 818 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. You have to recompile 819 userland programs that use getaddrinfo(3) on 64 bit 820 architecture. 821 82220050711: 823 RELENG_6 branched here. 824 82520050629: 826 The pccard_ifconfig rc.conf variable has been removed and a new 827 variable, ifconfig_DEFAULT has been introduced. Unlike 828 pccard_ifconfig, ifconfig_DEFAULT applies to ALL interfaces that 829 do not have ifconfig_ifn entries rather than just those in 830 removable_interfaces. 831 83220050616: 833 Some previous versions of PAM have permitted the use of 834 non-absolute paths in /etc/pam.conf or /etc/pam.d/* when referring 835 to third party PAM modules in /usr/local/lib. A change has been 836 made to require the use of absolute paths in order to avoid 837 ambiguity and dependence on library path configuration, which may 838 affect existing configurations. 839 84020050610: 841 Major changes to network interface API. All drivers must be 842 recompiled. Drivers not in the base system will need to be 843 updated to the new APIs. 844 84520050609: 846 Changes were made to kinfo_proc in sys/user.h. Please recompile 847 userland, or commands like `fstat', `pkill', `ps', `top' and `w' 848 will not behave correctly. 849 850 The API and ABI for hwpmc(4) have changed with the addition 851 of sampling support. Please recompile lib/libpmc(3) and 852 usr.sbin/{pmcstat,pmccontrol}. 853 85420050606: 855 The OpenBSD dhclient was imported in place of the ISC dhclient 856 and the network interface configuration scripts were updated 857 accordingly. If you use DHCP to configure your interfaces, you 858 must now run devd. Also, DNS updating was lost so you will need 859 to find a workaround if you use this feature. 860 861 The '_dhcp' user was added to support the OpenBSD dhclient. Be 862 sure to run mergemaster -p (like you are supposed to do every time 863 anyway). 864 86520050605: 866 if_bridge was added to the tree. This has changed struct ifnet. 867 Please recompile userland and all network related modules. 868 86920050603: 870 The n_net of a struct netent was changed to an uint32_t, and 871 1st argument of getnetbyaddr() was changed to an uint32_t, to 872 conform to POSIX-2001. These changes broke an ABI 873 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. With these changes, 874 shlib major of libpcap was bumped. You have to recompile 875 userland programs that use getnetbyaddr(3), getnetbyname(3), 876 getnetent(3) and/or libpcap on 64 bit architecture. 877 87820050528: 879 Kernel parsing of extra options on '#!' first lines of shell 880 scripts has changed. Lines with multiple options likely will 881 fail after this date. For full details, please see 882 http://people.freebsd.org/~gad/Updating-20050528.txt 883 88420050503: 885 The packet filter (pf) code has been updated to OpenBSD 3.7 886 Please note the changed anchor syntax and the fact that 887 authpf(8) now needs a mounted fdescfs(5) to function. 888 88920050415: 890 The NO_MIXED_MODE kernel option has been removed from the i386 891 amd64 platforms as its use has been superceded by the new local 892 APIC timer code. Any kernel config files containing this option 893 should be updated. 894 89520050227: 896 The on-disk format of LC_CTYPE files was changed to be machine 897 independent. Please make sure NOT to use NO_CLEAN buildworld 898 when crossing this point. Crossing this point also requires 899 recompile or reinstall of all locale depended packages. 900 90120050225: 902 The ifi_epoch member of struct if_data has been changed to 903 contain the uptime at which the interface was created or the 904 statistics zeroed rather then the wall clock time because 905 wallclock time may go backwards. This should have no impact 906 unless an snmp implementation is using this value (I know of 907 none at this point.) 908 90920050224: 910 The acpi_perf and acpi_throttle drivers are now part of the 911 acpi(4) main module. They are no longer built separately. 912 91320050223: 914 The layout of struct image_params has changed. You have to 915 recompile all compatibility modules (linux, svr4, etc) for use 916 with the new kernel. 917 91820050223: 919 The p4tcc driver has been merged into cpufreq(4). This makes 920 "options CPU_ENABLE_TCC" obsolete. Please load cpufreq.ko or 921 compile in "device cpufreq" to restore this functionality. 922 92320050220: 924 The responsibility of recomputing the file system summary of 925 a SoftUpdates-enabled dirty volume has been transferred to the 926 background fsck. A rebuild of fsck(8) utility is recommended 927 if you have updated the kernel. 928 929 To get the old behavior (recompute file system summary at mount 930 time), you can set vfs.ffs.compute_summary_at_mount=1 before 931 mounting the new volume. 932 93320050206: 934 The cpufreq import is complete. As part of this, the sysctls for 935 acpi(4) throttling have been removed. The power_profile script 936 has been updated, so you can use performance/economy_cpu_freq in 937 rc.conf(5) to set AC on/offline cpu frequencies. 938 93920050206: 940 NG_VERSION has been increased. Recompiling kernel (or ng_socket.ko) 941 requires recompiling libnetgraph and userland netgraph utilities. 942 94320050114: 944 Support for abbreviated forms of a number of ipfw options is 945 now deprecated. Warnings are printed to stderr indicating the 946 correct full form when a match occurs. Some abbreviations may 947 be supported at a later date based on user feedback. To be 948 considered for support, abbreviations must be in use prior to 949 this commit and unlikely to be confused with current key words. 950 95120041221: 952 By a popular demand, a lot of NOFOO options were renamed 953 to NO_FOO (see bsd.compat.mk for a full list). The old 954 spellings are still supported, but will cause annoying 955 warnings on stderr. Make sure you upgrade properly (see 956 the COMMON ITEMS: section later in this file). 957 95820041219: 959 Auto-loading of ancillary wlan modules such as wlan_wep has 960 been temporarily disabled; you need to statically configure 961 the modules you need into your kernel or explicitly load them 962 prior to use. Specifically, if you intend to use WEP encryption 963 with an 802.11 device load/configure wlan_wep; if you want to 964 use WPA with the ath driver load/configure wlan_tkip, wlan_ccmp, 965 and wlan_xauth as required. 966 96720041213: 968 The behaviour of ppp(8) has changed slightly. If lqr is enabled 969 (``enable lqr''), older versions would revert to LCP ECHO mode on 970 negotiation failure. Now, ``enable echo'' is required for this 971 behaviour. The ppp version number has been bumped to 3.4.2 to 972 reflect the change. 973 97420041201: 975 The wlan support has been updated to split the crypto support 976 into separate modules. For static WEP you must configure the 977 wlan_wep module in your system or build and install the module 978 in place where it can be loaded (the kernel will auto-load 979 the module when a wep key is configured). 980 98120041201: 982 The ath driver has been updated to split the tx rate control 983 algorithm into a separate module. You need to include either 984 ath_rate_onoe or ath_rate_amrr when configuring the kernel. 985 98620041116: 987 Support for systems with an 80386 CPU has been removed. Please 988 use FreeBSD 5.x or earlier on systems with an 80386. 989 99020041110: 991 We have had a hack which would mount the root filesystem 992 R/W if the device were named 'md*'. As part of the vnode 993 work I'm doing I have had to remove this hack. People 994 building systems which use preloaded MD root filesystems 995 may need to insert a "/sbin/mount -u -o rw /dev/md0 /" in 996 their /etc/rc scripts. 997 99820041104: 999 FreeBSD 5.3 shipped here. 1000 100120041102: 1002 The size of struct tcpcb has changed again due to the removal 1003 of RFC1644 T/TCP. You have to recompile userland programs that 1004 read kmem for tcp sockets directly (netstat, sockstat, etc.) 1005 100620041022: 1007 The size of struct tcpcb has changed. You have to recompile 1008 userland programs that read kmem for tcp sockets directly 1009 (netstat, sockstat, etc.) 1010 101120041016: 1012 RELENG_5 branched here. For older entries, please see updating 1013 in the RELENG_5 branch. 1014 1015COMMON ITEMS: 1016 1017 General Notes 1018 ------------- 1019 Avoid using make -j when upgrading. From time to time in the 1020 past there have been problems using -j with buildworld and/or 1021 installworld. This is especially true when upgrading between 1022 "distant" versions (eg one that cross a major release boundary 1023 or several minor releases, or when several months have passed 1024 on the -current branch). 1025 1026 Sometimes, obscure build problems are the result of environment 1027 poisoning. This can happen because the make utility reads its 1028 environment when searching for values for global variables. 1029 To run your build attempts in an "environmental clean room", 1030 prefix all make commands with 'env -i '. See the env(1) manual 1031 page for more details. 1032 1033 When upgrading from one major version to another it is generally 1034 best to upgrade to the latest code in the currently installed branch 1035 first, then do an upgrade to the new branch. This is the best-tested 1036 upgrade path, and has the highest probability of being successful. 1037 Please try this approach before reporting problems with a major 1038 version upgrade. 1039 1040 To build a kernel 1041 ----------------- 1042 If you are updating from a prior version of FreeBSD (even one just 1043 a few days old), you should follow this procedure. It is the most 1044 failsafe as it uses a /usr/obj tree with a fresh mini-buildworld, 1045 1046 make kernel-toolchain 1047 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1048 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1049 1050 To test a kernel once 1051 --------------------- 1052 If you just want to boot a kernel once (because you are not sure 1053 if it works, or if you want to boot a known bad kernel to provide 1054 debugging information) run 1055 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE KODIR=/boot/testkernel 1056 nextboot -k testkernel 1057 1058 To just build a kernel when you know that it won't mess you up 1059 -------------------------------------------------------------- 1060 This assumes you are already running a 5.X system. Replace 1061 ${arch} with the architecture of your machine (e.g. "i386", 1062 "alpha", "amd64", "ia64", "pc98", "sparc64", etc). 1063 1064 cd src/sys/${arch}/conf 1065 config KERNEL_NAME_HERE 1066 cd ../compile/KERNEL_NAME_HERE 1067 make depend 1068 make 1069 make install 1070 1071 If this fails, go to the "To build a kernel" section. 1072 1073 To rebuild everything and install it on the current system. 1074 ----------------------------------------------------------- 1075 # Note: sometimes if you are running current you gotta do more than 1076 # is listed here if you are upgrading from a really old current. 1077 1078 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 1079 make buildworld 1080 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1081 [1] 1082 <reboot in single user> [3] 1083 mergemaster -p [5] 1084 make installworld 1085 make delete-old 1086 mergemaster [4] 1087 <reboot> 1088 1089 1090 To cross-install current onto a separate partition 1091 -------------------------------------------------- 1092 # In this approach we use a separate partition to hold 1093 # current's root, 'usr', and 'var' directories. A partition 1094 # holding "/", "/usr" and "/var" should be about 2GB in 1095 # size. 1096 1097 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 1098 <boot into -stable> 1099 make buildworld 1100 make buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1101 <maybe newfs current's root partition> 1102 <mount current's root partition on directory ${CURRENT_ROOT}> 1103 make installworld DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} 1104 make distribution DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} # if newfs'd 1105 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} 1106 cp /etc/fstab ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab # if newfs'd 1107 <edit ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab to mount "/" from the correct partition> 1108 <reboot into current> 1109 <do a "native" rebuild/install as described in the previous section> 1110 <maybe install compatibility libraries from ports/misc/compat*> 1111 <reboot> 1112 1113 1114 To upgrade in-place from 5.x-stable to current 1115 ---------------------------------------------- 1116 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 1117 make buildworld [9] 1118 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE [8] 1119 [1] 1120 <reboot in single user> [3] 1121 mergemaster -p [5] 1122 make installworld 1123 make delete-old 1124 mergemaster -i [4] 1125 <reboot> 1126 1127 Make sure that you've read the UPDATING file to understand the 1128 tweaks to various things you need. At this point in the life 1129 cycle of current, things change often and you are on your own 1130 to cope. The defaults can also change, so please read ALL of 1131 the UPDATING entries. 1132 1133 Also, if you are tracking -current, you must be subscribed to 1134 freebsd-current@freebsd.org. Make sure that before you update 1135 your sources that you have read and understood all the recent 1136 messages there. If in doubt, please track -stable which has 1137 much fewer pitfalls. 1138 1139 [1] If you have third party modules, such as vmware, you 1140 should disable them at this point so they don't crash your 1141 system on reboot. 1142 1143 [3] From the bootblocks, boot -s, and then do 1144 fsck -p 1145 mount -u / 1146 mount -a 1147 cd src 1148 adjkerntz -i # if CMOS is wall time 1149 Also, when doing a major release upgrade, it is required that 1150 you boot into single user mode to do the installworld. 1151 1152 [4] Note: This step is non-optional. Failure to do this step 1153 can result in a significant reduction in the functionality of the 1154 system. Attempting to do it by hand is not recommended and those 1155 that pursue this avenue should read this file carefully, as well 1156 as the archives of freebsd-current and freebsd-hackers mailing lists 1157 for potential gotchas. 1158 1159 [5] Usually this step is a noop. However, from time to time 1160 you may need to do this if you get unknown user in the following 1161 step. It never hurts to do it all the time. You may need to 1162 install a new mergemaster (cd src/usr.sbin/mergemaster && make 1163 install) after the buildworld before this step if you last updated 1164 from current before 20020224 or from -stable before 20020408. 1165 1166 [8] In order to have a kernel that can run the 4.x binaries 1167 needed to do an installworld, you must include the COMPAT_FREEBSD4 1168 option in your kernel. Failure to do so may leave you with a system 1169 that is hard to boot to recover. A similar kernel option COMPAT_FREEBSD5 1170 is required to run the 5.x binaries on more recent kernels. 1171 1172 Make sure that you merge any new devices from GENERIC since the 1173 last time you updated your kernel config file. 1174 1175 [9] When checking out sources, you must include the -P flag to have 1176 cvs prune empty directories. 1177 1178 If CPUTYPE is defined in your /etc/make.conf, make sure to use the 1179 "?=" instead of the "=" assignment operator, so that buildworld can 1180 override the CPUTYPE if it needs to. 1181 1182 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX must be defined in an environment variable, and 1183 not on the command line, or in /etc/make.conf. buildworld will 1184 warn if it is improperly defined. 1185FORMAT: 1186 1187This file contains a list, in reverse chronological order, of major 1188breakages in tracking -current. Not all things will be listed here, 1189and it only starts on October 16, 2004. Updating files can found in 1190previous releases if your system is older than this. 1191 1192Copyright information: 1193 1194Copyright 1998-2005 M. Warner Losh. All Rights Reserved. 1195 1196Redistribution, publication, translation and use, with or without 1197modification, in full or in part, in any form or format of this 1198document are permitted without further permission from the author. 1199 1200THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED BY WARNER LOSH ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR 1201IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 1202WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE 1203DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WARNER LOSH BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, 1204INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES 1205(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR 1206SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 1207HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, 1208STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING 1209IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 1210POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1211 1212If you find this document useful, and you want to, you may buy the 1213author a beer. 1214 1215Contact Warner Losh if you have any questions about your use of 1216this document. 1217 1218$FreeBSD$ 1219