1Updating Information for FreeBSD current users 2 3This file is maintained and copyrighted by M. Warner Losh 4<imp@village.org>. See end of file for further details. For commonly 5done items, please see the COMMON ITEMS: section later in the file. 6 7Items affecting the ports and packages system can be found in 8/usr/ports/UPDATING. Please read that file before running 9portupgrade. 10 11NOTE TO PEOPLE WHO THINK THAT FreeBSD 8.x IS SLOW: 12 FreeBSD 8.x has many debugging features turned on, in 13 both the kernel and userland. These features attempt to detect 14 incorrect use of system primitives, and encourage loud failure 15 through extra sanity checking and fail stop semantics. They 16 also substantially impact system performance. If you want to 17 do performance measurement, benchmarking, and optimization, 18 you'll want to turn them off. This includes various WITNESS- 19 related kernel options, INVARIANTS, malloc debugging flags 20 in userland, and various verbose features in the kernel. Many 21 developers choose to disable these features on build machines 22 to maximize performance. (To disable malloc debugging, run 23 ln -s aj /etc/malloc.conf.) 24 2520090203: 26 The ichsmb(4) driver has been changed to require SMBus slave 27 addresses be left-justified (xxxxxxx0b) rather than right-justified. 28 All of the other SMBus controller drivers require left-justified 29 slave addresses, so this change makes all the drivers provide the 30 same interface. 31 3220090201: 33 INET6 statistics (struct ip6stat) was updated. 34 netstat(1) needs to be recompiled. 35 3620090119: 37 NTFS has been removed from GENERIC kernel on amd64 to match 38 GENERIC on i386. Should not cause any issues since mount_ntfs(8) 39 will load ntfs.ko module automatically when NTFS support is 40 actually needed, unless ntfs.ko is not installed or security 41 level prohibits loading kernel modules. If either is the case, 42 "options NTFS" has to be added into kernel config. 43 4420090115: 45 TCP Appropriate Byte Counting (RFC 3465) support added to kernel. 46 New field in struct tcpcb breaks ABI, so bump __FreeBSD_version to 47 800061. User space tools that rely on the size of struct tcpcb in 48 tcp_var.h (e.g. sockstat) need to be recompiled. 49 5020081225: 51 ng_tty(4) module updated to match the new TTY subsystem. 52 Due to API change, user-level applications must be updated. 53 New API support added to mpd5 CVS and expected to be present 54 in next mpd5.3 release. 55 5620081219: 57 With __FreeBSD_version 800060 the makefs tool is part of 58 the base system (it was a port). 59 6020081216: 61 The afdata and ifnet locks have been changed from mutexes to 62 rwlocks, network modules will need to be re-compiled. 63 6420081214: 65 __FreeBSD_version 800059 incorporates the new arp-v2 rewrite. 66 RTF_CLONING, RTF_LLINFO and RTF_WASCLONED flags are eliminated. 67 The new code reduced struct rtentry{} by 16 bytes on 32-bit 68 architecture and 40 bytes on 64-bit architecture. The userland 69 applications "arp" and "ndp" have been updated accordingly. 70 The output from "netstat -r" shows only routing entries and 71 none of the L2 information. 72 7320081130: 74 __FreeBSD_version 800057 marks the switchover from the 75 binary ath hal to source code. Users must add the line: 76 77 options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 78 79 to their kernel config files when specifying: 80 81 device ath_hal 82 83 The ath_hal module no longer exists; the code is now compiled 84 together with the driver in the ath module. It is now 85 possible to tailor chip support (i.e. reduce the set of chips 86 and thereby the code size); consult ath_hal(4) for details. 87 8820081121: 89 __FreeBSD_version 800054 adds memory barriers to 90 <machine/atomic.h>, new interfaces to ifnet to facilitate 91 multiple hardware transmit queues for cards that support 92 them, and a lock-less ring-buffer implementation to 93 enable drivers to more efficiently manage queueing of 94 packets. 95 9620081117: 97 A new version of ZFS (version 13) has been merged to -HEAD. 98 This version has zpool attribute "listsnapshots" off by 99 default, which means "zfs list" does not show snapshots, 100 and is the same as Solaris behavior. 101 10220081028: 103 dummynet(4) ABI has changed. ipfw(8) needs to be recompiled. 104 10520081009: 106 The uhci, ohci, ehci and slhci USB Host controller drivers have 107 been put into separate modules. If you load the usb module 108 separately through loader.conf you will need to load the 109 appropriate *hci module as well. E.g. for a UHCI-based USB 2.0 110 controller add the following to loader.conf: 111 112 uhci_load="YES" 113 ehci_load="YES" 114 11520081009: 116 The ABI used by the PMC toolset has changed. Please keep 117 userland (libpmc(3)) and the kernel module (hwpmc(4)) in 118 sync. 119 12020080820: 121 The TTY subsystem of the kernel has been replaced by a new 122 implementation, which provides better scalability and an 123 improved driver model. Most common drivers have been migrated to 124 the new TTY subsystem, while others have not. The following 125 drivers have not yet been ported to the new TTY layer: 126 127 PCI/ISA: 128 cy, digi, rc, rp, sio 129 130 USB: 131 ubser, ucycom 132 133 Line disciplines: 134 ng_h4, ng_tty, ppp, sl, snp 135 136 Adding these drivers to your kernel configuration file shall 137 cause compilation to fail. 138 13920080818: 140 ntpd has been upgraded to 4.2.4p5. 141 14220080801: 143 OpenSSH has been upgraded to 5.1p1. 144 145 For many years, FreeBSD's version of OpenSSH preferred DSA 146 over RSA for host and user authentication keys. With this 147 upgrade, we've switched to the vendor's default of RSA over 148 DSA. This may cause upgraded clients to warn about unknown 149 host keys even for previously known hosts. Users should 150 follow the usual procedure for verifying host keys before 151 accepting the RSA key. 152 153 This can be circumvented by setting the "HostKeyAlgorithms" 154 option to "ssh-dss,ssh-rsa" in ~/.ssh/config or on the ssh 155 command line. 156 157 Please note that the sequence of keys offered for 158 authentication has been changed as well. You may want to 159 specify IdentityFile in a different order to revert this 160 behavior. 161 16220080713: 163 The sio(4) driver has been removed from the i386 and amd64 164 kernel configuration files. This means uart(4) is now the 165 default serial port driver on those platforms as well. 166 167 To prevent collisions with the sio(4) driver, the uart(4) driver 168 uses different names for its device nodes. This means the 169 onboard serial port will now most likely be called "ttyu0" 170 instead of "ttyd0". You may need to reconfigure applications to 171 use the new device names. 172 173 When using the serial port as a boot console, be sure to update 174 /boot/device.hints and /etc/ttys before booting the new kernel. 175 If you forget to do so, you can still manually specify the hints 176 at the loader prompt: 177 178 set hint.uart.0.at="isa" 179 set hint.uart.0.port="0x3F8" 180 set hint.uart.0.flags="0x10" 181 set hint.uart.0.irq="4" 182 boot -s 183 18420080609: 185 The gpt(8) utility has been removed. Use gpart(8) to partition 186 disks instead. 187 18820080603: 189 The version that Linuxulator emulates was changed from 2.4.2 190 to 2.6.16. If you experience any problems with Linux binaries 191 please try to set sysctl compat.linux.osrelease to 2.4.2 and 192 if it fixes the problem contact emulation mailing list. 193 19420080525: 195 ISDN4BSD (I4B) was removed from the src tree. You may need to 196 update a your kernel configuration and remove relevant entries. 197 19820080509: 199 I have checked in code to support multiple routing tables. 200 See the man pages setfib(1) and setfib(2). 201 This is a hopefully backwards compatible version, 202 but to make use of it you need to compile your kernel 203 with options ROUTETABLES=2 (or more up to 16). 204 20520080420: 206 The 802.11 wireless support was redone to enable multi-bss 207 operation on devices that are capable. The underlying device 208 is no longer used directly but instead wlanX devices are 209 cloned with ifconfig. This requires changes to rc.conf files. 210 For example, change: 211 ifconfig_ath0="WPA DHCP" 212 to 213 wlans_ath0=wlan0 214 ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP" 215 see rc.conf(5) for more details. In addition, mergemaster of 216 /etc/rc.d is highly recommended. Simultaneous update of userland 217 and kernel wouldn't hurt either. 218 219 As part of the multi-bss changes the wlan_scan_ap and wlan_scan_sta 220 modules were merged into the base wlan module. All references 221 to these modules (e.g. in kernel config files) must be removed. 222 22320080408: 224 psm(4) has gained write(2) support in native operation level. 225 Arbitrary commands can be written to /dev/psm%d and status can 226 be read back from it. Therefore, an application is responsible 227 for status validation and error recovery. It is a no-op in 228 other operation levels. 229 23020080312: 231 Support for KSE threading has been removed from the kernel. To 232 run legacy applications linked against KSE libmap.conf may 233 be used. The following libmap.conf may be used to ensure 234 compatibility with any prior release: 235 236 libpthread.so.1 libthr.so.1 237 libpthread.so.2 libthr.so.2 238 libkse.so.3 libthr.so.3 239 24020080301: 241 The layout of struct vmspace has changed. This affects libkvm 242 and any executables that link against libkvm and use the 243 kvm_getprocs() function. In particular, but not exclusively, 244 it affects ps(1), fstat(1), pkill(1), systat(1), top(1) and w(1). 245 The effects are minimal, but it's advisable to upgrade world 246 nonetheless. 247 24820080229: 249 The latest em driver no longer has support in it for the 250 82575 adapter, this is now moved to the igb driver. The 251 split was done to make new features that are incompatible 252 with older hardware easier to do. 253 25420080220: 255 The new geom_lvm(4) geom class has been renamed to geom_linux_lvm(4), 256 likewise the kernel option is now GEOM_LINUX_LVM. 257 25820080211: 259 The default NFS mount mode has changed from UDP to TCP for 260 increased reliability. If you rely on (insecurely) NFS 261 mounting across a firewall you may need to update your 262 firewall rules. 263 26420080208: 265 Belatedly note the addition of m_collapse for compacting 266 mbuf chains. 267 26820080126: 269 The fts(3) structures have been changed to use adequate 270 integer types for their members and so to be able to cope 271 with huge file trees. The old fts(3) ABI is preserved 272 through symbol versioning in libc, so third-party binaries 273 using fts(3) should still work, although they will not take 274 advantage of the extended types. At the same time, some 275 third-party software might fail to build after this change 276 due to unportable assumptions made in its source code about 277 fts(3) structure members. Such software should be fixed 278 by its vendor or, in the worst case, in the ports tree. 279 FreeBSD_version 800015 marks this change for the unlikely 280 case that a portable fix is impossible. 281 28220080123: 283 To upgrade to -current after this date, you must be running 284 FreeBSD not older than 6.0-RELEASE. Upgrading to -current 285 from 5.x now requires a stop over at RELENG_6 or RELENG_7 systems. 286 28720071128: 288 The ADAPTIVE_GIANT kernel option has been retired because its 289 functionality is the default now. 290 29120071118: 292 The AT keyboard emulation of sunkbd(4) has been turned on 293 by default. In order to make the special symbols of the Sun 294 keyboards driven by sunkbd(4) work under X these now have 295 to be configured the same way as Sun USB keyboards driven 296 by ukbd(4) (which also does AT keyboard emulation), f.e.: 297 298 Option "XkbLayout" "us" 299 Option "XkbRules" "xorg" 300 Option "XkbSymbols" "pc(pc105)+sun_vndr/usb(sun_usb)+us" 301 30220071024: 303 It has been decided that it is desirable to provide ABI 304 backwards compatibility to the FreeBSD 4/5/6 versions of the 305 PCIOCGETCONF, PCIOCREAD and PCIOCWRITE IOCTLs, which was 306 broken with the introduction of PCI domain support (see the 307 20070930 entry). Unfortunately, this required the ABI of 308 PCIOCGETCONF to be broken again in order to be able to 309 provide backwards compatibility to the old version of that 310 IOCTL. Thus consumers of PCIOCGETCONF have to be recompiled 311 again. As for prominent ports this affects neither pciutils 312 nor xorg-server this time, the hal port needs to be rebuilt 313 however. 314 31520071020: 316 The misnamed kthread_create() and friends have been renamed 317 to kproc_create() etc. Many of the callers already 318 used kproc_start().. 319 I will return kthread_create() and friends in a while 320 with implementations that actually create threads, not procs. 321 Renaming corresponds with version 800002. 322 32320071010: 324 RELENG_7 branched. 325 32620071009: 327 Setting WITHOUT_LIBPTHREAD now means WITHOUT_LIBKSE and 328 WITHOUT_LIBTHR are set. 329 33020070930: 331 The PCI code has been made aware of PCI domains. This means that 332 the location strings as used by pciconf(8) etc are now in the 333 following format: pci<domain>:<bus>:<device>[:<function>]. It 334 also means that consumers of <sys/pciio.h> potentially need to 335 be recompiled; this includes the hal and xorg-server ports. 336 33720070928: 338 The caching daemon (cached) was renamed to nscd. nscd.conf 339 configuration file should be used instead of cached.conf and 340 nscd_enable, nscd_pidfile and nscd_flags options should be used 341 instead of cached_enable, cached_pidfile and cached_flags in 342 rc.conf. 343 34420070921: 345 The getfacl(1) utility now prints owning user and group name 346 instead of owning uid and gid in the three line comment header. 347 This is the same behavior as getfacl(1) on Solaris and Linux. 348 34920070704: 350 The new IPsec code is now compiled in using the IPSEC option. The 351 IPSEC option now requires "device crypto" be defined in your kernel 352 configuration. The FAST_IPSEC kernel option is now deprecated. 353 35420070702: 355 The packet filter (pf) code has been updated to OpenBSD 4.1 Please 356 note the changed syntax - keep state is now on by default. Also 357 note the fact that ftp-proxy(8) has been changed from bottom up and 358 has been moved from libexec to usr/sbin. Changes in the ALTQ 359 handling also affect users of IPFW's ALTQ capabilities. 360 36120070701: 362 Remove KAME IPsec in favor of FAST_IPSEC, which is now the 363 only IPsec supported by FreeBSD. The new IPsec stack 364 supports both IPv4 and IPv6. The kernel option will change 365 after the code changes have settled in. For now the kernel 366 option IPSEC is deprecated and FAST_IPSEC is the only option, that 367 will change after some settling time. 368 36920070701: 370 The wicontrol(8) utility has been removed from the base system. wi(4) 371 cards should be configured using ifconfig(8), see the man page for more 372 information. 373 37420070612: 375 The i386/amd64 GENERIC kernel now defaults to the nfe(4) driver 376 instead of the nve(4) driver. Please update your configuration 377 accordingly. 378 37920070612: 380 By default, /etc/rc.d/sendmail no longer rebuilds the aliases 381 database if it is missing or older than the aliases file. If 382 desired, set the new rc.conf option sendmail_rebuild_aliases 383 to "YES" to restore that functionality. 384 38520070612: 386 The IPv4 multicast socket code has been considerably modified, and 387 moved to the file sys/netinet/in_mcast.c. Initial support for the 388 RFC 3678 Source-Specific Multicast Socket API has been added to 389 the IPv4 network stack. 390 391 Strict multicast and broadcast reception is now the default for 392 UDP/IPv4 sockets; the net.inet.udp.strict_mcast_mship sysctl variable 393 has now been removed. 394 395 The RFC 1724 hack for interface selection has been removed; the use 396 of the Linux-derived ip_mreqn structure with IP_MULTICAST_IF has 397 been added to replace it. Consumers such as routed will soon be 398 updated to reflect this. 399 400 These changes affect users who are running routed(8) or rdisc(8) 401 from the FreeBSD base system on point-to-point or unnumbered 402 interfaces. 403 40420070610: 405 The net80211 layer has changed significantly and all wireless 406 drivers that depend on it need to be recompiled. Further these 407 changes require that any program that interacts with the wireless 408 support in the kernel be recompiled; this includes: ifconfig, 409 wpa_supplicant, hostapd, and wlanstats. Users must also, for 410 the moment, kldload the wlan_scan_sta and/or wlan_scan_ap modules 411 if they use modules for wireless support. These modules implement 412 scanning support for station and ap modes, respectively. Failure 413 to load the appropriate module before marking a wireless interface 414 up will result in a message to the console and the device not 415 operating properly. 416 41720070610: 418 The pam_nologin(8) module ceases to provide an authentication 419 function and starts providing an account management function. 420 Consequent changes to /etc/pam.d should be brought in using 421 mergemaster(8). Third-party files in /usr/local/etc/pam.d may 422 need manual editing as follows. Locate this line (or similar): 423 424 auth required pam_nologin.so no_warn 425 426 and change it according to this example: 427 428 account required pam_nologin.so no_warn 429 430 That is, the first word needs to be changed from "auth" to 431 "account". The new line can be moved to the account section 432 within the file for clarity. Not updating pam.conf(5) files 433 will result in nologin(5) ignored by the respective services. 434 43520070529: 436 The ether_ioctl() function has been synchronized with ioctl(2) 437 and ifnet.if_ioctl. Due to that, the size of one of its arguments 438 has changed on 64-bit architectures. All kernel modules using 439 ether_ioctl() need to be rebuilt on such architectures. 440 44120070516: 442 Improved INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE support has been introduced to the 443 config(8) utility. In order to take advantage of this new 444 functionality, you are expected to recompile and install 445 src/usr.sbin/config. If you don't rebuild config(8), and your 446 kernel configuration depends on INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE, the kernel 447 build will be broken because of a missing "kernconfstring" 448 symbol. 449 45020070513: 451 Symbol versioning is enabled by default. To disable it, use 452 option WITHOUT_SYMVER. It is not advisable to attempt to 453 disable symbol versioning once it is enabled; your installworld 454 will break because a symbol version-less libc will get installed 455 before the install tools. As a result, the old install tools, 456 which previously had symbol dependencies to FBSD_1.0, will fail 457 because the freshly installed libc will not have them. 458 459 The default threading library (providing "libpthread") has been 460 changed to libthr. If you wish to have libkse as your default, 461 use option DEFAULT_THREAD_LIB=libkse for the buildworld. 462 46320070423: 464 The ABI breakage in sendmail(8)'s libmilter has been repaired 465 so it is no longer necessary to recompile mail filters (aka, 466 milters). If you recompiled mail filters after the 20070408 467 note, it is not necessary to recompile them again. 468 46920070417: 470 The new trunk(4) driver has been renamed to lagg(4) as it better 471 reflects its purpose. ifconfig will need to be recompiled. 472 47320070408: 474 sendmail(8) has been updated to version 8.14.1. Mail filters 475 (aka, milters) compiled against the libmilter included in the 476 base operating system should be recompiled. 477 47820070302: 479 Firmwares for ipw(4) and iwi(4) are now included in the base tree. 480 In order to use them one must agree to the respective LICENSE in 481 share/doc/legal and define legal.intel_<name>.license_ack=1 via 482 loader.conf(5) or kenv(1). Make sure to deinstall the now 483 deprecated modules from the respective firmware ports. 484 48520070228: 486 The name resolution/mapping functions addr2ascii(3) and ascii2addr(3) 487 were removed from FreeBSD's libc. These originally came from INRIA 488 IPv6. Nothing in FreeBSD ever used them. They may be regarded as 489 deprecated in previous releases. 490 The AF_LINK support for getnameinfo(3) was merged from NetBSD to 491 replace it as a more portable (and re-entrant) API. 492 49320070224: 494 To support interrupt filtering a modification to the newbus API 495 has occurred, ABI was broken and __FreeBSD_version was bumped 496 to 700031. Please make sure that your kernel and modules are in 497 sync. For more info: 498 http://docs.freebsd.org/cgi/mid.cgi?20070221233124.GA13941 499 50020070224: 501 The IPv6 multicast forwarding code may now be loaded into GENERIC 502 kernels by loading the ip_mroute.ko module. This is built into the 503 module unless WITHOUT_INET6 or WITHOUT_INET6_SUPPORT options are 504 set; see src.conf(5) for more information. 505 50620070214: 507 The output of netstat -r has changed. Without -n, we now only 508 print a "network name" without the prefix length if the network 509 address and mask exactly match a Class A/B/C network, and an entry 510 exists in the nsswitch "networks" map. 511 With -n, we print the full unabbreviated CIDR network prefix in 512 the form "a.b.c.d/p". 0.0.0.0/0 is always printed as "default". 513 This change is in preparation for changes such as equal-cost 514 multipath, and to more generally assist operational deployment 515 of FreeBSD as a modern IPv4 router. 516 51720070210: 518 PIM has been turned on by default in the IPv4 multicast 519 routing code. The kernel option 'PIM' has now been removed. 520 PIM is now built by default if option 'MROUTING' is specified. 521 It may now be loaded into GENERIC kernels by loading the 522 ip_mroute.ko module. 523 52420070207: 525 Support for IPIP tunnels (VIFF_TUNNEL) in IPv4 multicast routing 526 has been removed. Its functionality may be achieved by explicitly 527 configuring gif(4) interfaces and using the 'phyint' keyword in 528 mrouted.conf. 529 XORP does not support source-routed IPv4 multicast tunnels nor the 530 integrated IPIP tunneling, therefore it is not affected by this 531 change. The __FreeBSD_version macro has been bumped to 700030. 532 53320061221: 534 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been 535 re-enabled in the bge driver, only for those chips which are 536 believed to support it properly. If there are any problems, 537 MSI can be disabled completely by setting the 538 'hw.pci.enable_msi' and 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 539 in the loader. 540 54120061214: 542 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been 543 disabled again in the bge driver. Many revisions of the 544 hardware fail to support it properly. Support can be 545 re-enabled by removing the #define of BGE_DISABLE_MSI in 546 "src/sys/dev/bge/if_bge.c". 547 54820061214: 549 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts has been added 550 to the bge driver. If there are any problems, MSI can be 551 disabled completely by setting the 'hw.pci.enable_msi' and 552 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 in the loader. 553 55420061205: 555 The removal of several facets of the experimental Threading 556 system from the kernel means that the proc and thread structures 557 have changed quite a bit. I suggest all kernel modules that might 558 reference these structures be recompiled.. Especially the 559 linux module. 560 56120061126: 562 Sound infrastructure has been updated with various fixes and 563 improvements. Most of the changes are pretty much transparent, 564 with exceptions of followings: 565 1) All sound driver specific sysctls (hw.snd.pcm%d.*) have been 566 moved to their own dev sysctl nodes, for example: 567 hw.snd.pcm0.vchans -> dev.pcm.0.vchans 568 2) /dev/dspr%d.%d has been deprecated. Each channel now has its 569 own chardev in the form of "dsp%d.<function>%d", where <function> 570 is p = playback, r = record and v = virtual, respectively. Users 571 are encouraged to use these devs instead of (old) "/dev/dsp%d.%d". 572 This does not affect those who are using "/dev/dsp". 573 57420061122: 575 geom(4)'s gmirror(8) class metadata structure has been 576 rev'd from v3 to v4. If you update across this point and 577 your metadata is converted for you, you will not be easily 578 able to downgrade since the /boot/kernel.old/geom_mirror.ko 579 kernel module will be unable to read the v4 metadata. You 580 can resolve this by doing from the loader(8) prompt: 581 582 set vfs.root.mountfrom="ufs:/dev/XXX" 583 584 where XXX is the root slice of one of the disks that composed 585 the mirror (i.e.: /dev/ad0s1a). You can then rebuild 586 the array the same way you built it originally. 587 58820061122: 589 The following binaries have been disconnected from the build: 590 mount_devfs, mount_ext2fs, mount_fdescfs, mount_procfs, mount_linprocfs, 591 and mount_std. The functionality of these programs has been 592 moved into the mount program. For example, to mount a devfs 593 filesystem, instead of using mount_devfs, use: "mount -t devfs". 594 This does not affect entries in /etc/fstab, since entries in 595 /etc/fstab are always processed with "mount -t fstype". 596 59720061113: 598 Support for PCI Message Signalled Interrupts on i386 and amd64 599 has been added to the kernel and various drivers will soon be 600 updated to use MSI when it is available. If there are any problems, 601 MSI can be disabled completely by setting the 'hw.pci.enable_msi' 602 and 'hw.pci.enable_msix' tunables to 0 in the loader. 603 60420061110: 605 The MUTEX_PROFILING option has been renamed to LOCK_PROFILING. 606 The lockmgr object layout has been changed as a result of having 607 a lock_object embedded in it. As a consequence all file system 608 kernel modules must be re-compiled. The mutex profiling man page 609 has not yet been updated to reflect this change. 610 61120061026: 612 KSE in the kernel has now been made optional and turned on by 613 default. Use 'nooption KSE' in your kernel config to turn it 614 off. All kernel modules *must* be recompiled after this change. 615 There-after, modules from a KSE kernel should be compatible with 616 modules from a NOKSE kernel due to the temporary padding fields 617 added to 'struct proc'. 618 61920060929: 620 mrouted and its utilities have been removed from the base system. 621 62220060927: 623 Some ioctl(2) command codes have changed. Full backward ABI 624 compatibility is provided if the "options COMPAT_FREEBSD6" is 625 present in the kernel configuration file. Make sure to add 626 this option to your kernel config file, or recompile X.Org 627 and the rest of ports; otherwise they may refuse to work. 628 62920060924: 630 tcpslice has been removed from the base system. 631 63220060913: 633 The sizes of struct tcpcb (and struct xtcpcb) have changed due to 634 the rewrite of TCP syncookies. Tools like netstat, sockstat, and 635 systat needs to be rebuilt. 636 63720060903: 638 libpcap updated to v0.9.4 and tcpdump to v3.9.4 639 64020060816: 641 The IPFIREWALL_FORWARD_EXTENDED option is gone and the behaviour 642 for IPFIREWALL_FORWARD is now as it was before when it was first 643 committed and for years after. The behaviour is now ON. 644 64520060725: 646 enigma(1)/crypt(1) utility has been changed on 64 bit architectures. 647 Now it can decrypt files created from different architectures. 648 Unfortunately, it is no longer able to decrypt a cipher text 649 generated with an older version on 64 bit architectures. 650 If you have such a file, you need old utility to decrypt it. 651 65220060709: 653 The interface version of the i4b kernel part has changed. So 654 after updating the kernel sources and compiling a new kernel, 655 the i4b user space tools in "/usr/src/usr.sbin/i4b" must also 656 be rebuilt, and vice versa. 657 65820060627: 659 The XBOX kernel now defaults to the nfe(4) driver instead of 660 the nve(4) driver. Please update your configuration 661 accordingly. 662 66320060514: 664 The i386-only lnc(4) driver for the AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx 665 PCnet family of NICs has been removed. The new le(4) driver serves 666 as an equivalent but cross-platform replacement with the pcn(4) 667 driver still providing performance-optimized support for the subset 668 of AMD Am79C971 PCnet-FAST and greater chips as before. 669 67020060511: 671 The machdep.* sysctls and the adjkerntz utility have been 672 modified a bit. The new adjkerntz utility uses the new 673 sysctl names and sysctlbyname() calls, so it may be impossible 674 to run an old /sbin/adjkerntz utility in single-user mode 675 with a new kernel. Replace the `adjkerntz -i' step before 676 `make installworld' with: 677 678 /usr/obj/usr/src/sbin/adjkerntz/adjkerntz -i 679 680 and proceed as usual with the rest of the installworld-stage 681 steps. Otherwise, you risk installing binaries with their 682 timestamp set several hours in the future, especially if 683 you are running with local time set to GMT+X hours. 684 68520060412: 686 The ip6fw utility has been removed. The behavior provided by 687 ip6fw has been in ipfw2 for a good while and the rc.d scripts 688 have been updated to deal with it. There are some rules that 689 might not migrate cleanly. Use rc.firewall6 as a template to 690 rewrite rules. 691 69220060428: 693 The puc(4) driver has been overhauled. The ebus(4) and sbus(4) 694 attachments have been removed. Make sure to configure scc(4) 695 on sparc64. Note also that by default puc(4) will use uart(4) 696 and not sio(4) for serial ports because interrupt handling has 697 been optimized for multi-port serial cards and only uart(4) 698 implements the interface to support it. 699 70020060330: 701 The scc(4) driver replaces puc(4) for Serial Communications 702 Controllers (SCCs) like the Siemens SAB82532 and the Zilog 703 Z8530. On sparc64, it is advised to add scc(4) to the kernel 704 configuration to make sure that the serial ports remain 705 functional. 706 70720060317: 708 Most world/kernel related NO_* build options changed names. 709 New knobs have common prefixes WITHOUT_*/WITH_* (modelled 710 after FreeBSD ports) and should be set in /etc/src.conf 711 (the src.conf(5) manpage is provided). Full backwards 712 compatibility is maintained for the time being though it's 713 highly recommended to start moving old options out of the 714 system-wide /etc/make.conf file into the new /etc/src.conf 715 while also properly renaming them. More conversions will 716 likely follow. Posting to current@: 717 718 http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/2006-March/061725.html 719 72020060305: 721 The NETSMBCRYPTO kernel option has been retired because its 722 functionality is always included in NETSMB and smbfs.ko now. 723 72420060303: 725 The TDFX_LINUX kernel option was retired and replaced by the 726 tdfx_linux device. The latter can be loaded as the 3dfx_linux.ko 727 kernel module. Loading it alone should suffice to get 3dfx support 728 for Linux apps because it will pull in 3dfx.ko and linux.ko through 729 its dependencies. 730 73120060204: 732 The 'audit' group was added to support the new auditing functionality 733 in the base system. Be sure to follow the directions for updating, 734 including the requirement to run mergemaster -p. 735 73620060201: 737 The kernel ABI to file system modules was changed on i386. 738 Please make sure that your kernel and modules are in sync. 739 74020060118: 741 This actually occured some time ago, but installing the kernel 742 now also installs a bunch of symbol files for the kernel modules. 743 This increases the size of /boot/kernel to about 67Mbytes. You 744 will need twice this if you will eventually back this up to kernel.old 745 on your next install. 746 If you have a shortage of room in your root partition, you should add 747 -DINSTALL_NODEBUG to your make arguments or add INSTALL_NODEBUG="yes" 748 to your /etc/make.conf. 749 75020060113: 751 libc's malloc implementation has been replaced. This change has the 752 potential to uncover application bugs that previously went unnoticed. 753 See the malloc(3) manual page for more details. 754 75520060112: 756 The generic netgraph(4) cookie has been changed. If you upgrade 757 kernel passing this point, you also need to upgrade userland 758 and netgraph(4) utilities like ports/net/mpd or ports/net/mpd4. 759 76020060106: 761 si(4)'s device files now contain the unit number. 762 Uses of {cua,tty}A[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}A0[0-9a-f]. 763 76420060106: 765 The kernel ABI was mostly destroyed due to a change in the size 766 of struct lock_object which is nested in other structures such 767 as mutexes which are nested in all sorts of other structures. 768 Make sure your kernel and modules are in sync. 769 77020051231: 771 The page coloring algorithm in the VM subsystem was converted 772 from tuning with kernel options to autotuning. Please remove 773 any PQ_* option except PQ_NOOPT from your kernel config. 774 77520051211: 776 The net80211-related tools in the tools/tools/ath directory 777 have been moved to tools/tools/net80211 and renamed with a 778 "wlan" prefix. Scripts that use them should be adjusted 779 accordingly. 780 78120051202: 782 Scripts in the local_startup directories (as defined in 783 /etc/defaults/rc.conf) that have the new rc.d semantics will 784 now be run as part of the base system rcorder. If there are 785 errors or problems with one of these local scripts, it could 786 cause boot problems. If you encounter such problems, boot in 787 single user mode, remove that script from the */rc.d directory. 788 Please report the problem to the port's maintainer, and the 789 freebsd-ports@freebsd.org mailing list. 790 79120051129: 792 The nodev mount option was deprecated in RELENG_6 (where it 793 was a no-op), and is now unsupported. If you have nodev or dev listed 794 in /etc/fstab, remove it, otherwise it will result in a mount error. 795 79620051129: 797 ABI between ipfw(4) and ipfw(8) has been changed. You need 798 to rebuild ipfw(8) when rebuilding kernel. 799 80020051108: 801 rp(4)'s device files now contain the unit number. 802 Uses of {cua,tty}R[0-9a-f] should be replaced by {cua,tty}R0[0-9a-f]. 803 80420051029: 805 /etc/rc.d/ppp-user has been renamed to /etc/rc.d/ppp. 806 Its /etc/rc.conf.d configuration file has been `ppp' from 807 the beginning, and hence there is no need to touch it. 808 80920051014: 810 Now most modules get their build-time options from the kernel 811 configuration file. A few modules still have fixed options 812 due to their non-conformant implementation, but they will be 813 corrected eventually. You may need to review the options of 814 the modules in use, explicitly specify the non-default options 815 in the kernel configuration file, and rebuild the kernel and 816 modules afterwards. 817 81820051001: 819 kern.polling.enable sysctl MIB is now deprecated. Use ifconfig(8) 820 to turn polling(4) on your interfaces. 821 82220050927: 823 The old bridge(4) implementation was retired. The new 824 if_bridge(4) serves as a full functional replacement. 825 82620050722: 827 The ai_addrlen of a struct addrinfo was changed to a socklen_t 828 to conform to POSIX-2001. This change broke an ABI 829 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. You have to recompile 830 userland programs that use getaddrinfo(3) on 64 bit 831 architecture. 832 83320050711: 834 RELENG_6 branched here. 835 83620050629: 837 The pccard_ifconfig rc.conf variable has been removed and a new 838 variable, ifconfig_DEFAULT has been introduced. Unlike 839 pccard_ifconfig, ifconfig_DEFAULT applies to ALL interfaces that 840 do not have ifconfig_ifn entries rather than just those in 841 removable_interfaces. 842 84320050616: 844 Some previous versions of PAM have permitted the use of 845 non-absolute paths in /etc/pam.conf or /etc/pam.d/* when referring 846 to third party PAM modules in /usr/local/lib. A change has been 847 made to require the use of absolute paths in order to avoid 848 ambiguity and dependence on library path configuration, which may 849 affect existing configurations. 850 85120050610: 852 Major changes to network interface API. All drivers must be 853 recompiled. Drivers not in the base system will need to be 854 updated to the new APIs. 855 85620050609: 857 Changes were made to kinfo_proc in sys/user.h. Please recompile 858 userland, or commands like `fstat', `pkill', `ps', `top' and `w' 859 will not behave correctly. 860 861 The API and ABI for hwpmc(4) have changed with the addition 862 of sampling support. Please recompile lib/libpmc(3) and 863 usr.sbin/{pmcstat,pmccontrol}. 864 86520050606: 866 The OpenBSD dhclient was imported in place of the ISC dhclient 867 and the network interface configuration scripts were updated 868 accordingly. If you use DHCP to configure your interfaces, you 869 must now run devd. Also, DNS updating was lost so you will need 870 to find a workaround if you use this feature. 871 872 The '_dhcp' user was added to support the OpenBSD dhclient. Be 873 sure to run mergemaster -p (like you are supposed to do every time 874 anyway). 875 87620050605: 877 if_bridge was added to the tree. This has changed struct ifnet. 878 Please recompile userland and all network related modules. 879 88020050603: 881 The n_net of a struct netent was changed to an uint32_t, and 882 1st argument of getnetbyaddr() was changed to an uint32_t, to 883 conform to POSIX-2001. These changes broke an ABI 884 compatibility on 64 bit architecture. With these changes, 885 shlib major of libpcap was bumped. You have to recompile 886 userland programs that use getnetbyaddr(3), getnetbyname(3), 887 getnetent(3) and/or libpcap on 64 bit architecture. 888 88920050528: 890 Kernel parsing of extra options on '#!' first lines of shell 891 scripts has changed. Lines with multiple options likely will 892 fail after this date. For full details, please see 893 http://people.freebsd.org/~gad/Updating-20050528.txt 894 89520050503: 896 The packet filter (pf) code has been updated to OpenBSD 3.7 897 Please note the changed anchor syntax and the fact that 898 authpf(8) now needs a mounted fdescfs(5) to function. 899 90020050415: 901 The NO_MIXED_MODE kernel option has been removed from the i386 902 amd64 platforms as its use has been superceded by the new local 903 APIC timer code. Any kernel config files containing this option 904 should be updated. 905 90620050227: 907 The on-disk format of LC_CTYPE files was changed to be machine 908 independent. Please make sure NOT to use NO_CLEAN buildworld 909 when crossing this point. Crossing this point also requires 910 recompile or reinstall of all locale depended packages. 911 91220050225: 913 The ifi_epoch member of struct if_data has been changed to 914 contain the uptime at which the interface was created or the 915 statistics zeroed rather then the wall clock time because 916 wallclock time may go backwards. This should have no impact 917 unless an snmp implementation is using this value (I know of 918 none at this point.) 919 92020050224: 921 The acpi_perf and acpi_throttle drivers are now part of the 922 acpi(4) main module. They are no longer built separately. 923 92420050223: 925 The layout of struct image_params has changed. You have to 926 recompile all compatibility modules (linux, svr4, etc) for use 927 with the new kernel. 928 92920050223: 930 The p4tcc driver has been merged into cpufreq(4). This makes 931 "options CPU_ENABLE_TCC" obsolete. Please load cpufreq.ko or 932 compile in "device cpufreq" to restore this functionality. 933 93420050220: 935 The responsibility of recomputing the file system summary of 936 a SoftUpdates-enabled dirty volume has been transferred to the 937 background fsck. A rebuild of fsck(8) utility is recommended 938 if you have updated the kernel. 939 940 To get the old behavior (recompute file system summary at mount 941 time), you can set vfs.ffs.compute_summary_at_mount=1 before 942 mounting the new volume. 943 94420050206: 945 The cpufreq import is complete. As part of this, the sysctls for 946 acpi(4) throttling have been removed. The power_profile script 947 has been updated, so you can use performance/economy_cpu_freq in 948 rc.conf(5) to set AC on/offline cpu frequencies. 949 95020050206: 951 NG_VERSION has been increased. Recompiling kernel (or ng_socket.ko) 952 requires recompiling libnetgraph and userland netgraph utilities. 953 95420050114: 955 Support for abbreviated forms of a number of ipfw options is 956 now deprecated. Warnings are printed to stderr indicating the 957 correct full form when a match occurs. Some abbreviations may 958 be supported at a later date based on user feedback. To be 959 considered for support, abbreviations must be in use prior to 960 this commit and unlikely to be confused with current key words. 961 96220041221: 963 By a popular demand, a lot of NOFOO options were renamed 964 to NO_FOO (see bsd.compat.mk for a full list). The old 965 spellings are still supported, but will cause annoying 966 warnings on stderr. Make sure you upgrade properly (see 967 the COMMON ITEMS: section later in this file). 968 96920041219: 970 Auto-loading of ancillary wlan modules such as wlan_wep has 971 been temporarily disabled; you need to statically configure 972 the modules you need into your kernel or explicitly load them 973 prior to use. Specifically, if you intend to use WEP encryption 974 with an 802.11 device load/configure wlan_wep; if you want to 975 use WPA with the ath driver load/configure wlan_tkip, wlan_ccmp, 976 and wlan_xauth as required. 977 97820041213: 979 The behaviour of ppp(8) has changed slightly. If lqr is enabled 980 (``enable lqr''), older versions would revert to LCP ECHO mode on 981 negotiation failure. Now, ``enable echo'' is required for this 982 behaviour. The ppp version number has been bumped to 3.4.2 to 983 reflect the change. 984 98520041201: 986 The wlan support has been updated to split the crypto support 987 into separate modules. For static WEP you must configure the 988 wlan_wep module in your system or build and install the module 989 in place where it can be loaded (the kernel will auto-load 990 the module when a wep key is configured). 991 99220041201: 993 The ath driver has been updated to split the tx rate control 994 algorithm into a separate module. You need to include either 995 ath_rate_onoe or ath_rate_amrr when configuring the kernel. 996 99720041116: 998 Support for systems with an 80386 CPU has been removed. Please 999 use FreeBSD 5.x or earlier on systems with an 80386. 1000 100120041110: 1002 We have had a hack which would mount the root filesystem 1003 R/W if the device were named 'md*'. As part of the vnode 1004 work I'm doing I have had to remove this hack. People 1005 building systems which use preloaded MD root filesystems 1006 may need to insert a "/sbin/mount -u -o rw /dev/md0 /" in 1007 their /etc/rc scripts. 1008 100920041104: 1010 FreeBSD 5.3 shipped here. 1011 101220041102: 1013 The size of struct tcpcb has changed again due to the removal 1014 of RFC1644 T/TCP. You have to recompile userland programs that 1015 read kmem for tcp sockets directly (netstat, sockstat, etc.) 1016 101720041022: 1018 The size of struct tcpcb has changed. You have to recompile 1019 userland programs that read kmem for tcp sockets directly 1020 (netstat, sockstat, etc.) 1021 102220041016: 1023 RELENG_5 branched here. For older entries, please see updating 1024 in the RELENG_5 branch. 1025 1026COMMON ITEMS: 1027 1028 General Notes 1029 ------------- 1030 Avoid using make -j when upgrading. From time to time in the 1031 past there have been problems using -j with buildworld and/or 1032 installworld. This is especially true when upgrading between 1033 "distant" versions (eg one that cross a major release boundary 1034 or several minor releases, or when several months have passed 1035 on the -current branch). 1036 1037 Sometimes, obscure build problems are the result of environment 1038 poisoning. This can happen because the make utility reads its 1039 environment when searching for values for global variables. 1040 To run your build attempts in an "environmental clean room", 1041 prefix all make commands with 'env -i '. See the env(1) manual 1042 page for more details. 1043 1044 When upgrading from one major version to another it is generally 1045 best to upgrade to the latest code in the currently installed branch 1046 first, then do an upgrade to the new branch. This is the best-tested 1047 upgrade path, and has the highest probability of being successful. 1048 Please try this approach before reporting problems with a major 1049 version upgrade. 1050 1051 To build a kernel 1052 ----------------- 1053 If you are updating from a prior version of FreeBSD (even one just 1054 a few days old), you should follow this procedure. It is the most 1055 failsafe as it uses a /usr/obj tree with a fresh mini-buildworld, 1056 1057 make kernel-toolchain 1058 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1059 make -DALWAYS_CHECK_MAKE installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1060 1061 To test a kernel once 1062 --------------------- 1063 If you just want to boot a kernel once (because you are not sure 1064 if it works, or if you want to boot a known bad kernel to provide 1065 debugging information) run 1066 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE KODIR=/boot/testkernel 1067 nextboot -k testkernel 1068 1069 To just build a kernel when you know that it won't mess you up 1070 -------------------------------------------------------------- 1071 This assumes you are already running a 5.X system. Replace 1072 ${arch} with the architecture of your machine (e.g. "i386", 1073 "alpha", "amd64", "ia64", "pc98", "sparc64", etc). 1074 1075 cd src/sys/${arch}/conf 1076 config KERNEL_NAME_HERE 1077 cd ../compile/KERNEL_NAME_HERE 1078 make depend 1079 make 1080 make install 1081 1082 If this fails, go to the "To build a kernel" section. 1083 1084 To rebuild everything and install it on the current system. 1085 ----------------------------------------------------------- 1086 # Note: sometimes if you are running current you gotta do more than 1087 # is listed here if you are upgrading from a really old current. 1088 1089 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 1090 make buildworld 1091 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1092 [1] 1093 <reboot in single user> [3] 1094 mergemaster -p [5] 1095 make installworld 1096 make delete-old 1097 mergemaster [4] 1098 <reboot> 1099 1100 1101 To cross-install current onto a separate partition 1102 -------------------------------------------------- 1103 # In this approach we use a separate partition to hold 1104 # current's root, 'usr', and 'var' directories. A partition 1105 # holding "/", "/usr" and "/var" should be about 2GB in 1106 # size. 1107 1108 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 1109 <boot into -stable> 1110 make buildworld 1111 make buildkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE 1112 <maybe newfs current's root partition> 1113 <mount current's root partition on directory ${CURRENT_ROOT}> 1114 make installworld DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} 1115 make distribution DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} # if newfs'd 1116 make installkernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE DESTDIR=${CURRENT_ROOT} 1117 cp /etc/fstab ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab # if newfs'd 1118 <edit ${CURRENT_ROOT}/etc/fstab to mount "/" from the correct partition> 1119 <reboot into current> 1120 <do a "native" rebuild/install as described in the previous section> 1121 <maybe install compatibility libraries from ports/misc/compat*> 1122 <reboot> 1123 1124 1125 To upgrade in-place from 5.x-stable to current 1126 ---------------------------------------------- 1127 <make sure you have good level 0 dumps> 1128 make buildworld [9] 1129 make kernel KERNCONF=YOUR_KERNEL_HERE [8] 1130 [1] 1131 <reboot in single user> [3] 1132 mergemaster -p [5] 1133 make installworld 1134 make delete-old 1135 mergemaster -i [4] 1136 <reboot> 1137 1138 Make sure that you've read the UPDATING file to understand the 1139 tweaks to various things you need. At this point in the life 1140 cycle of current, things change often and you are on your own 1141 to cope. The defaults can also change, so please read ALL of 1142 the UPDATING entries. 1143 1144 Also, if you are tracking -current, you must be subscribed to 1145 freebsd-current@freebsd.org. Make sure that before you update 1146 your sources that you have read and understood all the recent 1147 messages there. If in doubt, please track -stable which has 1148 much fewer pitfalls. 1149 1150 [1] If you have third party modules, such as vmware, you 1151 should disable them at this point so they don't crash your 1152 system on reboot. 1153 1154 [3] From the bootblocks, boot -s, and then do 1155 fsck -p 1156 mount -u / 1157 mount -a 1158 cd src 1159 adjkerntz -i # if CMOS is wall time 1160 Also, when doing a major release upgrade, it is required that 1161 you boot into single user mode to do the installworld. 1162 1163 [4] Note: This step is non-optional. Failure to do this step 1164 can result in a significant reduction in the functionality of the 1165 system. Attempting to do it by hand is not recommended and those 1166 that pursue this avenue should read this file carefully, as well 1167 as the archives of freebsd-current and freebsd-hackers mailing lists 1168 for potential gotchas. 1169 1170 [5] Usually this step is a noop. However, from time to time 1171 you may need to do this if you get unknown user in the following 1172 step. It never hurts to do it all the time. You may need to 1173 install a new mergemaster (cd src/usr.sbin/mergemaster && make 1174 install) after the buildworld before this step if you last updated 1175 from current before 20020224 or from -stable before 20020408. 1176 1177 [8] In order to have a kernel that can run the 4.x binaries 1178 needed to do an installworld, you must include the COMPAT_FREEBSD4 1179 option in your kernel. Failure to do so may leave you with a system 1180 that is hard to boot to recover. A similar kernel option COMPAT_FREEBSD5 1181 is required to run the 5.x binaries on more recent kernels. 1182 1183 Make sure that you merge any new devices from GENERIC since the 1184 last time you updated your kernel config file. 1185 1186 [9] When checking out sources, you must include the -P flag to have 1187 cvs prune empty directories. 1188 1189 If CPUTYPE is defined in your /etc/make.conf, make sure to use the 1190 "?=" instead of the "=" assignment operator, so that buildworld can 1191 override the CPUTYPE if it needs to. 1192 1193 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX must be defined in an environment variable, and 1194 not on the command line, or in /etc/make.conf. buildworld will 1195 warn if it is improperly defined. 1196FORMAT: 1197 1198This file contains a list, in reverse chronological order, of major 1199breakages in tracking -current. Not all things will be listed here, 1200and it only starts on October 16, 2004. Updating files can found in 1201previous releases if your system is older than this. 1202 1203Copyright information: 1204 1205Copyright 1998-2005 M. Warner Losh. All Rights Reserved. 1206 1207Redistribution, publication, translation and use, with or without 1208modification, in full or in part, in any form or format of this 1209document are permitted without further permission from the author. 1210 1211THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED BY WARNER LOSH ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR 1212IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 1213WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE 1214DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WARNER LOSH BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, 1215INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES 1216(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR 1217SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 1218HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, 1219STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING 1220IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 1221POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1222 1223If you find this document useful, and you want to, you may buy the 1224author a beer. 1225 1226Contact Warner Losh if you have any questions about your use of 1227this document. 1228 1229$FreeBSD$ 1230