xref: /linux/tools/lib/bpf/gen_loader.c (revision 7fef1796ec4d8c4cce70c374efafdbbc8d6d6cbc)

// SPDX-License-Identifier: (LGPL-2.1 OR BSD-2-Clause)
/* Copyright (c) 2021 Facebook */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <asm/byteorder.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include "btf.h"
#include "bpf.h"
#include "libbpf.h"
#include "libbpf_internal.h"
#include "hashmap.h"
#include "bpf_gen_internal.h"
#include "skel_internal.h"

#define MAX_USED_MAPS	64
#define MAX_USED_PROGS	32
#define MAX_KFUNC_DESCS 256
#define MAX_FD_ARRAY_SZ (MAX_USED_MAPS + MAX_KFUNC_DESCS)

/* The following structure describes the stack layout of the loader program.
 * In addition R6 contains the pointer to context.
 * R7 contains the result of the last sys_bpf command (typically error or FD).
 * R9 contains the result of the last sys_close command.
 *
 * Naming convention:
 * ctx - bpf program context
 * stack - bpf program stack
 * blob - bpf_attr-s, strings, insns, map data.
 *        All the bytes that loader prog will use for read/write.
 */
struct loader_stack {
	__u32 btf_fd;
	__u32 inner_map_fd;
	__u32 prog_fd[MAX_USED_PROGS];
};

#define stack_off(field) \
	(__s16)(-sizeof(struct loader_stack) + offsetof(struct loader_stack, field))

#define attr_field(attr, field) (attr + offsetof(union bpf_attr, field))

static int blob_fd_array_off(struct bpf_gen *gen, int index)
{
	return gen->fd_array + index * sizeof(int);
}

static int realloc_insn_buf(struct bpf_gen *gen, __u32 size)
{
	size_t off = gen->insn_cur - gen->insn_start;
	void *insn_start;

	if (gen->error)
		return gen->error;
	if (size > INT32_MAX || off + size > INT32_MAX) {
		gen->error = -ERANGE;
		return -ERANGE;
	}
	insn_start = realloc(gen->insn_start, off + size);
	if (!insn_start) {
		gen->error = -ENOMEM;
		free(gen->insn_start);
		gen->insn_start = NULL;
		gen->insn_cur = NULL;
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	gen->insn_start = insn_start;
	gen->insn_cur = insn_start + off;
	return 0;
}

static int realloc_data_buf(struct bpf_gen *gen, __u32 size)
{
	size_t off = gen->data_cur - gen->data_start;
	void *data_start;

	if (gen->error)
		return gen->error;
	if (size > INT32_MAX || off + size > INT32_MAX) {
		gen->error = -ERANGE;
		return -ERANGE;
	}
	data_start = realloc(gen->data_start, off + size);
	if (!data_start) {
		gen->error = -ENOMEM;
		free(gen->data_start);
		gen->data_start = NULL;
		gen->data_cur = NULL;
		return -ENOMEM;
	}
	gen->data_start = data_start;
	gen->data_cur = data_start + off;
	return 0;
}

static void emit(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct bpf_insn insn)
{
	if (realloc_insn_buf(gen, sizeof(insn)))
		return;
	memcpy(gen->insn_cur, &insn, sizeof(insn));
	gen->insn_cur += sizeof(insn);
}

static void emit2(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct bpf_insn insn1, struct bpf_insn insn2)
{
	emit(gen, insn1);
	emit(gen, insn2);
}

static int add_data(struct bpf_gen *gen, const void *data, __u32 size);
static void emit_sys_close_blob(struct bpf_gen *gen, int blob_off);
static void emit_signature_match(struct bpf_gen *gen);

void bpf_gen__init(struct bpf_gen *gen, int log_level, int nr_progs, int nr_maps)
{
	size_t stack_sz = sizeof(struct loader_stack), nr_progs_sz;
	int i;

	gen->fd_array = add_data(gen, NULL, MAX_FD_ARRAY_SZ * sizeof(int));
	gen->log_level = log_level;
	/* save ctx pointer into R6 */
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1));

	/* bzero stack */
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10));
	emit(gen, BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_1, -stack_sz));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, stack_sz));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_probe_read_kernel));

	/* amount of stack actually used, only used to calculate iterations, not stack offset */
	nr_progs_sz = offsetof(struct loader_stack, prog_fd[nr_progs]);
	/* jump over cleanup code */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JA, 0, 0,
			      /* size of cleanup code below (including map fd cleanup) */
			      (nr_progs_sz / 4) * 3 + 2 +
			      /* 6 insns for emit_sys_close_blob,
			       * 6 insns for debug_regs in emit_sys_close_blob
			       */
			      nr_maps * (6 + (gen->log_level ? 6 : 0))));

	/* remember the label where all error branches will jump to */
	gen->cleanup_label = gen->insn_cur - gen->insn_start;
	/* emit cleanup code: close all temp FDs */
	for (i = 0; i < nr_progs_sz; i += 4) {
		emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10, -stack_sz + i));
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JSLE, BPF_REG_1, 0, 1));
		emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_sys_close));
	}
	for (i = 0; i < nr_maps; i++)
		emit_sys_close_blob(gen, blob_fd_array_off(gen, i));
	/* R7 contains the error code from sys_bpf. Copy it into R0 and exit. */
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_7));
	emit(gen, BPF_EXIT_INSN());
	if (OPTS_GET(gen->opts, gen_hash, false))
		emit_signature_match(gen);
}

static int add_data(struct bpf_gen *gen, const void *data, __u32 size)
{
	__u64 zero = 0;
	__u32 size8;
	void *prev;

	if (size > INT32_MAX) {
		gen->error = -ERANGE;
		return 0;
	}
	size8 = roundup(size, 8);

	if (realloc_data_buf(gen, size8))
		return 0;
	prev = gen->data_cur;
	if (data) {
		memcpy(gen->data_cur, data, size);
		memcpy(gen->data_cur + size, &zero, size8 - size);
	} else {
		memset(gen->data_cur, 0, size8);
	}
	gen->data_cur += size8;
	return prev - gen->data_start;
}

/* Get index for map_fd/btf_fd slot in reserved fd_array, or in data relative
 * to start of fd_array. Caller can decide if it is usable or not.
 */
static int add_map_fd(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	if (gen->nr_maps == MAX_USED_MAPS) {
		pr_warn("Total maps exceeds %d\n", MAX_USED_MAPS);
		gen->error = -E2BIG;
		return 0;
	}
	return gen->nr_maps++;
}

static int add_kfunc_btf_fd(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	int cur;

	if (gen->nr_fd_array == MAX_KFUNC_DESCS) {
		cur = add_data(gen, NULL, sizeof(int));
		return (cur - gen->fd_array) / sizeof(int);
	}
	return MAX_USED_MAPS + gen->nr_fd_array++;
}

static int insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(__u32 sz)
{
	switch (sz) {
	case 8: return BPF_DW;
	case 4: return BPF_W;
	case 2: return BPF_H;
	case 1: return BPF_B;
	default: return -1;
	}
}

/* *(u64 *)(blob + off) = (u64)(void *)(blob + data) */
static void emit_rel_store(struct bpf_gen *gen, int off, int data)
{
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_0, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, data));
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, off));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0, 0));
}

static void move_blob2blob(struct bpf_gen *gen, int off, int size, int blob_off)
{
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_2, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, blob_off));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_2, 0));
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, off));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0, 0));
}

static void move_blob2ctx(struct bpf_gen *gen, int ctx_off, int size, int blob_off)
{
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, blob_off));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1, 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_0, ctx_off));
}

static void move_ctx2blob(struct bpf_gen *gen, int off, int size, int ctx_off,
				   bool check_non_zero)
{
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_6, ctx_off));
	if (check_non_zero)
		/* If value in ctx is zero don't update the blob.
		 * For example: when ctx->map.max_entries == 0, keep default max_entries from bpf.c
		 */
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, 0, 3));
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, off));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0, 0));
}

static void move_stack2blob(struct bpf_gen *gen, int off, int size, int stack_off)
{
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_10, stack_off));
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, off));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0, 0));
}

static void move_stack2ctx(struct bpf_gen *gen, int ctx_off, int size, int stack_off)
{
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_10, stack_off));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(insn_bytes_to_bpf_size(size), BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_0, ctx_off));
}

static void emit_sys_bpf(struct bpf_gen *gen, int cmd, int attr, int attr_size)
{
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_1, cmd));
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_2, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, attr));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, attr_size));
	emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_sys_bpf));
	/* remember the result in R7 */
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_0));
}

static bool is_simm16(__s64 value)
{
	return value == (__s64)(__s16)value;
}

static void emit_check_err(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	__s64 off = -(gen->insn_cur - gen->insn_start - gen->cleanup_label) / 8 - 1;

	/* R7 contains result of last sys_bpf command.
	 * if (R7 < 0) goto cleanup;
	 */
	if (is_simm16(off)) {
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JSLT, BPF_REG_7, 0, off));
	} else {
		gen->error = -ERANGE;
	}
}

/* reg1 and reg2 should not be R1 - R5. They can be R0, R6 - R10 */
static void emit_debug(struct bpf_gen *gen, int reg1, int reg2,
		       const char *fmt, va_list args)
{
	char buf[1024];
	int addr, len, ret;

	if (!gen->log_level)
		return;
	ret = vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
	if (ret < 1024 - 7 && reg1 >= 0 && reg2 < 0)
		/* The special case to accommodate common debug_ret():
		 * to avoid specifying BPF_REG_7 and adding " r=%%d" to
		 * prints explicitly.
		 */
		strcat(buf, " r=%d");
	len = strlen(buf) + 1;
	addr = add_data(gen, buf, len);

	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, addr));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, len));
	if (reg1 >= 0)
		emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_3, reg1));
	if (reg2 >= 0)
		emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_4, reg2));
	emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_trace_printk));
}

static void debug_regs(struct bpf_gen *gen, int reg1, int reg2, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list args;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	emit_debug(gen, reg1, reg2, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
}

static void debug_ret(struct bpf_gen *gen, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list args;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	emit_debug(gen, BPF_REG_7, -1, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
}

static void __emit_sys_close(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JSLE, BPF_REG_1, 0,
			      /* 2 is the number of the following insns
			       * * 6 is additional insns in debug_regs
			       */
			      2 + (gen->log_level ? 6 : 0)));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_1));
	emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_sys_close));
	debug_regs(gen, BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_0, "close(%%d) = %%d");
}

static void emit_sys_close_stack(struct bpf_gen *gen, int stack_off)
{
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10, stack_off));
	__emit_sys_close(gen);
}

static void emit_sys_close_blob(struct bpf_gen *gen, int blob_off)
{
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_0, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, blob_off));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0, 0));
	__emit_sys_close(gen);
}

static void compute_sha_update_offsets(struct bpf_gen *gen);

int bpf_gen__finish(struct bpf_gen *gen, int nr_progs, int nr_maps)
{
	int i;

	if (nr_progs < gen->nr_progs || nr_maps != gen->nr_maps) {
		pr_warn("nr_progs %d/%d nr_maps %d/%d mismatch\n",
			nr_progs, gen->nr_progs, nr_maps, gen->nr_maps);
		gen->error = -EFAULT;
		return gen->error;
	}
	emit_sys_close_stack(gen, stack_off(btf_fd));
	for (i = 0; i < gen->nr_progs; i++)
		move_stack2ctx(gen,
			       sizeof(struct bpf_loader_ctx) +
			       sizeof(struct bpf_map_desc) * gen->nr_maps +
			       sizeof(struct bpf_prog_desc) * i +
			       offsetof(struct bpf_prog_desc, prog_fd), 4,
			       stack_off(prog_fd[i]));
	for (i = 0; i < gen->nr_maps; i++)
		move_blob2ctx(gen,
			      sizeof(struct bpf_loader_ctx) +
			      sizeof(struct bpf_map_desc) * i +
			      offsetof(struct bpf_map_desc, map_fd), 4,
			      blob_fd_array_off(gen, i));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_EXIT_INSN());
	if (!gen->error) {
		struct gen_loader_opts *opts = gen->opts;

		if (OPTS_GET(opts, gen_hash, false))
			compute_sha_update_offsets(gen);

		opts->insns = gen->insn_start;
		opts->insns_sz = gen->insn_cur - gen->insn_start;
		opts->data = gen->data_start;
		opts->data_sz = gen->data_cur - gen->data_start;

		/* use target endianness for embedded loader */
		if (gen->swapped_endian) {
			struct bpf_insn *insn = (struct bpf_insn *)opts->insns;
			int insn_cnt = opts->insns_sz / sizeof(struct bpf_insn);

			for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++)
				bpf_insn_bswap(insn++);
		}
	}
	pr_debug("gen: finish %s\n", errstr(gen->error));
	return gen->error;
}

void bpf_gen__free(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	if (!gen)
		return;
	free(gen->data_start);
	free(gen->insn_start);
	free(gen);
}

/*
 * Fields of bpf_attr are set to values in native byte-order before being
 * written to the target-bound data blob, and may need endian conversion.
 * This macro allows providing the correct value in situ more simply than
 * writing a separate converter for *all fields* of *all records* included
 * in union bpf_attr. Note that sizeof(rval) should match the assignment
 * target to avoid runtime problems.
 */
#define tgt_endian(rval) ({					\
	typeof(rval) _val = (rval);				\
	if (gen->swapped_endian) {				\
		switch (sizeof(_val)) {				\
		case 1: break;					\
		case 2: _val = bswap_16(_val); break;		\
		case 4: _val = bswap_32(_val); break;		\
		case 8: _val = bswap_64(_val); break;		\
		default: pr_warn("unsupported bswap size!\n");	\
		}						\
	}							\
	_val;							\
})

static void compute_sha_update_offsets(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	__u64 sha[SHA256_DWORD_SIZE];
	__u64 sha_dw;
	int i;

	libbpf_sha256(gen->data_start, gen->data_cur - gen->data_start, (__u8 *)sha);
	for (i = 0; i < SHA256_DWORD_SIZE; i++) {
		struct bpf_insn *insn =
			(struct bpf_insn *)(gen->insn_start + gen->hash_insn_offset[i]);
		sha_dw = tgt_endian(sha[i]);
		insn[0].imm = (__u32)sha_dw;
		insn[1].imm = sha_dw >> 32;
	}
}

void bpf_gen__load_btf(struct bpf_gen *gen, const void *btf_raw_data,
		       __u32 btf_raw_size)
{
	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, btf_log_level);
	int btf_data, btf_load_attr;
	union bpf_attr attr;

	memset(&attr, 0, attr_size);
	btf_data = add_data(gen, btf_raw_data, btf_raw_size);

	attr.btf_size = tgt_endian(btf_raw_size);
	btf_load_attr = add_data(gen, &attr, attr_size);
	pr_debug("gen: load_btf: off %d size %d, attr: off %d size %d\n",
		 btf_data, btf_raw_size, btf_load_attr, attr_size);

	/* populate union bpf_attr with user provided log details */
	move_ctx2blob(gen, attr_field(btf_load_attr, btf_log_level), 4,
		      offsetof(struct bpf_loader_ctx, log_level), false);
	move_ctx2blob(gen, attr_field(btf_load_attr, btf_log_size), 4,
		      offsetof(struct bpf_loader_ctx, log_size), false);
	move_ctx2blob(gen, attr_field(btf_load_attr, btf_log_buf), 8,
		      offsetof(struct bpf_loader_ctx, log_buf), false);
	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to the BTF data */
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(btf_load_attr, btf), btf_data);
	/* emit BTF_LOAD command */
	emit_sys_bpf(gen, BPF_BTF_LOAD, btf_load_attr, attr_size);
	debug_ret(gen, "btf_load size %d", btf_raw_size);
	emit_check_err(gen);
	/* remember btf_fd in the stack, if successful */
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_7, stack_off(btf_fd)));
}

void bpf_gen__map_create(struct bpf_gen *gen,
			 enum bpf_map_type map_type,
			 const char *map_name,
			 __u32 key_size, __u32 value_size, __u32 max_entries,
			 struct bpf_map_create_opts *map_attr, int map_idx)
{
	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, map_extra);
	bool close_inner_map_fd = false;
	int map_create_attr, idx;
	union bpf_attr attr;

	memset(&attr, 0, attr_size);
	attr.map_type = tgt_endian(map_type);
	attr.key_size = tgt_endian(key_size);
	attr.value_size = tgt_endian(value_size);
	attr.map_flags = tgt_endian(map_attr->map_flags);
	attr.map_extra = tgt_endian(map_attr->map_extra);
	if (map_name)
		libbpf_strlcpy(attr.map_name, map_name, sizeof(attr.map_name));
	attr.numa_node = tgt_endian(map_attr->numa_node);
	attr.map_ifindex = tgt_endian(map_attr->map_ifindex);
	attr.max_entries = tgt_endian(max_entries);
	attr.btf_key_type_id = tgt_endian(map_attr->btf_key_type_id);
	attr.btf_value_type_id = tgt_endian(map_attr->btf_value_type_id);

	map_create_attr = add_data(gen, &attr, attr_size);
	pr_debug("gen: map_create: %s idx %d type %d value_type_id %d, attr: off %d size %d\n",
		 map_name, map_idx, map_type, map_attr->btf_value_type_id,
		 map_create_attr, attr_size);

	if (map_attr->btf_value_type_id)
		/* populate union bpf_attr with btf_fd saved in the stack earlier */
		move_stack2blob(gen, attr_field(map_create_attr, btf_fd), 4,
				stack_off(btf_fd));
	switch (map_type) {
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY_OF_MAPS:
	case BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH_OF_MAPS:
		move_stack2blob(gen, attr_field(map_create_attr, inner_map_fd), 4,
				stack_off(inner_map_fd));
		close_inner_map_fd = true;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	/*
	 * Conditionally update max_entries from the host-supplied loader
	 * ctx. This sizes the map at runtime, but for a signed loader
	 * (gen_hash) it would let an untrusted host re-dimension the
	 * program's maps after emit_signature_match(), outside what the
	 * signature attests to. Keep the signer-provided max_entries
	 * baked into the blob in that case.
	 */
	if (map_idx >= 0 && !OPTS_GET(gen->opts, gen_hash, false))
		move_ctx2blob(gen, attr_field(map_create_attr, max_entries), 4,
			      sizeof(struct bpf_loader_ctx) +
			      sizeof(struct bpf_map_desc) * map_idx +
			      offsetof(struct bpf_map_desc, max_entries),
			      true /* check that max_entries != 0 */);

	/* emit MAP_CREATE command */
	emit_sys_bpf(gen, BPF_MAP_CREATE, map_create_attr, attr_size);
	debug_ret(gen, "map_create %s idx %d type %d value_size %d value_btf_id %d",
		  map_name, map_idx, map_type, value_size,
		  map_attr->btf_value_type_id);
	emit_check_err(gen);
	/* remember map_fd in the stack, if successful */
	if (map_idx < 0) {
		/* This bpf_gen__map_create() function is called with map_idx >= 0
		 * for all maps that libbpf loading logic tracks.
		 * It's called with -1 to create an inner map.
		 */
		emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_7,
				      stack_off(inner_map_fd)));
	} else if (map_idx != gen->nr_maps) {
		gen->error = -EDOM; /* internal bug */
		return;
	} else {
		/* add_map_fd does gen->nr_maps++ */
		idx = add_map_fd(gen);
		emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
						 0, 0, 0, blob_fd_array_off(gen, idx)));
		emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_7, 0));
	}
	if (close_inner_map_fd)
		emit_sys_close_stack(gen, stack_off(inner_map_fd));
}

static void emit_signature_match(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	__s64 off;
	int i;

	/*
	 * Reject if the metadata map is not exclusive. Without exclusivity
	 * the cached map->sha[] verified above can be stale: another BPF
	 * program with map access could have mutated the contents between
	 * BPF_OBJ_GET_INFO_BY_FD and loader execution.
	 */
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX,
					 0, 0, 0, 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_1, SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH));
	off = -(gen->insn_cur - gen->insn_start - gen->cleanup_label) / 8 - 2;
	if (is_simm16(off)) {
		emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_7, -EINVAL));
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_2, 1, off));
	} else {
		gen->error = -ERANGE;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < SHA256_DWORD_SIZE; i++) {
		emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX,
						 0, 0, 0, 0));
		emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_1, i * sizeof(__u64)));
		gen->hash_insn_offset[i] = gen->insn_cur - gen->insn_start;
		emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0));

		off = -(gen->insn_cur - gen->insn_start - gen->cleanup_label) / 8 - 2;
		if (is_simm16(off)) {
			emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_7, -EINVAL));
			emit(gen, BPF_JMP_REG(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_3, off));
		} else {
			gen->error = -ERANGE;
		}
	}
}

void bpf_gen__record_attach_target(struct bpf_gen *gen, const char *attach_name,
				   enum bpf_attach_type type)
{
	const char *prefix;
	int kind, ret;

	btf_get_kernel_prefix_kind(type, &prefix, &kind);
	gen->attach_kind = kind;
	ret = snprintf(gen->attach_target, sizeof(gen->attach_target), "%s%s",
		       prefix, attach_name);
	if (ret >= sizeof(gen->attach_target))
		gen->error = -ENOSPC;
}

static void emit_find_attach_target(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	int name, len = strlen(gen->attach_target) + 1;

	pr_debug("gen: find_attach_tgt %s %d\n", gen->attach_target, gen->attach_kind);
	name = add_data(gen, gen->attach_target, len);

	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, name));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, len));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, gen->attach_kind));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_4, 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_btf_find_by_name_kind));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_0));
	debug_ret(gen, "find_by_name_kind(%s,%d)",
		  gen->attach_target, gen->attach_kind);
	emit_check_err(gen);
	/* if successful, btf_id is in lower 32-bit of R7 and
	 * btf_obj_fd is in upper 32-bit
	 */
}

void bpf_gen__record_extern(struct bpf_gen *gen, const char *name, bool is_weak,
			    bool is_typeless, bool is_ld64, int kind, int insn_idx)
{
	struct ksym_relo_desc *relo;

	relo = libbpf_reallocarray(gen->relos, gen->relo_cnt + 1, sizeof(*relo));
	if (!relo) {
		gen->error = -ENOMEM;
		return;
	}
	gen->relos = relo;
	relo += gen->relo_cnt;
	relo->name = name;
	relo->is_weak = is_weak;
	relo->is_typeless = is_typeless;
	relo->is_ld64 = is_ld64;
	relo->kind = kind;
	relo->insn_idx = insn_idx;
	gen->relo_cnt++;
}

/* returns existing ksym_desc with ref incremented, or inserts a new one */
static struct ksym_desc *get_ksym_desc(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct ksym_relo_desc *relo)
{
	struct ksym_desc *kdesc;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < gen->nr_ksyms; i++) {
		kdesc = &gen->ksyms[i];
		if (kdesc->kind == relo->kind && kdesc->is_ld64 == relo->is_ld64 &&
		    !strcmp(kdesc->name, relo->name)) {
			kdesc->ref++;
			return kdesc;
		}
	}
	kdesc = libbpf_reallocarray(gen->ksyms, gen->nr_ksyms + 1, sizeof(*kdesc));
	if (!kdesc) {
		gen->error = -ENOMEM;
		return NULL;
	}
	gen->ksyms = kdesc;
	kdesc = &gen->ksyms[gen->nr_ksyms++];
	kdesc->name = relo->name;
	kdesc->kind = relo->kind;
	kdesc->ref = 1;
	kdesc->off = 0;
	kdesc->insn = 0;
	kdesc->is_ld64 = relo->is_ld64;
	return kdesc;
}

/* Overwrites BPF_REG_{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
 * Returns result in BPF_REG_7
 */
static void emit_bpf_find_by_name_kind(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct ksym_relo_desc *relo)
{
	int name_off, len = strlen(relo->name) + 1;

	name_off = add_data(gen, relo->name, len);
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, name_off));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, len));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, relo->kind));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_4, 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_btf_find_by_name_kind));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_0));
	debug_ret(gen, "find_by_name_kind(%s,%d)", relo->name, relo->kind);
}

/* Overwrites BPF_REG_{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
 * Returns result in BPF_REG_7
 * Returns u64 symbol addr in BPF_REG_9
 */
static void emit_bpf_kallsyms_lookup_name(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct ksym_relo_desc *relo)
{
	int name_off, len = strlen(relo->name) + 1, res_off;

	name_off = add_data(gen, relo->name, len);
	res_off = add_data(gen, NULL, 8); /* res is u64 */
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, name_off));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, len));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, 0));
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_4, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, res_off));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_4));
	emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_kallsyms_lookup_name));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_7, 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_0));
	debug_ret(gen, "kallsyms_lookup_name(%s,%d)", relo->name, relo->kind);
}

/* Expects:
 * BPF_REG_8 - pointer to instruction
 *
 * We need to reuse BTF fd for same symbol otherwise each relocation takes a new
 * index, while kernel limits total kfunc BTFs to 256. For duplicate symbols,
 * this would mean a new BTF fd index for each entry. By pairing symbol name
 * with index, we get the insn->imm, insn->off pairing that kernel uses for
 * kfunc_tab, which becomes the effective limit even though all of them may
 * share same index in fd_array (such that kfunc_btf_tab has 1 element).
 */
static void emit_relo_kfunc_btf(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct ksym_relo_desc *relo, int insn)
{
	struct ksym_desc *kdesc;
	int btf_fd_idx;

	kdesc = get_ksym_desc(gen, relo);
	if (!kdesc)
		return;
	/* try to copy from existing bpf_insn */
	if (kdesc->ref > 1) {
		move_blob2blob(gen, insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 4,
			       kdesc->insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm));
		move_blob2blob(gen, insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, off), 2,
			       kdesc->insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, off));
		goto log;
	}
	/* remember insn offset, so we can copy BTF ID and FD later */
	kdesc->insn = insn;
	emit_bpf_find_by_name_kind(gen, relo);
	if (!relo->is_weak)
		emit_check_err(gen);
	/* get index in fd_array to store BTF FD at */
	btf_fd_idx = add_kfunc_btf_fd(gen);
	if (btf_fd_idx > INT16_MAX) {
		pr_warn("BTF fd off %d for kfunc %s exceeds INT16_MAX, cannot process relocation\n",
			btf_fd_idx, relo->name);
		gen->error = -E2BIG;
		return;
	}
	kdesc->off = btf_fd_idx;
	/* jump to success case */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JSGE, BPF_REG_7, 0, 3));
	/* set value for imm, off as 0 */
	emit(gen, BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_H, BPF_REG_8, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, off), 0));
	/* skip success case for ret < 0 */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JA, 0, 0, 10));
	/* store btf_id into insn[insn_idx].imm */
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_7, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
	/* obtain fd in BPF_REG_9 */
	emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_7));
	emit(gen, BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_9, 32));
	/* load fd_array slot pointer */
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_0, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, blob_fd_array_off(gen, btf_fd_idx)));
	/* store BTF fd in slot, 0 for vmlinux */
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_9, 0));
	/* jump to insn[insn_idx].off store if fd denotes module BTF */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_9, 0, 2));
	/* set the default value for off */
	emit(gen, BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_H, BPF_REG_8, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, off), 0));
	/* skip BTF fd store for vmlinux BTF */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JA, 0, 0, 1));
	/* store index into insn[insn_idx].off */
	emit(gen, BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_H, BPF_REG_8, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, off), btf_fd_idx));
log:
	if (!gen->log_level)
		return;
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_8,
			      offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_H, BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_8,
			      offsetof(struct bpf_insn, off)));
	debug_regs(gen, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_9, " func (%s:count=%d): imm: %%d, off: %%d",
		   relo->name, kdesc->ref);
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_0, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
					 0, 0, 0, blob_fd_array_off(gen, kdesc->off)));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_0, 0));
	debug_regs(gen, BPF_REG_9, -1, " func (%s:count=%d): btf_fd",
		   relo->name, kdesc->ref);
}

static void emit_ksym_relo_log(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct ksym_relo_desc *relo,
			       int ref)
{
	if (!gen->log_level)
		return;
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_8,
			      offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_H, BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_8, sizeof(struct bpf_insn) +
			      offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
	debug_regs(gen, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_9, " var t=%d w=%d (%s:count=%d): imm[0]: %%d, imm[1]: %%d",
		   relo->is_typeless, relo->is_weak, relo->name, ref);
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_B, BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_8, offsetofend(struct bpf_insn, code)));
	debug_regs(gen, BPF_REG_9, -1, " var t=%d w=%d (%s:count=%d): insn.reg",
		   relo->is_typeless, relo->is_weak, relo->name, ref);
}

/* Expects:
 * BPF_REG_8 - pointer to instruction
 */
static void emit_relo_ksym_typeless(struct bpf_gen *gen,
				    struct ksym_relo_desc *relo, int insn)
{
	struct ksym_desc *kdesc;

	kdesc = get_ksym_desc(gen, relo);
	if (!kdesc)
		return;
	/* try to copy from existing ldimm64 insn */
	if (kdesc->ref > 1) {
		move_blob2blob(gen, insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 4,
			       kdesc->insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm));
		move_blob2blob(gen, insn + sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 4,
			       kdesc->insn + sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm));
		goto log;
	}
	/* remember insn offset, so we can copy ksym addr later */
	kdesc->insn = insn;
	/* skip typeless ksym_desc in fd closing loop in cleanup_relos */
	kdesc->typeless = true;
	emit_bpf_kallsyms_lookup_name(gen, relo);
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_7, -ENOENT, 1));
	emit_check_err(gen);
	/* store lower half of addr into insn[insn_idx].imm */
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_9, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
	/* store upper half of addr into insn[insn_idx + 1].imm */
	emit(gen, BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_9, 32));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_9,
		      sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
log:
	emit_ksym_relo_log(gen, relo, kdesc->ref);
}

static __u32 src_reg_mask(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
#if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) /* src_reg,dst_reg,... */
	return gen->swapped_endian ? 0xf0 : 0x0f;
#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) /* dst_reg,src_reg,... */
	return gen->swapped_endian ? 0x0f : 0xf0;
#else
#error "Unsupported bit endianness, cannot proceed"
#endif
}

/* Expects:
 * BPF_REG_8 - pointer to instruction
 */
static void emit_relo_ksym_btf(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct ksym_relo_desc *relo, int insn)
{
	struct ksym_desc *kdesc;
	__u32 reg_mask;

	kdesc = get_ksym_desc(gen, relo);
	if (!kdesc)
		return;
	/* try to copy from existing ldimm64 insn */
	if (kdesc->ref > 1) {
		move_blob2blob(gen, insn + sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 4,
			       kdesc->insn + sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm));
		move_blob2blob(gen, insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 4,
			       kdesc->insn + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm));
		/* jump over src_reg adjustment if imm (btf_id) is not 0, reuse BPF_REG_0 from move_blob2blob
		 * If btf_id is zero, clear BPF_PSEUDO_BTF_ID flag in src_reg of ld_imm64 insn
		 */
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, 3));
		goto clear_src_reg;
	}
	/* remember insn offset, so we can copy BTF ID and FD later */
	kdesc->insn = insn;
	emit_bpf_find_by_name_kind(gen, relo);
	if (!relo->is_weak)
		emit_check_err(gen);
	/* jump to success case */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JSGE, BPF_REG_7, 0, 3));
	/* set values for insn[insn_idx].imm, insn[insn_idx + 1].imm as 0 */
	emit(gen, BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 0));
	emit(gen, BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm), 0));
	/* skip success case for ret < 0 */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JA, 0, 0, 4));
	/* store btf_id into insn[insn_idx].imm */
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_7, offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
	/* store btf_obj_fd into insn[insn_idx + 1].imm */
	emit(gen, BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_7, 32));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_7,
			      sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm)));
	/* skip src_reg adjustment */
	emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JA, 0, 0, 3));
clear_src_reg:
	/* clear bpf_object__relocate_data's src_reg assignment, otherwise we get a verifier failure */
	reg_mask = src_reg_mask(gen);
	emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_B, BPF_REG_9, BPF_REG_8, offsetofend(struct bpf_insn, code)));
	emit(gen, BPF_ALU32_IMM(BPF_AND, BPF_REG_9, reg_mask));
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_B, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_9, offsetofend(struct bpf_insn, code)));

	emit_ksym_relo_log(gen, relo, kdesc->ref);
}

void bpf_gen__record_relo_core(struct bpf_gen *gen,
			       const struct bpf_core_relo *core_relo)
{
	struct bpf_core_relo *relos;

	relos = libbpf_reallocarray(gen->core_relos, gen->core_relo_cnt + 1, sizeof(*relos));
	if (!relos) {
		gen->error = -ENOMEM;
		return;
	}
	gen->core_relos = relos;
	relos += gen->core_relo_cnt;
	memcpy(relos, core_relo, sizeof(*relos));
	gen->core_relo_cnt++;
}

static void emit_relo(struct bpf_gen *gen, struct ksym_relo_desc *relo, int insns)
{
	int insn;

	pr_debug("gen: emit_relo (%d): %s at %d %s\n",
		 relo->kind, relo->name, relo->insn_idx, relo->is_ld64 ? "ld64" : "call");
	insn = insns + sizeof(struct bpf_insn) * relo->insn_idx;
	emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_8, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE, 0, 0, 0, insn));
	if (relo->is_ld64) {
		if (relo->is_typeless)
			emit_relo_ksym_typeless(gen, relo, insn);
		else
			emit_relo_ksym_btf(gen, relo, insn);
	} else {
		emit_relo_kfunc_btf(gen, relo, insn);
	}
}

static void emit_relos(struct bpf_gen *gen, int insns)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < gen->relo_cnt; i++)
		emit_relo(gen, gen->relos + i, insns);
}

static void cleanup_core_relo(struct bpf_gen *gen)
{
	if (!gen->core_relo_cnt)
		return;
	free(gen->core_relos);
	gen->core_relo_cnt = 0;
	gen->core_relos = NULL;
}

static void cleanup_relos(struct bpf_gen *gen, int insns)
{
	struct ksym_desc *kdesc;
	int i, insn;

	for (i = 0; i < gen->nr_ksyms; i++) {
		kdesc = &gen->ksyms[i];
		/* only close fds for typed ksyms and kfuncs */
		if (kdesc->is_ld64 && !kdesc->typeless) {
			/* close fd recorded in insn[insn_idx + 1].imm */
			insn = kdesc->insn;
			insn += sizeof(struct bpf_insn) + offsetof(struct bpf_insn, imm);
			emit_sys_close_blob(gen, insn);
		} else if (!kdesc->is_ld64) {
			emit_sys_close_blob(gen, blob_fd_array_off(gen, kdesc->off));
			if (kdesc->off < MAX_FD_ARRAY_SZ)
				gen->nr_fd_array--;
		}
	}
	if (gen->nr_ksyms) {
		free(gen->ksyms);
		gen->nr_ksyms = 0;
		gen->ksyms = NULL;
	}
	if (gen->relo_cnt) {
		free(gen->relos);
		gen->relo_cnt = 0;
		gen->relos = NULL;
	}
	cleanup_core_relo(gen);
}

/* Convert func, line, and core relo info blobs to target endianness */
static void info_blob_bswap(struct bpf_gen *gen, int func_info, int line_info,
			    int core_relos, struct bpf_prog_load_opts *load_attr)
{
	struct bpf_func_info *fi = gen->data_start + func_info;
	struct bpf_line_info *li = gen->data_start + line_info;
	struct bpf_core_relo *cr = gen->data_start + core_relos;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < load_attr->func_info_cnt; i++)
		bpf_func_info_bswap(fi++);

	for (i = 0; i < load_attr->line_info_cnt; i++)
		bpf_line_info_bswap(li++);

	for (i = 0; i < gen->core_relo_cnt; i++)
		bpf_core_relo_bswap(cr++);
}

void bpf_gen__prog_load(struct bpf_gen *gen,
			enum bpf_prog_type prog_type, const char *prog_name,
			const char *license, struct bpf_insn *insns, size_t insn_cnt,
			struct bpf_prog_load_opts *load_attr, int prog_idx)
{
	int func_info_tot_sz = load_attr->func_info_cnt *
			       load_attr->func_info_rec_size;
	int line_info_tot_sz = load_attr->line_info_cnt *
			       load_attr->line_info_rec_size;
	int core_relo_tot_sz = gen->core_relo_cnt *
			       sizeof(struct bpf_core_relo);
	int prog_load_attr, license_off, insns_off, func_info, line_info, core_relos;
	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, core_relo_rec_size);
	union bpf_attr attr;

	memset(&attr, 0, attr_size);
	/* add license string to blob of bytes */
	license_off = add_data(gen, license, strlen(license) + 1);
	/* add insns to blob of bytes */
	insns_off = add_data(gen, insns, insn_cnt * sizeof(struct bpf_insn));
	pr_debug("gen: prog_load: prog_idx %d type %d insn off %d insns_cnt %zd license off %d\n",
		 prog_idx, prog_type, insns_off, insn_cnt, license_off);

	/* convert blob insns to target endianness */
	if (gen->swapped_endian && !gen->error) {
		struct bpf_insn *insn = gen->data_start + insns_off;
		int i;

		for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++)
			bpf_insn_bswap(insn);
	}

	attr.prog_type = tgt_endian(prog_type);
	attr.expected_attach_type = tgt_endian(load_attr->expected_attach_type);
	attr.attach_btf_id = tgt_endian(load_attr->attach_btf_id);
	attr.prog_ifindex = tgt_endian(load_attr->prog_ifindex);
	attr.kern_version = 0;
	attr.insn_cnt = tgt_endian((__u32)insn_cnt);
	attr.prog_flags = tgt_endian(load_attr->prog_flags);

	attr.func_info_rec_size = tgt_endian(load_attr->func_info_rec_size);
	attr.func_info_cnt = tgt_endian(load_attr->func_info_cnt);
	func_info = add_data(gen, load_attr->func_info, func_info_tot_sz);
	pr_debug("gen: prog_load: func_info: off %d cnt %d rec size %d\n",
		 func_info, load_attr->func_info_cnt,
		 load_attr->func_info_rec_size);

	attr.line_info_rec_size = tgt_endian(load_attr->line_info_rec_size);
	attr.line_info_cnt = tgt_endian(load_attr->line_info_cnt);
	line_info = add_data(gen, load_attr->line_info, line_info_tot_sz);
	pr_debug("gen: prog_load: line_info: off %d cnt %d rec size %d\n",
		 line_info, load_attr->line_info_cnt,
		 load_attr->line_info_rec_size);

	attr.core_relo_rec_size = tgt_endian((__u32)sizeof(struct bpf_core_relo));
	attr.core_relo_cnt = tgt_endian(gen->core_relo_cnt);
	core_relos = add_data(gen, gen->core_relos, core_relo_tot_sz);
	pr_debug("gen: prog_load: core_relos: off %d cnt %d rec size %zd\n",
		 core_relos, gen->core_relo_cnt,
		 sizeof(struct bpf_core_relo));

	/* convert all info blobs to target endianness */
	if (gen->swapped_endian && !gen->error)
		info_blob_bswap(gen, func_info, line_info, core_relos, load_attr);

	libbpf_strlcpy(attr.prog_name, prog_name, sizeof(attr.prog_name));
	prog_load_attr = add_data(gen, &attr, attr_size);
	pr_debug("gen: prog_load: attr: off %d size %d\n",
		 prog_load_attr, attr_size);

	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to license */
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, license), license_off);

	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to instructions */
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, insns), insns_off);

	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to func_info */
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, func_info), func_info);

	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to line_info */
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, line_info), line_info);

	/* populate union bpf_attr with a pointer to core_relos */
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, core_relos), core_relos);

	/* populate union bpf_attr fd_array with a pointer to data where map_fds are saved */
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, fd_array), gen->fd_array);

	/* populate union bpf_attr with user provided log details */
	move_ctx2blob(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, log_level), 4,
		      offsetof(struct bpf_loader_ctx, log_level), false);
	move_ctx2blob(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, log_size), 4,
		      offsetof(struct bpf_loader_ctx, log_size), false);
	move_ctx2blob(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, log_buf), 8,
		      offsetof(struct bpf_loader_ctx, log_buf), false);
	/* populate union bpf_attr with btf_fd saved in the stack earlier */
	move_stack2blob(gen, attr_field(prog_load_attr, prog_btf_fd), 4,
			stack_off(btf_fd));
	if (gen->attach_kind) {
		emit_find_attach_target(gen);
		/* populate union bpf_attr with btf_id and btf_obj_fd found by helper */
		emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_0, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
						 0, 0, 0, prog_load_attr));
		emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_7,
				      offsetof(union bpf_attr, attach_btf_id)));
		emit(gen, BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_7, 32));
		emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_7,
				      offsetof(union bpf_attr, attach_btf_obj_fd)));
	}
	emit_relos(gen, insns_off);
	/* emit PROG_LOAD command */
	emit_sys_bpf(gen, BPF_PROG_LOAD, prog_load_attr, attr_size);
	debug_ret(gen, "prog_load %s insn_cnt %d", attr.prog_name, attr.insn_cnt);
	/* successful or not, close btf module FDs used in extern ksyms and attach_btf_obj_fd */
	cleanup_relos(gen, insns_off);
	if (gen->attach_kind) {
		emit_sys_close_blob(gen,
				    attr_field(prog_load_attr, attach_btf_obj_fd));
		gen->attach_kind = 0;
	}
	emit_check_err(gen);
	/* remember prog_fd in the stack, if successful */
	emit(gen, BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_7,
			      stack_off(prog_fd[gen->nr_progs])));
	gen->nr_progs++;
}

void bpf_gen__map_update_elem(struct bpf_gen *gen, int map_idx, void *pvalue,
			      __u32 value_size)
{
	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, flags);
	int map_update_attr, value, key;
	union bpf_attr attr;
	int zero = 0;

	memset(&attr, 0, attr_size);

	value = add_data(gen, pvalue, value_size);
	key = add_data(gen, &zero, sizeof(zero));

	/*
	 * if (map_desc[map_idx].initial_value) {
	 *    if (ctx->flags & BPF_SKEL_KERNEL)
	 *        bpf_probe_read_kernel(value, value_size, initial_value);
	 *    else
	 *        bpf_copy_from_user(value, value_size, initial_value);
	 * }
	 *
	 * The runtime initial_value comes from the host-supplied loader
	 * ctx and would overwrite the blob value after emit_signature_match()
	 * has already validated map->sha[]. For a signed loader (gen_hash)
	 * the attested blob value must be authoritative, so skip the override
	 * and leave the hashed value in place.
	 */
	if (!OPTS_GET(gen->opts, gen_hash, false)) {
		emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_6,
				      sizeof(struct bpf_loader_ctx) +
				      sizeof(struct bpf_map_desc) * map_idx +
				      offsetof(struct bpf_map_desc, initial_value)));
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_3, 0, 8));
		emit2(gen, BPF_LD_IMM64_RAW_FULL(BPF_REG_1, BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_IDX_VALUE,
						 0, 0, 0, value));
		emit(gen, BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, value_size));
		emit(gen, BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_6,
				      offsetof(struct bpf_loader_ctx, flags)));
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JSET, BPF_REG_0, BPF_SKEL_KERNEL, 2));
		emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_copy_from_user));
		emit(gen, BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JA, 0, 0, 1));
		emit(gen, BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_probe_read_kernel));
	}

	map_update_attr = add_data(gen, &attr, attr_size);
	pr_debug("gen: map_update_elem: idx %d, value: off %d size %d, attr: off %d size %d\n",
		 map_idx, value, value_size, map_update_attr, attr_size);
	move_blob2blob(gen, attr_field(map_update_attr, map_fd), 4,
		       blob_fd_array_off(gen, map_idx));
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(map_update_attr, key), key);
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(map_update_attr, value), value);
	/* emit MAP_UPDATE_ELEM command */
	emit_sys_bpf(gen, BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM, map_update_attr, attr_size);
	debug_ret(gen, "update_elem idx %d value_size %d", map_idx, value_size);
	emit_check_err(gen);
}

void bpf_gen__populate_outer_map(struct bpf_gen *gen, int outer_map_idx, int slot,
				 int inner_map_idx)
{
	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, flags);
	int map_update_attr, key;
	union bpf_attr attr;
	int tgt_slot;

	memset(&attr, 0, attr_size);

	tgt_slot = tgt_endian(slot);
	key = add_data(gen, &tgt_slot, sizeof(tgt_slot));

	map_update_attr = add_data(gen, &attr, attr_size);
	pr_debug("gen: populate_outer_map: outer %d key %d inner %d, attr: off %d size %d\n",
		 outer_map_idx, slot, inner_map_idx, map_update_attr, attr_size);
	move_blob2blob(gen, attr_field(map_update_attr, map_fd), 4,
		       blob_fd_array_off(gen, outer_map_idx));
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(map_update_attr, key), key);
	emit_rel_store(gen, attr_field(map_update_attr, value),
		       blob_fd_array_off(gen, inner_map_idx));

	/* emit MAP_UPDATE_ELEM command */
	emit_sys_bpf(gen, BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM, map_update_attr, attr_size);
	debug_ret(gen, "populate_outer_map outer %d key %d inner %d",
		  outer_map_idx, slot, inner_map_idx);
	emit_check_err(gen);
}

void bpf_gen__map_freeze(struct bpf_gen *gen, int map_idx)
{
	int attr_size = offsetofend(union bpf_attr, map_fd);
	int map_freeze_attr;
	union bpf_attr attr;

	memset(&attr, 0, attr_size);
	map_freeze_attr = add_data(gen, &attr, attr_size);
	pr_debug("gen: map_freeze: idx %d, attr: off %d size %d\n",
		 map_idx, map_freeze_attr, attr_size);
	move_blob2blob(gen, attr_field(map_freeze_attr, map_fd), 4,
		       blob_fd_array_off(gen, map_idx));
	/* emit MAP_FREEZE command */
	emit_sys_bpf(gen, BPF_MAP_FREEZE, map_freeze_attr, attr_size);
	debug_ret(gen, "map_freeze");
	emit_check_err(gen);
}