1This document provides background reading for memory models and related 2tools. These documents are aimed at kernel hackers who are interested 3in memory models. 4 5 6Hardware manuals and models 7=========================== 8 9o SPARC International Inc. (Ed.). 1994. "The SPARC Architecture 10 Reference Manual Version 9". SPARC International Inc. 11 12o Compaq Computer Corporation (Ed.). 2002. "Alpha Architecture 13 Reference Manual". Compaq Computer Corporation. 14 15o Intel Corporation (Ed.). 2002. "A Formal Specification of Intel 16 Itanium Processor Family Memory Ordering". Intel Corporation. 17 18o Intel Corporation (Ed.). 2002. "Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures 19 Software Developer’s Manual". Intel Corporation. 20 21o Peter Sewell, Susmit Sarkar, Scott Owens, Francesco Zappa Nardelli, 22 and Magnus O. Myreen. 2010. "x86-TSO: A Rigorous and Usable 23 Programmer's Model for x86 Multiprocessors". Commun. ACM 53, 7 24 (July, 2010), 89-97. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1785414.1785443 25 26o IBM Corporation (Ed.). 2009. "Power ISA Version 2.06". IBM 27 Corporation. 28 29o ARM Ltd. (Ed.). 2009. "ARM Barrier Litmus Tests and Cookbook". 30 ARM Ltd. 31 32o Susmit Sarkar, Peter Sewell, Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, and 33 Derek Williams. 2011. "Understanding POWER Multiprocessors". In 34 Proceedings of the 32Nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming 35 Language Design and Implementation (PLDI ’11). ACM, New York, 36 NY, USA, 175–186. 37 38o Susmit Sarkar, Kayvan Memarian, Scott Owens, Mark Batty, 39 Peter Sewell, Luc Maranget, Jade Alglave, and Derek Williams. 40 2012. "Synchronising C/C++ and POWER". In Proceedings of the 33rd 41 ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and 42 Implementation (PLDI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 311-322. 43 44o ARM Ltd. (Ed.). 2014. "ARM Architecture Reference Manual (ARMv8, 45 for ARMv8-A architecture profile)". ARM Ltd. 46 47o Imagination Technologies, LTD. 2015. "MIPS(R) Architecture 48 For Programmers, Volume II-A: The MIPS64(R) Instruction, 49 Set Reference Manual". Imagination Technologies, LTD. 50 51o Shaked Flur, Kathryn E. Gray, Christopher Pulte, Susmit 52 Sarkar, Ali Sezgin, Luc Maranget, Will Deacon, and Peter 53 Sewell. 2016. "Modelling the ARMv8 Architecture, Operationally: 54 Concurrency and ISA". In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual ACM 55 SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages 56 (POPL ’16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 608–621. 57 58o Shaked Flur, Susmit Sarkar, Christopher Pulte, Kyndylan Nienhuis, 59 Luc Maranget, Kathryn E. Gray, Ali Sezgin, Mark Batty, and Peter 60 Sewell. 2017. "Mixed-size Concurrency: ARM, POWER, C/C++11, 61 and SC". In Proceedings of the 44th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on 62 Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 2017). ACM, New York, 63 NY, USA, 429–442. 64 65o Christopher Pulte, Shaked Flur, Will Deacon, Jon French, 66 Susmit Sarkar, and Peter Sewell. 2018. "Simplifying ARM concurrency: 67 multicopy-atomic axiomatic and operational models for ARMv8". In 68 Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, Volume 2, Issue 69 POPL, Article No. 19. ACM, New York, NY, USA. 70 71 72Linux-kernel memory model 73========================= 74 75o Jade Alglave, Will Deacon, Boqun Feng, David Howells, Daniel 76 Lustig, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, Nicholas 77 Piggin, Alan Stern, Akira Yokosawa, and Peter Zijlstra. 78 2019. "Calibrating your fear of big bad optimizing compilers" 79 Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/799218/ 80 81o Jade Alglave, Will Deacon, Boqun Feng, David Howells, Daniel 82 Lustig, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, Nicholas 83 Piggin, Alan Stern, Akira Yokosawa, and Peter Zijlstra. 84 2019. "Who's afraid of a big bad optimizing compiler?" 85 Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/793253/ 86 87o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and 88 Alan Stern. 2018. "Frightening small children and disconcerting 89 grown-ups: Concurrency in the Linux kernel". In Proceedings of 90 the 23rd International Conference on Architectural Support for 91 Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS 2018). ACM, 92 New York, NY, USA, 405-418. Webpage: http://diy.inria.fr/linux/. 93 94o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and 95 Alan Stern. 2017. "A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 1)" 96 Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/718628/ 97 98o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and 99 Alan Stern. 2017. "A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 2)" 100 Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/720550/ 101 102o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and 103 Alan Stern. 2017-2019. "A Formal Model of Linux-Kernel Memory 104 Ordering" (backup material for the LWN articles) 105 https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/paulmck/LWNLinuxMM/ 106 107 108Memory-model tooling 109==================== 110 111o Daniel Jackson. 2002. "Alloy: A Lightweight Object Modelling 112 Notation". ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 11, 2 (April 2002), 113 256–290. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/505145.505149 114 115o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, and Michael Tautschnig. 2014. "Herding 116 Cats: Modelling, Simulation, Testing, and Data Mining for Weak 117 Memory". ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 36, 2, Article 7 (July 118 2014), 7:1–7:74 pages. 119 120o Jade Alglave, Patrick Cousot, and Luc Maranget. 2016. "Syntax and 121 semantics of the weak consistency model specification language 122 cat". CoRR abs/1608.07531 (2016). https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.07531 123 124 125Memory-model comparisons 126======================== 127 128o Paul E. McKenney, Ulrich Weigand, Andrea Parri, and Boqun 129 Feng. 2018. "Linux-Kernel Memory Model". (27 September 2018). 130 http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0124r6.html. 131