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/linux/tools/testing/selftests/resctrl/
H A Dcat_test.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
19 * test with n bits is MIN_DIFF_PERCENT_PER_BIT * (n - 1). With e.g. 5 vs 4
21 * MIN_DIFF_PERCENT_PER_BIT * (4 - 1) = 3 percent.
44 float delta = (__s64)(avg_llc_val - *prev_avg_llc_val); in show_results_info()
81 fp = fopen(param->filename, "r"); in check_results()
85 return -1; in check_results()
115 MIN_DIFF_PERCENT_PER_BIT * (bits - 1), in check_results()
137 * cat_test - Execute CAT benchmark and measure cache misses
169 if (strcmp(param->filename, "") == 0) in cat_test()
170 sprintf(param->filename, "stdio"); in cat_test()
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/linux/drivers/gpu/drm/
H A Ddrm_fb_dma_helper.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
6 * Author: Lars-Peter Clausen <lars@metafoo.de>
20 #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
26 * Provides helper functions for creating a DMA-contiguous framebuffer.
28 * Depending on the platform, the buffers may be physically non-contiguous and
30 * physically-contiguous memory (using, for instance, CMA or a pool of memory
35 * callback function to create a DMA-contiguous framebuffer.
39 * drm_fb_dma_get_gem_obj() - Get DMA GEM object for framebuffer
61 * drm_fb_dma_get_gem_addr() - Get DMA (bus) address for framebuffer, for pixel
78 u32 block_w = drm_format_info_block_width(fb->format, plane); in drm_fb_dma_get_gem_addr()
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/linux/kernel/dma/
H A DKconfig1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
99 pools as needed. To reduce run-time kernel memory requirements, you
123 <Documentation/devicetree/bindings/reserved-memory/reserved-memory.txt>
128 # Should be selected if we can mmap non-coherent mappings to userspace.
161 bool "DMA Contiguous Memory Allocator"
164 This enables the Contiguous Memory Allocator which allows drivers
165 to allocate big physically-contiguous blocks of memory for use with
166 hardware components that do not support I/O map nor scatter-gather.
171 For more information see <kernel/dma/contiguous.c>.
177 bool "Enable separate DMA Contiguous Memory Area for NUMA Node"
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H A Dremap.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
5 #include <linux/dma-map-ops.h>
13 if (!area || !(area->flags & VM_DMA_COHERENT)) in dma_common_find_pages()
15 WARN(area->flags != VM_DMA_COHERENT, in dma_common_find_pages()
17 return area->pages; in dma_common_find_pages()
22 * Cannot be used in non-sleeping contexts
32 find_vm_area(vaddr)->pages = pages; in dma_common_pages_remap()
37 * Remaps an allocated contiguous region into another vm_area.
38 * Cannot be used in non-sleeping contexts
66 if (!area || !(area->flags & VM_DMA_COHERENT)) { in dma_common_free_remap()
/linux/Documentation/driver-api/dmaengine/
H A Dprovider.rst20 DMA-eligible devices to the controller itself. Whenever the device
44 transfer into smaller sub-transfers.
47 that involve a single contiguous block of data. However, some of the
49 non-contiguous buffers to a contiguous buffer, which is called
50 scatter-gather.
53 scatter-gather. So we're left with two cases here: either we have a
56 that implements in hardware scatter-gather.
79 These were just the general memory-to-memory (also called mem2mem) or
80 memory-to-device (mem2dev) kind of transfers. Most devices often
98 documentation file in Documentation/crypto/async-tx-api.rst.
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/linux/Documentation/mm/
H A Dmemory-model.rst1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
9 spans a contiguous range up to the maximal address. It could be,
11 for the CPU. Then there could be several contiguous ranges at
23 Regardless of the selected memory model, there exists one-to-one
35 non-NUMA systems with contiguous, or mostly contiguous, physical
54 straightforward: `PFN - ARCH_PFN_OFFSET` is an index to the
65 as hot-plug and hot-remove of the physical memory, alternative memory
66 maps for non-volatile memory devices and deferred initialization of
85 NR\_MEM\_SECTIONS = 2 ^ {(MAX\_PHYSMEM\_BITS - SECTION\_SIZE\_BITS)}
87 The `mem_section` objects are arranged in a two-dimensional array
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/linux/arch/nios2/
H A DKconfig1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
51 int "Order of maximal physically contiguous allocations"
55 contiguous allocations. The limit is called MAX_PAGE_ORDER and it
57 allocated as a single contiguous block. This option allows
59 large blocks of physically contiguous memory is required.
82 2 or 4. Any non-aligned load/store instructions will be trapped and
99 some command-line options at build time by entering them here. In
120 bool "Passed kernel command line from u-boot"
122 Use bootargs env variable from u-boot for kernel command line.
/linux/drivers/gpu/drm/exynos/
H A Dexynos_drm_gem.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
9 #include <linux/dma-buf.h>
27 struct drm_device *dev = exynos_gem->base.dev; in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
30 if (exynos_gem->dma_addr) { in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
36 * if EXYNOS_BO_CONTIG, fully physically contiguous memory in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
37 * region will be allocated else physically contiguous in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
40 if (!(exynos_gem->flags & EXYNOS_BO_NONCONTIG)) in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
47 if (exynos_gem->flags & EXYNOS_BO_WC || in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
48 !(exynos_gem->flags & EXYNOS_BO_CACHABLE)) in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
55 exynos_gem->dma_attrs = attr; in exynos_drm_alloc_buf()
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H A Dexynos_drm_fb.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
8 * Seung-Woo Kim <sw0312.kim@samsung.com>
37 flags = exynos_gem->flags; in check_fb_gem_memory_type()
40 * Physically non-contiguous memory type for framebuffer is not in check_fb_gem_memory_type()
44 DRM_DEV_ERROR(drm_dev->dev, in check_fb_gem_memory_type()
45 "Non-contiguous GEM memory is not supported.\n"); in check_fb_gem_memory_type()
46 return -EINVAL; in check_fb_gem_memory_type()
69 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); in exynos_drm_framebuffer_init()
76 fb->obj[i] = &exynos_gem[i]->base; in exynos_drm_framebuffer_init()
83 DRM_DEV_ERROR(dev->dev, in exynos_drm_framebuffer_init()
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/linux/Documentation/core-api/
H A Ddma-api.rst8 of the API (and actual examples), see Documentation/core-api/dma-api-howto.rst.
11 Part II describes extensions for supporting non-consistent memory
13 non-consistent platforms (this is usually only legacy platforms) you
16 Part I - dma_API
17 ----------------
19 To get the dma_API, you must #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>. This
27 Part Ia - Using large DMA-coherent buffers
28 ------------------------------------------
76 Part Ib - Using small DMA-coherent buffers
77 ------------------------------------------
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/linux/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/
H A Dnommu-mmap.rst2 No-MMU memory mapping support
5 The kernel has limited support for memory mapping under no-MMU conditions, such
16 The behaviour is similar between the MMU and no-MMU cases, but not identical;
21 In the MMU case: VM regions backed by arbitrary pages; copy-on-write
24 In the no-MMU case: VM regions backed by arbitrary contiguous runs of
31 the no-MMU case doesn't support these, behaviour is identical to
39 In the no-MMU case:
41 - If one exists, the kernel will re-use an existing mapping to the
45 - If possible, the file mapping will be directly on the backing device
50 - If the backing device can't or won't permit direct sharing,
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H A Dpagemap.rst12 physical frame each virtual page is mapped to. It contains one 64-bit
16 * Bits 0-54 page frame number (PFN) if present
17 * Bits 0-4 swap type if swapped
18 * Bits 5-54 swap offset if swapped
19 * Bit 55 pte is soft-dirty (see
20 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/soft-dirty.rst)
22 * Bit 57 pte is uffd-wp write-protected (since 5.13) (see
23 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/userfaultfd.rst)
24 * Bits 58-60 zero
25 * Bit 61 page is file-page or shared-anon (since 3.5)
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H A Dconcepts.rst7 systems from MMU-less microcontrollers to supercomputers. The memory
22 necessarily contiguous; it might be accessible as a set of distinct
80 improves TLB hit-rate and thus improves overall system performance.
87 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst.
94 name. See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst for more details
118 Many multi-processor machines are NUMA - Non-Uniform Memory Access -
126 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst.
173 reclaimed. For instance, in-memory caches of filesystem metadata can
174 be re-read from the storage device and therefore it is possible to
189 more and reaches another threshold - min watermark - an allocation
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/linux/tools/perf/pmu-events/arch/arm64/
H A Dcommon-and-microarch.json129 "PublicDescription": "Attributable Level 1 data cache write-back",
132 "BriefDescription": "Attributable Level 1 data cache write-back"
147 "PublicDescription": "Attributable Level 2 data cache write-back",
150 "BriefDescription": "Attributable Level 2 data cache write-back"
273 "PublicDescription": "Access to another socket in a multi-socket system",
276 "BriefDescription": "Access to another socket in a multi-socket system"
303 "PublicDescription": "Attributable memory read access to another socket in a multi-socket system",
306 "BriefDescription": "Attributable memory read access to another socket in a multi-socket system"
309 "PublicDescription": "Level 1 data cache long-latency read miss. The counter counts each memory read access counted by L1D_CACHE that incurs additional latency because it returns data from outside the Level 1 data or unified cache of this processing element.",
312 "BriefDescription": "Level 1 data cache long-latenc
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/linux/arch/sh/mm/
H A DKconfig1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
12 Some SH processors (such as SH-2/SH-2A) lack an MMU. In order to
15 On other systems (such as the SH-3 and 4) where an MMU exists,
26 On MMU-less systems, any of these page sizes can be selected
34 int "Order of maximal physically contiguous allocations"
41 contiguous allocations. The limit is called MAX_PAGE:_ORDER and it
43 allocated as a single contiguous block. This option allows
45 large blocks of physically contiguous memory is required.
89 bool "Support 32-bit physical addressing through PMB"
95 32-bits through the SH-4A PMB. If this is not set, legacy
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/linux/drivers/vfio/pci/
H A Dvfio_pci_igd.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
8 * Register a device specific region through which to provide read-only
34 * igd_opregion_shift_copy() - Copy OpRegion to user buffer and shift position.
44 * Return: 0 on success, -EFAULT otherwise.
55 return -EFAULT; in igd_opregion_shift_copy()
59 *remaining -= bytes; in igd_opregion_shift_copy()
68 unsigned int i = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos) - VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS; in vfio_pci_igd_rw()
69 struct igd_opregion_vbt *opregionvbt = vdev->region[i].data; in vfio_pci_igd_rw()
73 if (pos >= vdev->region[i].size || iswrite) in vfio_pci_igd_rw()
74 return -EINVAL; in vfio_pci_igd_rw()
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/linux/mm/
H A Dutil.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
20 #include <linux/elf-randomize.h>
36 * kfree_const - conditionally free memory
49 * __kmemdup_nul - Create a NUL-terminated string from @s, which might be unterminated.
54 * Return: newly allocated copy of @s with NUL-termination or %NULL in
67 /* Ensure the buf is always NUL-terminated, regardless of @s. */ in __kmemdup_nul()
73 * kstrdup - allocate space for and copy an existing string
87 * kstrdup_const - conditionally duplicate an existing const string
107 * kstrndup - allocate space for and copy an existing string
123 * kmemdup - duplicate region of memory
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/linux/drivers/gpu/drm/xe/
H A Dxe_bo_doc.h1 /* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT */
25 * ----------
32 * vmap (XE can access the memory via xe_map layer) and have contiguous physical
35 * More details of why kernel BOs are pinned and contiguous below.
38 * --------
53 * the BO dma-resv slots / lock point to the VM's dma-resv slots / lock (all
54 * private BOs to a VM share common dma-resv slots / lock).
62 * own unique dma-resv slots / lock. An external BO will be in an array of all
90 * ----------------
109 * dma-resv slots.
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/linux/drivers/s390/cio/
H A Ditcw.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
20 * struct itcw - incremental tcw helper data type
23 * tcw and associated tccb, tsb, data tidaw-list plus an optional interrogate
25 * contiguous buffer provided by the user.
28 * - reset unused fields to zero
29 * - fill in required pointers
30 * - ensure required alignment for data structures
31 * - prevent data structures to cross 4k-byte boundary where required
32 * - calculate tccb-related length fields
33 * - optionally provide ready-made interrogate tcw and associated structures
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/linux/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/
H A Darm,coresight-catu.yaml1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only OR BSD-2-Clause
3 ---
4 $id: http://devicetree.org/schemas/arm/arm,coresight-catu.yaml#
5 $schema: http://devicetree.org/meta-schemas/core.yaml#
10 - Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
11 - Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
12 - Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
13 - Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
26 translates contiguous Virtual Addresses (VAs) from an AXI master into
27 non-contiguous Physical Addresses (PAs) that are intended for system memory.
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/linux/fs/ext4/
H A Dreadpage.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
21 * - encountering a page which has buffers
22 * - encountering a page which has a non-hole after a hole
23 * - encountering a page with non-contiguous blocks
25 * then this code just gives up and calls the buffer_head-based read function.
26 * It does handle a page which has holes at the end - that is a common case:
27 * the end-of-file on blocksize < PAGE_SIZE setups.
44 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
74 folio_end_read(fi.folio, bio->bi_status == 0); in __read_end_io()
75 if (bio->bi_private) in __read_end_io()
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/linux/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ice/
H A Dice_dcb_lib.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
9 * ice_dcb_get_ena_tc - return bitmap of enabled TCs
43 if (vsi->tc_cfg.ena_tc & BIT(i)) in ice_is_pfc_causing_hung_q()
47 for (tc = 0; tc < num_tcs - 1; tc++) in ice_is_pfc_causing_hung_q()
48 if (ice_find_q_in_range(vsi->tc_cfg.tc_info[tc].qoffset, in ice_is_pfc_causing_hung_q()
49 vsi->tc_cfg.tc_info[tc + 1].qoffset, in ice_is_pfc_causing_hung_q()
56 up2tc = rd32(&pf->hw, PRTDCB_TUP2TC); in ice_is_pfc_causing_hung_q()
70 ref_prio_xoff[i] = pf->stats.priority_xoff_rx[i]; in ice_is_pfc_causing_hung_q()
76 if (pf->stats.priority_xoff_rx[i] > ref_prio_xoff[i]) in ice_is_pfc_causing_hung_q()
83 * ice_dcb_get_mode - gets the DCB mode
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/linux/arch/arm64/mm/
H A Dhugetlbpage.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
24 * ---------------------------------------------------
26 * ---------------------------------------------------
30 * ---------------------------------------------------
44 order = PUD_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT; in arm64_hugetlb_cma_reserve()
46 order = CONT_PMD_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT; in arm64_hugetlb_cma_reserve()
146 * Changing some bits of contiguous entries requires us to follow a
147 * Break-Before-Make approach, breaking the whole contiguous set
149 * "Misprogramming of the Contiguous bit", page D4-1762.
164 while (--ncontig) { in get_clear_contig()
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/linux/lib/zstd/compress/
H A Dzstd_compress_internal.h5 * This source code is licensed under both the BSD-style license (found in the
8 * You may select, at your option, one of the above-listed licenses.
18 /*-*************************************
25 /*-*************************************
35 … benefit is that ZSTD_DUBT_UNSORTED_MARK cannot be mishandled after table re-use with a different …
39 /*-*************************************
82 * Stores Literals Block Type for a super-block in hType, and
93 * Stores symbol compression modes for a super-block in {ll, ol, ml}Type, and
158 /* All tables are allocated inside cctx->workspace by ZSTD_resetCCtx_internal() */
174 …ZSTD_OptPrice_e priceType; /* prices can be determined dynamically, or follow a pre-defined cost…
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/linux/fs/xfs/libxfs/
H A Dxfs_rmap.c1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
50 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_startblock = bno; in xfs_rmap_lookup_le()
51 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_blockcount = 0; in xfs_rmap_lookup_le()
52 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_owner = owner; in xfs_rmap_lookup_le()
53 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_offset = offset; in xfs_rmap_lookup_le()
54 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_flags = flags; in xfs_rmap_lookup_le()
65 return -EFSCORRUPTED; in xfs_rmap_lookup_le()
85 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_startblock = bno; in xfs_rmap_lookup_eq()
86 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_blockcount = len; in xfs_rmap_lookup_eq()
87 cur->bc_rec.r.rm_owner = owner; in xfs_rmap_lookup_eq()
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