xref: /linux/kernel/rcu/rcuscale.c (revision a73fc3dcc60b6d7a2075e2fbdca64fd53600f855)
1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
2 /*
3  * Read-Copy Update module-based scalability-test facility
4  *
5  * Copyright (C) IBM Corporation, 2015
6  *
7  * Authors: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
8  */
9 
10 #define pr_fmt(fmt) fmt
11 
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/kernel.h>
14 #include <linux/init.h>
15 #include <linux/mm.h>
16 #include <linux/module.h>
17 #include <linux/kthread.h>
18 #include <linux/err.h>
19 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
20 #include <linux/smp.h>
21 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
22 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
23 #include <linux/sched.h>
24 #include <uapi/linux/sched/types.h>
25 #include <linux/atomic.h>
26 #include <linux/bitops.h>
27 #include <linux/completion.h>
28 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
29 #include <linux/percpu.h>
30 #include <linux/notifier.h>
31 #include <linux/reboot.h>
32 #include <linux/freezer.h>
33 #include <linux/cpu.h>
34 #include <linux/delay.h>
35 #include <linux/stat.h>
36 #include <linux/srcu.h>
37 #include <linux/slab.h>
38 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
39 #include <linux/torture.h>
40 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
41 #include <linux/rcupdate_trace.h>
42 #include <linux/sched/debug.h>
43 
44 #include "rcu.h"
45 
46 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Read-Copy Update module-based scalability-test facility");
47 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
48 MODULE_AUTHOR("Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>");
49 
50 #define SCALE_FLAG "-scale:"
51 #define SCALEOUT_STRING(s) \
52 	pr_alert("%s" SCALE_FLAG " %s\n", scale_type, s)
53 #define VERBOSE_SCALEOUT_STRING(s) \
54 	do { if (verbose) pr_alert("%s" SCALE_FLAG " %s\n", scale_type, s); } while (0)
55 #define SCALEOUT_ERRSTRING(s) \
56 	pr_alert("%s" SCALE_FLAG "!!! %s\n", scale_type, s)
57 
58 /*
59  * The intended use cases for the nreaders and nwriters module parameters
60  * are as follows:
61  *
62  * 1.	Specify only the nr_cpus kernel boot parameter.  This will
63  *	set both nreaders and nwriters to the value specified by
64  *	nr_cpus for a mixed reader/writer test.
65  *
66  * 2.	Specify the nr_cpus kernel boot parameter, but set
67  *	rcuscale.nreaders to zero.  This will set nwriters to the
68  *	value specified by nr_cpus for an update-only test.
69  *
70  * 3.	Specify the nr_cpus kernel boot parameter, but set
71  *	rcuscale.nwriters to zero.  This will set nreaders to the
72  *	value specified by nr_cpus for a read-only test.
73  *
74  * Various other use cases may of course be specified.
75  *
76  * Note that this test's readers are intended only as a test load for
77  * the writers.  The reader scalability statistics will be overly
78  * pessimistic due to the per-critical-section interrupt disabling,
79  * test-end checks, and the pair of calls through pointers.
80  */
81 
82 #ifdef MODULE
83 # define RCUSCALE_SHUTDOWN 0
84 #else
85 # define RCUSCALE_SHUTDOWN 1
86 #endif
87 
88 torture_param(bool, gp_async, false, "Use asynchronous GP wait primitives");
89 torture_param(int, gp_async_max, 1000, "Max # outstanding waits per writer");
90 torture_param(bool, gp_exp, false, "Use expedited GP wait primitives");
91 torture_param(int, holdoff, 10, "Holdoff time before test start (s)");
92 torture_param(int, minruntime, 0, "Minimum run time (s)");
93 torture_param(int, nreaders, -1, "Number of RCU reader threads");
94 torture_param(int, nwriters, -1, "Number of RCU updater threads");
95 torture_param(bool, shutdown, RCUSCALE_SHUTDOWN,
96 	      "Shutdown at end of scalability tests.");
97 torture_param(int, verbose, 1, "Enable verbose debugging printk()s");
98 torture_param(int, writer_holdoff, 0, "Holdoff (us) between GPs, zero to disable");
99 torture_param(int, writer_holdoff_jiffies, 0, "Holdoff (jiffies) between GPs, zero to disable");
100 torture_param(int, kfree_rcu_test, 0, "Do we run a kfree_rcu() scale test?");
101 torture_param(int, kfree_mult, 1, "Multiple of kfree_obj size to allocate.");
102 torture_param(int, kfree_by_call_rcu, 0, "Use call_rcu() to emulate kfree_rcu()?");
103 
104 static char *scale_type = "rcu";
105 module_param(scale_type, charp, 0444);
106 MODULE_PARM_DESC(scale_type, "Type of RCU to scalability-test (rcu, srcu, ...)");
107 
108 // Structure definitions for custom fixed-per-task allocator.
109 struct writer_mblock {
110 	struct rcu_head wmb_rh;
111 	struct llist_node wmb_node;
112 	struct writer_freelist *wmb_wfl;
113 };
114 
115 struct writer_freelist {
116 	struct llist_head ws_lhg;
117 	atomic_t ws_inflight;
118 	struct llist_head ____cacheline_internodealigned_in_smp ws_lhp;
119 	struct writer_mblock *ws_mblocks;
120 };
121 
122 static int nrealreaders;
123 static int nrealwriters;
124 static struct task_struct **writer_tasks;
125 static struct task_struct **reader_tasks;
126 static struct task_struct *shutdown_task;
127 
128 static u64 **writer_durations;
129 static bool *writer_done;
130 static struct writer_freelist *writer_freelists;
131 static int *writer_n_durations;
132 static atomic_t n_rcu_scale_reader_started;
133 static atomic_t n_rcu_scale_writer_started;
134 static atomic_t n_rcu_scale_writer_finished;
135 static wait_queue_head_t shutdown_wq;
136 static u64 t_rcu_scale_writer_started;
137 static u64 t_rcu_scale_writer_finished;
138 static unsigned long b_rcu_gp_test_started;
139 static unsigned long b_rcu_gp_test_finished;
140 
141 #define MAX_MEAS 10000
142 #define MIN_MEAS 100
143 
144 /*
145  * Operations vector for selecting different types of tests.
146  */
147 
148 struct rcu_scale_ops {
149 	int ptype;
150 	void (*init)(void);
151 	void (*cleanup)(void);
152 	int (*readlock)(void);
153 	void (*readunlock)(int idx);
154 	unsigned long (*get_gp_seq)(void);
155 	unsigned long (*gp_diff)(unsigned long new, unsigned long old);
156 	unsigned long (*exp_completed)(void);
157 	void (*async)(struct rcu_head *head, rcu_callback_t func);
158 	void (*gp_barrier)(void);
159 	void (*sync)(void);
160 	void (*exp_sync)(void);
161 	struct task_struct *(*rso_gp_kthread)(void);
162 	void (*stats)(void);
163 	const char *name;
164 };
165 
166 static struct rcu_scale_ops *cur_ops;
167 
168 /*
169  * Definitions for rcu scalability testing.
170  */
171 
172 static int rcu_scale_read_lock(void) __acquires(RCU)
173 {
174 	rcu_read_lock();
175 	return 0;
176 }
177 
178 static void rcu_scale_read_unlock(int idx) __releases(RCU)
179 {
180 	rcu_read_unlock();
181 }
182 
183 static unsigned long __maybe_unused rcu_no_completed(void)
184 {
185 	return 0;
186 }
187 
188 static void rcu_sync_scale_init(void)
189 {
190 }
191 
192 static struct rcu_scale_ops rcu_ops = {
193 	.ptype		= RCU_FLAVOR,
194 	.init		= rcu_sync_scale_init,
195 	.readlock	= rcu_scale_read_lock,
196 	.readunlock	= rcu_scale_read_unlock,
197 	.get_gp_seq	= rcu_get_gp_seq,
198 	.gp_diff	= rcu_seq_diff,
199 	.exp_completed	= rcu_exp_batches_completed,
200 	.async		= call_rcu_hurry,
201 	.gp_barrier	= rcu_barrier,
202 	.sync		= synchronize_rcu,
203 	.exp_sync	= synchronize_rcu_expedited,
204 	.name		= "rcu"
205 };
206 
207 /*
208  * Definitions for srcu scalability testing.
209  */
210 
211 DEFINE_STATIC_SRCU(srcu_ctl_scale);
212 static struct srcu_struct *srcu_ctlp = &srcu_ctl_scale;
213 
214 static int srcu_scale_read_lock(void) __acquires(srcu_ctlp)
215 {
216 	return srcu_read_lock(srcu_ctlp);
217 }
218 
219 static void srcu_scale_read_unlock(int idx) __releases(srcu_ctlp)
220 {
221 	srcu_read_unlock(srcu_ctlp, idx);
222 }
223 
224 static unsigned long srcu_scale_completed(void)
225 {
226 	return srcu_batches_completed(srcu_ctlp);
227 }
228 
229 static void srcu_call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head, rcu_callback_t func)
230 {
231 	call_srcu(srcu_ctlp, head, func);
232 }
233 
234 static void srcu_rcu_barrier(void)
235 {
236 	srcu_barrier(srcu_ctlp);
237 }
238 
239 static void srcu_scale_synchronize(void)
240 {
241 	synchronize_srcu(srcu_ctlp);
242 }
243 
244 static void srcu_scale_stats(void)
245 {
246 	srcu_torture_stats_print(srcu_ctlp, scale_type, SCALE_FLAG);
247 }
248 
249 static void srcu_scale_synchronize_expedited(void)
250 {
251 	synchronize_srcu_expedited(srcu_ctlp);
252 }
253 
254 static struct rcu_scale_ops srcu_ops = {
255 	.ptype		= SRCU_FLAVOR,
256 	.init		= rcu_sync_scale_init,
257 	.readlock	= srcu_scale_read_lock,
258 	.readunlock	= srcu_scale_read_unlock,
259 	.get_gp_seq	= srcu_scale_completed,
260 	.gp_diff	= rcu_seq_diff,
261 	.exp_completed	= srcu_scale_completed,
262 	.async		= srcu_call_rcu,
263 	.gp_barrier	= srcu_rcu_barrier,
264 	.sync		= srcu_scale_synchronize,
265 	.exp_sync	= srcu_scale_synchronize_expedited,
266 	.stats		= srcu_scale_stats,
267 	.name		= "srcu"
268 };
269 
270 static struct srcu_struct srcud;
271 
272 static void srcu_sync_scale_init(void)
273 {
274 	srcu_ctlp = &srcud;
275 	init_srcu_struct(srcu_ctlp);
276 }
277 
278 static void srcu_sync_scale_cleanup(void)
279 {
280 	cleanup_srcu_struct(srcu_ctlp);
281 }
282 
283 static struct rcu_scale_ops srcud_ops = {
284 	.ptype		= SRCU_FLAVOR,
285 	.init		= srcu_sync_scale_init,
286 	.cleanup	= srcu_sync_scale_cleanup,
287 	.readlock	= srcu_scale_read_lock,
288 	.readunlock	= srcu_scale_read_unlock,
289 	.get_gp_seq	= srcu_scale_completed,
290 	.gp_diff	= rcu_seq_diff,
291 	.exp_completed	= srcu_scale_completed,
292 	.async		= srcu_call_rcu,
293 	.gp_barrier	= srcu_rcu_barrier,
294 	.sync		= srcu_scale_synchronize,
295 	.exp_sync	= srcu_scale_synchronize_expedited,
296 	.stats		= srcu_scale_stats,
297 	.name		= "srcud"
298 };
299 
300 #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU
301 
302 /*
303  * Definitions for RCU-tasks scalability testing.
304  */
305 
306 static int tasks_scale_read_lock(void)
307 {
308 	return 0;
309 }
310 
311 static void tasks_scale_read_unlock(int idx)
312 {
313 }
314 
315 static void rcu_tasks_scale_stats(void)
316 {
317 	rcu_tasks_torture_stats_print(scale_type, SCALE_FLAG);
318 }
319 
320 static struct rcu_scale_ops tasks_ops = {
321 	.ptype		= RCU_TASKS_FLAVOR,
322 	.init		= rcu_sync_scale_init,
323 	.readlock	= tasks_scale_read_lock,
324 	.readunlock	= tasks_scale_read_unlock,
325 	.get_gp_seq	= rcu_no_completed,
326 	.gp_diff	= rcu_seq_diff,
327 	.async		= call_rcu_tasks,
328 	.gp_barrier	= rcu_barrier_tasks,
329 	.sync		= synchronize_rcu_tasks,
330 	.exp_sync	= synchronize_rcu_tasks,
331 	.rso_gp_kthread	= get_rcu_tasks_gp_kthread,
332 	.stats		= IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) ? NULL : rcu_tasks_scale_stats,
333 	.name		= "tasks"
334 };
335 
336 #define TASKS_OPS &tasks_ops,
337 
338 #else // #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU
339 
340 #define TASKS_OPS
341 
342 #endif // #else // #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU
343 
344 #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RUDE_RCU
345 
346 /*
347  * Definitions for RCU-tasks-rude scalability testing.
348  */
349 
350 static int tasks_rude_scale_read_lock(void)
351 {
352 	return 0;
353 }
354 
355 static void tasks_rude_scale_read_unlock(int idx)
356 {
357 }
358 
359 static void rcu_tasks_rude_scale_stats(void)
360 {
361 	rcu_tasks_rude_torture_stats_print(scale_type, SCALE_FLAG);
362 }
363 
364 static struct rcu_scale_ops tasks_rude_ops = {
365 	.ptype		= RCU_TASKS_RUDE_FLAVOR,
366 	.init		= rcu_sync_scale_init,
367 	.readlock	= tasks_rude_scale_read_lock,
368 	.readunlock	= tasks_rude_scale_read_unlock,
369 	.get_gp_seq	= rcu_no_completed,
370 	.gp_diff	= rcu_seq_diff,
371 	.sync		= synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude,
372 	.exp_sync	= synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude,
373 	.rso_gp_kthread	= get_rcu_tasks_rude_gp_kthread,
374 	.stats		= IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) ? NULL : rcu_tasks_rude_scale_stats,
375 	.name		= "tasks-rude"
376 };
377 
378 #define TASKS_RUDE_OPS &tasks_rude_ops,
379 
380 #else // #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RUDE_RCU
381 
382 #define TASKS_RUDE_OPS
383 
384 #endif // #else // #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RUDE_RCU
385 
386 #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_TRACE_RCU
387 
388 /*
389  * Definitions for RCU-tasks-trace scalability testing.
390  */
391 
392 static int tasks_trace_scale_read_lock(void)
393 {
394 	rcu_read_lock_trace();
395 	return 0;
396 }
397 
398 static void tasks_trace_scale_read_unlock(int idx)
399 {
400 	rcu_read_unlock_trace();
401 }
402 
403 static struct rcu_scale_ops tasks_tracing_ops = {
404 	.ptype		= RCU_TASKS_FLAVOR,
405 	.init		= rcu_sync_scale_init,
406 	.readlock	= tasks_trace_scale_read_lock,
407 	.readunlock	= tasks_trace_scale_read_unlock,
408 	.get_gp_seq	= rcu_no_completed,
409 	.gp_diff	= rcu_seq_diff,
410 	.async		= call_rcu_tasks_trace,
411 	.gp_barrier	= rcu_barrier_tasks_trace,
412 	.sync		= synchronize_rcu_tasks_trace,
413 	.exp_sync	= synchronize_rcu_tasks_trace,
414 	.name		= "tasks-tracing"
415 };
416 
417 #define TASKS_TRACING_OPS &tasks_tracing_ops,
418 
419 #else // #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_TRACE_RCU
420 
421 #define TASKS_TRACING_OPS
422 
423 #endif // #else // #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_TRACE_RCU
424 
425 static unsigned long rcuscale_seq_diff(unsigned long new, unsigned long old)
426 {
427 	if (!cur_ops->gp_diff)
428 		return new - old;
429 	return cur_ops->gp_diff(new, old);
430 }
431 
432 /*
433  * If scalability tests complete, wait for shutdown to commence.
434  */
435 static void rcu_scale_wait_shutdown(void)
436 {
437 	cond_resched_tasks_rcu_qs();
438 	if (atomic_read(&n_rcu_scale_writer_finished) < nrealwriters)
439 		return;
440 	while (!torture_must_stop())
441 		schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
442 }
443 
444 /*
445  * RCU scalability reader kthread.  Repeatedly does empty RCU read-side
446  * critical section, minimizing update-side interference.  However, the
447  * point of this test is not to evaluate reader scalability, but instead
448  * to serve as a test load for update-side scalability testing.
449  */
450 static int
451 rcu_scale_reader(void *arg)
452 {
453 	unsigned long flags;
454 	int idx;
455 	long me = (long)arg;
456 
457 	VERBOSE_SCALEOUT_STRING("rcu_scale_reader task started");
458 	set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpumask_of(me % nr_cpu_ids));
459 	set_user_nice(current, MAX_NICE);
460 	atomic_inc(&n_rcu_scale_reader_started);
461 
462 	do {
463 		local_irq_save(flags);
464 		idx = cur_ops->readlock();
465 		cur_ops->readunlock(idx);
466 		local_irq_restore(flags);
467 		rcu_scale_wait_shutdown();
468 	} while (!torture_must_stop());
469 	torture_kthread_stopping("rcu_scale_reader");
470 	return 0;
471 }
472 
473 /*
474  * Allocate a writer_mblock structure for the specified rcu_scale_writer
475  * task.
476  */
477 static struct writer_mblock *rcu_scale_alloc(long me)
478 {
479 	struct llist_node *llnp;
480 	struct writer_freelist *wflp;
481 	struct writer_mblock *wmbp;
482 
483 	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!writer_freelists))
484 		return NULL;
485 	wflp = &writer_freelists[me];
486 	if (llist_empty(&wflp->ws_lhp)) {
487 		// ->ws_lhp is private to its rcu_scale_writer task.
488 		wmbp = container_of(llist_del_all(&wflp->ws_lhg), struct writer_mblock, wmb_node);
489 		wflp->ws_lhp.first = &wmbp->wmb_node;
490 	}
491 	llnp = llist_del_first(&wflp->ws_lhp);
492 	if (!llnp)
493 		return NULL;
494 	return container_of(llnp, struct writer_mblock, wmb_node);
495 }
496 
497 /*
498  * Free a writer_mblock structure to its rcu_scale_writer task.
499  */
500 static void rcu_scale_free(struct writer_mblock *wmbp)
501 {
502 	struct writer_freelist *wflp;
503 
504 	if (!wmbp)
505 		return;
506 	wflp = wmbp->wmb_wfl;
507 	llist_add(&wmbp->wmb_node, &wflp->ws_lhg);
508 }
509 
510 /*
511  * Callback function for asynchronous grace periods from rcu_scale_writer().
512  */
513 static void rcu_scale_async_cb(struct rcu_head *rhp)
514 {
515 	struct writer_mblock *wmbp = container_of(rhp, struct writer_mblock, wmb_rh);
516 	struct writer_freelist *wflp = wmbp->wmb_wfl;
517 
518 	atomic_dec(&wflp->ws_inflight);
519 	rcu_scale_free(wmbp);
520 }
521 
522 /*
523  * RCU scale writer kthread.  Repeatedly does a grace period.
524  */
525 static int
526 rcu_scale_writer(void *arg)
527 {
528 	int i = 0;
529 	int i_max;
530 	unsigned long jdone;
531 	long me = (long)arg;
532 	bool selfreport = false;
533 	bool started = false, done = false, alldone = false;
534 	u64 t;
535 	DEFINE_TORTURE_RANDOM(tr);
536 	u64 *wdp;
537 	u64 *wdpp = writer_durations[me];
538 	struct writer_freelist *wflp = &writer_freelists[me];
539 	struct writer_mblock *wmbp = NULL;
540 
541 	VERBOSE_SCALEOUT_STRING("rcu_scale_writer task started");
542 	WARN_ON(!wdpp);
543 	set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpumask_of(me % nr_cpu_ids));
544 	current->flags |= PF_NO_SETAFFINITY;
545 	sched_set_fifo_low(current);
546 
547 	if (holdoff)
548 		schedule_timeout_idle(holdoff * HZ);
549 
550 	/*
551 	 * Wait until rcu_end_inkernel_boot() is called for normal GP tests
552 	 * so that RCU is not always expedited for normal GP tests.
553 	 * The system_state test is approximate, but works well in practice.
554 	 */
555 	while (!gp_exp && system_state != SYSTEM_RUNNING)
556 		schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
557 
558 	t = ktime_get_mono_fast_ns();
559 	if (atomic_inc_return(&n_rcu_scale_writer_started) >= nrealwriters) {
560 		t_rcu_scale_writer_started = t;
561 		if (gp_exp) {
562 			b_rcu_gp_test_started =
563 				cur_ops->exp_completed() / 2;
564 		} else {
565 			b_rcu_gp_test_started = cur_ops->get_gp_seq();
566 		}
567 	}
568 
569 	jdone = jiffies + minruntime * HZ;
570 	do {
571 		bool gp_succeeded = false;
572 
573 		if (writer_holdoff)
574 			udelay(writer_holdoff);
575 		if (writer_holdoff_jiffies)
576 			schedule_timeout_idle(torture_random(&tr) % writer_holdoff_jiffies + 1);
577 		wdp = &wdpp[i];
578 		*wdp = ktime_get_mono_fast_ns();
579 		if (gp_async && !WARN_ON_ONCE(!cur_ops->async)) {
580 			if (!wmbp)
581 				wmbp = rcu_scale_alloc(me);
582 			if (wmbp && atomic_read(&wflp->ws_inflight) < gp_async_max) {
583 				atomic_inc(&wflp->ws_inflight);
584 				cur_ops->async(&wmbp->wmb_rh, rcu_scale_async_cb);
585 				wmbp = NULL;
586 				gp_succeeded = true;
587 			} else if (!kthread_should_stop()) {
588 				cur_ops->gp_barrier();
589 			} else {
590 				rcu_scale_free(wmbp); /* Because we are stopping. */
591 				wmbp = NULL;
592 			}
593 		} else if (gp_exp) {
594 			cur_ops->exp_sync();
595 			gp_succeeded = true;
596 		} else {
597 			cur_ops->sync();
598 			gp_succeeded = true;
599 		}
600 		t = ktime_get_mono_fast_ns();
601 		*wdp = t - *wdp;
602 		i_max = i;
603 		if (!started &&
604 		    atomic_read(&n_rcu_scale_writer_started) >= nrealwriters)
605 			started = true;
606 		if (!done && i >= MIN_MEAS && time_after(jiffies, jdone)) {
607 			done = true;
608 			WRITE_ONCE(writer_done[me], true);
609 			sched_set_normal(current, 0);
610 			pr_alert("%s%s rcu_scale_writer %ld has %d measurements\n",
611 				 scale_type, SCALE_FLAG, me, MIN_MEAS);
612 			if (atomic_inc_return(&n_rcu_scale_writer_finished) >=
613 			    nrealwriters) {
614 				schedule_timeout_interruptible(10);
615 				rcu_ftrace_dump(DUMP_ALL);
616 				SCALEOUT_STRING("Test complete");
617 				t_rcu_scale_writer_finished = t;
618 				if (gp_exp) {
619 					b_rcu_gp_test_finished =
620 						cur_ops->exp_completed() / 2;
621 				} else {
622 					b_rcu_gp_test_finished =
623 						cur_ops->get_gp_seq();
624 				}
625 				if (shutdown) {
626 					smp_mb(); /* Assign before wake. */
627 					wake_up(&shutdown_wq);
628 				}
629 			}
630 		}
631 		if (done && !alldone &&
632 		    atomic_read(&n_rcu_scale_writer_finished) >= nrealwriters)
633 			alldone = true;
634 		if (done && !alldone && time_after(jiffies, jdone + HZ * 60)) {
635 			static atomic_t dumped;
636 			int i;
637 
638 			if (!atomic_xchg(&dumped, 1)) {
639 				for (i = 0; i < nrealwriters; i++) {
640 					if (writer_done[i])
641 						continue;
642 					pr_info("%s: Task %ld flags writer %d:\n", __func__, me, i);
643 					sched_show_task(writer_tasks[i]);
644 				}
645 				if (cur_ops->stats)
646 					cur_ops->stats();
647 			}
648 		}
649 		if (!selfreport && time_after(jiffies, jdone + HZ * (70 + me))) {
650 			pr_info("%s: Writer %ld self-report: started %d done %d/%d->%d i %d jdone %lu.\n",
651 				__func__, me, started, done, writer_done[me], atomic_read(&n_rcu_scale_writer_finished), i, jiffies - jdone);
652 			selfreport = true;
653 		}
654 		if (gp_succeeded && started && !alldone && i < MAX_MEAS - 1)
655 			i++;
656 		rcu_scale_wait_shutdown();
657 	} while (!torture_must_stop());
658 	if (gp_async && cur_ops->async) {
659 		rcu_scale_free(wmbp);
660 		cur_ops->gp_barrier();
661 	}
662 	writer_n_durations[me] = i_max + 1;
663 	torture_kthread_stopping("rcu_scale_writer");
664 	return 0;
665 }
666 
667 static void
668 rcu_scale_print_module_parms(struct rcu_scale_ops *cur_ops, const char *tag)
669 {
670 	pr_alert("%s" SCALE_FLAG
671 		 "--- %s: gp_async=%d gp_async_max=%d gp_exp=%d holdoff=%d minruntime=%d nreaders=%d nwriters=%d writer_holdoff=%d writer_holdoff_jiffies=%d verbose=%d shutdown=%d\n",
672 		 scale_type, tag, gp_async, gp_async_max, gp_exp, holdoff, minruntime, nrealreaders, nrealwriters, writer_holdoff, writer_holdoff_jiffies, verbose, shutdown);
673 }
674 
675 /*
676  * Return the number if non-negative.  If -1, the number of CPUs.
677  * If less than -1, that much less than the number of CPUs, but
678  * at least one.
679  */
680 static int compute_real(int n)
681 {
682 	int nr;
683 
684 	if (n >= 0) {
685 		nr = n;
686 	} else {
687 		nr = num_online_cpus() + 1 + n;
688 		if (nr <= 0)
689 			nr = 1;
690 	}
691 	return nr;
692 }
693 
694 /*
695  * kfree_rcu() scalability tests: Start a kfree_rcu() loop on all CPUs for number
696  * of iterations and measure total time and number of GP for all iterations to complete.
697  */
698 
699 torture_param(int, kfree_nthreads, -1, "Number of threads running loops of kfree_rcu().");
700 torture_param(int, kfree_alloc_num, 8000, "Number of allocations and frees done in an iteration.");
701 torture_param(int, kfree_loops, 10, "Number of loops doing kfree_alloc_num allocations and frees.");
702 torture_param(bool, kfree_rcu_test_double, false, "Do we run a kfree_rcu() double-argument scale test?");
703 torture_param(bool, kfree_rcu_test_single, false, "Do we run a kfree_rcu() single-argument scale test?");
704 
705 static struct task_struct **kfree_reader_tasks;
706 static int kfree_nrealthreads;
707 static atomic_t n_kfree_scale_thread_started;
708 static atomic_t n_kfree_scale_thread_ended;
709 static struct task_struct *kthread_tp;
710 static u64 kthread_stime;
711 
712 struct kfree_obj {
713 	char kfree_obj[8];
714 	struct rcu_head rh;
715 };
716 
717 /* Used if doing RCU-kfree'ing via call_rcu(). */
718 static void kfree_call_rcu(struct rcu_head *rh)
719 {
720 	struct kfree_obj *obj = container_of(rh, struct kfree_obj, rh);
721 
722 	kfree(obj);
723 }
724 
725 static int
726 kfree_scale_thread(void *arg)
727 {
728 	int i, loop = 0;
729 	long me = (long)arg;
730 	struct kfree_obj *alloc_ptr;
731 	u64 start_time, end_time;
732 	long long mem_begin, mem_during = 0;
733 	bool kfree_rcu_test_both;
734 	DEFINE_TORTURE_RANDOM(tr);
735 
736 	VERBOSE_SCALEOUT_STRING("kfree_scale_thread task started");
737 	set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpumask_of(me % nr_cpu_ids));
738 	set_user_nice(current, MAX_NICE);
739 	kfree_rcu_test_both = (kfree_rcu_test_single == kfree_rcu_test_double);
740 
741 	start_time = ktime_get_mono_fast_ns();
742 
743 	if (atomic_inc_return(&n_kfree_scale_thread_started) >= kfree_nrealthreads) {
744 		if (gp_exp)
745 			b_rcu_gp_test_started = cur_ops->exp_completed() / 2;
746 		else
747 			b_rcu_gp_test_started = cur_ops->get_gp_seq();
748 	}
749 
750 	do {
751 		if (!mem_during) {
752 			mem_during = mem_begin = si_mem_available();
753 		} else if (loop % (kfree_loops / 4) == 0) {
754 			mem_during = (mem_during + si_mem_available()) / 2;
755 		}
756 
757 		for (i = 0; i < kfree_alloc_num; i++) {
758 			alloc_ptr = kcalloc(kfree_mult, sizeof(struct kfree_obj), GFP_KERNEL);
759 			if (!alloc_ptr)
760 				return -ENOMEM;
761 
762 			if (kfree_by_call_rcu) {
763 				call_rcu(&(alloc_ptr->rh), kfree_call_rcu);
764 				continue;
765 			}
766 
767 			// By default kfree_rcu_test_single and kfree_rcu_test_double are
768 			// initialized to false. If both have the same value (false or true)
769 			// both are randomly tested, otherwise only the one with value true
770 			// is tested.
771 			if ((kfree_rcu_test_single && !kfree_rcu_test_double) ||
772 					(kfree_rcu_test_both && torture_random(&tr) & 0x800))
773 				kfree_rcu_mightsleep(alloc_ptr);
774 			else
775 				kfree_rcu(alloc_ptr, rh);
776 		}
777 
778 		cond_resched();
779 	} while (!torture_must_stop() && ++loop < kfree_loops);
780 
781 	if (atomic_inc_return(&n_kfree_scale_thread_ended) >= kfree_nrealthreads) {
782 		end_time = ktime_get_mono_fast_ns();
783 
784 		if (gp_exp)
785 			b_rcu_gp_test_finished = cur_ops->exp_completed() / 2;
786 		else
787 			b_rcu_gp_test_finished = cur_ops->get_gp_seq();
788 
789 		pr_alert("Total time taken by all kfree'ers: %llu ns, loops: %d, batches: %ld, memory footprint: %lldMB\n",
790 		       (unsigned long long)(end_time - start_time), kfree_loops,
791 		       rcuscale_seq_diff(b_rcu_gp_test_finished, b_rcu_gp_test_started),
792 		       PAGES_TO_MB(mem_begin - mem_during));
793 
794 		if (shutdown) {
795 			smp_mb(); /* Assign before wake. */
796 			wake_up(&shutdown_wq);
797 		}
798 	}
799 
800 	torture_kthread_stopping("kfree_scale_thread");
801 	return 0;
802 }
803 
804 static void
805 kfree_scale_cleanup(void)
806 {
807 	int i;
808 
809 	if (torture_cleanup_begin())
810 		return;
811 
812 	if (kfree_reader_tasks) {
813 		for (i = 0; i < kfree_nrealthreads; i++)
814 			torture_stop_kthread(kfree_scale_thread,
815 					     kfree_reader_tasks[i]);
816 		kfree(kfree_reader_tasks);
817 		kfree_reader_tasks = NULL;
818 	}
819 
820 	torture_cleanup_end();
821 }
822 
823 /*
824  * shutdown kthread.  Just waits to be awakened, then shuts down system.
825  */
826 static int
827 kfree_scale_shutdown(void *arg)
828 {
829 	wait_event_idle(shutdown_wq,
830 			atomic_read(&n_kfree_scale_thread_ended) >= kfree_nrealthreads);
831 
832 	smp_mb(); /* Wake before output. */
833 
834 	kfree_scale_cleanup();
835 	kernel_power_off();
836 	return -EINVAL;
837 }
838 
839 // Used if doing RCU-kfree'ing via call_rcu().
840 static unsigned long jiffies_at_lazy_cb;
841 static struct rcu_head lazy_test1_rh;
842 static int rcu_lazy_test1_cb_called;
843 static void call_rcu_lazy_test1(struct rcu_head *rh)
844 {
845 	jiffies_at_lazy_cb = jiffies;
846 	WRITE_ONCE(rcu_lazy_test1_cb_called, 1);
847 }
848 
849 static int __init
850 kfree_scale_init(void)
851 {
852 	int firsterr = 0;
853 	long i;
854 	unsigned long jif_start;
855 	unsigned long orig_jif;
856 
857 	pr_alert("%s" SCALE_FLAG
858 		 "--- kfree_rcu_test: kfree_mult=%d kfree_by_call_rcu=%d kfree_nthreads=%d kfree_alloc_num=%d kfree_loops=%d kfree_rcu_test_double=%d kfree_rcu_test_single=%d\n",
859 		 scale_type, kfree_mult, kfree_by_call_rcu, kfree_nthreads, kfree_alloc_num, kfree_loops, kfree_rcu_test_double, kfree_rcu_test_single);
860 
861 	// Also, do a quick self-test to ensure laziness is as much as
862 	// expected.
863 	if (kfree_by_call_rcu && !IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_RCU_LAZY)) {
864 		pr_alert("CONFIG_RCU_LAZY is disabled, falling back to kfree_rcu() for delayed RCU kfree'ing\n");
865 		kfree_by_call_rcu = 0;
866 	}
867 
868 	if (kfree_by_call_rcu) {
869 		/* do a test to check the timeout. */
870 		orig_jif = rcu_get_jiffies_lazy_flush();
871 
872 		rcu_set_jiffies_lazy_flush(2 * HZ);
873 		rcu_barrier();
874 
875 		jif_start = jiffies;
876 		jiffies_at_lazy_cb = 0;
877 		call_rcu(&lazy_test1_rh, call_rcu_lazy_test1);
878 
879 		smp_cond_load_relaxed(&rcu_lazy_test1_cb_called, VAL == 1);
880 
881 		rcu_set_jiffies_lazy_flush(orig_jif);
882 
883 		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(jiffies_at_lazy_cb - jif_start < 2 * HZ)) {
884 			pr_alert("ERROR: call_rcu() CBs are not being lazy as expected!\n");
885 			firsterr = -1;
886 			goto unwind;
887 		}
888 
889 		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(jiffies_at_lazy_cb - jif_start > 3 * HZ)) {
890 			pr_alert("ERROR: call_rcu() CBs are being too lazy!\n");
891 			firsterr = -1;
892 			goto unwind;
893 		}
894 	}
895 
896 	kfree_nrealthreads = compute_real(kfree_nthreads);
897 	/* Start up the kthreads. */
898 	if (shutdown) {
899 		init_waitqueue_head(&shutdown_wq);
900 		firsterr = torture_create_kthread(kfree_scale_shutdown, NULL,
901 						  shutdown_task);
902 		if (torture_init_error(firsterr))
903 			goto unwind;
904 		schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
905 	}
906 
907 	pr_alert("kfree object size=%zu, kfree_by_call_rcu=%d\n",
908 			kfree_mult * sizeof(struct kfree_obj),
909 			kfree_by_call_rcu);
910 
911 	kfree_reader_tasks = kcalloc(kfree_nrealthreads, sizeof(kfree_reader_tasks[0]),
912 			       GFP_KERNEL);
913 	if (kfree_reader_tasks == NULL) {
914 		firsterr = -ENOMEM;
915 		goto unwind;
916 	}
917 
918 	for (i = 0; i < kfree_nrealthreads; i++) {
919 		firsterr = torture_create_kthread(kfree_scale_thread, (void *)i,
920 						  kfree_reader_tasks[i]);
921 		if (torture_init_error(firsterr))
922 			goto unwind;
923 	}
924 
925 	while (atomic_read(&n_kfree_scale_thread_started) < kfree_nrealthreads)
926 		schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
927 
928 	torture_init_end();
929 	return 0;
930 
931 unwind:
932 	torture_init_end();
933 	kfree_scale_cleanup();
934 	return firsterr;
935 }
936 
937 static void
938 rcu_scale_cleanup(void)
939 {
940 	int i;
941 	int j;
942 	int ngps = 0;
943 	u64 *wdp;
944 	u64 *wdpp;
945 
946 	/*
947 	 * Would like warning at start, but everything is expedited
948 	 * during the mid-boot phase, so have to wait till the end.
949 	 */
950 	if (rcu_gp_is_expedited() && !rcu_gp_is_normal() && !gp_exp)
951 		SCALEOUT_ERRSTRING("All grace periods expedited, no normal ones to measure!");
952 	if (rcu_gp_is_normal() && gp_exp)
953 		SCALEOUT_ERRSTRING("All grace periods normal, no expedited ones to measure!");
954 	if (gp_exp && gp_async)
955 		SCALEOUT_ERRSTRING("No expedited async GPs, so went with async!");
956 
957 	// If built-in, just report all of the GP kthread's CPU time.
958 	if (IS_BUILTIN(CONFIG_RCU_SCALE_TEST) && !kthread_tp && cur_ops->rso_gp_kthread)
959 		kthread_tp = cur_ops->rso_gp_kthread();
960 	if (kthread_tp) {
961 		u32 ns;
962 		u64 us;
963 
964 		kthread_stime = kthread_tp->stime - kthread_stime;
965 		us = div_u64_rem(kthread_stime, 1000, &ns);
966 		pr_info("rcu_scale: Grace-period kthread CPU time: %llu.%03u us\n", us, ns);
967 		show_rcu_gp_kthreads();
968 	}
969 	if (kfree_rcu_test) {
970 		kfree_scale_cleanup();
971 		return;
972 	}
973 
974 	if (torture_cleanup_begin())
975 		return;
976 	if (!cur_ops) {
977 		torture_cleanup_end();
978 		return;
979 	}
980 
981 	if (reader_tasks) {
982 		for (i = 0; i < nrealreaders; i++)
983 			torture_stop_kthread(rcu_scale_reader,
984 					     reader_tasks[i]);
985 		kfree(reader_tasks);
986 		reader_tasks = NULL;
987 	}
988 
989 	if (writer_tasks) {
990 		for (i = 0; i < nrealwriters; i++) {
991 			torture_stop_kthread(rcu_scale_writer,
992 					     writer_tasks[i]);
993 			if (!writer_n_durations)
994 				continue;
995 			j = writer_n_durations[i];
996 			pr_alert("%s%s writer %d gps: %d\n",
997 				 scale_type, SCALE_FLAG, i, j);
998 			ngps += j;
999 		}
1000 		pr_alert("%s%s start: %llu end: %llu duration: %llu gps: %d batches: %ld\n",
1001 			 scale_type, SCALE_FLAG,
1002 			 t_rcu_scale_writer_started, t_rcu_scale_writer_finished,
1003 			 t_rcu_scale_writer_finished -
1004 			 t_rcu_scale_writer_started,
1005 			 ngps,
1006 			 rcuscale_seq_diff(b_rcu_gp_test_finished,
1007 					   b_rcu_gp_test_started));
1008 		for (i = 0; i < nrealwriters; i++) {
1009 			if (!writer_durations)
1010 				break;
1011 			if (!writer_n_durations)
1012 				continue;
1013 			wdpp = writer_durations[i];
1014 			if (!wdpp)
1015 				continue;
1016 			for (j = 0; j < writer_n_durations[i]; j++) {
1017 				wdp = &wdpp[j];
1018 				pr_alert("%s%s %4d writer-duration: %5d %llu\n",
1019 					scale_type, SCALE_FLAG,
1020 					i, j, *wdp);
1021 				if (j % 100 == 0)
1022 					schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
1023 			}
1024 			kfree(writer_durations[i]);
1025 			if (writer_freelists) {
1026 				int ctr = 0;
1027 				struct llist_node *llnp;
1028 				struct writer_freelist *wflp = &writer_freelists[i];
1029 
1030 				if (wflp->ws_mblocks) {
1031 					llist_for_each(llnp, wflp->ws_lhg.first)
1032 						ctr++;
1033 					llist_for_each(llnp, wflp->ws_lhp.first)
1034 						ctr++;
1035 					WARN_ONCE(ctr != gp_async_max,
1036 						  "%s: ctr = %d gp_async_max = %d\n",
1037 						  __func__, ctr, gp_async_max);
1038 					kfree(wflp->ws_mblocks);
1039 				}
1040 			}
1041 		}
1042 		kfree(writer_tasks);
1043 		writer_tasks = NULL;
1044 		kfree(writer_durations);
1045 		writer_durations = NULL;
1046 		kfree(writer_n_durations);
1047 		writer_n_durations = NULL;
1048 		kfree(writer_done);
1049 		writer_done = NULL;
1050 		kfree(writer_freelists);
1051 		writer_freelists = NULL;
1052 	}
1053 
1054 	/* Do torture-type-specific cleanup operations.  */
1055 	if (cur_ops->cleanup != NULL)
1056 		cur_ops->cleanup();
1057 
1058 	torture_cleanup_end();
1059 }
1060 
1061 /*
1062  * RCU scalability shutdown kthread.  Just waits to be awakened, then shuts
1063  * down system.
1064  */
1065 static int
1066 rcu_scale_shutdown(void *arg)
1067 {
1068 	wait_event_idle(shutdown_wq, atomic_read(&n_rcu_scale_writer_finished) >= nrealwriters);
1069 	smp_mb(); /* Wake before output. */
1070 	rcu_scale_cleanup();
1071 	kernel_power_off();
1072 	return -EINVAL;
1073 }
1074 
1075 static int __init
1076 rcu_scale_init(void)
1077 {
1078 	int firsterr = 0;
1079 	long i;
1080 	long j;
1081 	static struct rcu_scale_ops *scale_ops[] = {
1082 		&rcu_ops, &srcu_ops, &srcud_ops, TASKS_OPS TASKS_RUDE_OPS TASKS_TRACING_OPS
1083 	};
1084 
1085 	if (!torture_init_begin(scale_type, verbose))
1086 		return -EBUSY;
1087 
1088 	/* Process args and announce that the scalability'er is on the job. */
1089 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(scale_ops); i++) {
1090 		cur_ops = scale_ops[i];
1091 		if (strcmp(scale_type, cur_ops->name) == 0)
1092 			break;
1093 	}
1094 	if (i == ARRAY_SIZE(scale_ops)) {
1095 		pr_alert("rcu-scale: invalid scale type: \"%s\"\n", scale_type);
1096 		pr_alert("rcu-scale types:");
1097 		for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(scale_ops); i++)
1098 			pr_cont(" %s", scale_ops[i]->name);
1099 		pr_cont("\n");
1100 		firsterr = -EINVAL;
1101 		cur_ops = NULL;
1102 		goto unwind;
1103 	}
1104 	if (cur_ops->init)
1105 		cur_ops->init();
1106 
1107 	if (cur_ops->rso_gp_kthread) {
1108 		kthread_tp = cur_ops->rso_gp_kthread();
1109 		if (kthread_tp)
1110 			kthread_stime = kthread_tp->stime;
1111 	}
1112 	if (kfree_rcu_test)
1113 		return kfree_scale_init();
1114 
1115 	nrealwriters = compute_real(nwriters);
1116 	nrealreaders = compute_real(nreaders);
1117 	atomic_set(&n_rcu_scale_reader_started, 0);
1118 	atomic_set(&n_rcu_scale_writer_started, 0);
1119 	atomic_set(&n_rcu_scale_writer_finished, 0);
1120 	rcu_scale_print_module_parms(cur_ops, "Start of test");
1121 
1122 	/* Start up the kthreads. */
1123 
1124 	if (shutdown) {
1125 		init_waitqueue_head(&shutdown_wq);
1126 		firsterr = torture_create_kthread(rcu_scale_shutdown, NULL,
1127 						  shutdown_task);
1128 		if (torture_init_error(firsterr))
1129 			goto unwind;
1130 		schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
1131 	}
1132 	reader_tasks = kcalloc(nrealreaders, sizeof(reader_tasks[0]),
1133 			       GFP_KERNEL);
1134 	if (reader_tasks == NULL) {
1135 		SCALEOUT_ERRSTRING("out of memory");
1136 		firsterr = -ENOMEM;
1137 		goto unwind;
1138 	}
1139 	for (i = 0; i < nrealreaders; i++) {
1140 		firsterr = torture_create_kthread(rcu_scale_reader, (void *)i,
1141 						  reader_tasks[i]);
1142 		if (torture_init_error(firsterr))
1143 			goto unwind;
1144 	}
1145 	while (atomic_read(&n_rcu_scale_reader_started) < nrealreaders)
1146 		schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);
1147 	writer_tasks = kcalloc(nrealwriters, sizeof(writer_tasks[0]), GFP_KERNEL);
1148 	writer_durations = kcalloc(nrealwriters, sizeof(*writer_durations), GFP_KERNEL);
1149 	writer_n_durations = kcalloc(nrealwriters, sizeof(*writer_n_durations), GFP_KERNEL);
1150 	writer_done = kcalloc(nrealwriters, sizeof(writer_done[0]), GFP_KERNEL);
1151 	if (gp_async) {
1152 		if (gp_async_max <= 0) {
1153 			pr_warn("%s: gp_async_max = %d must be greater than zero.\n",
1154 				__func__, gp_async_max);
1155 			WARN_ON_ONCE(IS_BUILTIN(CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST));
1156 			firsterr = -EINVAL;
1157 			goto unwind;
1158 		}
1159 		writer_freelists = kcalloc(nrealwriters, sizeof(writer_freelists[0]), GFP_KERNEL);
1160 	}
1161 	if (!writer_tasks || !writer_durations || !writer_n_durations || !writer_done ||
1162 	    (gp_async && !writer_freelists)) {
1163 		SCALEOUT_ERRSTRING("out of memory");
1164 		firsterr = -ENOMEM;
1165 		goto unwind;
1166 	}
1167 	for (i = 0; i < nrealwriters; i++) {
1168 		writer_durations[i] =
1169 			kcalloc(MAX_MEAS, sizeof(*writer_durations[i]),
1170 				GFP_KERNEL);
1171 		if (!writer_durations[i]) {
1172 			firsterr = -ENOMEM;
1173 			goto unwind;
1174 		}
1175 		if (writer_freelists) {
1176 			struct writer_freelist *wflp = &writer_freelists[i];
1177 
1178 			init_llist_head(&wflp->ws_lhg);
1179 			init_llist_head(&wflp->ws_lhp);
1180 			wflp->ws_mblocks = kcalloc(gp_async_max, sizeof(wflp->ws_mblocks[0]),
1181 						   GFP_KERNEL);
1182 			if (!wflp->ws_mblocks) {
1183 				firsterr = -ENOMEM;
1184 				goto unwind;
1185 			}
1186 			for (j = 0; j < gp_async_max; j++) {
1187 				struct writer_mblock *wmbp = &wflp->ws_mblocks[j];
1188 
1189 				wmbp->wmb_wfl = wflp;
1190 				llist_add(&wmbp->wmb_node, &wflp->ws_lhp);
1191 			}
1192 		}
1193 		firsterr = torture_create_kthread(rcu_scale_writer, (void *)i,
1194 						  writer_tasks[i]);
1195 		if (torture_init_error(firsterr))
1196 			goto unwind;
1197 	}
1198 	torture_init_end();
1199 	return 0;
1200 
1201 unwind:
1202 	torture_init_end();
1203 	rcu_scale_cleanup();
1204 	if (shutdown) {
1205 		WARN_ON(!IS_MODULE(CONFIG_RCU_SCALE_TEST));
1206 		kernel_power_off();
1207 	}
1208 	return firsterr;
1209 }
1210 
1211 module_init(rcu_scale_init);
1212 module_exit(rcu_scale_cleanup);
1213