fs/zfs/zio.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2013 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2011 Nexenta Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 */

#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/fm/fs/zfs.h>
#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/txg.h>
#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
#include <sys/vdev_impl.h>
#include <sys/zio_impl.h>
#include <sys/zio_compress.h>
#include <sys/zio_checksum.h>
#include <sys/dmu_objset.h>
#include <sys/arc.h>
#include <sys/ddt.h>
#include <sys/zfeature.h>

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * I/O type descriptions
 * ==========================================================================
 */
const char *zio_type_name[ZIO_TYPES] = {
	"zio_null", "zio_read", "zio_write", "zio_free", "zio_claim",
	"zio_ioctl"
};

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * I/O kmem caches
 * ==========================================================================
 */
kmem_cache_t *zio_cache;
kmem_cache_t *zio_link_cache;
kmem_cache_t *zio_buf_cache[SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT];
kmem_cache_t *zio_data_buf_cache[SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT];

#ifdef _KERNEL
extern vmem_t *zio_alloc_arena;
#endif
extern int zfs_mg_alloc_failures;

/*
 * The following actions directly effect the spa's sync-to-convergence logic.
 * The values below define the sync pass when we start performing the action.
 * Care should be taken when changing these values as they directly impact
 * spa_sync() performance. Tuning these values may introduce subtle performance
 * pathologies and should only be done in the context of performance analysis.
 * These tunables will eventually be removed and replaced with #defines once
 * enough analysis has been done to determine optimal values.
 *
 * The 'zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free' pass must be greater than 1 to ensure that
 * regular blocks are not deferred.
 */
int zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free = 2; /* defer frees starting in this pass */
int zfs_sync_pass_dont_compress = 5; /* don't compress starting in this pass */
int zfs_sync_pass_rewrite = 2; /* rewrite new bps starting in this pass */

/*
 * An allocating zio is one that either currently has the DVA allocate
 * stage set or will have it later in its lifetime.
 */
#define	IO_IS_ALLOCATING(zio) ((zio)->io_orig_pipeline & ZIO_STAGE_DVA_ALLOCATE)

boolean_t	zio_requeue_io_start_cut_in_line = B_TRUE;

#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
int zio_buf_debug_limit = 16384;
#else
int zio_buf_debug_limit = 0;
#endif

void
zio_init(void)
{
	size_t c;
	vmem_t *data_alloc_arena = NULL;

#ifdef _KERNEL
	data_alloc_arena = zio_alloc_arena;
#endif
	zio_cache = kmem_cache_create("zio_cache",
	    sizeof (zio_t), 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
	zio_link_cache = kmem_cache_create("zio_link_cache",
	    sizeof (zio_link_t), 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);

	/*
	 * For small buffers, we want a cache for each multiple of
	 * SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE.  For medium-size buffers, we want a cache
	 * for each quarter-power of 2.  For large buffers, we want
	 * a cache for each multiple of PAGESIZE.
	 */
	for (c = 0; c < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT; c++) {
		size_t size = (c + 1) << SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT;
		size_t p2 = size;
		size_t align = 0;
		size_t cflags = (size > zio_buf_debug_limit) ? KMC_NODEBUG : 0;

		while (p2 & (p2 - 1))
			p2 &= p2 - 1;

#ifndef _KERNEL
		/*
		 * If we are using watchpoints, put each buffer on its own page,
		 * to eliminate the performance overhead of trapping to the
		 * kernel when modifying a non-watched buffer that shares the
		 * page with a watched buffer.
		 */
		if (arc_watch && !IS_P2ALIGNED(size, PAGESIZE))
			continue;
#endif
		if (size <= 4 * SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE) {
			align = SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE;
		} else if (IS_P2ALIGNED(size, PAGESIZE)) {
			align = PAGESIZE;
		} else if (IS_P2ALIGNED(size, p2 >> 2)) {
			align = p2 >> 2;
		}

		if (align != 0) {
			char name[36];
			(void) sprintf(name, "zio_buf_%lu", (ulong_t)size);
			zio_buf_cache[c] = kmem_cache_create(name, size,
			    align, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, cflags);

			/*
			 * Since zio_data bufs do not appear in crash dumps, we
			 * pass KMC_NOTOUCH so that no allocator metadata is
			 * stored with the buffers.
			 */
			(void) sprintf(name, "zio_data_buf_%lu", (ulong_t)size);
			zio_data_buf_cache[c] = kmem_cache_create(name, size,
			    align, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, data_alloc_arena,
			    cflags | KMC_NOTOUCH);
		}
	}

	while (--c != 0) {
		ASSERT(zio_buf_cache[c] != NULL);
		if (zio_buf_cache[c - 1] == NULL)
			zio_buf_cache[c - 1] = zio_buf_cache[c];

		ASSERT(zio_data_buf_cache[c] != NULL);
		if (zio_data_buf_cache[c - 1] == NULL)
			zio_data_buf_cache[c - 1] = zio_data_buf_cache[c];
	}

	/*
	 * The zio write taskqs have 1 thread per cpu, allow 1/2 of the taskqs
	 * to fail 3 times per txg or 8 failures, whichever is greater.
	 */
	if (zfs_mg_alloc_failures == 0)
		zfs_mg_alloc_failures = MAX((3 * max_ncpus / 2), 8);

	zio_inject_init();
}

void
zio_fini(void)
{
	size_t c;
	kmem_cache_t *last_cache = NULL;
	kmem_cache_t *last_data_cache = NULL;

	for (c = 0; c < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT; c++) {
		if (zio_buf_cache[c] != last_cache) {
			last_cache = zio_buf_cache[c];
			kmem_cache_destroy(zio_buf_cache[c]);
		}
		zio_buf_cache[c] = NULL;

		if (zio_data_buf_cache[c] != last_data_cache) {
			last_data_cache = zio_data_buf_cache[c];
			kmem_cache_destroy(zio_data_buf_cache[c]);
		}
		zio_data_buf_cache[c] = NULL;
	}

	kmem_cache_destroy(zio_link_cache);
	kmem_cache_destroy(zio_cache);

	zio_inject_fini();
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Allocate and free I/O buffers
 * ==========================================================================
 */

/*
 * Use zio_buf_alloc to allocate ZFS metadata.  This data will appear in a
 * crashdump if the kernel panics, so use it judiciously.  Obviously, it's
 * useful to inspect ZFS metadata, but if possible, we should avoid keeping
 * excess / transient data in-core during a crashdump.
 */
void *
zio_buf_alloc(size_t size)
{
	size_t c = (size - 1) >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT;

	ASSERT(c < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT);

	return (kmem_cache_alloc(zio_buf_cache[c], KM_PUSHPAGE));
}

/*
 * Use zio_data_buf_alloc to allocate data.  The data will not appear in a
 * crashdump if the kernel panics.  This exists so that we will limit the amount
 * of ZFS data that shows up in a kernel crashdump.  (Thus reducing the amount
 * of kernel heap dumped to disk when the kernel panics)
 */
void *
zio_data_buf_alloc(size_t size)
{
	size_t c = (size - 1) >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT;

	ASSERT(c < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT);

	return (kmem_cache_alloc(zio_data_buf_cache[c], KM_PUSHPAGE));
}

void
zio_buf_free(void *buf, size_t size)
{
	size_t c = (size - 1) >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT;

	ASSERT(c < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT);

	kmem_cache_free(zio_buf_cache[c], buf);
}

void
zio_data_buf_free(void *buf, size_t size)
{
	size_t c = (size - 1) >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT;

	ASSERT(c < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT);

	kmem_cache_free(zio_data_buf_cache[c], buf);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Push and pop I/O transform buffers
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static void
zio_push_transform(zio_t *zio, void *data, uint64_t size, uint64_t bufsize,
	zio_transform_func_t *transform)
{
	zio_transform_t *zt = kmem_alloc(sizeof (zio_transform_t), KM_SLEEP);

	zt->zt_orig_data = zio->io_data;
	zt->zt_orig_size = zio->io_size;
	zt->zt_bufsize = bufsize;
	zt->zt_transform = transform;

	zt->zt_next = zio->io_transform_stack;
	zio->io_transform_stack = zt;

	zio->io_data = data;
	zio->io_size = size;
}

static void
zio_pop_transforms(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio_transform_t *zt;

	while ((zt = zio->io_transform_stack) != NULL) {
		if (zt->zt_transform != NULL)
			zt->zt_transform(zio,
			    zt->zt_orig_data, zt->zt_orig_size);

		if (zt->zt_bufsize != 0)
			zio_buf_free(zio->io_data, zt->zt_bufsize);

		zio->io_data = zt->zt_orig_data;
		zio->io_size = zt->zt_orig_size;
		zio->io_transform_stack = zt->zt_next;

		kmem_free(zt, sizeof (zio_transform_t));
	}
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * I/O transform callbacks for subblocks and decompression
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static void
zio_subblock(zio_t *zio, void *data, uint64_t size)
{
	ASSERT(zio->io_size > size);

	if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_READ)
		bcopy(zio->io_data, data, size);
}

static void
zio_decompress(zio_t *zio, void *data, uint64_t size)
{
	if (zio->io_error == 0 &&
	    zio_decompress_data(BP_GET_COMPRESS(zio->io_bp),
	    zio->io_data, data, zio->io_size, size) != 0)
		zio->io_error = SET_ERROR(EIO);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * I/O parent/child relationships and pipeline interlocks
 * ==========================================================================
 */
/*
 * NOTE - Callers to zio_walk_parents() and zio_walk_children must
 *        continue calling these functions until they return NULL.
 *        Otherwise, the next caller will pick up the list walk in
 *        some indeterminate state.  (Otherwise every caller would
 *        have to pass in a cookie to keep the state represented by
 *        io_walk_link, which gets annoying.)
 */
zio_t *
zio_walk_parents(zio_t *cio)
{
	zio_link_t *zl = cio->io_walk_link;
	list_t *pl = &cio->io_parent_list;

	zl = (zl == NULL) ? list_head(pl) : list_next(pl, zl);
	cio->io_walk_link = zl;

	if (zl == NULL)
		return (NULL);

	ASSERT(zl->zl_child == cio);
	return (zl->zl_parent);
}

zio_t *
zio_walk_children(zio_t *pio)
{
	zio_link_t *zl = pio->io_walk_link;
	list_t *cl = &pio->io_child_list;

	zl = (zl == NULL) ? list_head(cl) : list_next(cl, zl);
	pio->io_walk_link = zl;

	if (zl == NULL)
		return (NULL);

	ASSERT(zl->zl_parent == pio);
	return (zl->zl_child);
}

zio_t *
zio_unique_parent(zio_t *cio)
{
	zio_t *pio = zio_walk_parents(cio);

	VERIFY(zio_walk_parents(cio) == NULL);
	return (pio);
}

void
zio_add_child(zio_t *pio, zio_t *cio)
{
	zio_link_t *zl = kmem_cache_alloc(zio_link_cache, KM_SLEEP);

	/*
	 * Logical I/Os can have logical, gang, or vdev children.
	 * Gang I/Os can have gang or vdev children.
	 * Vdev I/Os can only have vdev children.
	 * The following ASSERT captures all of these constraints.
	 */
	ASSERT(cio->io_child_type <= pio->io_child_type);

	zl->zl_parent = pio;
	zl->zl_child = cio;

	mutex_enter(&cio->io_lock);
	mutex_enter(&pio->io_lock);

	ASSERT(pio->io_state[ZIO_WAIT_DONE] == 0);

	for (int w = 0; w < ZIO_WAIT_TYPES; w++)
		pio->io_children[cio->io_child_type][w] += !cio->io_state[w];

	list_insert_head(&pio->io_child_list, zl);
	list_insert_head(&cio->io_parent_list, zl);

	pio->io_child_count++;
	cio->io_parent_count++;

	mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);
	mutex_exit(&cio->io_lock);
}

static void
zio_remove_child(zio_t *pio, zio_t *cio, zio_link_t *zl)
{
	ASSERT(zl->zl_parent == pio);
	ASSERT(zl->zl_child == cio);

	mutex_enter(&cio->io_lock);
	mutex_enter(&pio->io_lock);

	list_remove(&pio->io_child_list, zl);
	list_remove(&cio->io_parent_list, zl);

	pio->io_child_count--;
	cio->io_parent_count--;

	mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);
	mutex_exit(&cio->io_lock);

	kmem_cache_free(zio_link_cache, zl);
}

static boolean_t
zio_wait_for_children(zio_t *zio, enum zio_child child, enum zio_wait_type wait)
{
	uint64_t *countp = &zio->io_children[child][wait];
	boolean_t waiting = B_FALSE;

	mutex_enter(&zio->io_lock);
	ASSERT(zio->io_stall == NULL);
	if (*countp != 0) {
		zio->io_stage >>= 1;
		zio->io_stall = countp;
		waiting = B_TRUE;
	}
	mutex_exit(&zio->io_lock);

	return (waiting);
}

static void
zio_notify_parent(zio_t *pio, zio_t *zio, enum zio_wait_type wait)
{
	uint64_t *countp = &pio->io_children[zio->io_child_type][wait];
	int *errorp = &pio->io_child_error[zio->io_child_type];

	mutex_enter(&pio->io_lock);
	if (zio->io_error && !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE))
		*errorp = zio_worst_error(*errorp, zio->io_error);
	pio->io_reexecute |= zio->io_reexecute;
	ASSERT3U(*countp, >, 0);

	(*countp)--;

	if (*countp == 0 && pio->io_stall == countp) {
		pio->io_stall = NULL;
		mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);
		zio_execute(pio);
	} else {
		mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);
	}
}

static void
zio_inherit_child_errors(zio_t *zio, enum zio_child c)
{
	if (zio->io_child_error[c] != 0 && zio->io_error == 0)
		zio->io_error = zio->io_child_error[c];
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Create the various types of I/O (read, write, free, etc)
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static zio_t *
zio_create(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, const blkptr_t *bp,
    void *data, uint64_t size, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private,
    zio_type_t type, zio_priority_t priority, enum zio_flag flags,
    vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, const zbookmark_t *zb,
    enum zio_stage stage, enum zio_stage pipeline)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	ASSERT3U(size, <=, SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE);
	ASSERT(P2PHASE(size, SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE) == 0);
	ASSERT(P2PHASE(offset, SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE) == 0);

	ASSERT(!vd || spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_READER));
	ASSERT(!bp || !(flags & ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER));
	ASSERT(vd || stage == ZIO_STAGE_OPEN);

	zio = kmem_cache_alloc(zio_cache, KM_SLEEP);
	bzero(zio, sizeof (zio_t));

	mutex_init(&zio->io_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&zio->io_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);

	list_create(&zio->io_parent_list, sizeof (zio_link_t),
	    offsetof(zio_link_t, zl_parent_node));
	list_create(&zio->io_child_list, sizeof (zio_link_t),
	    offsetof(zio_link_t, zl_child_node));

	if (vd != NULL)
		zio->io_child_type = ZIO_CHILD_VDEV;
	else if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_GANG_CHILD)
		zio->io_child_type = ZIO_CHILD_GANG;
	else if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_DDT_CHILD)
		zio->io_child_type = ZIO_CHILD_DDT;
	else
		zio->io_child_type = ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL;

	if (bp != NULL) {
		zio->io_bp = (blkptr_t *)bp;
		zio->io_bp_copy = *bp;
		zio->io_bp_orig = *bp;
		if (type != ZIO_TYPE_WRITE ||
		    zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_DDT)
			zio->io_bp = &zio->io_bp_copy;	/* so caller can free */
		if (zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL)
			zio->io_logical = zio;
		if (zio->io_child_type > ZIO_CHILD_GANG && BP_IS_GANG(bp))
			pipeline |= ZIO_GANG_STAGES;
	}

	zio->io_spa = spa;
	zio->io_txg = txg;
	zio->io_done = done;
	zio->io_private = private;
	zio->io_type = type;
	zio->io_priority = priority;
	zio->io_vd = vd;
	zio->io_offset = offset;
	zio->io_orig_data = zio->io_data = data;
	zio->io_orig_size = zio->io_size = size;
	zio->io_orig_flags = zio->io_flags = flags;
	zio->io_orig_stage = zio->io_stage = stage;
	zio->io_orig_pipeline = zio->io_pipeline = pipeline;

	zio->io_state[ZIO_WAIT_READY] = (stage >= ZIO_STAGE_READY);
	zio->io_state[ZIO_WAIT_DONE] = (stage >= ZIO_STAGE_DONE);

	if (zb != NULL)
		zio->io_bookmark = *zb;

	if (pio != NULL) {
		if (zio->io_logical == NULL)
			zio->io_logical = pio->io_logical;
		if (zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_GANG)
			zio->io_gang_leader = pio->io_gang_leader;
		zio_add_child(pio, zio);
	}

	return (zio);
}

static void
zio_destroy(zio_t *zio)
{
	list_destroy(&zio->io_parent_list);
	list_destroy(&zio->io_child_list);
	mutex_destroy(&zio->io_lock);
	cv_destroy(&zio->io_cv);
	kmem_cache_free(zio_cache, zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_null(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd, zio_done_func_t *done,
    void *private, enum zio_flag flags)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	zio = zio_create(pio, spa, 0, NULL, NULL, 0, done, private,
	    ZIO_TYPE_NULL, ZIO_PRIORITY_NOW, flags, vd, 0, NULL,
	    ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE);

	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_root(spa_t *spa, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, enum zio_flag flags)
{
	return (zio_null(NULL, spa, NULL, done, private, flags));
}

zio_t *
zio_read(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, const blkptr_t *bp,
    void *data, uint64_t size, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private,
    zio_priority_t priority, enum zio_flag flags, const zbookmark_t *zb)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	zio = zio_create(pio, spa, BP_PHYSICAL_BIRTH(bp), bp,
	    data, size, done, private,
	    ZIO_TYPE_READ, priority, flags, NULL, 0, zb,
	    ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, (flags & ZIO_FLAG_DDT_CHILD) ?
	    ZIO_DDT_CHILD_READ_PIPELINE : ZIO_READ_PIPELINE);

	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_write(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, blkptr_t *bp,
    void *data, uint64_t size, const zio_prop_t *zp,
    zio_done_func_t *ready, zio_done_func_t *physdone, zio_done_func_t *done,
    void *private,
    zio_priority_t priority, enum zio_flag flags, const zbookmark_t *zb)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	ASSERT(zp->zp_checksum >= ZIO_CHECKSUM_OFF &&
	    zp->zp_checksum < ZIO_CHECKSUM_FUNCTIONS &&
	    zp->zp_compress >= ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF &&
	    zp->zp_compress < ZIO_COMPRESS_FUNCTIONS &&
	    DMU_OT_IS_VALID(zp->zp_type) &&
	    zp->zp_level < 32 &&
	    zp->zp_copies > 0 &&
	    zp->zp_copies <= spa_max_replication(spa));

	zio = zio_create(pio, spa, txg, bp, data, size, done, private,
	    ZIO_TYPE_WRITE, priority, flags, NULL, 0, zb,
	    ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, (flags & ZIO_FLAG_DDT_CHILD) ?
	    ZIO_DDT_CHILD_WRITE_PIPELINE : ZIO_WRITE_PIPELINE);

	zio->io_ready = ready;
	zio->io_physdone = physdone;
	zio->io_prop = *zp;

	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_rewrite(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, blkptr_t *bp, void *data,
    uint64_t size, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private,
    zio_priority_t priority, enum zio_flag flags, zbookmark_t *zb)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	zio = zio_create(pio, spa, txg, bp, data, size, done, private,
	    ZIO_TYPE_WRITE, priority, flags, NULL, 0, zb,
	    ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, ZIO_REWRITE_PIPELINE);

	return (zio);
}

void
zio_write_override(zio_t *zio, blkptr_t *bp, int copies, boolean_t nopwrite)
{
	ASSERT(zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE);
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);
	ASSERT(zio->io_stage == ZIO_STAGE_OPEN);
	ASSERT(zio->io_txg == spa_syncing_txg(zio->io_spa));

	/*
	 * We must reset the io_prop to match the values that existed
	 * when the bp was first written by dmu_sync() keeping in mind
	 * that nopwrite and dedup are mutually exclusive.
	 */
	zio->io_prop.zp_dedup = nopwrite ? B_FALSE : zio->io_prop.zp_dedup;
	zio->io_prop.zp_nopwrite = nopwrite;
	zio->io_prop.zp_copies = copies;
	zio->io_bp_override = bp;
}

void
zio_free(spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, const blkptr_t *bp)
{
	metaslab_check_free(spa, bp);

	/*
	 * Frees that are for the currently-syncing txg, are not going to be
	 * deferred, and which will not need to do a read (i.e. not GANG or
	 * DEDUP), can be processed immediately.  Otherwise, put them on the
	 * in-memory list for later processing.
	 */
	if (BP_IS_GANG(bp) || BP_GET_DEDUP(bp) ||
	    txg != spa->spa_syncing_txg ||
	    spa_sync_pass(spa) >= zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free) {
		bplist_append(&spa->spa_free_bplist[txg & TXG_MASK], bp);
	} else {
		VERIFY0(zio_wait(zio_free_sync(NULL, spa, txg, bp, 0)));
	}
}

zio_t *
zio_free_sync(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, const blkptr_t *bp,
    enum zio_flag flags)
{
	zio_t *zio;
	enum zio_stage stage = ZIO_FREE_PIPELINE;

	dprintf_bp(bp, "freeing in txg %llu, pass %u",
	    (longlong_t)txg, spa->spa_sync_pass);

	ASSERT(!BP_IS_HOLE(bp));
	ASSERT(spa_syncing_txg(spa) == txg);
	ASSERT(spa_sync_pass(spa) < zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free);

	metaslab_check_free(spa, bp);
	arc_freed(spa, bp);

	/*
	 * GANG and DEDUP blocks can induce a read (for the gang block header,
	 * or the DDT), so issue them asynchronously so that this thread is
	 * not tied up.
	 */
	if (BP_IS_GANG(bp) || BP_GET_DEDUP(bp))
		stage |= ZIO_STAGE_ISSUE_ASYNC;

	zio = zio_create(pio, spa, txg, bp, NULL, BP_GET_PSIZE(bp),
	    NULL, NULL, ZIO_TYPE_FREE, ZIO_PRIORITY_NOW, flags,
	    NULL, 0, NULL, ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, stage);


	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_claim(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, const blkptr_t *bp,
    zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, enum zio_flag flags)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	/*
	 * A claim is an allocation of a specific block.  Claims are needed
	 * to support immediate writes in the intent log.  The issue is that
	 * immediate writes contain committed data, but in a txg that was
	 * *not* committed.  Upon opening the pool after an unclean shutdown,
	 * the intent log claims all blocks that contain immediate write data
	 * so that the SPA knows they're in use.
	 *
	 * All claims *must* be resolved in the first txg -- before the SPA
	 * starts allocating blocks -- so that nothing is allocated twice.
	 * If txg == 0 we just verify that the block is claimable.
	 */
	ASSERT3U(spa->spa_uberblock.ub_rootbp.blk_birth, <, spa_first_txg(spa));
	ASSERT(txg == spa_first_txg(spa) || txg == 0);
	ASSERT(!BP_GET_DEDUP(bp) || !spa_writeable(spa));	/* zdb(1M) */

	zio = zio_create(pio, spa, txg, bp, NULL, BP_GET_PSIZE(bp),
	    done, private, ZIO_TYPE_CLAIM, ZIO_PRIORITY_NOW, flags,
	    NULL, 0, NULL, ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, ZIO_CLAIM_PIPELINE);

	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_ioctl(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd, int cmd,
    zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, enum zio_flag flags)
{
	zio_t *zio;
	int c;

	if (vd->vdev_children == 0) {
		zio = zio_create(pio, spa, 0, NULL, NULL, 0, done, private,
		    ZIO_TYPE_IOCTL, ZIO_PRIORITY_NOW, flags, vd, 0, NULL,
		    ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, ZIO_IOCTL_PIPELINE);

		zio->io_cmd = cmd;
	} else {
		zio = zio_null(pio, spa, NULL, NULL, NULL, flags);

		for (c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
			zio_nowait(zio_ioctl(zio, spa, vd->vdev_child[c], cmd,
			    done, private, flags));
	}

	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_read_phys(zio_t *pio, vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size,
    void *data, int checksum, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private,
    zio_priority_t priority, enum zio_flag flags, boolean_t labels)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	ASSERT(vd->vdev_children == 0);
	ASSERT(!labels || offset + size <= VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE ||
	    offset >= vd->vdev_psize - VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE);
	ASSERT3U(offset + size, <=, vd->vdev_psize);

	zio = zio_create(pio, vd->vdev_spa, 0, NULL, data, size, done, private,
	    ZIO_TYPE_READ, priority, flags, vd, offset, NULL,
	    ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, ZIO_READ_PHYS_PIPELINE);

	zio->io_prop.zp_checksum = checksum;

	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_write_phys(zio_t *pio, vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size,
    void *data, int checksum, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private,
    zio_priority_t priority, enum zio_flag flags, boolean_t labels)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	ASSERT(vd->vdev_children == 0);
	ASSERT(!labels || offset + size <= VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE ||
	    offset >= vd->vdev_psize - VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE);
	ASSERT3U(offset + size, <=, vd->vdev_psize);

	zio = zio_create(pio, vd->vdev_spa, 0, NULL, data, size, done, private,
	    ZIO_TYPE_WRITE, priority, flags, vd, offset, NULL,
	    ZIO_STAGE_OPEN, ZIO_WRITE_PHYS_PIPELINE);

	zio->io_prop.zp_checksum = checksum;

	if (zio_checksum_table[checksum].ci_eck) {
		/*
		 * zec checksums are necessarily destructive -- they modify
		 * the end of the write buffer to hold the verifier/checksum.
		 * Therefore, we must make a local copy in case the data is
		 * being written to multiple places in parallel.
		 */
		void *wbuf = zio_buf_alloc(size);
		bcopy(data, wbuf, size);
		zio_push_transform(zio, wbuf, size, size, NULL);
	}

	return (zio);
}

/*
 * Create a child I/O to do some work for us.
 */
zio_t *
zio_vdev_child_io(zio_t *pio, blkptr_t *bp, vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset,
	void *data, uint64_t size, int type, zio_priority_t priority,
	enum zio_flag flags, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private)
{
	enum zio_stage pipeline = ZIO_VDEV_CHILD_PIPELINE;
	zio_t *zio;

	ASSERT(vd->vdev_parent ==
	    (pio->io_vd ? pio->io_vd : pio->io_spa->spa_root_vdev));

	if (type == ZIO_TYPE_READ && bp != NULL) {
		/*
		 * If we have the bp, then the child should perform the
		 * checksum and the parent need not.  This pushes error
		 * detection as close to the leaves as possible and
		 * eliminates redundant checksums in the interior nodes.
		 */
		pipeline |= ZIO_STAGE_CHECKSUM_VERIFY;
		pio->io_pipeline &= ~ZIO_STAGE_CHECKSUM_VERIFY;
	}

	if (vd->vdev_children == 0)
		offset += VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE;

	flags |= ZIO_VDEV_CHILD_FLAGS(pio) | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE;

	/*
	 * If we've decided to do a repair, the write is not speculative --
	 * even if the original read was.
	 */
	if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR)
		flags &= ~ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE;

	zio = zio_create(pio, pio->io_spa, pio->io_txg, bp, data, size,
	    done, private, type, priority, flags, vd, offset, &pio->io_bookmark,
	    ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_START >> 1, pipeline);

	zio->io_physdone = pio->io_physdone;
	if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && zio->io_logical != NULL)
		zio->io_logical->io_phys_children++;

	return (zio);
}

zio_t *
zio_vdev_delegated_io(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, void *data, uint64_t size,
	int type, zio_priority_t priority, enum zio_flag flags,
	zio_done_func_t *done, void *private)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	ASSERT(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf);

	zio = zio_create(NULL, vd->vdev_spa, 0, NULL,
	    data, size, done, private, type, priority,
	    flags | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_RETRY | ZIO_FLAG_DELEGATED,
	    vd, offset, NULL,
	    ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_START >> 1, ZIO_VDEV_CHILD_PIPELINE);

	return (zio);
}

void
zio_flush(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd)
{
	zio_nowait(zio_ioctl(zio, zio->io_spa, vd, DKIOCFLUSHWRITECACHE,
	    NULL, NULL,
	    ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_RETRY));
}

void
zio_shrink(zio_t *zio, uint64_t size)
{
	ASSERT(zio->io_executor == NULL);
	ASSERT(zio->io_orig_size == zio->io_size);
	ASSERT(size <= zio->io_size);

	/*
	 * We don't shrink for raidz because of problems with the
	 * reconstruction when reading back less than the block size.
	 * Note, BP_IS_RAIDZ() assumes no compression.
	 */
	ASSERT(BP_GET_COMPRESS(zio->io_bp) == ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF);
	if (!BP_IS_RAIDZ(zio->io_bp))
		zio->io_orig_size = zio->io_size = size;
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Prepare to read and write logical blocks
 * ==========================================================================
 */

static int
zio_read_bp_init(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;

	if (BP_GET_COMPRESS(bp) != ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF &&
	    zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL &&
	    !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_RAW)) {
		uint64_t psize = BP_GET_PSIZE(bp);
		void *cbuf = zio_buf_alloc(psize);

		zio_push_transform(zio, cbuf, psize, psize, zio_decompress);
	}

	if (!DMU_OT_IS_METADATA(BP_GET_TYPE(bp)) && BP_GET_LEVEL(bp) == 0)
		zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_DONT_CACHE;

	if (BP_GET_TYPE(bp) == DMU_OT_DDT_ZAP)
		zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_DONT_CACHE;

	if (BP_GET_DEDUP(bp) && zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL)
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_DDT_READ_PIPELINE;

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_write_bp_init(zio_t *zio)
{
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
	zio_prop_t *zp = &zio->io_prop;
	enum zio_compress compress = zp->zp_compress;
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	uint64_t lsize = zio->io_size;
	uint64_t psize = lsize;
	int pass = 1;

	/*
	 * If our children haven't all reached the ready stage,
	 * wait for them and then repeat this pipeline stage.
	 */
	if (zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_GANG, ZIO_WAIT_READY) ||
	    zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL, ZIO_WAIT_READY))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

	if (!IO_IS_ALLOCATING(zio))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);

	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type != ZIO_CHILD_DDT);

	if (zio->io_bp_override) {
		ASSERT(bp->blk_birth != zio->io_txg);
		ASSERT(BP_GET_DEDUP(zio->io_bp_override) == 0);

		*bp = *zio->io_bp_override;
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE;

		/*
		 * If we've been overridden and nopwrite is set then
		 * set the flag accordingly to indicate that a nopwrite
		 * has already occurred.
		 */
		if (!BP_IS_HOLE(bp) && zp->zp_nopwrite) {
			ASSERT(!zp->zp_dedup);
			zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_NOPWRITE;
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
		}

		ASSERT(!zp->zp_nopwrite);

		if (BP_IS_HOLE(bp) || !zp->zp_dedup)
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);

		ASSERT(zio_checksum_table[zp->zp_checksum].ci_dedup ||
		    zp->zp_dedup_verify);

		if (BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp) == zp->zp_checksum) {
			BP_SET_DEDUP(bp, 1);
			zio->io_pipeline |= ZIO_STAGE_DDT_WRITE;
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
		}
		zio->io_bp_override = NULL;
		BP_ZERO(bp);
	}

	if (!BP_IS_HOLE(bp) && bp->blk_birth == zio->io_txg) {
		/*
		 * We're rewriting an existing block, which means we're
		 * working on behalf of spa_sync().  For spa_sync() to
		 * converge, it must eventually be the case that we don't
		 * have to allocate new blocks.  But compression changes
		 * the blocksize, which forces a reallocate, and makes
		 * convergence take longer.  Therefore, after the first
		 * few passes, stop compressing to ensure convergence.
		 */
		pass = spa_sync_pass(spa);

		ASSERT(zio->io_txg == spa_syncing_txg(spa));
		ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);
		ASSERT(!BP_GET_DEDUP(bp));

		if (pass >= zfs_sync_pass_dont_compress)
			compress = ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF;

		/* Make sure someone doesn't change their mind on overwrites */
		ASSERT(MIN(zp->zp_copies + BP_IS_GANG(bp),
		    spa_max_replication(spa)) == BP_GET_NDVAS(bp));
	}

	if (compress != ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF) {
		void *cbuf = zio_buf_alloc(lsize);
		psize = zio_compress_data(compress, zio->io_data, cbuf, lsize);
		if (psize == 0 || psize == lsize) {
			compress = ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF;
			zio_buf_free(cbuf, lsize);
		} else {
			ASSERT(psize < lsize);
			zio_push_transform(zio, cbuf, psize, lsize, NULL);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * The final pass of spa_sync() must be all rewrites, but the first
	 * few passes offer a trade-off: allocating blocks defers convergence,
	 * but newly allocated blocks are sequential, so they can be written
	 * to disk faster.  Therefore, we allow the first few passes of
	 * spa_sync() to allocate new blocks, but force rewrites after that.
	 * There should only be a handful of blocks after pass 1 in any case.
	 */
	if (!BP_IS_HOLE(bp) && bp->blk_birth == zio->io_txg &&
	    BP_GET_PSIZE(bp) == psize &&
	    pass >= zfs_sync_pass_rewrite) {
		ASSERT(psize != 0);
		enum zio_stage gang_stages = zio->io_pipeline & ZIO_GANG_STAGES;
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_REWRITE_PIPELINE | gang_stages;
		zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_IO_REWRITE;
	} else {
		BP_ZERO(bp);
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_WRITE_PIPELINE;
	}

	if (psize == 0) {
		if (zio->io_bp_orig.blk_birth != 0 &&
		    spa_feature_is_active(spa, SPA_FEATURE_HOLE_BIRTH)) {
			BP_SET_LSIZE(bp, lsize);
			BP_SET_TYPE(bp, zp->zp_type);
			BP_SET_LEVEL(bp, zp->zp_level);
			BP_SET_BIRTH(bp, zio->io_txg, 0);
		}
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE;
	} else {
		ASSERT(zp->zp_checksum != ZIO_CHECKSUM_GANG_HEADER);
		BP_SET_LSIZE(bp, lsize);
		BP_SET_TYPE(bp, zp->zp_type);
		BP_SET_LEVEL(bp, zp->zp_level);
		BP_SET_PSIZE(bp, psize);
		BP_SET_COMPRESS(bp, compress);
		BP_SET_CHECKSUM(bp, zp->zp_checksum);
		BP_SET_DEDUP(bp, zp->zp_dedup);
		BP_SET_BYTEORDER(bp, ZFS_HOST_BYTEORDER);
		if (zp->zp_dedup) {
			ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);
			ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REWRITE));
			zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_DDT_WRITE_PIPELINE;
		}
		if (zp->zp_nopwrite) {
			ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);
			ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REWRITE));
			zio->io_pipeline |= ZIO_STAGE_NOP_WRITE;
		}
	}

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_free_bp_init(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;

	if (zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL) {
		if (BP_GET_DEDUP(bp))
			zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_DDT_FREE_PIPELINE;
	}

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Execute the I/O pipeline
 * ==========================================================================
 */

static void
zio_taskq_dispatch(zio_t *zio, zio_taskq_type_t q, boolean_t cutinline)
{
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
	zio_type_t t = zio->io_type;
	int flags = (cutinline ? TQ_FRONT : 0);

	/*
	 * If we're a config writer or a probe, the normal issue and
	 * interrupt threads may all be blocked waiting for the config lock.
	 * In this case, select the otherwise-unused taskq for ZIO_TYPE_NULL.
	 */
	if (zio->io_flags & (ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_PROBE))
		t = ZIO_TYPE_NULL;

	/*
	 * A similar issue exists for the L2ARC write thread until L2ARC 2.0.
	 */
	if (t == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE && zio->io_vd && zio->io_vd->vdev_aux)
		t = ZIO_TYPE_NULL;

	/*
	 * If this is a high priority I/O, then use the high priority taskq if
	 * available.
	 */
	if (zio->io_priority == ZIO_PRIORITY_NOW &&
	    spa->spa_zio_taskq[t][q + 1].stqs_count != 0)
		q++;

	ASSERT3U(q, <, ZIO_TASKQ_TYPES);

	/*
	 * NB: We are assuming that the zio can only be dispatched
	 * to a single taskq at a time.  It would be a grievous error
	 * to dispatch the zio to another taskq at the same time.
	 */
	ASSERT(zio->io_tqent.tqent_next == NULL);
	spa_taskq_dispatch_ent(spa, t, q, (task_func_t *)zio_execute, zio,
	    flags, &zio->io_tqent);
}

static boolean_t
zio_taskq_member(zio_t *zio, zio_taskq_type_t q)
{
	kthread_t *executor = zio->io_executor;
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;

	for (zio_type_t t = 0; t < ZIO_TYPES; t++) {
		spa_taskqs_t *tqs = &spa->spa_zio_taskq[t][q];
		uint_t i;
		for (i = 0; i < tqs->stqs_count; i++) {
			if (taskq_member(tqs->stqs_taskq[i], executor))
				return (B_TRUE);
		}
	}

	return (B_FALSE);
}

static int
zio_issue_async(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio_taskq_dispatch(zio, ZIO_TASKQ_ISSUE, B_FALSE);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);
}

void
zio_interrupt(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio_taskq_dispatch(zio, ZIO_TASKQ_INTERRUPT, B_FALSE);
}

/*
 * Execute the I/O pipeline until one of the following occurs:
 *
 *	(1) the I/O completes
 *	(2) the pipeline stalls waiting for dependent child I/Os
 *	(3) the I/O issues, so we're waiting for an I/O completion interrupt
 *	(4) the I/O is delegated by vdev-level caching or aggregation
 *	(5) the I/O is deferred due to vdev-level queueing
 *	(6) the I/O is handed off to another thread.
 *
 * In all cases, the pipeline stops whenever there's no CPU work; it never
 * burns a thread in cv_wait().
 *
 * There's no locking on io_stage because there's no legitimate way
 * for multiple threads to be attempting to process the same I/O.
 */
static zio_pipe_stage_t *zio_pipeline[];

void
zio_execute(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio->io_executor = curthread;

	while (zio->io_stage < ZIO_STAGE_DONE) {
		enum zio_stage pipeline = zio->io_pipeline;
		enum zio_stage stage = zio->io_stage;
		int rv;

		ASSERT(!MUTEX_HELD(&zio->io_lock));
		ASSERT(ISP2(stage));
		ASSERT(zio->io_stall == NULL);

		do {
			stage <<= 1;
		} while ((stage & pipeline) == 0);

		ASSERT(stage <= ZIO_STAGE_DONE);

		/*
		 * If we are in interrupt context and this pipeline stage
		 * will grab a config lock that is held across I/O,
		 * or may wait for an I/O that needs an interrupt thread
		 * to complete, issue async to avoid deadlock.
		 *
		 * For VDEV_IO_START, we cut in line so that the io will
		 * be sent to disk promptly.
		 */
		if ((stage & ZIO_BLOCKING_STAGES) && zio->io_vd == NULL &&
		    zio_taskq_member(zio, ZIO_TASKQ_INTERRUPT)) {
			boolean_t cut = (stage == ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_START) ?
			    zio_requeue_io_start_cut_in_line : B_FALSE;
			zio_taskq_dispatch(zio, ZIO_TASKQ_ISSUE, cut);
			return;
		}

		zio->io_stage = stage;
		rv = zio_pipeline[highbit(stage) - 1](zio);

		if (rv == ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP)
			return;

		ASSERT(rv == ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
	}
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Initiate I/O, either sync or async
 * ==========================================================================
 */
int
zio_wait(zio_t *zio)
{
	int error;

	ASSERT(zio->io_stage == ZIO_STAGE_OPEN);
	ASSERT(zio->io_executor == NULL);

	zio->io_waiter = curthread;

	zio_execute(zio);

	mutex_enter(&zio->io_lock);
	while (zio->io_executor != NULL)
		cv_wait(&zio->io_cv, &zio->io_lock);
	mutex_exit(&zio->io_lock);

	error = zio->io_error;
	zio_destroy(zio);

	return (error);
}

void
zio_nowait(zio_t *zio)
{
	ASSERT(zio->io_executor == NULL);

	if (zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL &&
	    zio_unique_parent(zio) == NULL) {
		/*
		 * This is a logical async I/O with no parent to wait for it.
		 * We add it to the spa_async_root_zio "Godfather" I/O which
		 * will ensure they complete prior to unloading the pool.
		 */
		spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;

		zio_add_child(spa->spa_async_zio_root, zio);
	}

	zio_execute(zio);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Reexecute or suspend/resume failed I/O
 * ==========================================================================
 */

static void
zio_reexecute(zio_t *pio)
{
	zio_t *cio, *cio_next;

	ASSERT(pio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);
	ASSERT(pio->io_orig_stage == ZIO_STAGE_OPEN);
	ASSERT(pio->io_gang_leader == NULL);
	ASSERT(pio->io_gang_tree == NULL);

	pio->io_flags = pio->io_orig_flags;
	pio->io_stage = pio->io_orig_stage;
	pio->io_pipeline = pio->io_orig_pipeline;
	pio->io_reexecute = 0;
	pio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_REEXECUTED;
	pio->io_error = 0;
	for (int w = 0; w < ZIO_WAIT_TYPES; w++)
		pio->io_state[w] = 0;
	for (int c = 0; c < ZIO_CHILD_TYPES; c++)
		pio->io_child_error[c] = 0;

	if (IO_IS_ALLOCATING(pio))
		BP_ZERO(pio->io_bp);

	/*
	 * As we reexecute pio's children, new children could be created.
	 * New children go to the head of pio's io_child_list, however,
	 * so we will (correctly) not reexecute them.  The key is that
	 * the remainder of pio's io_child_list, from 'cio_next' onward,
	 * cannot be affected by any side effects of reexecuting 'cio'.
	 */
	for (cio = zio_walk_children(pio); cio != NULL; cio = cio_next) {
		cio_next = zio_walk_children(pio);
		mutex_enter(&pio->io_lock);
		for (int w = 0; w < ZIO_WAIT_TYPES; w++)
			pio->io_children[cio->io_child_type][w]++;
		mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);
		zio_reexecute(cio);
	}

	/*
	 * Now that all children have been reexecuted, execute the parent.
	 * We don't reexecute "The Godfather" I/O here as it's the
	 * responsibility of the caller to wait on him.
	 */
	if (!(pio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_GODFATHER))
		zio_execute(pio);
}

void
zio_suspend(spa_t *spa, zio_t *zio)
{
	if (spa_get_failmode(spa) == ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_PANIC)
		fm_panic("Pool '%s' has encountered an uncorrectable I/O "
		    "failure and the failure mode property for this pool "
		    "is set to panic.", spa_name(spa));

	zfs_ereport_post(FM_EREPORT_ZFS_IO_FAILURE, spa, NULL, NULL, 0, 0);

	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_suspend_lock);

	if (spa->spa_suspend_zio_root == NULL)
		spa->spa_suspend_zio_root = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL,
		    ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL | ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE |
		    ZIO_FLAG_GODFATHER);

	spa->spa_suspended = B_TRUE;

	if (zio != NULL) {
		ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_GODFATHER));
		ASSERT(zio != spa->spa_suspend_zio_root);
		ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);
		ASSERT(zio_unique_parent(zio) == NULL);
		ASSERT(zio->io_stage == ZIO_STAGE_DONE);
		zio_add_child(spa->spa_suspend_zio_root, zio);
	}

	mutex_exit(&spa->spa_suspend_lock);
}

int
zio_resume(spa_t *spa)
{
	zio_t *pio;

	/*
	 * Reexecute all previously suspended i/o.
	 */
	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_suspend_lock);
	spa->spa_suspended = B_FALSE;
	cv_broadcast(&spa->spa_suspend_cv);
	pio = spa->spa_suspend_zio_root;
	spa->spa_suspend_zio_root = NULL;
	mutex_exit(&spa->spa_suspend_lock);

	if (pio == NULL)
		return (0);

	zio_reexecute(pio);
	return (zio_wait(pio));
}

void
zio_resume_wait(spa_t *spa)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_suspend_lock);
	while (spa_suspended(spa))
		cv_wait(&spa->spa_suspend_cv, &spa->spa_suspend_lock);
	mutex_exit(&spa->spa_suspend_lock);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Gang blocks.
 *
 * A gang block is a collection of small blocks that looks to the DMU
 * like one large block.  When zio_dva_allocate() cannot find a block
 * of the requested size, due to either severe fragmentation or the pool
 * being nearly full, it calls zio_write_gang_block() to construct the
 * block from smaller fragments.
 *
 * A gang block consists of a gang header (zio_gbh_phys_t) and up to
 * three (SPA_GBH_NBLKPTRS) gang members.  The gang header is just like
 * an indirect block: it's an array of block pointers.  It consumes
 * only one sector and hence is allocatable regardless of fragmentation.
 * The gang header's bps point to its gang members, which hold the data.
 *
 * Gang blocks are self-checksumming, using the bp's <vdev, offset, txg>
 * as the verifier to ensure uniqueness of the SHA256 checksum.
 * Critically, the gang block bp's blk_cksum is the checksum of the data,
 * not the gang header.  This ensures that data block signatures (needed for
 * deduplication) are independent of how the block is physically stored.
 *
 * Gang blocks can be nested: a gang member may itself be a gang block.
 * Thus every gang block is a tree in which root and all interior nodes are
 * gang headers, and the leaves are normal blocks that contain user data.
 * The root of the gang tree is called the gang leader.
 *
 * To perform any operation (read, rewrite, free, claim) on a gang block,
 * zio_gang_assemble() first assembles the gang tree (minus data leaves)
 * in the io_gang_tree field of the original logical i/o by recursively
 * reading the gang leader and all gang headers below it.  This yields
 * an in-core tree containing the contents of every gang header and the
 * bps for every constituent of the gang block.
 *
 * With the gang tree now assembled, zio_gang_issue() just walks the gang tree
 * and invokes a callback on each bp.  To free a gang block, zio_gang_issue()
 * calls zio_free_gang() -- a trivial wrapper around zio_free() -- for each bp.
 * zio_claim_gang() provides a similarly trivial wrapper for zio_claim().
 * zio_read_gang() is a wrapper around zio_read() that omits reading gang
 * headers, since we already have those in io_gang_tree.  zio_rewrite_gang()
 * performs a zio_rewrite() of the data or, for gang headers, a zio_rewrite()
 * of the gang header plus zio_checksum_compute() of the data to update the
 * gang header's blk_cksum as described above.
 *
 * The two-phase assemble/issue model solves the problem of partial failure --
 * what if you'd freed part of a gang block but then couldn't read the
 * gang header for another part?  Assembling the entire gang tree first
 * ensures that all the necessary gang header I/O has succeeded before
 * starting the actual work of free, claim, or write.  Once the gang tree
 * is assembled, free and claim are in-memory operations that cannot fail.
 *
 * In the event that a gang write fails, zio_dva_unallocate() walks the
 * gang tree to immediately free (i.e. insert back into the space map)
 * everything we've allocated.  This ensures that we don't get ENOSPC
 * errors during repeated suspend/resume cycles due to a flaky device.
 *
 * Gang rewrites only happen during sync-to-convergence.  If we can't assemble
 * the gang tree, we won't modify the block, so we can safely defer the free
 * (knowing that the block is still intact).  If we *can* assemble the gang
 * tree, then even if some of the rewrites fail, zio_dva_unallocate() will free
 * each constituent bp and we can allocate a new block on the next sync pass.
 *
 * In all cases, the gang tree allows complete recovery from partial failure.
 * ==========================================================================
 */

static zio_t *
zio_read_gang(zio_t *pio, blkptr_t *bp, zio_gang_node_t *gn, void *data)
{
	if (gn != NULL)
		return (pio);

	return (zio_read(pio, pio->io_spa, bp, data, BP_GET_PSIZE(bp),
	    NULL, NULL, pio->io_priority, ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(pio),
	    &pio->io_bookmark));
}

zio_t *
zio_rewrite_gang(zio_t *pio, blkptr_t *bp, zio_gang_node_t *gn, void *data)
{
	zio_t *zio;

	if (gn != NULL) {
		zio = zio_rewrite(pio, pio->io_spa, pio->io_txg, bp,
		    gn->gn_gbh, SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE, NULL, NULL, pio->io_priority,
		    ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(pio), &pio->io_bookmark);
		/*
		 * As we rewrite each gang header, the pipeline will compute
		 * a new gang block header checksum for it; but no one will
		 * compute a new data checksum, so we do that here.  The one
		 * exception is the gang leader: the pipeline already computed
		 * its data checksum because that stage precedes gang assembly.
		 * (Presently, nothing actually uses interior data checksums;
		 * this is just good hygiene.)
		 */
		if (gn != pio->io_gang_leader->io_gang_tree) {
			zio_checksum_compute(zio, BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp),
			    data, BP_GET_PSIZE(bp));
		}
		/*
		 * If we are here to damage data for testing purposes,
		 * leave the GBH alone so that we can detect the damage.
		 */
		if (pio->io_gang_leader->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_INDUCE_DAMAGE)
			zio->io_pipeline &= ~ZIO_VDEV_IO_STAGES;
	} else {
		zio = zio_rewrite(pio, pio->io_spa, pio->io_txg, bp,
		    data, BP_GET_PSIZE(bp), NULL, NULL, pio->io_priority,
		    ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(pio), &pio->io_bookmark);
	}

	return (zio);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
zio_t *
zio_free_gang(zio_t *pio, blkptr_t *bp, zio_gang_node_t *gn, void *data)
{
	return (zio_free_sync(pio, pio->io_spa, pio->io_txg, bp,
	    ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(pio)));
}

/* ARGSUSED */
zio_t *
zio_claim_gang(zio_t *pio, blkptr_t *bp, zio_gang_node_t *gn, void *data)
{
	return (zio_claim(pio, pio->io_spa, pio->io_txg, bp,
	    NULL, NULL, ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(pio)));
}

static zio_gang_issue_func_t *zio_gang_issue_func[ZIO_TYPES] = {
	NULL,
	zio_read_gang,
	zio_rewrite_gang,
	zio_free_gang,
	zio_claim_gang,
	NULL
};

static void zio_gang_tree_assemble_done(zio_t *zio);

static zio_gang_node_t *
zio_gang_node_alloc(zio_gang_node_t **gnpp)
{
	zio_gang_node_t *gn;

	ASSERT(*gnpp == NULL);

	gn = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (*gn), KM_SLEEP);
	gn->gn_gbh = zio_buf_alloc(SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE);
	*gnpp = gn;

	return (gn);
}

static void
zio_gang_node_free(zio_gang_node_t **gnpp)
{
	zio_gang_node_t *gn = *gnpp;

	for (int g = 0; g < SPA_GBH_NBLKPTRS; g++)
		ASSERT(gn->gn_child[g] == NULL);

	zio_buf_free(gn->gn_gbh, SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE);
	kmem_free(gn, sizeof (*gn));
	*gnpp = NULL;
}

static void
zio_gang_tree_free(zio_gang_node_t **gnpp)
{
	zio_gang_node_t *gn = *gnpp;

	if (gn == NULL)
		return;

	for (int g = 0; g < SPA_GBH_NBLKPTRS; g++)
		zio_gang_tree_free(&gn->gn_child[g]);

	zio_gang_node_free(gnpp);
}

static void
zio_gang_tree_assemble(zio_t *gio, blkptr_t *bp, zio_gang_node_t **gnpp)
{
	zio_gang_node_t *gn = zio_gang_node_alloc(gnpp);

	ASSERT(gio->io_gang_leader == gio);
	ASSERT(BP_IS_GANG(bp));

	zio_nowait(zio_read(gio, gio->io_spa, bp, gn->gn_gbh,
	    SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE, zio_gang_tree_assemble_done, gn,
	    gio->io_priority, ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(gio), &gio->io_bookmark));
}

static void
zio_gang_tree_assemble_done(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio_t *gio = zio->io_gang_leader;
	zio_gang_node_t *gn = zio->io_private;
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;

	ASSERT(gio == zio_unique_parent(zio));
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_count == 0);

	if (zio->io_error)
		return;

	if (BP_SHOULD_BYTESWAP(bp))
		byteswap_uint64_array(zio->io_data, zio->io_size);

	ASSERT(zio->io_data == gn->gn_gbh);
	ASSERT(zio->io_size == SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE);
	ASSERT(gn->gn_gbh->zg_tail.zec_magic == ZEC_MAGIC);

	for (int g = 0; g < SPA_GBH_NBLKPTRS; g++) {
		blkptr_t *gbp = &gn->gn_gbh->zg_blkptr[g];
		if (!BP_IS_GANG(gbp))
			continue;
		zio_gang_tree_assemble(gio, gbp, &gn->gn_child[g]);
	}
}

static void
zio_gang_tree_issue(zio_t *pio, zio_gang_node_t *gn, blkptr_t *bp, void *data)
{
	zio_t *gio = pio->io_gang_leader;
	zio_t *zio;

	ASSERT(BP_IS_GANG(bp) == !!gn);
	ASSERT(BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp) == BP_GET_CHECKSUM(gio->io_bp));
	ASSERT(BP_GET_LSIZE(bp) == BP_GET_PSIZE(bp) || gn == gio->io_gang_tree);

	/*
	 * If you're a gang header, your data is in gn->gn_gbh.
	 * If you're a gang member, your data is in 'data' and gn == NULL.
	 */
	zio = zio_gang_issue_func[gio->io_type](pio, bp, gn, data);

	if (gn != NULL) {
		ASSERT(gn->gn_gbh->zg_tail.zec_magic == ZEC_MAGIC);

		for (int g = 0; g < SPA_GBH_NBLKPTRS; g++) {
			blkptr_t *gbp = &gn->gn_gbh->zg_blkptr[g];
			if (BP_IS_HOLE(gbp))
				continue;
			zio_gang_tree_issue(zio, gn->gn_child[g], gbp, data);
			data = (char *)data + BP_GET_PSIZE(gbp);
		}
	}

	if (gn == gio->io_gang_tree)
		ASSERT3P((char *)gio->io_data + gio->io_size, ==, data);

	if (zio != pio)
		zio_nowait(zio);
}

static int
zio_gang_assemble(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;

	ASSERT(BP_IS_GANG(bp) && zio->io_gang_leader == NULL);
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type > ZIO_CHILD_GANG);

	zio->io_gang_leader = zio;

	zio_gang_tree_assemble(zio, bp, &zio->io_gang_tree);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_gang_issue(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;

	if (zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_GANG, ZIO_WAIT_DONE))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

	ASSERT(BP_IS_GANG(bp) && zio->io_gang_leader == zio);
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type > ZIO_CHILD_GANG);

	if (zio->io_child_error[ZIO_CHILD_GANG] == 0)
		zio_gang_tree_issue(zio, zio->io_gang_tree, bp, zio->io_data);
	else
		zio_gang_tree_free(&zio->io_gang_tree);

	zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE;

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static void
zio_write_gang_member_ready(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio_t *pio = zio_unique_parent(zio);
	zio_t *gio = zio->io_gang_leader;
	dva_t *cdva = zio->io_bp->blk_dva;
	dva_t *pdva = pio->io_bp->blk_dva;
	uint64_t asize;

	if (BP_IS_HOLE(zio->io_bp))
		return;

	ASSERT(BP_IS_HOLE(&zio->io_bp_orig));

	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_GANG);
	ASSERT3U(zio->io_prop.zp_copies, ==, gio->io_prop.zp_copies);
	ASSERT3U(zio->io_prop.zp_copies, <=, BP_GET_NDVAS(zio->io_bp));
	ASSERT3U(pio->io_prop.zp_copies, <=, BP_GET_NDVAS(pio->io_bp));
	ASSERT3U(BP_GET_NDVAS(zio->io_bp), <=, BP_GET_NDVAS(pio->io_bp));

	mutex_enter(&pio->io_lock);
	for (int d = 0; d < BP_GET_NDVAS(zio->io_bp); d++) {
		ASSERT(DVA_GET_GANG(&pdva[d]));
		asize = DVA_GET_ASIZE(&pdva[d]);
		asize += DVA_GET_ASIZE(&cdva[d]);
		DVA_SET_ASIZE(&pdva[d], asize);
	}
	mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);
}

static int
zio_write_gang_block(zio_t *pio)
{
	spa_t *spa = pio->io_spa;
	blkptr_t *bp = pio->io_bp;
	zio_t *gio = pio->io_gang_leader;
	zio_t *zio;
	zio_gang_node_t *gn, **gnpp;
	zio_gbh_phys_t *gbh;
	uint64_t txg = pio->io_txg;
	uint64_t resid = pio->io_size;
	uint64_t lsize;
	int copies = gio->io_prop.zp_copies;
	int gbh_copies = MIN(copies + 1, spa_max_replication(spa));
	zio_prop_t zp;
	int error;

	error = metaslab_alloc(spa, spa_normal_class(spa), SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE,
	    bp, gbh_copies, txg, pio == gio ? NULL : gio->io_bp,
	    METASLAB_HINTBP_FAVOR | METASLAB_GANG_HEADER);
	if (error) {
		pio->io_error = error;
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
	}

	if (pio == gio) {
		gnpp = &gio->io_gang_tree;
	} else {
		gnpp = pio->io_private;
		ASSERT(pio->io_ready == zio_write_gang_member_ready);
	}

	gn = zio_gang_node_alloc(gnpp);
	gbh = gn->gn_gbh;
	bzero(gbh, SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE);

	/*
	 * Create the gang header.
	 */
	zio = zio_rewrite(pio, spa, txg, bp, gbh, SPA_GANGBLOCKSIZE, NULL, NULL,
	    pio->io_priority, ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(pio), &pio->io_bookmark);

	/*
	 * Create and nowait the gang children.
	 */
	for (int g = 0; resid != 0; resid -= lsize, g++) {
		lsize = P2ROUNDUP(resid / (SPA_GBH_NBLKPTRS - g),
		    SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE);
		ASSERT(lsize >= SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE && lsize <= resid);

		zp.zp_checksum = gio->io_prop.zp_checksum;
		zp.zp_compress = ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF;
		zp.zp_type = DMU_OT_NONE;
		zp.zp_level = 0;
		zp.zp_copies = gio->io_prop.zp_copies;
		zp.zp_dedup = B_FALSE;
		zp.zp_dedup_verify = B_FALSE;
		zp.zp_nopwrite = B_FALSE;

		zio_nowait(zio_write(zio, spa, txg, &gbh->zg_blkptr[g],
		    (char *)pio->io_data + (pio->io_size - resid), lsize, &zp,
		    zio_write_gang_member_ready, NULL, NULL, &gn->gn_child[g],
		    pio->io_priority, ZIO_GANG_CHILD_FLAGS(pio),
		    &pio->io_bookmark));
	}

	/*
	 * Set pio's pipeline to just wait for zio to finish.
	 */
	pio->io_pipeline = ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE;

	zio_nowait(zio);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

/*
 * The zio_nop_write stage in the pipeline determines if allocating
 * a new bp is necessary.  By leveraging a cryptographically secure checksum,
 * such as SHA256, we can compare the checksums of the new data and the old
 * to determine if allocating a new block is required.  The nopwrite
 * feature can handle writes in either syncing or open context (i.e. zil
 * writes) and as a result is mutually exclusive with dedup.
 */
static int
zio_nop_write(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	blkptr_t *bp_orig = &zio->io_bp_orig;
	zio_prop_t *zp = &zio->io_prop;

	ASSERT(BP_GET_LEVEL(bp) == 0);
	ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REWRITE));
	ASSERT(zp->zp_nopwrite);
	ASSERT(!zp->zp_dedup);
	ASSERT(zio->io_bp_override == NULL);
	ASSERT(IO_IS_ALLOCATING(zio));

	/*
	 * Check to see if the original bp and the new bp have matching
	 * characteristics (i.e. same checksum, compression algorithms, etc).
	 * If they don't then just continue with the pipeline which will
	 * allocate a new bp.
	 */
	if (BP_IS_HOLE(bp_orig) ||
	    !zio_checksum_table[BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp)].ci_dedup ||
	    BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp) != BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp_orig) ||
	    BP_GET_COMPRESS(bp) != BP_GET_COMPRESS(bp_orig) ||
	    BP_GET_DEDUP(bp) != BP_GET_DEDUP(bp_orig) ||
	    zp->zp_copies != BP_GET_NDVAS(bp_orig))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);

	/*
	 * If the checksums match then reset the pipeline so that we
	 * avoid allocating a new bp and issuing any I/O.
	 */
	if (ZIO_CHECKSUM_EQUAL(bp->blk_cksum, bp_orig->blk_cksum)) {
		ASSERT(zio_checksum_table[zp->zp_checksum].ci_dedup);
		ASSERT3U(BP_GET_PSIZE(bp), ==, BP_GET_PSIZE(bp_orig));
		ASSERT3U(BP_GET_LSIZE(bp), ==, BP_GET_LSIZE(bp_orig));
		ASSERT(zp->zp_compress != ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF);
		ASSERT(bcmp(&bp->blk_prop, &bp_orig->blk_prop,
		    sizeof (uint64_t)) == 0);

		*bp = *bp_orig;
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE;
		zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_NOPWRITE;
	}

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Dedup
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static void
zio_ddt_child_read_done(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	ddt_entry_t *dde = zio->io_private;
	ddt_phys_t *ddp;
	zio_t *pio = zio_unique_parent(zio);

	mutex_enter(&pio->io_lock);
	ddp = ddt_phys_select(dde, bp);
	if (zio->io_error == 0)
		ddt_phys_clear(ddp);	/* this ddp doesn't need repair */
	if (zio->io_error == 0 && dde->dde_repair_data == NULL)
		dde->dde_repair_data = zio->io_data;
	else
		zio_buf_free(zio->io_data, zio->io_size);
	mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);
}

static int
zio_ddt_read_start(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;

	ASSERT(BP_GET_DEDUP(bp));
	ASSERT(BP_GET_PSIZE(bp) == zio->io_size);
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);

	if (zio->io_child_error[ZIO_CHILD_DDT]) {
		ddt_t *ddt = ddt_select(zio->io_spa, bp);
		ddt_entry_t *dde = ddt_repair_start(ddt, bp);
		ddt_phys_t *ddp = dde->dde_phys;
		ddt_phys_t *ddp_self = ddt_phys_select(dde, bp);
		blkptr_t blk;

		ASSERT(zio->io_vsd == NULL);
		zio->io_vsd = dde;

		if (ddp_self == NULL)
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);

		for (int p = 0; p < DDT_PHYS_TYPES; p++, ddp++) {
			if (ddp->ddp_phys_birth == 0 || ddp == ddp_self)
				continue;
			ddt_bp_create(ddt->ddt_checksum, &dde->dde_key, ddp,
			    &blk);
			zio_nowait(zio_read(zio, zio->io_spa, &blk,
			    zio_buf_alloc(zio->io_size), zio->io_size,
			    zio_ddt_child_read_done, dde, zio->io_priority,
			    ZIO_DDT_CHILD_FLAGS(zio) | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE,
			    &zio->io_bookmark));
		}
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
	}

	zio_nowait(zio_read(zio, zio->io_spa, bp,
	    zio->io_data, zio->io_size, NULL, NULL, zio->io_priority,
	    ZIO_DDT_CHILD_FLAGS(zio), &zio->io_bookmark));

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_ddt_read_done(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;

	if (zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_DDT, ZIO_WAIT_DONE))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

	ASSERT(BP_GET_DEDUP(bp));
	ASSERT(BP_GET_PSIZE(bp) == zio->io_size);
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);

	if (zio->io_child_error[ZIO_CHILD_DDT]) {
		ddt_t *ddt = ddt_select(zio->io_spa, bp);
		ddt_entry_t *dde = zio->io_vsd;
		if (ddt == NULL) {
			ASSERT(spa_load_state(zio->io_spa) != SPA_LOAD_NONE);
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
		}
		if (dde == NULL) {
			zio->io_stage = ZIO_STAGE_DDT_READ_START >> 1;
			zio_taskq_dispatch(zio, ZIO_TASKQ_ISSUE, B_FALSE);
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);
		}
		if (dde->dde_repair_data != NULL) {
			bcopy(dde->dde_repair_data, zio->io_data, zio->io_size);
			zio->io_child_error[ZIO_CHILD_DDT] = 0;
		}
		ddt_repair_done(ddt, dde);
		zio->io_vsd = NULL;
	}

	ASSERT(zio->io_vsd == NULL);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static boolean_t
zio_ddt_collision(zio_t *zio, ddt_t *ddt, ddt_entry_t *dde)
{
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;

	/*
	 * Note: we compare the original data, not the transformed data,
	 * because when zio->io_bp is an override bp, we will not have
	 * pushed the I/O transforms.  That's an important optimization
	 * because otherwise we'd compress/encrypt all dmu_sync() data twice.
	 */
	for (int p = DDT_PHYS_SINGLE; p <= DDT_PHYS_TRIPLE; p++) {
		zio_t *lio = dde->dde_lead_zio[p];

		if (lio != NULL) {
			return (lio->io_orig_size != zio->io_orig_size ||
			    bcmp(zio->io_orig_data, lio->io_orig_data,
			    zio->io_orig_size) != 0);
		}
	}

	for (int p = DDT_PHYS_SINGLE; p <= DDT_PHYS_TRIPLE; p++) {
		ddt_phys_t *ddp = &dde->dde_phys[p];

		if (ddp->ddp_phys_birth != 0) {
			arc_buf_t *abuf = NULL;
			uint32_t aflags = ARC_WAIT;
			blkptr_t blk = *zio->io_bp;
			int error;

			ddt_bp_fill(ddp, &blk, ddp->ddp_phys_birth);

			ddt_exit(ddt);

			error = arc_read(NULL, spa, &blk,
			    arc_getbuf_func, &abuf, ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ,
			    ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL | ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE,
			    &aflags, &zio->io_bookmark);

			if (error == 0) {
				if (arc_buf_size(abuf) != zio->io_orig_size ||
				    bcmp(abuf->b_data, zio->io_orig_data,
				    zio->io_orig_size) != 0)
					error = SET_ERROR(EEXIST);
				VERIFY(arc_buf_remove_ref(abuf, &abuf));
			}

			ddt_enter(ddt);
			return (error != 0);
		}
	}

	return (B_FALSE);
}

static void
zio_ddt_child_write_ready(zio_t *zio)
{
	int p = zio->io_prop.zp_copies;
	ddt_t *ddt = ddt_select(zio->io_spa, zio->io_bp);
	ddt_entry_t *dde = zio->io_private;
	ddt_phys_t *ddp = &dde->dde_phys[p];
	zio_t *pio;

	if (zio->io_error)
		return;

	ddt_enter(ddt);

	ASSERT(dde->dde_lead_zio[p] == zio);

	ddt_phys_fill(ddp, zio->io_bp);

	while ((pio = zio_walk_parents(zio)) != NULL)
		ddt_bp_fill(ddp, pio->io_bp, zio->io_txg);

	ddt_exit(ddt);
}

static void
zio_ddt_child_write_done(zio_t *zio)
{
	int p = zio->io_prop.zp_copies;
	ddt_t *ddt = ddt_select(zio->io_spa, zio->io_bp);
	ddt_entry_t *dde = zio->io_private;
	ddt_phys_t *ddp = &dde->dde_phys[p];

	ddt_enter(ddt);

	ASSERT(ddp->ddp_refcnt == 0);
	ASSERT(dde->dde_lead_zio[p] == zio);
	dde->dde_lead_zio[p] = NULL;

	if (zio->io_error == 0) {
		while (zio_walk_parents(zio) != NULL)
			ddt_phys_addref(ddp);
	} else {
		ddt_phys_clear(ddp);
	}

	ddt_exit(ddt);
}

static void
zio_ddt_ditto_write_done(zio_t *zio)
{
	int p = DDT_PHYS_DITTO;
	zio_prop_t *zp = &zio->io_prop;
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	ddt_t *ddt = ddt_select(zio->io_spa, bp);
	ddt_entry_t *dde = zio->io_private;
	ddt_phys_t *ddp = &dde->dde_phys[p];
	ddt_key_t *ddk = &dde->dde_key;

	ddt_enter(ddt);

	ASSERT(ddp->ddp_refcnt == 0);
	ASSERT(dde->dde_lead_zio[p] == zio);
	dde->dde_lead_zio[p] = NULL;

	if (zio->io_error == 0) {
		ASSERT(ZIO_CHECKSUM_EQUAL(bp->blk_cksum, ddk->ddk_cksum));
		ASSERT(zp->zp_copies < SPA_DVAS_PER_BP);
		ASSERT(zp->zp_copies == BP_GET_NDVAS(bp) - BP_IS_GANG(bp));
		if (ddp->ddp_phys_birth != 0)
			ddt_phys_free(ddt, ddk, ddp, zio->io_txg);
		ddt_phys_fill(ddp, bp);
	}

	ddt_exit(ddt);
}

static int
zio_ddt_write(zio_t *zio)
{
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	uint64_t txg = zio->io_txg;
	zio_prop_t *zp = &zio->io_prop;
	int p = zp->zp_copies;
	int ditto_copies;
	zio_t *cio = NULL;
	zio_t *dio = NULL;
	ddt_t *ddt = ddt_select(spa, bp);
	ddt_entry_t *dde;
	ddt_phys_t *ddp;

	ASSERT(BP_GET_DEDUP(bp));
	ASSERT(BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp) == zp->zp_checksum);
	ASSERT(BP_IS_HOLE(bp) || zio->io_bp_override);

	ddt_enter(ddt);
	dde = ddt_lookup(ddt, bp, B_TRUE);
	ddp = &dde->dde_phys[p];

	if (zp->zp_dedup_verify && zio_ddt_collision(zio, ddt, dde)) {
		/*
		 * If we're using a weak checksum, upgrade to a strong checksum
		 * and try again.  If we're already using a strong checksum,
		 * we can't resolve it, so just convert to an ordinary write.
		 * (And automatically e-mail a paper to Nature?)
		 */
		if (!zio_checksum_table[zp->zp_checksum].ci_dedup) {
			zp->zp_checksum = spa_dedup_checksum(spa);
			zio_pop_transforms(zio);
			zio->io_stage = ZIO_STAGE_OPEN;
			BP_ZERO(bp);
		} else {
			zp->zp_dedup = B_FALSE;
		}
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_WRITE_PIPELINE;
		ddt_exit(ddt);
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
	}

	ditto_copies = ddt_ditto_copies_needed(ddt, dde, ddp);
	ASSERT(ditto_copies < SPA_DVAS_PER_BP);

	if (ditto_copies > ddt_ditto_copies_present(dde) &&
	    dde->dde_lead_zio[DDT_PHYS_DITTO] == NULL) {
		zio_prop_t czp = *zp;

		czp.zp_copies = ditto_copies;

		/*
		 * If we arrived here with an override bp, we won't have run
		 * the transform stack, so we won't have the data we need to
		 * generate a child i/o.  So, toss the override bp and restart.
		 * This is safe, because using the override bp is just an
		 * optimization; and it's rare, so the cost doesn't matter.
		 */
		if (zio->io_bp_override) {
			zio_pop_transforms(zio);
			zio->io_stage = ZIO_STAGE_OPEN;
			zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_WRITE_PIPELINE;
			zio->io_bp_override = NULL;
			BP_ZERO(bp);
			ddt_exit(ddt);
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
		}

		dio = zio_write(zio, spa, txg, bp, zio->io_orig_data,
		    zio->io_orig_size, &czp, NULL, NULL,
		    zio_ddt_ditto_write_done, dde, zio->io_priority,
		    ZIO_DDT_CHILD_FLAGS(zio), &zio->io_bookmark);

		zio_push_transform(dio, zio->io_data, zio->io_size, 0, NULL);
		dde->dde_lead_zio[DDT_PHYS_DITTO] = dio;
	}

	if (ddp->ddp_phys_birth != 0 || dde->dde_lead_zio[p] != NULL) {
		if (ddp->ddp_phys_birth != 0)
			ddt_bp_fill(ddp, bp, txg);
		if (dde->dde_lead_zio[p] != NULL)
			zio_add_child(zio, dde->dde_lead_zio[p]);
		else
			ddt_phys_addref(ddp);
	} else if (zio->io_bp_override) {
		ASSERT(bp->blk_birth == txg);
		ASSERT(BP_EQUAL(bp, zio->io_bp_override));
		ddt_phys_fill(ddp, bp);
		ddt_phys_addref(ddp);
	} else {
		cio = zio_write(zio, spa, txg, bp, zio->io_orig_data,
		    zio->io_orig_size, zp, zio_ddt_child_write_ready, NULL,
		    zio_ddt_child_write_done, dde, zio->io_priority,
		    ZIO_DDT_CHILD_FLAGS(zio), &zio->io_bookmark);

		zio_push_transform(cio, zio->io_data, zio->io_size, 0, NULL);
		dde->dde_lead_zio[p] = cio;
	}

	ddt_exit(ddt);

	if (cio)
		zio_nowait(cio);
	if (dio)
		zio_nowait(dio);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

ddt_entry_t *freedde; /* for debugging */

static int
zio_ddt_free(zio_t *zio)
{
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	ddt_t *ddt = ddt_select(spa, bp);
	ddt_entry_t *dde;
	ddt_phys_t *ddp;

	ASSERT(BP_GET_DEDUP(bp));
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);

	ddt_enter(ddt);
	freedde = dde = ddt_lookup(ddt, bp, B_TRUE);
	ddp = ddt_phys_select(dde, bp);
	ddt_phys_decref(ddp);
	ddt_exit(ddt);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Allocate and free blocks
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static int
zio_dva_allocate(zio_t *zio)
{
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
	metaslab_class_t *mc = spa_normal_class(spa);
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	int error;
	int flags = 0;

	if (zio->io_gang_leader == NULL) {
		ASSERT(zio->io_child_type > ZIO_CHILD_GANG);
		zio->io_gang_leader = zio;
	}

	ASSERT(BP_IS_HOLE(bp));
	ASSERT0(BP_GET_NDVAS(bp));
	ASSERT3U(zio->io_prop.zp_copies, >, 0);
	ASSERT3U(zio->io_prop.zp_copies, <=, spa_max_replication(spa));
	ASSERT3U(zio->io_size, ==, BP_GET_PSIZE(bp));

	/*
	 * The dump device does not support gang blocks so allocation on
	 * behalf of the dump device (i.e. ZIO_FLAG_NODATA) must avoid
	 * the "fast" gang feature.
	 */
	flags |= (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_NODATA) ? METASLAB_GANG_AVOID : 0;
	flags |= (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_GANG_CHILD) ?
	    METASLAB_GANG_CHILD : 0;
	error = metaslab_alloc(spa, mc, zio->io_size, bp,
	    zio->io_prop.zp_copies, zio->io_txg, NULL, flags);

	if (error) {
		spa_dbgmsg(spa, "%s: metaslab allocation failure: zio %p, "
		    "size %llu, error %d", spa_name(spa), zio, zio->io_size,
		    error);
		if (error == ENOSPC && zio->io_size > SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE)
			return (zio_write_gang_block(zio));
		zio->io_error = error;
	}

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_dva_free(zio_t *zio)
{
	metaslab_free(zio->io_spa, zio->io_bp, zio->io_txg, B_FALSE);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_dva_claim(zio_t *zio)
{
	int error;

	error = metaslab_claim(zio->io_spa, zio->io_bp, zio->io_txg);
	if (error)
		zio->io_error = error;

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

/*
 * Undo an allocation.  This is used by zio_done() when an I/O fails
 * and we want to give back the block we just allocated.
 * This handles both normal blocks and gang blocks.
 */
static void
zio_dva_unallocate(zio_t *zio, zio_gang_node_t *gn, blkptr_t *bp)
{
	ASSERT(bp->blk_birth == zio->io_txg || BP_IS_HOLE(bp));
	ASSERT(zio->io_bp_override == NULL);

	if (!BP_IS_HOLE(bp))
		metaslab_free(zio->io_spa, bp, bp->blk_birth, B_TRUE);

	if (gn != NULL) {
		for (int g = 0; g < SPA_GBH_NBLKPTRS; g++) {
			zio_dva_unallocate(zio, gn->gn_child[g],
			    &gn->gn_gbh->zg_blkptr[g]);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Try to allocate an intent log block.  Return 0 on success, errno on failure.
 */
int
zio_alloc_zil(spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, blkptr_t *new_bp, blkptr_t *old_bp,
    uint64_t size, boolean_t use_slog)
{
	int error = 1;

	ASSERT(txg > spa_syncing_txg(spa));

	/*
	 * ZIL blocks are always contiguous (i.e. not gang blocks) so we
	 * set the METASLAB_GANG_AVOID flag so that they don't "fast gang"
	 * when allocating them.
	 */
	if (use_slog) {
		error = metaslab_alloc(spa, spa_log_class(spa), size,
		    new_bp, 1, txg, old_bp,
		    METASLAB_HINTBP_AVOID | METASLAB_GANG_AVOID);
	}

	if (error) {
		error = metaslab_alloc(spa, spa_normal_class(spa), size,
		    new_bp, 1, txg, old_bp,
		    METASLAB_HINTBP_AVOID);
	}

	if (error == 0) {
		BP_SET_LSIZE(new_bp, size);
		BP_SET_PSIZE(new_bp, size);
		BP_SET_COMPRESS(new_bp, ZIO_COMPRESS_OFF);
		BP_SET_CHECKSUM(new_bp,
		    spa_version(spa) >= SPA_VERSION_SLIM_ZIL
		    ? ZIO_CHECKSUM_ZILOG2 : ZIO_CHECKSUM_ZILOG);
		BP_SET_TYPE(new_bp, DMU_OT_INTENT_LOG);
		BP_SET_LEVEL(new_bp, 0);
		BP_SET_DEDUP(new_bp, 0);
		BP_SET_BYTEORDER(new_bp, ZFS_HOST_BYTEORDER);
	}

	return (error);
}

/*
 * Free an intent log block.
 */
void
zio_free_zil(spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, blkptr_t *bp)
{
	ASSERT(BP_GET_TYPE(bp) == DMU_OT_INTENT_LOG);
	ASSERT(!BP_IS_GANG(bp));

	zio_free(spa, txg, bp);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Read and write to physical devices
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static int
zio_vdev_io_start(zio_t *zio)
{
	vdev_t *vd = zio->io_vd;
	uint64_t align;
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;

	ASSERT(zio->io_error == 0);
	ASSERT(zio->io_child_error[ZIO_CHILD_VDEV] == 0);

	if (vd == NULL) {
		if (!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER))
			spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_ZIO, zio, RW_READER);

		/*
		 * The mirror_ops handle multiple DVAs in a single BP.
		 */
		return (vdev_mirror_ops.vdev_op_io_start(zio));
	}

	/*
	 * We keep track of time-sensitive I/Os so that the scan thread
	 * can quickly react to certain workloads.  In particular, we care
	 * about non-scrubbing, top-level reads and writes with the following
	 * characteristics:
	 * 	- synchronous writes of user data to non-slog devices
	 *	- any reads of user data
	 * When these conditions are met, adjust the timestamp of spa_last_io
	 * which allows the scan thread to adjust its workload accordingly.
	 */
	if (!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_SCAN_THREAD) && zio->io_bp != NULL &&
	    vd == vd->vdev_top && !vd->vdev_islog &&
	    zio->io_bookmark.zb_objset != DMU_META_OBJSET &&
	    zio->io_txg != spa_syncing_txg(spa)) {
		uint64_t old = spa->spa_last_io;
		uint64_t new = ddi_get_lbolt64();
		if (old != new)
			(void) atomic_cas_64(&spa->spa_last_io, old, new);
	}

	align = 1ULL << vd->vdev_top->vdev_ashift;

	if (P2PHASE(zio->io_size, align) != 0) {
		uint64_t asize = P2ROUNDUP(zio->io_size, align);
		char *abuf = zio_buf_alloc(asize);
		ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);
		if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE) {
			bcopy(zio->io_data, abuf, zio->io_size);
			bzero(abuf + zio->io_size, asize - zio->io_size);
		}
		zio_push_transform(zio, abuf, asize, asize, zio_subblock);
	}

	ASSERT(P2PHASE(zio->io_offset, align) == 0);
	ASSERT(P2PHASE(zio->io_size, align) == 0);
	VERIFY(zio->io_type != ZIO_TYPE_WRITE || spa_writeable(spa));

	/*
	 * If this is a repair I/O, and there's no self-healing involved --
	 * that is, we're just resilvering what we expect to resilver --
	 * then don't do the I/O unless zio's txg is actually in vd's DTL.
	 * This prevents spurious resilvering with nested replication.
	 * For example, given a mirror of mirrors, (A+B)+(C+D), if only
	 * A is out of date, we'll read from C+D, then use the data to
	 * resilver A+B -- but we don't actually want to resilver B, just A.
	 * The top-level mirror has no way to know this, so instead we just
	 * discard unnecessary repairs as we work our way down the vdev tree.
	 * The same logic applies to any form of nested replication:
	 * ditto + mirror, RAID-Z + replacing, etc.  This covers them all.
	 */
	if ((zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR) &&
	    !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_SELF_HEAL) &&
	    zio->io_txg != 0 &&	/* not a delegated i/o */
	    !vdev_dtl_contains(vd, DTL_PARTIAL, zio->io_txg, 1)) {
		ASSERT(zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE);
		zio_vdev_io_bypass(zio);
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
	}

	if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
	    (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_READ || zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE)) {

		if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_READ && vdev_cache_read(zio))
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);

		if ((zio = vdev_queue_io(zio)) == NULL)
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

		if (!vdev_accessible(vd, zio)) {
			zio->io_error = SET_ERROR(ENXIO);
			zio_interrupt(zio);
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);
		}
	}

	return (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_io_start(zio));
}

static int
zio_vdev_io_done(zio_t *zio)
{
	vdev_t *vd = zio->io_vd;
	vdev_ops_t *ops = vd ? vd->vdev_ops : &vdev_mirror_ops;
	boolean_t unexpected_error = B_FALSE;

	if (zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_VDEV, ZIO_WAIT_DONE))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

	ASSERT(zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_READ || zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE);

	if (vd != NULL && vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {

		vdev_queue_io_done(zio);

		if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE)
			vdev_cache_write(zio);

		if (zio_injection_enabled && zio->io_error == 0)
			zio->io_error = zio_handle_device_injection(vd,
			    zio, EIO);

		if (zio_injection_enabled && zio->io_error == 0)
			zio->io_error = zio_handle_label_injection(zio, EIO);

		if (zio->io_error) {
			if (!vdev_accessible(vd, zio)) {
				zio->io_error = SET_ERROR(ENXIO);
			} else {
				unexpected_error = B_TRUE;
			}
		}
	}

	ops->vdev_op_io_done(zio);

	if (unexpected_error)
		VERIFY(vdev_probe(vd, zio) == NULL);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

/*
 * For non-raidz ZIOs, we can just copy aside the bad data read from the
 * disk, and use that to finish the checksum ereport later.
 */
static void
zio_vsd_default_cksum_finish(zio_cksum_report_t *zcr,
    const void *good_buf)
{
	/* no processing needed */
	zfs_ereport_finish_checksum(zcr, good_buf, zcr->zcr_cbdata, B_FALSE);
}

/*ARGSUSED*/
void
zio_vsd_default_cksum_report(zio_t *zio, zio_cksum_report_t *zcr, void *ignored)
{
	void *buf = zio_buf_alloc(zio->io_size);

	bcopy(zio->io_data, buf, zio->io_size);

	zcr->zcr_cbinfo = zio->io_size;
	zcr->zcr_cbdata = buf;
	zcr->zcr_finish = zio_vsd_default_cksum_finish;
	zcr->zcr_free = zio_buf_free;
}

static int
zio_vdev_io_assess(zio_t *zio)
{
	vdev_t *vd = zio->io_vd;

	if (zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_VDEV, ZIO_WAIT_DONE))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

	if (vd == NULL && !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER))
		spa_config_exit(zio->io_spa, SCL_ZIO, zio);

	if (zio->io_vsd != NULL) {
		zio->io_vsd_ops->vsd_free(zio);
		zio->io_vsd = NULL;
	}

	if (zio_injection_enabled && zio->io_error == 0)
		zio->io_error = zio_handle_fault_injection(zio, EIO);

	/*
	 * If the I/O failed, determine whether we should attempt to retry it.
	 *
	 * On retry, we cut in line in the issue queue, since we don't want
	 * compression/checksumming/etc. work to prevent our (cheap) IO reissue.
	 */
	if (zio->io_error && vd == NULL &&
	    !(zio->io_flags & (ZIO_FLAG_DONT_RETRY | ZIO_FLAG_IO_RETRY))) {
		ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_DONT_QUEUE));	/* not a leaf */
		ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_BYPASS));	/* not a leaf */
		zio->io_error = 0;
		zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_IO_RETRY |
		    ZIO_FLAG_DONT_CACHE | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_AGGREGATE;
		zio->io_stage = ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_START >> 1;
		zio_taskq_dispatch(zio, ZIO_TASKQ_ISSUE,
		    zio_requeue_io_start_cut_in_line);
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);
	}

	/*
	 * If we got an error on a leaf device, convert it to ENXIO
	 * if the device is not accessible at all.
	 */
	if (zio->io_error && vd != NULL && vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
	    !vdev_accessible(vd, zio))
		zio->io_error = SET_ERROR(ENXIO);

	/*
	 * If we can't write to an interior vdev (mirror or RAID-Z),
	 * set vdev_cant_write so that we stop trying to allocate from it.
	 */
	if (zio->io_error == ENXIO && zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE &&
	    vd != NULL && !vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
		vd->vdev_cant_write = B_TRUE;
	}

	if (zio->io_error)
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE;

	if (vd != NULL && vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
	    zio->io_physdone != NULL) {
		ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_DELEGATED));
		ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_VDEV);
		zio->io_physdone(zio->io_logical);
	}

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

void
zio_vdev_io_reissue(zio_t *zio)
{
	ASSERT(zio->io_stage == ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_START);
	ASSERT(zio->io_error == 0);

	zio->io_stage >>= 1;
}

void
zio_vdev_io_redone(zio_t *zio)
{
	ASSERT(zio->io_stage == ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_DONE);

	zio->io_stage >>= 1;
}

void
zio_vdev_io_bypass(zio_t *zio)
{
	ASSERT(zio->io_stage == ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_START);
	ASSERT(zio->io_error == 0);

	zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_IO_BYPASS;
	zio->io_stage = ZIO_STAGE_VDEV_IO_ASSESS >> 1;
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Generate and verify checksums
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static int
zio_checksum_generate(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	enum zio_checksum checksum;

	if (bp == NULL) {
		/*
		 * This is zio_write_phys().
		 * We're either generating a label checksum, or none at all.
		 */
		checksum = zio->io_prop.zp_checksum;

		if (checksum == ZIO_CHECKSUM_OFF)
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);

		ASSERT(checksum == ZIO_CHECKSUM_LABEL);
	} else {
		if (BP_IS_GANG(bp) && zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_GANG) {
			ASSERT(!IO_IS_ALLOCATING(zio));
			checksum = ZIO_CHECKSUM_GANG_HEADER;
		} else {
			checksum = BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp);
		}
	}

	zio_checksum_compute(zio, checksum, zio->io_data, zio->io_size);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_checksum_verify(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio_bad_cksum_t info;
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	int error;

	ASSERT(zio->io_vd != NULL);

	if (bp == NULL) {
		/*
		 * This is zio_read_phys().
		 * We're either verifying a label checksum, or nothing at all.
		 */
		if (zio->io_prop.zp_checksum == ZIO_CHECKSUM_OFF)
			return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);

		ASSERT(zio->io_prop.zp_checksum == ZIO_CHECKSUM_LABEL);
	}

	if ((error = zio_checksum_error(zio, &info)) != 0) {
		zio->io_error = error;
		if (!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE)) {
			zfs_ereport_start_checksum(zio->io_spa,
			    zio->io_vd, zio, zio->io_offset,
			    zio->io_size, NULL, &info);
		}
	}

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

/*
 * Called by RAID-Z to ensure we don't compute the checksum twice.
 */
void
zio_checksum_verified(zio_t *zio)
{
	zio->io_pipeline &= ~ZIO_STAGE_CHECKSUM_VERIFY;
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Error rank.  Error are ranked in the order 0, ENXIO, ECKSUM, EIO, other.
 * An error of 0 indictes success.  ENXIO indicates whole-device failure,
 * which may be transient (e.g. unplugged) or permament.  ECKSUM and EIO
 * indicate errors that are specific to one I/O, and most likely permanent.
 * Any other error is presumed to be worse because we weren't expecting it.
 * ==========================================================================
 */
int
zio_worst_error(int e1, int e2)
{
	static int zio_error_rank[] = { 0, ENXIO, ECKSUM, EIO };
	int r1, r2;

	for (r1 = 0; r1 < sizeof (zio_error_rank) / sizeof (int); r1++)
		if (e1 == zio_error_rank[r1])
			break;

	for (r2 = 0; r2 < sizeof (zio_error_rank) / sizeof (int); r2++)
		if (e2 == zio_error_rank[r2])
			break;

	return (r1 > r2 ? e1 : e2);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * I/O completion
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static int
zio_ready(zio_t *zio)
{
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	zio_t *pio, *pio_next;

	if (zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_GANG, ZIO_WAIT_READY) ||
	    zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_DDT, ZIO_WAIT_READY))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

	if (zio->io_ready) {
		ASSERT(IO_IS_ALLOCATING(zio));
		ASSERT(bp->blk_birth == zio->io_txg || BP_IS_HOLE(bp) ||
		    (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_NOPWRITE));
		ASSERT(zio->io_children[ZIO_CHILD_GANG][ZIO_WAIT_READY] == 0);

		zio->io_ready(zio);
	}

	if (bp != NULL && bp != &zio->io_bp_copy)
		zio->io_bp_copy = *bp;

	if (zio->io_error)
		zio->io_pipeline = ZIO_INTERLOCK_PIPELINE;

	mutex_enter(&zio->io_lock);
	zio->io_state[ZIO_WAIT_READY] = 1;
	pio = zio_walk_parents(zio);
	mutex_exit(&zio->io_lock);

	/*
	 * As we notify zio's parents, new parents could be added.
	 * New parents go to the head of zio's io_parent_list, however,
	 * so we will (correctly) not notify them.  The remainder of zio's
	 * io_parent_list, from 'pio_next' onward, cannot change because
	 * all parents must wait for us to be done before they can be done.
	 */
	for (; pio != NULL; pio = pio_next) {
		pio_next = zio_walk_parents(zio);
		zio_notify_parent(pio, zio, ZIO_WAIT_READY);
	}

	if (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_NODATA) {
		if (BP_IS_GANG(bp)) {
			zio->io_flags &= ~ZIO_FLAG_NODATA;
		} else {
			ASSERT((uintptr_t)zio->io_data < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE);
			zio->io_pipeline &= ~ZIO_VDEV_IO_STAGES;
		}
	}

	if (zio_injection_enabled &&
	    zio->io_spa->spa_syncing_txg == zio->io_txg)
		zio_handle_ignored_writes(zio);

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_CONTINUE);
}

static int
zio_done(zio_t *zio)
{
	spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
	zio_t *lio = zio->io_logical;
	blkptr_t *bp = zio->io_bp;
	vdev_t *vd = zio->io_vd;
	uint64_t psize = zio->io_size;
	zio_t *pio, *pio_next;

	/*
	 * If our children haven't all completed,
	 * wait for them and then repeat this pipeline stage.
	 */
	if (zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_VDEV, ZIO_WAIT_DONE) ||
	    zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_GANG, ZIO_WAIT_DONE) ||
	    zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_DDT, ZIO_WAIT_DONE) ||
	    zio_wait_for_children(zio, ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL, ZIO_WAIT_DONE))
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);

	for (int c = 0; c < ZIO_CHILD_TYPES; c++)
		for (int w = 0; w < ZIO_WAIT_TYPES; w++)
			ASSERT(zio->io_children[c][w] == 0);

	if (bp != NULL) {
		ASSERT(bp->blk_pad[0] == 0);
		ASSERT(bp->blk_pad[1] == 0);
		ASSERT(bcmp(bp, &zio->io_bp_copy, sizeof (blkptr_t)) == 0 ||
		    (bp == zio_unique_parent(zio)->io_bp));
		if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE && !BP_IS_HOLE(bp) &&
		    zio->io_bp_override == NULL &&
		    !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR)) {
			ASSERT(!BP_SHOULD_BYTESWAP(bp));
			ASSERT3U(zio->io_prop.zp_copies, <=, BP_GET_NDVAS(bp));
			ASSERT(BP_COUNT_GANG(bp) == 0 ||
			    (BP_COUNT_GANG(bp) == BP_GET_NDVAS(bp)));
		}
		if (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_NOPWRITE)
			VERIFY(BP_EQUAL(bp, &zio->io_bp_orig));
	}

	/*
	 * If there were child vdev/gang/ddt errors, they apply to us now.
	 */
	zio_inherit_child_errors(zio, ZIO_CHILD_VDEV);
	zio_inherit_child_errors(zio, ZIO_CHILD_GANG);
	zio_inherit_child_errors(zio, ZIO_CHILD_DDT);

	/*
	 * If the I/O on the transformed data was successful, generate any
	 * checksum reports now while we still have the transformed data.
	 */
	if (zio->io_error == 0) {
		while (zio->io_cksum_report != NULL) {
			zio_cksum_report_t *zcr = zio->io_cksum_report;
			uint64_t align = zcr->zcr_align;
			uint64_t asize = P2ROUNDUP(psize, align);
			char *abuf = zio->io_data;

			if (asize != psize) {
				abuf = zio_buf_alloc(asize);
				bcopy(zio->io_data, abuf, psize);
				bzero(abuf + psize, asize - psize);
			}

			zio->io_cksum_report = zcr->zcr_next;
			zcr->zcr_next = NULL;
			zcr->zcr_finish(zcr, abuf);
			zfs_ereport_free_checksum(zcr);

			if (asize != psize)
				zio_buf_free(abuf, asize);
		}
	}

	zio_pop_transforms(zio);	/* note: may set zio->io_error */

	vdev_stat_update(zio, psize);

	if (zio->io_error) {
		/*
		 * If this I/O is attached to a particular vdev,
		 * generate an error message describing the I/O failure
		 * at the block level.  We ignore these errors if the
		 * device is currently unavailable.
		 */
		if (zio->io_error != ECKSUM && vd != NULL && !vdev_is_dead(vd))
			zfs_ereport_post(FM_EREPORT_ZFS_IO, spa, vd, zio, 0, 0);

		if ((zio->io_error == EIO || !(zio->io_flags &
		    (ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE))) &&
		    zio == lio) {
			/*
			 * For logical I/O requests, tell the SPA to log the
			 * error and generate a logical data ereport.
			 */
			spa_log_error(spa, zio);
			zfs_ereport_post(FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DATA, spa, NULL, zio,
			    0, 0);
		}
	}

	if (zio->io_error && zio == lio) {
		/*
		 * Determine whether zio should be reexecuted.  This will
		 * propagate all the way to the root via zio_notify_parent().
		 */
		ASSERT(vd == NULL && bp != NULL);
		ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);

		if (IO_IS_ALLOCATING(zio) &&
		    !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL)) {
			if (zio->io_error != ENOSPC)
				zio->io_reexecute |= ZIO_REEXECUTE_NOW;
			else
				zio->io_reexecute |= ZIO_REEXECUTE_SUSPEND;
		}

		if ((zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_READ ||
		    zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_FREE) &&
		    !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_SCAN_THREAD) &&
		    zio->io_error == ENXIO &&
		    spa_load_state(spa) == SPA_LOAD_NONE &&
		    spa_get_failmode(spa) != ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_CONTINUE)
			zio->io_reexecute |= ZIO_REEXECUTE_SUSPEND;

		if (!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL) && !zio->io_reexecute)
			zio->io_reexecute |= ZIO_REEXECUTE_SUSPEND;

		/*
		 * Here is a possibly good place to attempt to do
		 * either combinatorial reconstruction or error correction
		 * based on checksums.  It also might be a good place
		 * to send out preliminary ereports before we suspend
		 * processing.
		 */
	}

	/*
	 * If there were logical child errors, they apply to us now.
	 * We defer this until now to avoid conflating logical child
	 * errors with errors that happened to the zio itself when
	 * updating vdev stats and reporting FMA events above.
	 */
	zio_inherit_child_errors(zio, ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);

	if ((zio->io_error || zio->io_reexecute) &&
	    IO_IS_ALLOCATING(zio) && zio->io_gang_leader == zio &&
	    !(zio->io_flags & (ZIO_FLAG_IO_REWRITE | ZIO_FLAG_NOPWRITE)))
		zio_dva_unallocate(zio, zio->io_gang_tree, bp);

	zio_gang_tree_free(&zio->io_gang_tree);

	/*
	 * Godfather I/Os should never suspend.
	 */
	if ((zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_GODFATHER) &&
	    (zio->io_reexecute & ZIO_REEXECUTE_SUSPEND))
		zio->io_reexecute = 0;

	if (zio->io_reexecute) {
		/*
		 * This is a logical I/O that wants to reexecute.
		 *
		 * Reexecute is top-down.  When an i/o fails, if it's not
		 * the root, it simply notifies its parent and sticks around.
		 * The parent, seeing that it still has children in zio_done(),
		 * does the same.  This percolates all the way up to the root.
		 * The root i/o will reexecute or suspend the entire tree.
		 *
		 * This approach ensures that zio_reexecute() honors
		 * all the original i/o dependency relationships, e.g.
		 * parents not executing until children are ready.
		 */
		ASSERT(zio->io_child_type == ZIO_CHILD_LOGICAL);

		zio->io_gang_leader = NULL;

		mutex_enter(&zio->io_lock);
		zio->io_state[ZIO_WAIT_DONE] = 1;
		mutex_exit(&zio->io_lock);

		/*
		 * "The Godfather" I/O monitors its children but is
		 * not a true parent to them. It will track them through
		 * the pipeline but severs its ties whenever they get into
		 * trouble (e.g. suspended). This allows "The Godfather"
		 * I/O to return status without blocking.
		 */
		for (pio = zio_walk_parents(zio); pio != NULL; pio = pio_next) {
			zio_link_t *zl = zio->io_walk_link;
			pio_next = zio_walk_parents(zio);

			if ((pio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_GODFATHER) &&
			    (zio->io_reexecute & ZIO_REEXECUTE_SUSPEND)) {
				zio_remove_child(pio, zio, zl);
				zio_notify_parent(pio, zio, ZIO_WAIT_DONE);
			}
		}

		if ((pio = zio_unique_parent(zio)) != NULL) {
			/*
			 * We're not a root i/o, so there's nothing to do
			 * but notify our parent.  Don't propagate errors
			 * upward since we haven't permanently failed yet.
			 */
			ASSERT(!(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_GODFATHER));
			zio->io_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE;
			zio_notify_parent(pio, zio, ZIO_WAIT_DONE);
		} else if (zio->io_reexecute & ZIO_REEXECUTE_SUSPEND) {
			/*
			 * We'd fail again if we reexecuted now, so suspend
			 * until conditions improve (e.g. device comes online).
			 */
			zio_suspend(spa, zio);
		} else {
			/*
			 * Reexecution is potentially a huge amount of work.
			 * Hand it off to the otherwise-unused claim taskq.
			 */
			ASSERT(zio->io_tqent.tqent_next == NULL);
			spa_taskq_dispatch_ent(spa, ZIO_TYPE_CLAIM,
			    ZIO_TASKQ_ISSUE, (task_func_t *)zio_reexecute, zio,
			    0, &zio->io_tqent);
		}
		return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);
	}

	ASSERT(zio->io_child_count == 0);
	ASSERT(zio->io_reexecute == 0);
	ASSERT(zio->io_error == 0 || (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL));

	/*
	 * Report any checksum errors, since the I/O is complete.
	 */
	while (zio->io_cksum_report != NULL) {
		zio_cksum_report_t *zcr = zio->io_cksum_report;
		zio->io_cksum_report = zcr->zcr_next;
		zcr->zcr_next = NULL;
		zcr->zcr_finish(zcr, NULL);
		zfs_ereport_free_checksum(zcr);
	}

	/*
	 * It is the responsibility of the done callback to ensure that this
	 * particular zio is no longer discoverable for adoption, and as
	 * such, cannot acquire any new parents.
	 */
	if (zio->io_done)
		zio->io_done(zio);

	mutex_enter(&zio->io_lock);
	zio->io_state[ZIO_WAIT_DONE] = 1;
	mutex_exit(&zio->io_lock);

	for (pio = zio_walk_parents(zio); pio != NULL; pio = pio_next) {
		zio_link_t *zl = zio->io_walk_link;
		pio_next = zio_walk_parents(zio);
		zio_remove_child(pio, zio, zl);
		zio_notify_parent(pio, zio, ZIO_WAIT_DONE);
	}

	if (zio->io_waiter != NULL) {
		mutex_enter(&zio->io_lock);
		zio->io_executor = NULL;
		cv_broadcast(&zio->io_cv);
		mutex_exit(&zio->io_lock);
	} else {
		zio_destroy(zio);
	}

	return (ZIO_PIPELINE_STOP);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * I/O pipeline definition
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static zio_pipe_stage_t *zio_pipeline[] = {
	NULL,
	zio_read_bp_init,
	zio_free_bp_init,
	zio_issue_async,
	zio_write_bp_init,
	zio_checksum_generate,
	zio_nop_write,
	zio_ddt_read_start,
	zio_ddt_read_done,
	zio_ddt_write,
	zio_ddt_free,
	zio_gang_assemble,
	zio_gang_issue,
	zio_dva_allocate,
	zio_dva_free,
	zio_dva_claim,
	zio_ready,
	zio_vdev_io_start,
	zio_vdev_io_done,
	zio_vdev_io_assess,
	zio_checksum_verify,
	zio_done
};

/* dnp is the dnode for zb1->zb_object */
boolean_t
zbookmark_is_before(const dnode_phys_t *dnp, const zbookmark_t *zb1,
    const zbookmark_t *zb2)
{
	uint64_t zb1nextL0, zb2thisobj;

	ASSERT(zb1->zb_objset == zb2->zb_objset);
	ASSERT(zb2->zb_level == 0);

	/*
	 * A bookmark in the deadlist is considered to be after
	 * everything else.
	 */
	if (zb2->zb_object == DMU_DEADLIST_OBJECT)
		return (B_TRUE);

	/* The objset_phys_t isn't before anything. */
	if (dnp == NULL)
		return (B_FALSE);

	zb1nextL0 = (zb1->zb_blkid + 1) <<
	    ((zb1->zb_level) * (dnp->dn_indblkshift - SPA_BLKPTRSHIFT));

	zb2thisobj = zb2->zb_object ? zb2->zb_object :
	    zb2->zb_blkid << (DNODE_BLOCK_SHIFT - DNODE_SHIFT);

	if (zb1->zb_object == DMU_META_DNODE_OBJECT) {
		uint64_t nextobj = zb1nextL0 *
		    (dnp->dn_datablkszsec << SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT) >> DNODE_SHIFT;
		return (nextobj <= zb2thisobj);
	}

	if (zb1->zb_object < zb2thisobj)
		return (B_TRUE);
	if (zb1->zb_object > zb2thisobj)
		return (B_FALSE);
	if (zb2->zb_object == DMU_META_DNODE_OBJECT)
		return (B_FALSE);
	return (zb1nextL0 <= zb2->zb_blkid);
}