Copyright 1989 AT&T Copyright (c)
2008, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Portions Copyright (c) 1992, X/Open Company Limited All Rights Reserved
Portions Copyright (c) 1982-2007 AT&T Knowledge Ventures
Sun Microsystems, Inc. gratefully acknowledges The Open Group for permission to reproduce portions of its copyrighted documentation. Original documentation from The Open Group can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/bookstore/.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase "this text" refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in the Sun OS Reference Manual, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.
This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.
The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the Common Development and Distribution License (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE. If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
/usr/bin/cat [-nbsuvet] [file...]
cat [-bdenstuvABDEST] [file...]
The cat utility reads each file in sequence and writes it on the standard output. Thus:
example% cat file
prints file on your terminal, and:
example% cat file1 file2 >file3
concatenates file1 and file2, and writes the results in file3. If no input file is given, cat reads from the standard input file.
The cat built-in in ksh93 is associated with the /bin and /usr/bin paths. It is invoked when cat is executed without a pathname prefix and the pathname search finds a /bin/cat or /usr/bin/cat executable. cat copies each file in sequence to the standard output. If no file is specified, or if the file is -, cat copies from standard input starting at the current location.
The following options are supported by /usr/bin/cat: -b
Number the lines, as -n, but omit the line numbers from blank lines.
Precede each line output with its line number.
cat is silent about non-existent files.
The output is not buffered. Buffered output is the default.
Non-printing characters, with the exception of tabs, NEWLINEs and form feeds, are printed visibly. ASCII control characters (octal 000 - 037) are printed as ^n, where n is the corresponding ASCII character in the range octal 100 - 137 (@, A, B, C, . . ., X, Y, Z, [, \e, ], ^, and _); the DEL character (octal 0177) is printed ^?. Other non-printable characters are printed as M-x, where x is the ASCII character specified by the low-order seven bits.
When used with the -v option, the following options can be used: -e
A $ character is printed at the end of each line, prior to the NEWLINE.
Tabs are printed as ^Is and form feeds to be printed as ^Ls.
The -e and -t options are ignored if the -v option is not specified.
ksh93 cat supports the following options: -b --number-nonblank
Number lines as with -n but omit line numbers from blank lines.
Open input files in text mode. Removes RETURNs in front of NEWLINEs on some systems.
Equivalent to -vE.
Insert a line number at the beginning of each line.
Equivalent to -S for att universe and -B otherwise.
Equivalent to -vT.
Do not delay the output by buffering.
Cause non-printing characters (with the exception of TABs, NEWLINEs, and form feeds) to be output as printable character sequences. ASCII control characters are printed as ^n, where n is the corresponding ASCII character in the range octal 100-137. The DEL character (octal 0177) is copied as ^?. Other non-printable characters are copied as M-x where x is the ASCII character specified by the low-order seven bits. Multi-byte characters in the current locale are treated as printable characters.
Equivalent to -vET.
Replace multiple adjacent NEWLINE characters with one NEWLINE.
Open output files in text mode. Insert RETURNs in front of NEWLINEs on some systems.
Insert a $ before each NEWLINE.
cat is silent about non-existent files.
Copies TABs as ^I and form feeds as ^L.
The following operand is supported: file
A path name of an input file. If no file is specified, the standard input is used. If file is \|-\|, cat reads from the standard input at that point in the sequence. cat does not close and reopen standard input when it is referenced in this way, but accepts multiple occurrences of \|-\| as file.
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of cat when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
Example 1 Concatenating a File
The following command writes the contents of the file myfile to standard output:
example% cat myfile
Example 2 Concatenating Two files into One
The following command concatenates the files doc1 and doc2 and writes the result to doc.all.
example% cat doc1 doc2 > doc.all
Example 3 Concatenating Two Arbitrary Pieces of Input with a Single Invocation
When standard input is a terminal, the following command gets two arbitrary pieces of input from the terminal with a single invocation of cat:
example% cat start - middle - end > file
when standard input is a terminal, gets two arbitrary pieces of input from the terminal with a single invocation of cat.
If standard input is a regular file,
example% cat start - middle - end > file
would be equivalent to the following command:
cat start - middle /dev/null end > file
because the entire contents of the file would be consumed by cat the first time \|-\| was used as a file operand and an end-of-file condition would be detected immediately when \|-\|was referenced the second time.
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of cat: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
The following exit values are returned: 0
All input files were output successfully.
An error occurred.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
| CSI Enabled |
| Interface Stability Committed |
| Standard See standards(5). |
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
| Interface Stability See below. |
The ksh93 built-in binding to /bin and /usr/bin is Volatile. The built-in interfaces are Uncommitted.
touch(1), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
Redirecting the output of cat onto one of the files being read causes the loss of the data originally in the file being read. For example,
example% cat filename1 filename2 > filename1
causes the original data in filename1 to be lost.