#include <stdio.h>

extern FILE *stdin;

extern FILE *stdout;

extern FILE *stderr;

The standard I/O functions described in section 3C of this manual constitute an efficient, user-level I/O buffering scheme. The in-line macros getc() and putc() handle characters quickly. The macros getchar(3C) and putchar(3C), and the higher-level routines fgetc(3C), fgets(3C), fprintf(3C), fputc(3C), fputs(3C), fread(3C), fscanf(3C), fwrite(3C), gets(3C), getw(3C), printf(3C), puts(3C), putw(3C), and scanf(3C) all use or act as if they use getc() and putc(); they can be freely intermixed.

A file with associated buffering is called a stream (see Intro(3)) and is declared to be a pointer to a defined type FILE. The fopen(3C) function creates certain descriptive data for a stream and returns a pointer to designate the stream in all further transactions. Normally, there are three open streams with constant pointers declared in the <stdio.h> header and associated with the standard open files:

stdin

stdout

stderr

The following symbolic values in <unistd.h> define the file descriptors that will be associated with the C-language stdin, stdout and stderr when the application is started:

The constant NULL designates a null pointer.

The integer-constant EOF is returned upon end-of-file or error by most integer functions that deal with streams (see the individual descriptions for details).

The integer constant BUFSIZ specifies the size of the buffers used by the particular implementation.

The integer constant FILENAME_MAX specifies the number of bytes needed to hold the longest pathname of a file allowed by the implementation. If the system does not impose a maximum limit, this value is the recommended size for a buffer intended to hold a file's pathname.

The integer constant FOPEN_MAX specifies the minimum number of files that the implementation guarantees can be open simultaneously. Note that no more than 255 files may be opened using fopen(), and only file descriptors 0 through 255 can be used in a stream.

The functions and constants mentioned in the entries of section 3S of this manual are declared in that header and need no further declaration. The constants and the following "functions" are implemented as macros (redeclaration of these names is perilous): getc(), getchar(), putc(), putchar(), ferror(3C), feof(3C), clearerr(3C), and fileno(3C). There are also function versions of getc(), getchar(), putc(), putchar(), ferror(), feof(), clearerr(), and fileno().

Output streams, with the exception of the standard error stream stderr, are by default buffered if the output refers to a file and line-buffered if the output refers to a terminal. The standard error output stream stderr is by default unbuffered, but use of freopen() (see fopen(3C)) will cause it to become buffered or line-buffered. When an output stream is unbuffered, information is queued for writing on the destination file or terminal as soon as written; when it is buffered, many characters are saved up and written as a block. When it is line-buffered, each line of output is queued for writing on the destination terminal as soon as the line is completed (that is, as soon as a new-line character is written or terminal input is requested). The setbuf() or setvbuf() functions (both described on the setbuf(3C) manual page) may be used to change the stream's buffering strategy.

A single open file description can be accessed both through streams and through file descriptors. Either a file descriptor or a stream will be called a handle on the open file description to which it refers; an open file description may have several handles.

Handles can be created or destroyed by user action without affecting the underlying open file description. Some of the ways to create them include fcntl(2), dup(2), fdopen(3C), fileno(3C) and fork(2) (which duplicates existing ones into new processes). They can be destroyed by at least fclose(3C) and close(2), and by the exec functions (see exec(2)), which close some file descriptors and destroy streams.

A file descriptor that is never used in an operation and could affect the file offset (for example read(2), write(2), or lseek(2)) is not considered a handle in this discussion, but could give rise to one (as a consequence of fdopen(), dup(), or fork(), for example). This exception does include the file descriptor underlying a stream, whether created with fopen() or fdopen(), as long as it is not used directly by the application to affect the file offset. (The read() and write() functions implicitly affect the file offset; lseek() explicitly affects it.)

If two or more handles are used, and any one of them is a stream, their actions shall be coordinated as described below. If this is not done, the result is undefined.

A handle that is a stream is considered to be closed when either an fclose() or freopen(3C) is executed on it (the result of freopen() is a new stream for this discussion, which cannot be a handle on the same open file description as its previous value) or when the process owning that stream terminates the exit(2) or abort(3C). A file descriptor is closed by close(), _exit() (see exit(2)), or by one of the exec functions when FD_CLOEXEC is set on that file descriptor.

For a handle to become the active handle, the actions below must be performed between the last other user of the first handle (the current active handle) and the first other user of the second handle (the future active handle). The second handle then becomes the active handle. All activity by the application affecting the file offset on the first handle shall be suspended until it again becomes the active handle. (If a stream function has as an underlying function that affects the file offset, the stream function will be considered to affect the file offset. The underlying functions are described below.)

The handles need not be in the same process for these rules to apply. Note that after a fork(), two handles exist where one existed before. The application shall assure that, if both handles will ever be accessed, that they will both be in a state where the other could become the active handle first. The application shall prepare for a fork() exactly as if it were a change of active handle. (If the only action performed by one of the processes is one of the exec functions or _exit(), the handle is never accessed in that process.)

All the stdio functions are safe unless they have the _unlocked suffix. Each FILE pointer has its own lock to guarantee that only one thread can access it. In the case that output needs to be synchronized, the lock for the FILE pointer can be acquired before performing a series of stdio operations. For example:

FILE iop;
flockfile(iop);
fprintf(iop, "hello ");
fprintf(iop, "world);
fputc(iop, 'a');
funlockfile(iop);

will print everything out together, blocking other threads that might want to write to the same file between calls to fprintf().

An unlocked interface is available in case performace is an issue. For example:

flockfile(iop);
while (!feof(iop)) {
 *c++ = getc_unlocked(iop);
}
funlockfile(iop);

Invalid stream pointers usually cause grave disorder, possibly including program termination. Individual function descriptions describe the possible error conditions.

close(2), lseek(2), open(2), pipe(2), read(2), write(2), ctermid(3C), cuserid(3C), fclose(3C), ferror(3C), fopen(3C), fread(3C), fseek(3C), flockfile(3C), getc(3C), gets(3C), popen(3C), printf(3C), putc(3C), puts(3C), scanf(3C), setbuf(3C), system(3C), tmpfile(3C), tmpnam(3C), ungetc(3C)