Sun Microsystems, Inc. gratefully acknowledges The Open Group for
permission to reproduce portions of its copyrighted documentation.
Original documentation from The Open Group can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/bookstore/.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open
Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their
documentation.
In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
of the system documentation.
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
in the SunOS Reference Manual, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6,
Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy
between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee
document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.
This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.
The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions
and limitations under the License.
When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
Copyright 1989 AT&T
Portions Copyright (c) 1992, X/Open Company Limited All Rights Reserved
Copyright (c) 2007, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
/usr/bin/m4 [-e] [-s] [-B int] [-H int] [-S int] [-T int] [-Dname [=val]] ... [-U name] ... [file]...
/usr/xpg4/bin/m4 [-e] [-s] [-B int] [-H int] [-S int] [-T int] [-Dname [...=val]] [-U name] ... [file]...
The m4 utility is a macro processor intended as a front end for C, assembler, and other languages. Each of the argument files is processed in order. If there are no files, or if a file is -, the standard input is read. The processed text is written on the standard output. Note: m4 cannot include more than nine nested files and writes a diagnostic message if that number is exceeded.
Macro calls have the form:
name(arg1,arg2, ..., argn)
The open parenthesis character, (, must immediately follow the name of the macro. If the name of a defined macro is not followed by a (, it is deemed to be a call of that macro with no arguments. Potential macro names consist of alphanumeric characters and underscore (_), where the first character is not a digit.
Leading unquoted blanks, TABs, and NEWLINEs are ignored while collecting arguments. Left and right single quotes are used to quote strings. The value of a quoted string is the string stripped of the quotes.
When a macro name is recognized, its arguments are collected by searching for a matching right parenthesis. If fewer arguments are supplied than are in the macro definition, the trailing arguments are taken to be NULL. Macro evaluation proceeds normally during the collection of the arguments, and any commas or right parentheses that happen to turn up within the value of a nested call are as effective as those in the original input text. After argument collection, the value of the macro is pushed back onto the input stream and rescanned.
The options and their effects are as follows: -Bint
Changes the size of the push-back and argument collection buffers from the default of 4,096.
Operates interactively. Interrupts are ignored and the output is unbuffered.
Changes the size of the symbol table hash array from the default of 199. The size should be prime.
Enables line sync output for the C preprocessor (#line .\|.\|.\|)
Changes the size of the call stack from the default of 100slots. Macros take three slots, and non-macro arguments take one.
Changes the size of the token buffer from the default of 512bytes.
To be effective, the above flags must appear before any file names and before any -D or -U flags: -D name[=val]
Defines name to val or to NULL in val's absence.
Undefines name.
The following operand is supported: file
A path name of a text file to be processed. If no file is given, or if it is -, the standard input is read.
The m4 utility makes available the following built-in macros. These macros can be redefined, but once this is done the original meaning is lost. Their values are NULL unless otherwise stated. changequote
Change quote symbols to the first and second arguments. The symbols can be up to five characters long. changequote without arguments restores the original values (that is, `\|').
Change left and right comment markers from the default # and NEWLINE. With no arguments, the comment mechanism is effectively disabled. With one argument, the left marker becomes the argument and the right marker becomes NEWLINE. With two arguments, both markers are affected. Comment markers can be up to five characters long.
Returns the value of its argument decremented by 1.
The second argument is installed as the value of the macro whose name is the first argument. Each occurrence of $n in the replacement text, where n is a digit, is replaced by the n-th argument. Argument 0 is the name of the macro; missing arguments are replaced by the null string; $# is replaced by the number of arguments; $* is replaced by a list of all the arguments separated by commas; $@ is like $*, but each argument is quoted (with the current quotes).
Returns the quoted definition of its argument(s). It is useful for renaming macros, especially built-ins.
m4 maintains 10 output streams, numbered 0-9. The final output is the concatenation of the streams in numerical order. Initially stream 0 is the current stream. The divert macro changes the current output stream to its (digit-string) argument. Output diverted to a stream other than 0 through 9 is discarded.
Returns the value of the current output stream.
Reads and discards characters up to and including the next NEWLINE.
Prints current names and definitions, for the named items, or for all if no arguments are given.
Prints its argument on the diagnostic output file.
If the first argument is defined, the value is the second argument, otherwise the third. If there is no third argument, the value is NULL. The word unix is predefined.
This macro has three or more arguments. If the first argument is the same string as the second, then the value is the third argument. If not, and if there are more than four arguments, the process is repeated with arguments 4, 5, 6 and 7. Otherwise, the value is either the fourth string, or, if it is not present, NULL.
Returns the contents of the file named in the argument.
Returns the value of its argument incremented by 1. The value of the argument is calculated by interpreting an initial digit-string as a decimal number.
Returns the position in its first argument where the second argument begins (zero origin), or -1 if the second argument does not occur.
Returns the number of characters in its argument.
This macro causes immediate exit from m4. Argument 1, if given, is the exit code; the default is 0.
Argument 1 is pushed back at final EOF. Example: m4wrap(`cleanup(\|)')
Fills in a string of "X" characters in its argument with the current process ID.
Removes current definition of its argument(s), exposing the previous one, if any.
Like define, but saves any previous definition.
Returns all but its first argument. The other arguments are quoted and pushed back with commas in between. The quoting nullifies the effect of the extra scan that is subsequently be performed.
This macro is identical to include, except that it says nothing if the file is inaccessible.
Returns a substring of its first argument. The second argument is a zero origin number selecting the first character; the third argument indicates the length of the substring. A missing third argument is taken to be large enough to extend to the end of the first string.
This macro executes the command given in the first argument. No value is returned.
This macro is the return code from the last call to syscmd.
Transliterates the characters in its first argument from the set given by the second argument to the set given by the third. No abbreviations are permitted.
This macro with no arguments, turns on tracing for all macros (including built-ins). Otherwise, turns on tracing for named macros.
Turns off trace globally and for any macros specified.
Removes the definition of the macro named in its argument.
This macro causes immediate output of text from diversions named as arguments, or all diversions if no argument. Text can be undiverted into another diversion. Undiverting discards the diverted text.
Evaluates its argument as an arithmetic expression, using 32-bit signed-integer arithmetic. The following operators are supported: parentheses, unary -, unary +, !, ~, *, /, %, +, -, relationals, bitwise &, |, &&, and ||. Octal and hex numbers can be specified as in C. The second argument specifies the radix for the result; the default is 10. The third argument can be used to specify the minimum number of digits in the result.
Evaluates its argument as an arithmetic expression, using 32-bit signed-integer arithmetic. The following operators are supported: parentheses, unary -, unary +, !, ~, *, /, %, +, -, <<, >>, relationals, bitwise &, |, &&, and ||. Precedence and associativity are as in C. Octal and hex numbers can also be specified as in C. The second argument specifies the radix for the result; the default is 10. The third argument can be used to specify the minimum number of digits in the result.
Example 1 Examples of m4 files
If the file m4src contains the lines:
The value of `VER' is "VER". ifdef(`VER', ``VER'' is defined to be VER., VER is not defined.) ifelse(VER, 1, ``VER'' is `VER'.) ifelse(VER, 2, ``VER'' is `VER'., ``VER'' is not 2.) end
then the command:
m4 m4src
or the command:
m4 -U VER m4src
produces the output:
The value of VER is "VER". VER is not defined. VER is not 2. end
The command:
m4 -D VER m4src
produces the output:
The value of VER is "". VER is defined to be . VER is not 2. end
The command:
m4 -D VER=1 m4src
produces the output:
The value of VER is "1". VER is defined to be 1. VER is 1. VER is not 2. end
The command:
m4 -D VER=2 m4src
produces the output:
The value of VER is "2". VER is defined to be 2. VER is 2. end
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of m4: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
The following exit values are returned: 0
Successful completion.
An error occurred
If the m4exit macro is used, the exit value can be specified by the input file.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
| Interface Stability Standard |
as(1), attributes(5), environ(5), standards(5)