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1# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
7# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
10#
11# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15#
16# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
17# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
18# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
20# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
21# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22#
23# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
25#
26# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
28#
29# Other sources occasionally used include:
30#
31#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33#	which I found in the UCLA library.
34#
35#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
37#	[PDF] (1914-03)
38#
39#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
41#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
44#
45#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47#	http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48#	The full Russian citation is:
49#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
54#
55#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56#	History of Summer Time
57#	<http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
59#
60# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
61# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
62# or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
63#                   std  dst  2dst
64#                   LMT             Local Mean Time
65#       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
66#        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
67#        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
68#        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
69#        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
70#        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
71#        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
72#        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
73#        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
74#        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
75#        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow
76
77# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
78# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
79# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
80# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
81# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
82# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
83# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
84# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
85# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
86# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
87# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
88# ...
89# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
90# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
91# ...
92# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
93# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
94# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
95# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
96# in the Directive.
97
98
99###############################################################################
100
101# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
102
103# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
104#
105# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
106# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
107# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
108# of the text said:
109#
110# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
111# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
112# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
113# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
114# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
115# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
116# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
117#
118# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
119# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
120# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
121#
122# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
123
124# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
125#
126# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
127# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
128# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
129# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
130# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
131# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
132# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
133# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
134# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
135# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
136# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
137# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
138# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
139# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
140# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
141# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
142# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
143# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
144# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
145# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
146#
147# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
148# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
149# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
150
151# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
152# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
153# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
154# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
155# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
156# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
157# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
158# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
159# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
160# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
161# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
162# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
163# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
164# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
165#
166# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
167# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
168# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
169# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
170# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
171# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
172# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
173# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
174# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
175# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
176# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
177# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
178# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
179# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
180# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
181
182# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
183# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
184# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
185# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
186# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
187# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
188#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
189#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
190#	http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
191
192# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
193# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
194# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
195# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
196# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
197# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
198# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
199# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
200
201# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
202# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
203# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
204
205# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
206# From: Jonathan Leffler
207# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
208# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
209# politics making a fortune, not computing.
210
211# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
212# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
213# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
214# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
215# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
216
217# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
218# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
219# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
220# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
221
222# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
223# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
224# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
225# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
226# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
227# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
228# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
229# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
230
231# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
232# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
233# which is to be introduced in May....
234# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
235# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
236
237# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
238# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
239# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
240# so we use 'BDST'.
241
242# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
243# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
244# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
245# and extending this list, which can be found in
246# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
247
248# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
249#
250# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
251# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
252# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
253# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
254
255# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
256#
257# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
258#
259# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
260# are incorrect:
261#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
262#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
263# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
264#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
265# It actually just had one transition.
266#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
267# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
268#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
269# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
270# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
271#
272# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
273#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
274#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
275#	conform with Great Britain.
276# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
277#
278# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
279# we'll ignore it for now.
280#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
281#
282#
283# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
284# Shanks & Pottenger.
285# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
286# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
287# to London.  For example:
288#
289#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
290#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
291
292# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
293# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
294# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
295# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
296# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
297# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
298# http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
299
300# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
301# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
302# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
303#
304# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
305#
306# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
307# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
308#
309# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
310# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
311# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
312#
313# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
314# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
315# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
316#
317# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
318# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
319#
320# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
321# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
322# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
323#
324# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
325# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
326# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
327# being GMT+1.)
328
329# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
330# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
331# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
332# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
333# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
334# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
335# and Frethun run in CT.
336# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
337# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
338# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
339# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
340# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
341# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
342
343# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
344# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
345# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
346# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
347# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
348# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
349# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
350
351# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
352# Summer Time Act, 1916
353Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
354Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
355# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
356Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
357Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
358# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
359Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
360Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
361# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
362Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
363Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
364# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
365Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
366# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
367Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
368# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
369Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
370Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
371# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
372Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
373Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
374# The Summer Time Act, 1922
375Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
376Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
377Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
378Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
379# The Summer Time Act, 1925
380Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
381Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
382Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
383Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
384Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
385Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
386Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
387Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
388Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
389Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
390Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
391# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
392Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
393# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
394Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
395# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
396Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
397Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
398# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
399Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
400# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
401Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
402# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
403Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
404Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
405# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
406Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
407Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
408# The Summer Time Act, 1947
409Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
410Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
411Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
412Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
413# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
414Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
415Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
416# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
417Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
418Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
419# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
420# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
421# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
422Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
423Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
424# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
425Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
426Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
427Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
428Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
429Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
430Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
431Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
432# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
433# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
434# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
435Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
436Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
437# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
438# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
439# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
440Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
441# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
442Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
443# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
444#	(no summer time)
445# The Summer Time Act, 1972
446Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
447Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
448# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
449# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
450# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
451# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
452Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
453Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
454# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
455# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
456# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
457Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
458# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
459# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
460#
461# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
462
463# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
464Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
465			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
466			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
467			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
468			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
469Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
470Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
471Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
472
473# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
474Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
475			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00 # Dublin MT
476			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
477			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
478			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00
479			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00
480			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00
481			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00
482			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00
483			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
484			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
485			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
486			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
487
488###############################################################################
489
490# Europe
491
492# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
493# Common Market, etc.
494
495# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
496Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
497Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
498Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
499Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
500Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
501Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
502# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
503# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
504# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
505# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
506
507# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
508Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
509Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
510Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
511Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
512Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
513Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
514
515# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
516# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
517Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
518Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
519Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
520Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
521Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
522Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
523Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
524Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
525Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
526# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
527Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
528# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
529#
530# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
531# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
532# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
533# tz database itself, as seen below:
534#
535# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
536#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
537#
538# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
539#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
540#
541# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
542#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
543#
544# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
545# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
546# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
547#
548# The rule line to be changed is:
549#
550# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
551#
552# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
553# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
554# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
555# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
556# CET and MET:
557#
558# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
559# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
560#
561# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
562#
563# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
564#
565# A small step for mankind though 8-)
566Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
567Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
568Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
569Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
570Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
571Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
572Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
573
574# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
575Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
576Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
577Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
578Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
579Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
580Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
581
582
583# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
584#
585# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
586
587# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
588Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
589#
590# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
591Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
592#
593# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
594Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
595Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
596#
597# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
598Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
599#
600Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 0:00u	1:00	MSD
601Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
602#
603# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
604Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
605#
606# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
607Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	+05
608#
609Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
610Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
611# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
612Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
613Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
614# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
615# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
616Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
617Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
618#
619Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
620# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
621
622# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
623# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
624# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
625# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
626#
627# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
628# title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
629# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
630# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
631# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
632# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
633# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
634# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
635# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
636# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
637# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
638# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
639# rules (Moscow time)
640# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
641
642# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
643# Unamended version of the act of the
644# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
645# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
646# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
647# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
648# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
649
650# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
651# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
652# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
653# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
654#
655# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
656# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
657#
658# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
659# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
660
661# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
662# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
663# to be standard.
664
665# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
666
667# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
668Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
669Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
670Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
671Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
672
673# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
674# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
675
676# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
677# The official German names ... are
678#
679#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
680#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
681#
682# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
683# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
684# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
685#
686#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
687#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
688#	Postfach 3345
689#	D-38023 Braunschweig
690#	phone: +49 531 592-0
691#
692# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
693# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
694# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
695#
696#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
697#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
698
699
700# Albania
701# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
702Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
703Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
704Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
705Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
706Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
707Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
708Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
709Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
710Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
711Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
712Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
713Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
714Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
715Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
716Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
717Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
718Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
719Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
720Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
721Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
722Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
723Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
724Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
725Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
726Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
727# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
728Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
729			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
730			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
731			1:00	EU	CE%sT
732
733# Andorra
734# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
735Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
736			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
737			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
738			1:00	EU	CE%sT
739
740# Austria
741
742# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
743
744# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
745# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
746# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
747# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
748# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
749# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
750
751# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
752Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
753Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
754Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
755Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
756Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
757Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
758Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
759Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
760# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
761Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
762			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
763			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
764			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
765			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
766			1:00	-	CET	1946
767			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
768			1:00	EU	CE%sT
769
770# Belarus
771#
772# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
773# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
774# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
775# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
776# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
777# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
778#
779# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
780# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
781# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
782#
783# Sources (Russian language):
784# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
785# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
786# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
787#
788# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
789# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
790# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
791#
792# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
793Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
794			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
795			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
796			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
797			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
798			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
799			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
800			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
801			3:00	-	+03
802
803# Belgium
804#
805# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
806# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
807#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
808#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
809#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
810#	pp 8-9.
811# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
812#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
813# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
814# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
815# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
816#
817# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
818Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
819Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
820Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
821Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
822Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
823Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
824Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
825Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
826Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
827Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
828Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
829Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
830# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
831# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
832# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
833# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
834Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
835Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
836Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
837Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
838Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
839Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
840Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
841Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
842Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
843Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
844Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
845Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
846Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
847Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
848Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
849Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
850Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
851Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
852Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
853Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
854Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
855Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
856# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
857Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
858			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
859			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
860			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
861			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
862			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
863			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
864			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
865			1:00	EU	CE%sT
866
867# Bosnia and Herzegovina
868# See Europe/Belgrade.
869
870# Bulgaria
871#
872# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
873# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
874# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
875# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
876#
877# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
878Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
879Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
880Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
881Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
882Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
883# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
884Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
885			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
886			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
887			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
888			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
889			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
890			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
891			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
892			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
893			2:00	EU	EE%sT
894
895# Croatia
896# See Europe/Belgrade.
897
898# Cyprus
899# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
900
901# Czech Republic / Czechia
902# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
903Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
904Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
905Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
906Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
907Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
908Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
909Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
910# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
911Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
912			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
913			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17  2:00s
914			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
915			1:00	EU	CE%sT
916# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
917
918# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
919
920# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
921# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
922# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
923# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
924# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
925#
926# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
927# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
928#
929# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
930# in subsequent decrees with the law
931# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
932#
933# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
934# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
935# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
936# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
937# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
938# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
939# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
940# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
941# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
942# was suspended on that night):
943# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
944
945# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
946# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
947# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
948
949# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
950# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
951# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
952
953# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
954Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
955Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
956Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
957Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
958Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
959Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
960Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
961Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
962Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
963Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
964Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
965#
966# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
967Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
968			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
969			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
970			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
971			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
972			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
973Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
974			 0:00	-	WET	1981
975			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
976#
977# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
978# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
979# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
980# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
981#
982# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
983# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
984# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
985# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
986# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
987# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
988
989# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
990# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
991# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
992#
993# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
994# is according to the following time line:
995#
996# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
997# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
998# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
999# Danmarkshavn			UTC
1000#
1001# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1002# introduced.
1003
1004# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1005#
1006# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1007# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
1008# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
1009# info from earlier correspondence.]
1010#
1011# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1012# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1013# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1014#
1015# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1016# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1017# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1018# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1019# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1020# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1021# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1022#
1023# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1024# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1025#
1026# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1027# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1028# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1029#
1030# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1031# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1032# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
1033# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
1034# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1035
1036# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1037# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1038# there at 2:00 AM.
1039
1040# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1041# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1042# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1043# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1044# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1045# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1046# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1047
1048# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1049# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1050# "National Park" by Executive Order:
1051# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1052# It is their only National Park.
1053#
1054# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1055Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1056Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
1057Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
1058Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
1059Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
1060Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
1061#
1062# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1063Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
1064			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1065			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	1996
1066			0:00	-	GMT
1067Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1068			-2:00	-	-02	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1069			-2:00	C-Eur	-02/-01	1981 Mar 29
1070			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
1071Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1072			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1073			-3:00	EU	-03/-02
1074Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1075			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
1076
1077# Estonia
1078#
1079# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1080# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1081#
1082# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1083# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1084# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1085# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1086#
1087# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1088# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1089# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1090# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1091# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1092# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1093# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1094# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1095# summer time next spring."
1096
1097# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1098# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1099# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1100# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1101# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1102#
1103# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1104# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1105# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1106
1107# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1108# via Steffen Thorsen:
1109# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1110# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1111# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1112# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1113# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1114# after that.
1115
1116# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1117# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1118# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1119# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1120
1121# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1122# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1123# Now we are using again EU rules.
1124#
1125# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1126# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1127
1128# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1129Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
1130			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
1131			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
1132			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
1133			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
1134			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
1135			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
1136			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1137			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
1138			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
1139			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
1140			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
1141			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1142
1143# Finland
1144
1145# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1146# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1147# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1148
1149# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1150#
1151# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1152# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1153# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1154# according to the central European standards.
1155#
1156# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1157# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1158# Finnish) at
1159# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1160#
1161# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1162# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1163#
1164# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1165# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1166#
1167# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1168# exist tonight."
1169
1170# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1171# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1172# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1173# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1174# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1175# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1176# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1177# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1178#
1179# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1180# Go with Oja over Shanks.
1181
1182# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1183Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
1184Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
1185Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
1186Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
1187
1188# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1189# round to nearest.
1190
1191# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1192Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
1193			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1194			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
1195			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1196
1197# Åland Is
1198Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
1199
1200
1201# France
1202
1203# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1204#
1205# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1206# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1207#
1208# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1209# Paris, 1991
1210#
1211# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1212# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1213
1214
1215#
1216# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1217# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1218Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1219Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
1220Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
1221Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1222Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
1223Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1224Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
1225Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1226Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
1227Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1228# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1229# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1230# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1231Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1232Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1233Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
1234Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
1235Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1236Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1237Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1238Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1239Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
1240Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1241Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
1242Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1243Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
1244Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
1245Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1246Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
1247Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1248Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1249Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
1250Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1251# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1252# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1253# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1254# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1255# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1256# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1257# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1258# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1259Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1260# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1261# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1262# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1263# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1264Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
1265Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
1266Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
1267Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
1268Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
1269Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
1270Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
1271Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
1272Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1273# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1274# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1275Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
1276Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
1277# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1278# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1279# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1280# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1281# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1282Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
1283			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
1284# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1285			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
1286# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1287# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1288			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
1289			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
1290			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1291			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1292
1293# Germany
1294
1295# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1296# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1297# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1298# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1299
1300# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1301# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1302# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1303# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1304
1305# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1306# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1307# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1308# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1309# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1310
1311
1312# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1313Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
1314Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
1315Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1316# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1317# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1318# Go with the PTB.
1319Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
1320Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
1321Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
1322Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1323Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
1324
1325Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1326Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
1327Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
1328
1329# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1330Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
1331			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
1332			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
1333			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
1334			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1335
1336# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1337# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1338# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1339# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1340# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1341# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1342#
1343# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1344# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1345
1346# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1347# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1348
1349Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
1350
1351# Georgia
1352# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1353# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1354# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1355
1356# Gibraltar
1357# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1358Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
1359			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
1360			1:00	-	CET	1982
1361			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1362
1363# Greece
1364# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1365# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1366Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1367Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
1368# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1369Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1370# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1371Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
1372Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
1373Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
1374# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1375Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1376Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
1377Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
1378Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
1379Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
1380Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
1381Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
1382Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
1383Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
1384Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
1385Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
1386Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1387Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
1388# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1389Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
1390			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
1391			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
1392			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
1393			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
1394			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1395			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1396			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1397
1398# Hungary
1399# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1400# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1401# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1402# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1403# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1404# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1405# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1406# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1407Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
1408Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1409Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
1410Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
1411Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1412Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
1413Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
1414Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
1415Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
1416Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
1417Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
1418Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
1419Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
1420Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
1421Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
1422Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
1423Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
1424Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
1425# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1426Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
1427			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
1428			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
1429			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
1430			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1431			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1432
1433# Iceland
1434#
1435# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1436# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1437#
1438# (1993-12-05):
1439# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1440# Iceland Almanak.
1441#
1442# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1443# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1444# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1445# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1446#
1447# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1448# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1449# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1450# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1451#
1452# (1993-12-10):
1453# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1454# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1455# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1456#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1457#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1458# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1459# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1460# might mean something else (???).
1461#
1462# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1463# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1464# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1465#
1466# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1467Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
1468Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
1469Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
1470Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	S
1471Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
1472Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
1473Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
1474Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1475Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
1476Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	S
1477# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1478Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1479Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1480# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1481Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1482# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1483Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
1484Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1485Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
1486# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1487Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
1488			-1:00	Iceland	-01/+00	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
1489			 0:00	-	GMT
1490
1491# Italy
1492#
1493# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1494# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1495# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1496# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1497# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1498# so record only the time in Rome.
1499#
1500# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1501# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1502# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1503# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1504# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1505#
1506# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1507# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1508# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1509# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1510# (2016-10-24):
1511# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1512# has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
1513# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1514# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1515# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1516#
1517# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1518# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1519# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1520# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1521# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1522# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1523#
1524# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1525# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1526# for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1527# Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1528# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1529# was effectively controlled by Germany.
1530#
1531# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1532Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	24:00	1:00	S
1533Rule	Italy	1916	1917	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
1534Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	24:00	1:00	S
1535Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	24:00	1:00	S
1536Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Oct	 6	24:00	0	-
1537Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	24:00	1:00	S
1538Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00	0	-
1539Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	S
1540Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
1541Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S
1542Rule	Italy	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
1543Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
1544Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
1545Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
1546Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
1547Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
1548Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	 1:00	0	-
1549Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
1550Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	 2:00s	0	-
1551Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00s	1:00	S
1552Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	 0:00s	0	-
1553Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
1554Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	 2:00s	0	-
1555Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
1556Rule	Italy	1966	only	-	Sep	24	24:00	0	-
1557Rule	Italy	1967	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	 0:00s	0	-
1558Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
1559Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	 0:00s	1:00	S
1560Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
1561Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
1562Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
1563Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
1564Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	 0:00s	1:00	S
1565Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
1566Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
1567Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
1568Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
1569Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
1570Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
1571Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
1572Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00s	0	-
1573# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1574Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
1575			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1576			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1943 Sep 10
1577			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jun  4
1578			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
1579			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1580
1581Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
1582Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
1583
1584# Latvia
1585
1586# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1587
1588# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1589# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1590# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1591# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1592#
1593# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1594# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1595# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1596# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1597# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1598#
1599# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1600# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1601# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1602# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1603# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1604# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1605#
1606# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1607# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1608# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1609# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1610# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1611# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1612# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
1613# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1614# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1615# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1616#
1617# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1618# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1619# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1620
1621# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1622# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1623# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1624# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1625# in Latvian for subscribers only).
1626
1627# From RFE/RL Newsline
1628# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1629# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1630# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1631# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1632# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1633# clocks one hour in the spring....
1634# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1635# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1636# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1637# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1638# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1639# appears that they will not do so....
1640
1641# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1642Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
1643Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
1644
1645# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1646# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1647# Go with Byalokoz.
1648
1649# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1650Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
1651			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
1652			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
1653			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
1654			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
1655			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
1656			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
1657			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
1658			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
1659			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
1660			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
1661			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
1662			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
1663			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
1664			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1665
1666# Liechtenstein
1667
1668# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1669# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1670
1671# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1672# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1673# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1674# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1675#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1676#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
1677#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
1678#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1679#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1680
1681Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1682
1683
1684# Lithuania
1685
1686# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1687# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1688
1689# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1690# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1691# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1692
1693# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1694# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1695# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1696
1697# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1698# via Steffen Thorsen:
1699# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1700# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1701# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1702# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1703# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1704# already done by Estonia.
1705
1706# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1707# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1708# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1709
1710# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1711# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1712# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1713# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1714# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1715# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1716# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1717
1718
1719# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1720Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
1721			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
1722			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1723			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
1724			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
1725			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
1726			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
1727			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
1728			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1729			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
1730			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
1731			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
1732			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
1733			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
1734			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1735
1736# Luxembourg
1737# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1738# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1739# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1740Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
1741Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
1742Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
1743Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
1744Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
1745Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
1746Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1747Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
1748Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
1749Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
1750Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
1751Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
1752Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
1753Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1754Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
1755Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
1756Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
1757Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1758Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
1759Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
1760Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
1761Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
1762Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
1763# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1764Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
1765			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
1766			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
1767			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
1768			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
1769			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
1770			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1771
1772# Macedonia
1773# See Europe/Belgrade.
1774
1775# Malta
1776#
1777# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1778# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1779#
1780# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1781Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
1782Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
1783Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1784Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
1785Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
1786Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
1787Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
1788# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1789Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
1790			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
1791			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
1792			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1793
1794# Moldova
1795
1796# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1797# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1798# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1799# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1800# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1801# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1802# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1803# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1804# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1805
1806# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1807# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1808# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1809# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1810# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1811# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1812# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1813# But [two people] separately reported via
1814# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1815# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1816#
1817# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1818# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1819# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1820# to the Winter Time).
1821#
1822# News (in Russian):
1823# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1824# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1825#
1826# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1827# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1828#
1829# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1830# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1831# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1832#
1833# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1834#
1835# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1836# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1837# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1838# decision to abolish DST this winter.
1839# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1840# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1841# News from Moldova (in russian):
1842# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1843
1844# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1845# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1846# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1847# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1848# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
1849# http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1850# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1851# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1852
1853# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1854Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
1855Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
1856
1857# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1858Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
1859			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1860			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1861			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
1862			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
1863			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
1864			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
1865			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
1866			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
1867# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1868			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
1869
1870# Monaco
1871# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1872# more precise 0:09:21.
1873# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1874Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
1875			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1876			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
1877			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1878			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1879
1880# Montenegro
1881# See Europe/Belgrade.
1882
1883# Netherlands
1884
1885# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1886# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1887
1888# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1889# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1890# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1891# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1892# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1893# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1894# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1895# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1896# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1897#
1898# (2001-04-08):
1899# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1900# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1901# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1902#
1903# (2001-04-09):
1904# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1905# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1906# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1907# actually followed.
1908#
1909# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1910# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1911# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1912# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1913# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1914#
1915# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1916# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1917# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1918# Amsterdam mean time.
1919
1920# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1921# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1922
1923# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1924Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
1925Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
1926Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
1927Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
1928Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1929Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
1930Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1931Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
1932Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1933Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1934Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1935# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1936# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1937Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1938Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1939Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1940Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1941Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1942Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
1943Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1944Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1945Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
1946#
1947# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1948# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1949# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1950Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
1951			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
1952			0:20	Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
1953			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1954			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
1955			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1956
1957# Norway
1958# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1959# Pottenger.
1960# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1961Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
1962Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
1963Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1964Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
1965Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
1966Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
1967Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
1968# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1969Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
1970			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
1971			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1972			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
1973			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1974
1975# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1976
1977# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1978# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1979# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1980# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
1981# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1982# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1983# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1984# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
1985# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1986# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1987# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1988# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1989# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1990# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1991# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1992# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1993# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1994# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1995
1996# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1997#
1998# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1999# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2000# keeping Berlin time.
2001#
2002# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2003# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2004# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2005# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
2006# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
2007# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2008# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2009#
2010# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2011# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2012# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
2013# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2014# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
2015# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2016# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2017# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2018# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2019#
2020# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2021# for these regions.
2022Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
2023
2024# Poland
2025
2026# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2027# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2028
2029# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2030Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
2031Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
2032Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
2033# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2034Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
2035# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2036Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
2037Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
2038# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2039# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2040# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2041# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2042# He also gives these further references:
2043# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2044# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2045Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
2046Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
2047Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
2048Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
2049Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
2050Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
2051Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
2052Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
2053Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
2054Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
2055Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
2056Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
2057Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
2058Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
2059# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2060Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
2061			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2062			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
2063			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
2064			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
2065			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
2066			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
2067			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
2068			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2069
2070# Portugal
2071#
2072# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2073# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2074# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2075# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2076# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2077# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2078# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2079#
2080# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2081# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2082# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2083#
2084# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2085# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2086# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2087#
2088# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2089# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2090# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
2091# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2092# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2093# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2094# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2095#
2096# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2097# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2098# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2099# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2100Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
2101# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2102Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
2103Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2104Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
2105Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
2106Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2107Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
2108Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2109Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
2110Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
2111Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
2112Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2113Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
2114Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
2115Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
2116Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
2117# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2118Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2119Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
2120Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
2121# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2122Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2123# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2124Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
2125Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
2126# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2127Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
2128Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
2129Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
2130# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2131Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
2132Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
2133# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2134Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
2135Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
2136Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
2137Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
2138Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
2139Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
2140Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
2141Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
2142Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
2143Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
2144Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2145Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2146Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2147# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2148# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2149Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2150Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2151Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
2152Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
2153Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
2154Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
2155Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
2156Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2157Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
2158Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
2159#
2160# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2161Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
2162			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2163			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
2164			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
2165			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2166			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2167			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
2168			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2169# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2170Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
2171			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1 # Horta Mean Time
2172			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2173			-2:00	Port	+00	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2174			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2175			-2:00	Port	+00	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2176			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2177			-2:00	Port	+00	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2178			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2179			-2:00	Port	+00	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2180			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1966 Apr  3  2:00
2181			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2182			-1:00	W-Eur	-01/+00	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2183			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
2184			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
2185# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2186Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
2187			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1 # Funchal Mean Time
2188			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2189			-1:00	Port	+01	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2190			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2191			-1:00	Port	+01	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2192			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2193			-1:00	Port	+01	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2194			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2195			-1:00	Port	+01	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2196			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1966 Apr  3  2:00
2197			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2198			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2199
2200# Romania
2201#
2202# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2203# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2204# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2205# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
2206# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2207# the same year as Bulgaria.
2208#
2209# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2210Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
2211Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
2212Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
2213Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
2214Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
2215Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
2216Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
2217Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2218Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
2219# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2220Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
2221			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2222			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
2223			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
2224			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
2225			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
2226			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2227
2228
2229# Russia
2230
2231# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2232# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2233# (Government document
2234# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2235# in Russian)
2236# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2237# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2238# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2239# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2240
2241# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2242# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2243# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2244# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2245
2246# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2247# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2248# changed in September 2011:
2249#
2250# One source is
2251# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2252# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2253# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2254#
2255# Another source is
2256# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2257# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2258# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2259# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2260# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2261# does not contain any "effective date" information.
2262#
2263# Another source is
2264# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2265# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2266# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2267# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2268#
2269# The Wikipedia article refers to
2270# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2271# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2272#
2273# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2274# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2275# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2276# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2277# Conradi notes).
2278#
2279# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2280#
2281# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2282
2283# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2284# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2285# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2286# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2287# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
2288# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2289# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2290# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2291# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2292# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2293# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2294#
2295# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2296# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2297# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2298# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2299# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2300# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2301# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2302
2303# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2304# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2305# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2306# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2307# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2308#
2309# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2310# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2311# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2312# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2313# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2314#
2315# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2316# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2317# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2318# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2319# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2320#
2321# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2322# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2323# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2324# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2325#
2326# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2327# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2328# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
2329# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2330# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2331# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2332#
2333# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2334# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2335# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
2336# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2337# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2338# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
2339# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2340# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2341
2342# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2343# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2344# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2345# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2346# listing.  The region codes listed come from
2347# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2348# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2349# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2350# divisions where available.
2351
2352# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2353
2354
2355# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2356# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2357# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
2358
2359# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2360# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2361
2362# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2363# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2364# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2365# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2366# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2367# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2368# ...
2369# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2370# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2371# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2372# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2373
2374Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
2375			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
2376			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
2377			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2378			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2379			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2380			 2:00	-	EET
2381
2382
2383# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2384# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2385# Europe/Moscow covers...
2386# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
2387# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
2388# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
2389# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2390# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
2391# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2392# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
2393# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
2394# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
2395# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
2396# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2397# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
2398# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
2399# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
2400# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
2401# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
2402# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
2403# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
2404# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
2405# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
2406# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
2407# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
2408# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
2409# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
2410# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
2411# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
2412# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
2413# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
2414# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
2415# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
2416# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2417# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
2418# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
2419# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
2420# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
2421# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
2422# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
2423# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
2424# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
2425# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
2426# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
2427# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
2428# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
2429# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
2430# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2431
2432# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2433# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
2434# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2435# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2436# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2437# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2438# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2439# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2440# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2441
2442# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2443# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2444# Wikipedia refers to
2445# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2446# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2447#
2448# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2449# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2450# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
2451# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2452# time belt changes map).
2453#
2454# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2455# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2456# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2457# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2458# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
2459# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2460# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2461# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
2462# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2463# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2464# is also provided.
2465#
2466# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2467# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2468# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
2469# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2470# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2471# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2472# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2473# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2474# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
2475# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2476# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2477# time.
2478#
2479# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2480# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2481# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
2482# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2483# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
2484#
2485# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2486# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2487#
2488# 12. Udmurtia
2489# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2490# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2491# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2492# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2493# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2494# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2495#
2496# ...
2497#
2498# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2499# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2500# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2501#
2502# There were some exceptions, though.
2503# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2504# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2505# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2506# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2507#
2508# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2509# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2510# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2511# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2512# http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2513# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2514# 2 days before the switch.
2515#
2516#
2517# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2518# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2519# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
2520# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2521# time in Moscow.
2522
2523# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2524# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2525# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2526# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2527# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2528# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2529# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
2530# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2531# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2532# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2533# 2:31:19 ...
2534#
2535# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2536# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2537# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2538# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2539# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2540
2541Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
2542			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
2543			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2544			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
2545			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
2546			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2547			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2548			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2549			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2550			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2551			 3:00	-	MSK
2552
2553
2554# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2555# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2556
2557Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
2558			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
2559			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2560			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
2561			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
2562			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
2563			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
2564			 2:00	-	EET	1992
2565# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2566#
2567# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2568# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2569# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2570# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2571# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2572# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
2573# changed in May.
2574			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
2575# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2576			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
2577			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
2578# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2579# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2580			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
2581			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
2582# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2583# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2584# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2585# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2586# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2587# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2588# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2589			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
2590			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2591			 3:00	-	MSK
2592
2593
2594# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2595# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2596# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
2597#
2598# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2599
2600# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2601# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2602# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2603# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2604# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2605# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2606
2607Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
2608			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2609			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2610			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2611			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2612			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2613			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2614			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2615			 4:00	-	+04
2616
2617# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2618# Europe/Volgograd covers:
2619# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
2620# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2621
2622Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
2623			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2624			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
2625			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
2626			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2627			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2628			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2629			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2630			 3:00	-	+03
2631
2632# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2633# Europe/Saratov covers:
2634# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
2635
2636# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2637# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2638# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2639# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2640# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2641# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2642
2643Zone Europe/Saratov	 3:04:18 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2644			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2645			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
2646			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2647			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2648			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2649			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2650			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Dec  4  2:00s
2651			 4:00	-	+04
2652
2653# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2654# Europe/Kirov covers:
2655# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
2656# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2657#
2658Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2659			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2660			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2661			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2662			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2663			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2664			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2665			 3:00	-	+03
2666
2667# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2668# Europe/Samara covers...
2669# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
2670# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
2671
2672# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2673# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2674# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2675
2676Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2677			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2678			 4:00	-	+04	1935 Jan 27
2679			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2680			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2681			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
2682			 3:00	-	+03	1991 Oct 20  3:00
2683			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2684			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2685			 4:00	-	+04
2686
2687# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2688# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2689# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
2690
2691# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2692
2693# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2694# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2695# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2696# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2697# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2698# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2699
2700Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2701			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
2702			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2703			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2704			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2705			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2706			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2707			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2708			 4:00	-	+04
2709
2710# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2711# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2712# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
2713# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
2714# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
2715# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
2716# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
2717# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
2718# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
2719# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2720# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2721#
2722# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2723# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2724
2725# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2726# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2727# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2728# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2729
2730Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
2731			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
2732			 4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
2733			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2734			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2735			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2736			 6:00	-	+06	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2737			 5:00	-	+05
2738
2739
2740# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2741# Asia/Omsk covers...
2742# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
2743
2744# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2745
2746Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
2747			 5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
2748			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2749			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2750			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2751			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2752			 6:00	-	+06
2753
2754# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2755# Asia/Barnaul covers:
2756# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
2757# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
2758
2759# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2760
2761# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2762# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2763# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2764# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2765# 1995-05-28.
2766#
2767# http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2768# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2769# before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2770# after 1957: UTC+7
2771# since 1995: UTC+6
2772# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2773# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2774
2775# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2776# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2777# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2778# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2779# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2780# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2781# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2782# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2783
2784Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
2785			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2786			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2787			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2788			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
2789			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2790			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2791			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2792			 7:00	-	+07
2793
2794# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2795# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2796# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
2797
2798# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2799# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2800# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2801# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2802# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2803# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2804
2805Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
2806			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2807			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2808			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2809			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2810			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2811			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2812			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
2813			 7:00	-	+07
2814
2815# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2816# Asia/Tomsk covers:
2817# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
2818
2819# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2820# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2821
2822# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2823# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2824
2825# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2826# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2827# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2828# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2829# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2830# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2831# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2832# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2833# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2834
2835# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2836# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2837# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
2838# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2839# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2840# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2841# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2842# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2843# recent changes).
2844#
2845# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2846# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2847# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2848# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2849# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2850# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2851# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2852# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2853
2854# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2855# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2856
2857Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
2858			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2859			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2860			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2861			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
2862			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2863			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2864			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
2865			 7:00	-	+07
2866
2867
2868# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2869# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2870# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
2871
2872# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2873# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2874# March 28, 2010:
2875# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2876# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2877#
2878# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2879# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2880# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2881#
2882# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2883# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2884# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2885# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2886# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2887#
2888# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2889# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2890
2891# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2892# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2893# realigning itself with KRAT.
2894
2895Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
2896			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2897			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2898			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2899			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2900			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2901			 7:00	-	+07
2902
2903# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2904# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2905# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
2906# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
2907# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
2908#
2909# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2910# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2911
2912# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2913
2914Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
2915			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
2916			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2917			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2918			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2919			 8:00	-	+08	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2920			 7:00	-	+07
2921
2922
2923# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2924# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2925# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
2926# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
2927#
2928# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2929# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2930
2931# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2932# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2933# Go with Byalokoz.
2934
2935Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
2936			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2937			 7:00	-	+07	1930 Jun 21
2938			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2939			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2940			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2941			 9:00	-	+09	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2942			 8:00	-	+08
2943
2944
2945# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2946# Asia/Chita covers...
2947# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
2948#
2949# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2950# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2951
2952# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2953# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2954# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
2955# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2956# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2957
2958Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2959			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
2960			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2961			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2962			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2963			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2964			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Mar 27  2:00
2965			 9:00	-	+09
2966
2967
2968# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2969# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2970# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
2971#
2972# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2973# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
2974# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
2975# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
2976# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
2977# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
2978# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
2979# 14-11	****	Gorny District
2980# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
2981# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
2982# 14-14	****	Lensky District
2983# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
2984# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
2985# 14-18	****	Namsky District
2986# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
2987# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
2988# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
2989# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
2990# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
2991# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
2992# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
2993# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
2994# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
2995# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2996
2997# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2998# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2999# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3000# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3001
3002# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3003
3004Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
3005			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
3006			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3007			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3008			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3009			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3010			 9:00	-	+09
3011
3012
3013# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3014# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3015# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
3016# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
3017# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3018#
3019# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3020# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
3021# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
3022
3023# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3024# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3025# Go with Byalokoz.
3026
3027Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
3028			 9:00	-	+09	1930 Jun 21
3029			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3030			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3031			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3032			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3033			10:00	-	+10
3034
3035
3036# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3037# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3038# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
3039# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
3040
3041# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3042# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3043# in 2011.
3044
3045# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3046# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3047# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3048# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3049
3050Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
3051			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
3052			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3053			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3054			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2004
3055			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3056			11:00	-	+11	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
3057			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3058			 9:00	-	+09
3059
3060
3061# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3062# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3063# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
3064# ...with the exception of:
3065# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3066
3067# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3068# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3069# (2016-03-09):
3070# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3071
3072# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3073Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
3074			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 25
3075			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
3076			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3077			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
3078			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3079			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3080			10:00	-	+10	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
3081			11:00	-	+11
3082
3083
3084# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3085# Asia/Magadan covers...
3086# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
3087
3088# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3089# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3090# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3091# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3092# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
3093# need their own zone.
3094
3095# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3096# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3097# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3098#
3099# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3100# ... signed by the President today ...
3101# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3102
3103Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
3104			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3105			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3106			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3107			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3108			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3109			10:00	-	+10	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
3110			11:00	-	+11
3111
3112
3113# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3114# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3115# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
3116# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
3117# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
3118# 14-17	****	Momsky District
3119# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
3120# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
3121#
3122# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3123# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3124
3125# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3126# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3127# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3128# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3129# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3130# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3131
3132# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3133# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3134# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3135# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3136#
3137# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3138# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
3139# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3140# each!  (Yikes!)
3141# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3142# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3143# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3144#
3145# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3146# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3147# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3148# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
3149# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3150# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3151# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3152# Go with Srednekolymsk.
3153
3154Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
3155			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21
3156			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3157			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3158			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3159			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3160			11:00	-	+11
3161
3162
3163# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3164# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3165# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
3166
3167# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3168# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3169# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3170#
3171# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3172# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3173# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3174# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3175# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3176
3177Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
3178			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
3179			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1981 Apr  1
3180			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3181			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3182			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3183			12:00	-	+12	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
3184			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3185			10:00	-	+10
3186
3187
3188# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3189# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3190# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
3191#
3192# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3193# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3194
3195# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3196# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3197Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
3198			11:00	-	+11	1930 Jun 21
3199			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3200			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3201			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
3202			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3203			12:00	-	+12
3204
3205
3206# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3207# Asia/Anadyr covers...
3208# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3209
3210Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
3211			12:00	-	+12	1930 Jun 21
3212			13:00	Russia	+13/+14	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
3213			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3214			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3215			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
3216			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3217			12:00	-	+12
3218
3219
3220# San Marino
3221# See Europe/Rome.
3222
3223# Serbia
3224# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3225Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
3226			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
3227			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
3228			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
3229			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
3230# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3231# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3232# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3233			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
3234			1:00	EU	CE%sT
3235Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
3236Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
3237Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
3238Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
3239Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
3240
3241# Slovakia
3242Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3243
3244# Slovenia
3245# See Europe/Belgrade.
3246
3247# Spain
3248#
3249# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3250#
3251# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3252# Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3253# Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3254# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3255# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3256# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3257#
3258# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3259# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3260# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3261# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3262# the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
3263# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3264# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3265
3266# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3267# The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3268# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3269# says in its article 5 (my translation):
3270# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3271# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3272# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3273
3274# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3275Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
3276Rule	Spain	1918	1919	-	Oct	 6	24:00s	0	-
3277Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 6	23:00	1:00	S
3278Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00	1:00	S
3279Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00s	0	-
3280Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
3281Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
3282Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
3283Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	S
3284Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
3285# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3286Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Jun	16	23:00	1:00	S
3287Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00s	0	-
3288Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
3289Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	2:00	M
3290Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00	1:00	S
3291# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3292#
3293# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3294# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3295# 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3296# change during that period.
3297#
3298# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3299#Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
3300Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Oct	 7	24:00s	0	-
3301Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	23:00	1:00	S
3302Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	 1:00	0	-
3303Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
3304Rule	Spain	1943	1944	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
3305Rule	Spain	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
3306Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
3307Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Oct	 2	 1:00	0	-
3308Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=12	23:00	1:00	S
3309Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
3310Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
3311Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
3312Rule	Spain	1977	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
3313Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
3314Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
3315# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3316#Rule NatSpain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00	1:00	S
3317#Rule NatSpain	1937	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
3318#Rule NatSpain	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00	1:00	S
3319# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3320Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
3321Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
3322Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
3323Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
3324Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
3325Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
3326Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
3327Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
3328Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
3329# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3330Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3331			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1940 Mar 16 23:00
3332			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
3333			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
3334Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3335			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
3336			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
3337			 0:00	-	WET	1924
3338			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
3339			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
3340			 1:00	-	CET	1986
3341			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
3342Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3343			-1:00	-	-01	1946 Sep 30  1:00
3344			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
3345			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
3346			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
3347# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3348# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3349
3350# Sweden
3351
3352# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3353#
3354# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3355# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3356# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3357# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3358# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3359#
3360# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3361# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
3362# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3363#
3364# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3365# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3366# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3367# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3368# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3369# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3370# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3371# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3372#
3373# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3374# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3375# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3376# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3377#
3378# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3379# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3380# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3381# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3382# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3383# the Sök-button).
3384#
3385# (2001-05-13):
3386#
3387# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3388# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3389# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
3390# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3391# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3392# hour before the event took place.
3393#
3394# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3395
3396# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3397Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
3398			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
3399			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
3400			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
3401			1:00	-	CET	1980
3402			1:00	EU	CE%sT
3403
3404# Switzerland
3405# From Howse:
3406# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3407# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
3408# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3409# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3410# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3411# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
3412# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
3413# From Shanks & Pottenger:
3414# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
3415# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
3416
3417# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3418# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3419#
3420# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3421# to be wrong. This is now verified.
3422#
3423# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3424# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3425# federal law collection)...
3426#
3427# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3428# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3429#
3430# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3431# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3432#
3433# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3434# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3435# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3436# other years are made.
3437#
3438# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3439# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3440# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3441# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3442#
3443# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3444# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3445# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3446# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3447#
3448# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3449# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
3450# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
3451#
3452# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3453#
3454# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3455# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3456# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3457# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3458# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3459# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3460#
3461# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3462# The Federal regulations say
3463# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3464# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3465# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3466
3467# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3468# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3469# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3470# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3471# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3472# hour before the beginning of service.
3473
3474# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3475# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3476#
3477# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3478# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
3479#
3480#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3481#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3482#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3483#
3484# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3485# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
3486# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3487# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3488# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3489# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3490# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3491# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3492# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
3493# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3494# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3495
3496# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3497Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
3498Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
3499# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3500Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3501			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
3502			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
3503			1:00	EU	CE%sT
3504
3505# Turkey
3506
3507# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3508# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3509#    no exceptions.
3510# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3511# Here are official papers:
3512# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
3513# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
3514# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
3515# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
3516# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3517# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3518# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
3519# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3520# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3521# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
3522# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
3523# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3524# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3525
3526# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3527# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3528# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3529# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3530# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3531# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3532# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3533# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3534# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3535
3536# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3537# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3538# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3539# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3540# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3541# Turkish:
3542# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3543
3544# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3545# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3546# Turkish Local election....
3547# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3548# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3549# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3550# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3551# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3552# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3553# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3554# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3555# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
3556# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3557# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3558# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3559
3560# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3561# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3562# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3563# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3564#
3565# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3566# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3567# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3568# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3569# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3570
3571# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3572# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3573# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3574#
3575# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3576# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3577# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3578
3579# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3580Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3581Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3582Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
3583Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
3584Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
3585Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
3586Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
3587Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3588# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3589# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3590Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
3591Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3592Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3593Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
3594Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
3595Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3596Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
3597Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3598# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3599# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3600Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
3601Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
3602Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3603Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3604Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3605Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
3606Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
3607Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
3608Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
3609Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
3610Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3611Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
3612Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3613Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
3614Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3615Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
3616Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
3617Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
3618Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
3619Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
3620Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
3621Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
3622Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
3623Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3624Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
3625Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
3626Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
3627Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
3628Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
3629Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
3630Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
3631Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
3632Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
3633Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
3634Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
3635Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
3636Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
3637Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
3638# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3639Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
3640			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3641			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
3642			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1985 Apr 20
3643			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
3644			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
3645			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
3646			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
3647			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
3648			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
3649			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
3650			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2016 Sep  7
3651			3:00	-	+03
3652Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
3653
3654# Ukraine
3655#
3656# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3657# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3658# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3659# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3660# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3661# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3662# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3663
3664# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3665# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3666# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3667#
3668# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3669# approval from 266 deputies.
3670#
3671# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3672# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3673#
3674# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3675# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3676#
3677# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3678# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3679#
3680# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3681# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3682# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3683# time this year after all.
3684#
3685# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3686# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3687# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3688# to Russia) was reverted today:
3689# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3690#
3691# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3692# The law documents themselves are at
3693# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3694
3695# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3696# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3697#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
3698#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3699# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3700# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3701#
3702# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3703# "summer time" was still in action):
3704#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3705# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3706# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3707#
3708# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3709#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3710#
3711# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3712#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
3713# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3714# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3715# This is an answer.
3716#
3717# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3718#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
3719#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
3720# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3721# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3722
3723# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3724# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3725# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3726# "Kiev" is more common in English.
3727Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
3728			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
3729			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
3730			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
3731			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
3732			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
3733			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
3734			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3735			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3736# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3737# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3738# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3739Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
3740			1:00	-	CET	1940
3741			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
3742			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
3743			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
3744			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
3745			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
3746			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
3747			2:00	-	EET	1992
3748			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3749			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3750# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3751# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3752# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
3753# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3754# portable Posix file names.
3755Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
3756			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
3757			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
3758			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
3759			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
3760			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
3761			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3762			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3763
3764# Vatican City
3765# See Europe/Rome.
3766
3767###############################################################################
3768
3769# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3770# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3771# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3772#
3773# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3774# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3775# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3776# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
3777# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3778# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3779
3780# ...
3781# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3782# From: Tom Hofmann
3783# ...
3784#
3785# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3786# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
3787# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3788# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
3789# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3790# years...
3791# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3792# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3793# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3794# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3795#
3796# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3797# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3798#
3799# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3800# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3801# ...
3802
3803# ...
3804# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3805# From: Dik T. Winter
3806# ...
3807#
3808# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3809# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3810# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
3811#
3812# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3813# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3814# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3815# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
3816# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3817# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3818# dates...
3819#
3820# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3821# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3822# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3823# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3824# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
3825# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3826# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3827# in advance of normal time.
3828#
3829# ...
3830# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3831# ...
3832
3833# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3834# ...
3835# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3836# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
3837# ...
3838# Monaco: has same DST as France.
3839# ...
3840