1# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific 2 3# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 4# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 5 6# This file also includes Pacific islands. 7 8# Notes are at the end of this file 9 10############################################################################### 11 12# Australia 13 14# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 15 16# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D 18Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S 19Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D 20Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S 21Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D 22Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S 23Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D 24# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which 25# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that 26# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. 27 28# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 29# Northern Territory 30Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 31 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 32 9:30 Aus AC%sT 33# Western Australia 34# 35# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 36Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 37Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 38Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 39Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 40Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D 41Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 42Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D 43Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 44Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 45Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 46 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul 47 8:00 AW AW%sT 48Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 49 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul 50 8:45 AW +0845/+0945 51 52# Queensland 53# 54# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 55# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 56# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 57# Queensland ceased to. 58# 59# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 60# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 61# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 62# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 63# so use Lindeman. 64# 65# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20): 66# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday 67# islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the 68# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and 69# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone 70# applies to all of the Whitsundays. 71# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands 72# 73# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 74Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 75Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 76Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 77Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 78Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 79Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 80Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 81 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 82 10:00 AQ AE%sT 83Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 84 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 85 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul 86 10:00 Holiday AE%sT 87 88# South Australia 89# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 90Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 91Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 92Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 93Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 94Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 95Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 96Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S 97Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S 98Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S 99Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S 100Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 101Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S 102Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 103Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 104Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 105# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 106Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 107 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 108 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 109 9:30 AS AC%sT 110 111# Tasmania 112# 113# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 114# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 115# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 116# 117# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 118Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 119Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 120Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 121Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S 122Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 123Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 124Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 125Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 126Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 127Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 128Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D 129Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 130Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 131Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 132Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 133Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 134Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 135Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 136Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 137# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 138Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 139 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 140 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 141 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 142 10:00 AT AE%sT 143Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep 144 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 145 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 146 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul 147 10:00 AT AE%sT 148 149# Victoria 150# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 151Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 152Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 153Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 154Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 155Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 156Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 157Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 158Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 159Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 160Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 161Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 162Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 163Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 164Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 165# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 166Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 167 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 168 10:00 AV AE%sT 169 170# New South Wales 171# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 172Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 173Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 174Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 175Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 176Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 177Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 178Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 179Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 180Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 181Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 182Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 183Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 184Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 185Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 186Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 187Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 188# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 189Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 190 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 191 10:00 AN AE%sT 192Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 193 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23 194 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 195 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 196 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000 197 9:30 AS AC%sT 198 199# Lord Howe Island 200# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 201Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 202Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 203Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 204Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 205Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 206Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 207Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 208Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 209Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 210Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 211Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 212Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 213Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 214Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 215Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 216 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar 217 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul 218 10:30 LH +1030/+11 219 220# Australian miscellany 221# 222# Ashmore Is, Cartier 223# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 224# no times are set 225# 226# Coral Sea Is 227# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 228# no times are set 229# 230# Macquarie 231# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948; 232# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the 233# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island 234# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828 235# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831 236# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010. 237# 238# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): 239# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: 240# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not 241# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do 242# on 4 April. 243# 244# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23): 245# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics 246# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type; 247# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by 248# pre-2013 versions of localtime. 249Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov 250 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 251 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 252 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s 253 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25 254 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 255 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00 256 11:00 - +11 257 258# Christmas 259# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 260Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 261 7:00 - +07 262 263# Cocos (Keeling) Is 264# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. 265# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. 266# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 267Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 268 6:30 - +0630 269 270 271# Fiji 272 273# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva. 274 275# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): 276# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST 277# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. 278# 279# "Daylight savings to commence this month" 280# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 281# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html 282 283# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): 284# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved 285# amendments: 286# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml 287 288# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): 289# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on 290# 2010-03-28 at 03:00. 291# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March 292# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). 293# 294# Official source: 295# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 296# 297# A bit more background info here: 298# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html 299 300# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): 301# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 302# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... 303# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, 304# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: 305# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 306# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html 307 308# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03): 309# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date 310# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong). 311# 312# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 313# which says 314# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in 315# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to 316# 2am on February 26 next year. 317 318# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24) 319# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for 320# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22. 321# 322# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 323# states: 324# 325# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012 326# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012. 327# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start 328# on the 23rd of October, 2011. 329 330# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen: 331# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate 332# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st 333# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013. 334# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155 335 336# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler: 337# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ... 338# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am 339# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx 340 341# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10): 342# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00: 343# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx 344 345# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20): 346# DST will start Nov. 2 this year. 347# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx 348 349# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77 350# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28), 351# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02): 352# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time 353# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at 354# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016. 355 356# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04): 357# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx 358# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when 359# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will 360# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017." 361 362# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21): 363# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing 364# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27), 365# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate. 366 367# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13): 368# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/ 369# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019. 370 371# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06): 372# Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27 373# (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on 374# Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020." 375# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00 376# the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly 377# depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches 378# transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice 379# than guessing no DST. 380# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06): 381# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848 382 383# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 384Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 385Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 386Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 - 387Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - 388Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 - 389Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - 390Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 - 391Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 - 392Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 393Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 - 394Rule Fiji 2019 max - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 - 395# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 396Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 397 12:00 Fiji +12/+13 398 399# French Polynesia 400# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 401Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea 402 -9:00 - -09 403Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 404 -9:30 - -0930 405Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete 406 -10:00 - -10 407# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 408# it is uninhabited. 409 410# Guam 411 412# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 413# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf 414# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf 415Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D 416# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf 417Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S 418# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 419Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D 420# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 421Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S 422# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 423Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D 424Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S 425# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 426# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 427# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 428Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 429Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 430# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf 431Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D 432# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf 433Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S 434# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 435Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D 436# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf 437Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S 438# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 439Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D 440# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf 441Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S 442 443# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 444Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 445 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 446 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam 447 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31 448 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 449 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 450Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is 451 452# Kiribati 453# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 454Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 455 12:00 - +12 456Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 457 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct 458 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31 459 13:00 - +13 460Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 461 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct 462 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31 463 14:00 - +14 464 465# N Mariana Is 466# See Pacific/Guam. 467 468# Marshall Is 469# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 470Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 471 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 472 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 473 11:00 - +11 1937 474 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 475 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30 476 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 477 12:00 - +12 478Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 479 11:00 - +11 1937 480 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 481 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6 482 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 483 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00 484 12:00 - +12 485 486# Micronesia 487# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 488Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 489 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 490 10:00 - +10 1914 Oct 491 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 492 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 493 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 494 10:00 - +10 495Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia 496 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 497 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 498 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 499 11:00 - +11 1937 500 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 501 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 502 11:00 - +11 503Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 504 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 505 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 506 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 507 11:00 - +11 1937 508 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 509 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 510 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 511 12:00 - +12 1999 512 11:00 - +11 513 514# Nauru 515# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 516Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 517 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29 518 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8 519 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00 520 12:00 - +12 521 522# New Caledonia 523# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 524Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 - 525Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 526Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 - 527# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 528Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 529# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 530Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa 531 11:00 NC +11/+12 532 533 534############################################################################### 535 536# New Zealand 537 538# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 539Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 540Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 541Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 542Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 543Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 544Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 545Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 546# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a 547# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this 548# transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change 549# time to percolate out. 550Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 551Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 552Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 553Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 - 554Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 555Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 556Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 557Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 558Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 559Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 - 560Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 561Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 562Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 563Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 - 564Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 565Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 566Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 567Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 568# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 569Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 570 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 571 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 572Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 573 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1 574 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345 575 576Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo 577 578# Auckland Is 579# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 580# and scientific personnel have wintered 581 582# Campbell I 583# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 584# scientific station operated 1941/1995; 585# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 586# was probably like Pacific/Auckland 587 588# Cook Is 589# From Shanks & Pottenger: 590# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 591Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 - 592Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 593Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 - 594# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 595Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua 596 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12 597 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930 598 599############################################################################### 600 601 602# Niue 603# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 604Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi 605 -11:20 - -1120 1951 606 -11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1 607 -11:00 - -11 608 609# Norfolk 610# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 611Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 612 11:12 - +1112 1951 613 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00s 614 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00s 615 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00s 616 11:00 - +11 2019 Jul 617 11:00 AN +11/+12 618 619# Palau (Belau) 620# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 621Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror 622 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 623 9:00 - +09 624 625# Papua New Guinea 626# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 627Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 628 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 629 10:00 - +10 630# 631# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13): 632# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have 633# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War. 634# 635# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates 636# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns. 637# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta. 638# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942, 639# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia 640# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm 641# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender. 642# 643# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11 644# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time". 645# See: 646# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/ 647# 648Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880 649 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 650 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul 651 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21 652 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00 653 11:00 - +11 654 655# Pitcairn 656# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 657Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 658 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00 659 -8:00 - -08 660 661# American Samoa 662Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 663 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 664 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 665Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands 666 667# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa) 668 669# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): 670# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received 671# the following info: 672# 673# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year 674# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first 675# Sunday of April 2011." 676# 677# Background info: 678# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html 679# 680# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not 681# contain any dates: 682# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf 683 684# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): 685# Please see 686# http://www.mcil.gov.ws 687# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday 688# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight 689# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks 690# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" 691 692# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07): 693# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf] 694# 695# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am 696# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to 697# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock 698# (3:00am or 0300Hrs). 699 700# From David Zülke (2011-05-09): 701# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line 702# 703# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963 704 705# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27): 706# The International Date Line Act 2011 707# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf 708# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on 709# Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted 710# accordingly. 711 712# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02): 713# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 714# 715# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change 716# 717# DST 718# Year End Time Start Time 719# 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am 720# 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - - 721# 722# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011 723# Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours 724# Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours 725# 726# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10): 727# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and 728# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.... 729# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 730# 731# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): 732# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4. 733# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely. 734 735# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 736Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 - 737Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 - 738Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 - 739Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 - 740Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 - 741# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 742Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 743 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 744 -11:30 - -1130 1950 745 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00 746 13:00 WS +13/+14 747 748# Solomon Is 749# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 750# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 751Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 752 11:00 - +11 753 754# Tokelau 755# 756# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29) 757# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping 758# December 31 this year ... 759# 760# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25) 761# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking 762# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13.... 763# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change 764# actually was to UT-11 back then. 765# 766# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25) 767# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of 768# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948, 769# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau 770# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger 771# are off by an hour starting in 1901. 772 773# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 774Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 775 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30 776 13:00 - +13 777 778# Tonga 779# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 780Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 - 781Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 782Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 783Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 784Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 785Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 - 786# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 787Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 788 12:20 - +1220 1941 789 13:00 - +13 1999 790 13:00 Tonga +13/+14 791 792# Tuvalu 793# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 794Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 795 12:00 - +12 796 797 798# US minor outlying islands 799 800# Howland, Baker 801# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 802# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 803# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 804# uninhabited thereafter. 805# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937; 806# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 807# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 808# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 809# until they were abandoned after the war. 810 811# Jarvis 812# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 813# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 814# uninhabited thereafter. 815# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 816 817# Johnston 818# 819# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10): 820# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind. 821# Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so 822# treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited, 823# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file. 824# 825# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945 826# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes, 827# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM 828# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and 829# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945. 830# 831# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11): 832# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used 833# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships, 834# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the 835# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last 836# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin, 837# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the 838# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976. 839# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf 840# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a 841# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time 842# Minus One Hour". 843 844# Kingman 845# uninhabited 846 847# Midway 848# See Pacific/Pago_Pago. 849 850# Palmyra 851# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 852 853# Wake 854# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 855Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 856 12:00 - +12 857 858 859# Vanuatu 860# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 861Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 - 862Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 863Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 - 864Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 - 865Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 866Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 - 867# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 868Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 869 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12 870 871# Wallis and Futuna 872# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 873Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 874 12:00 - +12 875 876############################################################################### 877 878# NOTES 879 880# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 881# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 882# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see 883# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. 884 885# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 886# 887# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: 888# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 889# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 890# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. 891# 892# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source 893# for time zone data was the International Air Transport 894# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 895# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 896# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, 897# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 898# 899# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 900# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 901# I found in the UCLA library. 902# 903# For data circa 1899, a common source is: 904# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94. 905# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359 906# 907# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 908# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 909# 910# I invented the abbreviation marked "*". 911# The following abbreviations are from other sources. 912# Corrections are welcome! 913# std dst 914# LMT Local Mean Time 915# 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia 916# 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia 917# 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia 918# 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000 919# 10:00 ChST Chamorro 920# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 921# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 922# -11:00 SST Samoa 923# -10:00 HST Hawaii 924# 925# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii. 926# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is. 927 928############################################################################### 929 930# Australia 931 932# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 933# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting 934# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global. 935# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving 936# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native 937# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was 938# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a 939# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded 940# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables 941# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals." 942# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03) 943# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm 944 945# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 946# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 947# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 948# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 949 950# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 951# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 952# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving 953# covers New South Wales in particular. 954 955# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 956# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time. 957# It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer' 958# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 959# abbreviation does _not_ change... 960# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 961# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 962# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 963# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight 964# time'. 965# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 966# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time' 967# or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 968# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 969# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 970# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times; 971# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 972 973# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 974# 975# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this 976# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer 977# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST". 978# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common 979# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints 980# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage. 981# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important; 982# what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web 983# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for 984# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an 985# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the 986# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries: 987# 988# 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits] 989# 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au 990# 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au 991# 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au 992# 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au 993# 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au 994# 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits] 995# 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits] 996# 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au 997# 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au 998# 999# 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1000# 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au 1001# 1002# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but 1003# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages 1004# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since 1005# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found: 1006# 1007# 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au 1008# 226 "western standard time" WST site:au 1009# 1010# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as 1011# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au" 1012# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results. 1013# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers 1014# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, 1015# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser, 1016# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle). 1017# 1018# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations 1019# like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/> 1020# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style 1021# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't 1022# fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations 1023# like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather 1024# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column 1025# (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not 1026# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..." 1027# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and 1028# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel 1029# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two 1030# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political 1031# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party." 1032# 1033# I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree: 1034# 1035# The Australian Government (2014-03-26) 1036# http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time 1037# (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.) 1038# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1039# 1040# Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08) 1041# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml 1042# EST CST WST EDT CDT 1043# 1044# Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated) 1045# http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml 1046# EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST) 1047# 1048# Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24) 1049# http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp 1050# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1051# 1052# Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10) 1053# https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf 1054# EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used 1055# 1056# The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports, 1057# and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like. 1058# Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits: 1059# 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT". 1060# "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to 1061# appear in reports of events with international implications. 1062# 1063# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in 1064# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although 1065# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in 1066# the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it 1067# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all 1068# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments, 1069# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current 1070# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and 1071# "AEDT" for Australian time zones. 1072 1073# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 1074# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1075# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 1076# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 1077# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 1078# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time. 1079# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 1080 1081# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 1082# 1083# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 1084# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 1085# relevant entries in this database. 1086# 1087# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 1088# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 1089# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html 1090# ACT 1091# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 1092# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html 1093# SA 1094# Standard Time Act, 1898 1095# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html 1096 1097# From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 1098# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 1099# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 1100# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 1101# in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 1102# 1103# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 1104# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 1105# to extend DST together in 2006. 1106# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 1107# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 1108# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 1109# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 1110# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 1111# allude to it. 1112# But not Queensland 1113# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html 1114 1115# Northern Territory 1116 1117# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1118# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 1119# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1120# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 1121# ... 1122# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 1123 1124# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1125# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1126# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 1127 1128# Western Australia 1129 1130# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1131# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 1132# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1133# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 1134# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 1135# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 1136# # before reaching parliament. 1137# ... 1138# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 1139# ... 1140# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1141# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1142# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1143# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1144 1145# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1146# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1147# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 1148 1149# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 1150# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 1151# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 1152# work at 9.00am.) 1153# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 1154# everybody again. 1155 1156# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1157# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 1158# it matches what was used in the past. 1159 1160# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 1161# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm 1162# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 1163# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 1164 1165# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01): 1166# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the 1167# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1, 1168# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption 1169# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing 1170# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See: 1171# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01. 1172# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/ 1173 1174# Queensland 1175 1176# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26): 1177# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST: 1178# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland. 1179# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403 1180# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS 1181 1182# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1183# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 1184# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1185# ... 1186# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 1187# ... 1188# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1189# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 1190# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1191# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 1192 1193# From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 1194# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 1195# October 1989). 1196 1197# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1198# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1199# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1200# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1201 1202# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 1203# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 1204# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 1205# me.) 1206 1207# From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 1208# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 1209# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 1210# ... 1211# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1212# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1213# ... 1214 1215# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1216# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 1217 1218# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 1219# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 1220# WA are trialing DST for three years. 1221# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf 1222 1223# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 1224# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 1225# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 1226# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 1227# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 1228# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 1229# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 1230# Australia and Western Australia.... 1231# 1232# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 1233# This is confirmed by the section entitled 1234# "What's the deal with time zones???" in 1235# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html 1236# 1237# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 1238# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 1239# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 1240# coast of the continent. 1241# 1242# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 1243# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 1244# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 1245# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 1246# the largest population centre in this zone.... 1247# 1248# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 1249# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 1250# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 1251# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 1252# 1253# (2006-12-09): 1254# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 1255# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 1256# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 1257# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 1258# 1259# From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08): 1260# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000 1261# ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries... 1262# "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny 1263# roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village." 1264# ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence 1265# since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ... 1266# From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17): 1267# That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says: 1268# Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your 1269# phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which 1270# way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in 1271# Texta is the word: 'Why'? 1272# "Good question," Mr Pike said. 1273# "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years." 1274 1275# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 1276# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 1277# introduction of standard time in 1895. 1278 1279 1280# southeast Australia 1281# 1282# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1283# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 1284# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 1285# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 1286 1287 1288# South Australia 1289 1290# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1291# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1292# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1293# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1294 1295# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1296# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 1297# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1298# ... 1299# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 1300# ... 1301# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1302# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1303# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 1304# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1305 1306# From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 1307# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 1308# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 1309# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 1310 1311# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 1312# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 1313# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 1314# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 1315# is on... 1316 1317# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 1318# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 1319# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 1320# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 1321 1322# From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 1323# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 1324# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 1325# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 1326 1327# From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 1328# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 1329# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 1330# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 1331 1332# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1333# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1334 1335# Tasmania 1336 1337# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1338# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1339# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1340# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1341 1342# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 1343# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 1344# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 1345# (but nothing new about that). 1346 1347# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 1348# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 1349# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 1350# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 1351# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 1352# instead of the first Sunday in October. 1353 1354# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 1355# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 1356 1357# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1358# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1359 1360# Victoria 1361 1362# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1363# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1364# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1365# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1366 1367# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 1368# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 1369# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1370# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1371# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1372# in Melbourne, Australia. 1373# 1374# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1375# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1376# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1377# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1378# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1379# expected time. 1380# 1381# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1382# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1383# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1384# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1385# 1386# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1387# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1388 1389# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1390# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1391 1392# New South Wales 1393 1394# From Arthur David Olson: 1395# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1396# Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1397# who notes: 1398# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1399# individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time" 1400# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1401# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1402# legislation. This is very important to understand. 1403# I have researched New South Wales time only... 1404 1405# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1406# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1407# October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore, 1408# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26). 1409# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html 1410 1411# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1412# See the following official NSW source: 1413# Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1414# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ 1415# 1416# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1417# daylight saving next year. See: 1418# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1419# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm 1420# (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1421# 1422# Victoria will follow NSW. See: 1423# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28) 1424# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm 1425# 1426# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1427# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19) 1428# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm 1429# 1430# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1431# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1432# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm 1433# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1434# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1435# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1436# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1437# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1438# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules." 1439# 1440# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1441# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21) 1442# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm 1443 1444# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1445# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1446# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1447 1448# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1449# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1450# towns to use Queensland time. 1451 1452# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1453# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1454 1455# Yancowinna 1456 1457# From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1458# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1459 1460# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1461# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1462# # [ Dec 1990 ] 1463# ... 1464# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1465# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1466# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1467# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1468# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1469# # presently available. 1470# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1471# ... 1472# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1473# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1474# [followed by other Rules] 1475 1476# Lord Howe Island 1477 1478# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1479# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1480# [ Dec 1990 ] 1481# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1482# hour ahead of NSW time. 1483 1484# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1485# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1486# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1487# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1488# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1489# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1490# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents 1491# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1492# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1493# however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1494 1495# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1496# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1497# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1498# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1499# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1500# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1501 1502# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1503# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1504# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1505 1506# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1507# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1508 1509# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1510# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1511# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1512# summer (southern hemisphere). 1513# 1514# From 1515# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1516# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1517# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1518# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1519# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1520# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1521# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1522# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1523# 1524# We have a wrap-up here: 1525# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1526############################################################################### 1527 1528# New Zealand 1529 1530# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1531# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1532# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1533# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1534# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1535 1536# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1537# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1538# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1539# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1540# # [ Nov 1990 ] 1541# ... 1542# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1543# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1544# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1545# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1546# ... 1547# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1548# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1549 1550# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1551# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1552# rather than the October 1 value. 1553 1554# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1555# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1556# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1557# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1558# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1559# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1560# 1561# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1562# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1563# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references. 1564# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1565# 1566# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1567# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1568# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1569 1570# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1571# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1572# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1573# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1574# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1575 1576# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14): 1577# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by 1578# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26). 1579# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf 1580# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand 1581# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard 1582# time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New 1583# Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow." 1584# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time 1585# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match 1586# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did 1587# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST. 1588 1589############################################################################### 1590 1591 1592# Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima) 1593 1594# From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick: 1595# National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government 1596# officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there. 1597# According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC 1598# + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan 1599# at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown. 1600# I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have 1601# synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own 1602# decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones.... 1603# 1604# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時 1605 1606# From Phake Nick (2019-02-12): 1607# Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned 1608# to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database 1609# rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin 1610# Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only. 1611# ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon 1612# regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese 1613# in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that 1614# the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own 1615# coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two 1616# hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some 1617# sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be 1618# incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental 1619# report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications 1620# Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus 1621# Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the 1622# island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time 1623# (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense 1624# Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time 1625# and there are also no information on things like how the time was used. 1626 1627 1628# Fiji 1629 1630# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1631# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1632# instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1633 1634# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1635# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1636# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1637# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1638 1639# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1640# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1641 1642# From the BBC World Service in 1643# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC): 1644# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1645# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also 1646# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning 1647# of the new millennium. 1648 1649# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1650# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1651 1652 1653# Kiribati 1654 1655# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1656# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1657# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995" 1658# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1659 1660# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03): 1661# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition 1662# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995. 1663# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04): 1664# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All: 1665# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007). 1666 1667# Kwajalein 1668 1669# From an AP article (1993-08-22): 1670# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good 1671# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were 1672# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight 1673# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from 1674# one side of the international date line to the other." 1675# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22. 1676# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html 1677 1678# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1679# <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that 1680# currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in 1681# 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it 1682# synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch 1683# should occur at around 1950s instead. 1684# 1685# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1686# The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this. 1687# The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States 1688# Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test 1689# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was 1690# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground" 1691# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>. 1692# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined 1693# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence. 1694 1695 1696# N Mariana Is, Guam 1697 1698# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1699# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ... 1700# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that 1701# period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during 1702# that period of time like the surrounding area. 1703 1704# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1705# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1706# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones 1707# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1708# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1709# see Asia/Manila. 1710# 1711# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start 1712# and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern 1713# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume 1714# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff. 1715# 1716# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time, 1717# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, 1718# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1719# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1720 1721# See also the commentary for Micronesia. 1722 1723 1724# Marshall Is 1725# See the commentary for Micronesia. 1726 1727 1728# Micronesia (and nearby) 1729 1730# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1731# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies 1732# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844. 1733 1734# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), 1735# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk' 1736# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10." 1737# 1738# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11 1739# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. 1740 1741# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1742# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1743# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26) 1744# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html 1745# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11. 1746# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now. 1747 1748# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1749# 1750# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時 1751# ... 1752# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of 1753# Micronesia + Marshall Islands): 1754# 1755# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands 1756# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like 1757# of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been 1758# implemented (yet). No further information after that were found. 1759# 1760# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were 1761# instructed to use JST at the time. 1762# 1763# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use 1764# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the 1765# longitude of the atoll. 1766# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until 1767# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST. 1768# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and 1769# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that 1770# is if they keep their own time back then) 1771# 1772# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area 1773# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1, 1774# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same 1775# year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying 1776# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard 1777# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such. 1778# * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area 1779# (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1780# * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil 1781# administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time) 1782# * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil 1783# administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time). 1784# * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been 1785# formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal 1786# governance structure have been established, these district [become 1787# subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard 1788# time of the area. 1789# * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was 1790# occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the 1791# Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape 1792# subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape 1793# subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E 1794# starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the 1795# Marshall Islands. 1796# 1797# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the 1798# area into 2 timezones: 1799# * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and 1800# Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1801# * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk), 1802# Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern 1803# Standard Time) 1804# 1805# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year, 1806# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian 1807# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area. 1808# 1809# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the 1810# island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this 1811# period of time.... 1812# 1813# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the 1814# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time 1815# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking 1816# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10. 1817# 1818# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands 1819# under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some 1820# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those 1821# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable 1822# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable 1823# information can be found. 1824# 1825# 1826# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1827# 1828# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that 1829# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information 1830# for Wake is too sketchy to act on. 1831# 1832# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been 1833# done, so omit it from the data for now. 1834# 1835# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein. 1836 1837 1838# Midway 1839 1840# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 1841# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 1842# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 1843# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 1844# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 1845# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 1846# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 1847# air at 6am your time. 1848# 1849# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1850# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 1851# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 1852# in Midway, but we have no record of it. 1853 1854# Nauru 1855 1856# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31): 1857# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then 1858# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades. 1859# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then 1860# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時 1861# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced. 1862# ... 1863# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 1864# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3 1865# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 1866# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru 1867# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb. 1868# 1869# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19): 1870# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in 1871# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935), 1872# page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by 1873# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to 1874# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from: 1875# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru 1876 1877# Norfolk 1878 1879# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23): 1880# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100: 1881# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text 1882# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015. 1883# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf 1884 1885# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28): 1886# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted 1887# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's 1888# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST 1889# other than in 1974/5. See: 1890# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html 1891# However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition; 1892# timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said 1893# (thanks to Michael Deckers). 1894 1895# Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019. 1896# From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13): 1897# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702 1898# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14): 1899# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010 1900 1901# Palau 1902# See commentary for Micronesia. 1903 1904# Pitcairn 1905 1906# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 1907# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 1908# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 1909# 1910# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 1911# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 1912# as Pitcairn Standard Time. 1913# 1914# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 1915# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 1916# somehow in light of this proclamation. 1917 1918# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 1919# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 1920# ... at midnight. 1921 1922# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 1923# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 1924# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in 1925# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 1926 1927 1928# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa 1929 1930# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean 1931# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change 1932# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 1933# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that 1934# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year." 1935# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20. 1936# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm 1937 1938# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30 1939# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11 1940# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards 1941# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932. 1942# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950, 1943# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a 1944# day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New 1945# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations. 1946 1947 1948# Tonga 1949 1950# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1951# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting 1952# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time." 1953# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 1954 1955# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 1956# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins': 1957# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm 1958# 1959# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 1960# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 1961# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 1962# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 1963# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13° 1964# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 1965# 1966# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 1967# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 1968# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 1969# 1970# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 1971# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 1972# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 1973# minutes we have lost?" 1974# 1975# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 1976# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 1977# to say your prayers in the morning." 1978 1979# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1980# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. 1981 1982# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 1983# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium 1984# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 1985# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 1986# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 1987# Government. 1988 1989# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 1990# * Tonga will introduce DST in November 1991# 1992# I was given this link by John Letts: 1993# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 1994# 1995# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 1996# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 1997# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 1998# (12 + 1 hour DST). 1999 2000# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 2001# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>: 2002# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 2003# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 2004# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 2005# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 2006# set back an hour on the closing date." 2007# Alas, no indication of the time of day. 2008 2009# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 2010# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 2011# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 2012 2013# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 2014# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 2015# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 2016# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 2017# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 2018# text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 2019# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>) 2020 2021# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 2022# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 2023 2024# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 2025# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 2026# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 2027# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 2028# hour to 1:00am. 2029 2030# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05): 2031# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 2032 2033# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27): 2034# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017 2035# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen 2036# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set. 2037# 2038# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26): 2039# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00 2040# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now. 2041 2042# From David Wade (2017-10-18): 2043# In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister 2044# continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few 2045# decisions will be made until elections 16th November. 2046# 2047# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): 2048# For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing. 2049 2050 2051# Wake 2052 2053# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, 2054# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): 2055# 2056# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the 2057# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the 2058# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we 2059# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time 2060# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost 2061# impossible. 2062# 2063# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm 2064 2065# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 2066# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. 2067 2068# See also the commentary for Micronesia. 2069 2070 2071############################################################################### 2072 2073# The International Date Line 2074 2075# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 2076# 2077# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 2078# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 2079# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 2080# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 2081# 2082# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 2083# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 2084# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 2085# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 2086# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 2087# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 2088# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 2089# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 2090# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 2091# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 2092# correct date is ambiguous. 2093 2094# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): 2095# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting 2096# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's 2097# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's 2098# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the 2099# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all 2100# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones 2101# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any 2102# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted 2103# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's 2104# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were 2105# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many 2106# independent merchant ships until World War II. 2107 2108# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen 2109# (2005-03-20): 2110# 2111# The American Practical Navigator (2002) 2112# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187 2113# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in 2114# international waters; it ignores the international date line. 2115