1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl s Ar shell 51.Op Fl o 52.Op Fl L Ar class 53.Op Fl h Ar fd 54.Op Fl N 55.Op Fl P 56.Op Fl Y 57.Nm 58.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 59.Ar useradd 60.Op name|uid 61.Fl D 62.Op Fl C Ar config 63.Op Fl q 64.Op Fl b Ar dir 65.Op Fl e Ar days 66.Op Fl p Ar days 67.Op Fl g Ar group 68.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 69.Op Fl k Ar dir 70.Op Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max 71.Op Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 72.Op Fl w Ar method 73.Op Fl s Ar shell 74.Op Fl y Ar path 75.Nm 76.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 77.Ar userdel 78.Op name|uid 79.Op Fl n Ar name 80.Op Fl u Ar uid 81.Op Fl r 82.Op Fl Y 83.Nm 84.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 85.Ar usermod 86.Op name|uid 87.Op Fl C Ar config 88.Op Fl q 89.Op Fl n Ar name 90.Op Fl u Ar uid 91.Op Fl c Ar comment 92.Op Fl d Ar dir 93.Op Fl e Ar date 94.Op Fl p Ar date 95.Op Fl g Ar group 96.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 97.Op Fl l Ar name 98.Op Fl m 99.Op Fl k Ar dir 100.Op Fl w Ar method 101.Op Fl s Ar shell 102.Op Fl L Ar class 103.Op Fl h Ar fd 104.Op Fl N 105.Op Fl P 106.Op Fl Y 107.Nm 108.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 109.Ar usershow 110.Op name|uid 111.Op Fl n Ar name 112.Op Fl u Ar uid 113.Op Fl F 114.Op Fl P 115.Op Fl a 116.Nm 117.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 118.Ar usernext 119.Op Fl C Ar config 120.Op Fl q 121.Nm 122.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 123.Ar groupadd 124.Op group|gid 125.Op Fl C Ar config 126.Op Fl q 127.Op Fl n Ar group 128.Op Fl g Ar gid 129.Op Fl M Ar members 130.Op Fl o 131.Op Fl h Ar fd 132.Op Fl N 133.Op Fl P 134.Op Fl Y 135.Nm 136.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 137.Ar groupdel 138.Op group|gid 139.Op Fl n Ar name 140.Op Fl g Ar gid 141.Op Fl Y 142.Nm 143.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 144.Ar groupmod 145.Op group|gid 146.Op Fl C Ar config 147.Op Fl q 148.Op Fl F 149.Op Fl n Ar name 150.Op Fl g Ar gid 151.Op Fl l Ar name 152.Op Fl M Ar members 153.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 154.Op Fl h Ar fd 155.Op Fl N 156.Op Fl P 157.Op Fl Y 158.Nm 159.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 160.Ar groupshow 161.Op group|gid 162.Op Fl n Ar name 163.Op Fl g Ar gid 164.Op Fl F 165.Op Fl P 166.Op Fl a 167.Nm 168.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 169.Ar groupnext 170.Op Fl C Ar config 171.Op Fl q 172.Sh DESCRIPTION 173.Nm Pw 174is a command-line based editor for the system 175.Ar user 176and 177.Ar group 178files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 179modifying and removing users and groups. 180Note that 181.Nm 182only operates on the local user and group files. NIS users and groups must be 183maintained on the NIS server. 184.Nm Pw 185handles updating the 186.Pa passwd , 187.Pa master.passwd , 188.Pa group 189and the secure and insecure 190password database files, and must be run as root. 191.Pp 192The first one or two keywords provided to 193.Nm 194on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 195The keywords 196.Ar user 197and 198.Ar group 199may be combined with 200.Ar add , 201.Ar del , 202.Ar mod , 203.Ar show , 204or 205.Ar next 206in any order. 207(For example, 208.Ar showuser , 209.Ar usershow , 210.Ar show user , 211and 212.Ar user show 213all mean the same thing.) 214This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 215.Nm 216for user and group database manipulation. 217Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 218id as an alternative to using the 219.Fl n Ar name , 220.Fl u Ar uid , 221.Fl g Ar gid 222options. 223.Pp 224The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation; 225.Pp 226.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 227.It Fl V Ar etcdir 228This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 229and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 230If this switch is specified, the system 231.Pa /etc/pw.conf 232will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 233specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 234The 235.Fl C 236flag may be used to override this behaviour. 237As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 238type, the 239.Fl V 240flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 241.It Fl C Ar config 242By default, 243.Nm 244reads the file 245.Pa /etc/pw.conf 246to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 247The 248.Fl C 249option specifies a different configuration file. 250While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 251command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 252configuration file. 253.It Fl q 254Use of this option causes 255.Nm 256to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 257is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 258.Nm 259rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 260.It Fl N 261This option is available in 262.Ar add 263and 264.Ar modify 265operations, and tells 266.Nm 267to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 268databases. 269You may use the 270.Fl P 271option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 272.It Fl Y 273Using this option with any of the update modes causes 274.Nm 275to run 276.Xr make 1 277after changing to the directory 278.Pa /var/yp . 279This is intended to allow automatic updating of NIS database files. 280If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 281.Fl y Ar path 282option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that 283.Nm 284will concurrently update it with the system password 285databases. 286.El 287.Pp 288.Sh USER OPTIONS 289The following options apply to the 290.Ar useradd 291and 292.Ar usermod 293commands: 294.Pp 295.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 296.It Fl n Ar name 297Specify the user/account name. 298.It Fl u Ar uid 299Specify the user/account numeric id. 300.Pp 301Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 302name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 303However, there are times when you need to provide both. 304For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 305.Ar usermod , 306or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 307If you wish 308.Nm 309to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 310.Ar useradd , 311then you should 312.Em not 313use the 314.Ql Fl u 315option. 316You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 317.Ar useradd , 318.Ar userdel , 319.Ar usermod 320or 321.Ar usershow 322keywords on the command line without using the 323.Ql Fl n 324or 325.Ql Fl u 326options. 327.El 328.Pp 329.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 330.It Fl c Ar comment 331This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 332to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 333and work and home phone numbers. 334These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 335If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 336quotes 337.Ql \&" . 338Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 339colon 340.Ql \&: 341character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 342file itself. 343.It Fl d Ar dir 344This option sets the account's home directory. 345Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 346default determined from 347.Pa /etc/pw.conf 348- normally 349.Pa /home 350with the account name as a subdirectory. 351.It Fl e Ar date 352Set the account's expiration date. 353Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 354.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 355format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 356('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 357This option also accepts a relative date in the form 358.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 359where 360.Ql \&n 361is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 362number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 363which the expiration date is to be set. 364.It Fl p Ar date 365Set the account's password expiration date. 366This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 367applies to forced password changes. 368This is set in the same manner as the 369.Ql Fl e 370option. 371.It Fl g Ar group 372Set the account's primary group to the given group. 373.Ar group 374may be defined by either its name or group number. 375.It Fl G Ar grouplist 376Sets additional group memberships for an account. 377.Ar grouplist 378is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 379The user's name is added to the group lists in 380.Pa /etc/group , 381and 382removed from any groups not specified in 383.Ar grouplist . 384Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 385.Ar grouplist . 386Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 387sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 388.It Fl L Ar class 389This option sets the login class for the user being created. 390See 391.Xr login.conf 5 392for more information on user login classes. 393.It Fl m 394This option instructs 395.Nm 396to attempt to create the user's home directory. 397While primarily useful when adding a new account with 398.Ar useradd , 399this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 400the filesystem. 401The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 402.Ar skeleton 403directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 404user may personalize to taste. 405When 406.Ql Fl m 407is used on an account with 408.Ar usermod , 409existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 410.Em not 411overwritten from the skeleton files. 412.Pp 413When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 414.Ar basehome 415directory as specified by the 416.Ql Fl b 417option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 418This can be overridden by the 419.Ql Fl d 420option on the command line, if desired. 421.It Fl k Ar dir 422Set the 423.Ar skeleton 424directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 425the user's home directory is created. 426This option only has meaning when used with the 427.Ql Fl d 428or 429.Ql Fl m 430flags. 431.It Fl s Ar shell 432Set or changes the user's login shell to 433.Ar shell . 434If the path to the shell program is omitted, 435.Nm 436searches the 437.Ar shellpath 438specified in 439.Pa /etc/pw.conf 440and fills it in as appropriate. 441Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 442specifying the path - this will allow 443.Nm 444to validate that the program exists and is executable. 445Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 446and allows for such entries as 447.Pa /nonexistent 448that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 449.It Fl L Ar class 450Set the 451.Em class 452field in the user's passwd record. 453This field is not currently used, but will be used in the future to specify a 454.Em termcap 455entry like tag. 456See 457.Xr passwd 5 458for details. 459.It Fl h Ar fd 460This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 461set an account password using 462.Nm . 463Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 464by which programs can accept information, 465.Nm 466will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 467(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 468.Ar sh , 469.Ar bash , 470.Ar ksh 471and 472.Ar perl 473all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 474Alternatively, 475.Nm 476will prompt for the user's password if 477.Ql Fl h Ar 0 478is given, nominating 479.Em stdin 480as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 481Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 482for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 483If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 484.Xr passwd 1 , 485this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 486.Nm . 487.Pp 488If a value of 489.Ql \&- 490is given as the argument 491.Ar fd , 492then the password will be set to 493.Ql \&* , 494rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 495.El 496.Pp 497It is possible to use 498.Ar useradd 499to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 500While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 501.Ql Fl o 502option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 503the user id. 504This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 505different contexts (different group allocations, different home 506directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 507permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 508.Pp 509The 510.Ar useradd 511command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 512.Ql Fl D 513option. 514Instead of adding a new user, 515.Nm 516writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 517.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 518When using the 519.Ql Fl D 520option, you must not use either 521.Ql Fl n Ar name 522or 523.Ql Fl u Ar uid 524or an error will result. 525Use of 526.Ql Fl D 527changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 528.Ar useradd 529command. 530These are: 531.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 532.It Fl D 533Set default values in 534.Pa /etc/pw.conf 535configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 536.Ql Fl C Ar config 537option is used. 538.It Fl b Ar dir 539Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 540The default value for this is 541.Pa /home , 542but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 543.It Fl e Ar days 544Set the default account expiration period in days. 545Unlike use without 546.Ql Fl D , 547the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 548the account is to expire. 549A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 550.It Fl p Ar days 551Set the default password expiration period in days. 552.It Fl g Ar group 553Set the default group for new users. 554If a blank group is specified using 555.Ql Fl g Ar \&"" , 556then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 557with the same name as their login name. 558If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 559.It Fl G Ar grouplist 560Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 561This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 562nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 563In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 564.Em other than 565the primary group. 566.Ar grouplist 567is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 568stored in 569.Pa /etc/pw.conf 570by their symbolic names. 571.It Fl L Ar class 572This option sets the default login class for new users. 573.It Fl k Ar dir 574Set the default 575.Em skeleton 576directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 577.Nm 578creates a user's home directory. 579.It Xo 580.Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max , 581.Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 582.Xc 583These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 584and groups created by 585.Nm . 586The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 587.Ar min 588and 589.Ar max 590are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 591and 32767. 592In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 593and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 594some system daemons). 595.It Fl w Ar method 596The 597.Ql Fl w 598option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 599.Ar method 600is one of: 601.Pp 602.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 603.It no 604disable login on newly created accounts 605.It yes 606force the password to be the account name 607.It none 608force a blank password 609.It random 610generate a random password 611.El 612.Pp 613The 614.Ql \&random 615or 616.Ql \&no 617methods are the most secure; in the former case, 618.Nm 619generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 620users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 621their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 622The 623.Ql \&no 624method requires that the superuser use 625.Xr passwd 1 626to render the account accessible with a password. 627.It Fl y Ar path 628This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 629the information from 630.Pa /etc/master.passwd 631directly with NIS. 632You should only set this option for NIS servers. 633.El 634.Pp 635The 636.Ar userdel 637command has only three valid options. 638The 639.Ql Fl n Ar name 640and 641.Ql Fl u Ar uid 642options have already been covered above. 643The additional option is: 644.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 645.It Fl r 646This tells 647.Nm 648to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 649.Nm Pw 650errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 651Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 652another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 653a valid path that commences with the character 654.Ql \&/ . 655Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 656the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 657Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 658will be removed. 659If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 660.El 661.Pp 662Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 663are unconditionally attached to the user name. 664Jobs queued for processing by 665.Ar at 666are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 667system. 668.Pp 669The 670.Ar usershow 671command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 672By default, the format is identical to the format used in 673.Pa /etc/master.passwd 674with the password field replaced with a 675.Ql \&* . 676If the 677.Ql Fl P 678option is used, then 679.Nm 680outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 681The 682.Ql Fl a 683option lists all users currently on file. 684.Pp 685The command 686.Ar usernext 687returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 688This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 689that use 690.Nm . 691.Pp 692.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 693The 694.Ql Fl C 695and 696.Ql Fl q 697options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 698with the group manipulation commands. 699Other common options to all group-related commands are: 700.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 701.It Fl n Ar name 702Specify the group name. 703.It Fl g Ar gid 704Specify the group numeric id. 705.Pp 706As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 707to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 708versa. 709You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 710against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 711.It Fl M Ar memberlist 712This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 713new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 714groupmod). 715.Ar memberlist 716is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 717.It Fl m Ar newmembers 718Similar to 719.Ql Fl M , 720this option allows the 721.Em addition 722of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 723members. 724Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 725silently eliminated. 726.El 727.Pp 728.Ar groupadd 729also has a 730.Ql Fl o 731option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 732The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 733the check for duplicate group ids. 734There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 735.Pp 736The 737.Ar groupmod 738command adds one additional option: 739.Pp 740.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 741.It Fl l Ar name 742This option allows changing of an existing group name to 743.Ql \&name . 744The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 745name will be rejected. 746.El 747.Pp 748Options for 749.Ar groupshow 750are the same as for 751.Ar usershow , 752with the 753.Ql Fl g Ar gid 754replacing 755.Ql Fl u Ar uid 756to specify the group id. 757.Pp 758The command 759.Ar groupnext 760returns the next available group id on standard output. 761.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 762.Nm Pw 763returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 764.Nm 765returns one of the 766following exit codes defined by 767.Xr sysexits 3 768as follows: 769.Bl -tag -width xxxx 770.It EX_USAGE 771.Bl -bullet -compact 772.It 773Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 774.El 775.It EX_NOPERM 776.Bl -bullet -compact 777.It 778Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 779.El 780.It EX_OSERR 781.Bl -bullet -compact 782.It 783Memory allocation error. 784.It 785Read error from password file descriptor. 786.El 787.It EX_DATAERR 788.Bl -bullet -compact 789.It 790Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 791via the password file descriptor. 792.It 793Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 794.El 795.It EX_OSFILE 796.Bl -bullet -compact 797.It 798Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 799.It 800Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 801.It 802Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 803.El 804.It EX_NOUSER 805.Bl -bullet -compact 806.It 807User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 808.It 809User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 810.El 811.It EX_SOFTWARE 812.Bl -bullet -compact 813.It 814No more group or user ids available within specified range. 815.El 816.It EX_IOERR 817.Bl -bullet -compact 818.It 819Unable to rewrite configuration file. 820.It 821Error updating group or user database files. 822.It 823Update error for passwd or group database files. 824.El 825.It EX_CONFIG 826.Bl -bullet -compact 827.It 828No base home directory configured. 829.El 830.El 831.Pp 832.Sh NOTES 833For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 834.Dl pw [command] help 835For example, 836.Dl pw useradd help 837lists all available options for the useradd operation. 838.Pp 839.Nm Pw 840allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 841office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 842user login and group names. 843Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 844require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 845convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 846format. 847.Xr sendmail 8 848does support this. 849Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 850conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 851and should not be implemented without their use. 852Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 853programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 854Internet, such as 855.Xr fingerd 8 , 856and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 857specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 858.Sh FILES 859.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 860.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 861The user database 862.It Pa /etc/passwd 863A Version 7 format password file 864.It Pa /etc/login.conf 865The user capabilities database 866.It Pa /etc/group 867The group database 868.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 869Temporary copy of the master password file 870.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 871Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 872.It Pa /etc/group.new 873Temporary copy of the group file 874.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 875Pw default options file 876.El 877.Sh SEE ALSO 878.Xr chpass 1 , 879.Xr passwd 1 , 880.Xr group 5 , 881.Xr login.conf 5 , 882.Xr passwd 5 , 883.Xr pw.conf 5 , 884.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 885.Xr vipw 8 886.Sh HISTORY 887.Nm Pw 888was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 889.Em shadow 890support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 891the 892.Bx 4.4 893operating system, and combines all of the major elements 894into a single command. 895