1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm pw 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl s Ar shell 51.Op Fl o 52.Op Fl L Ar class 53.Op Fl h Ar fd 54.Op Fl N 55.Op Fl P 56.Op Fl Y 57.Nm pw 58.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 59.Ar useradd 60.Op name|uid 61.Fl D 62.Op Fl C Ar config 63.Op Fl q 64.Op Fl b Ar dir 65.Op Fl e Ar days 66.Op Fl p Ar days 67.Op Fl g Ar group 68.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 69.Op Fl k Ar dir 70.Op Fl u Ar min,max 71.Op Fl i Ar min,max 72.Op Fl w Ar method 73.Op Fl s Ar shell 74.Op Fl y Ar path 75.Nm pw 76.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 77.Ar userdel 78.Op name|uid 79.Op Fl n Ar name 80.Op Fl u Ar uid 81.Op Fl r 82.Op Fl Y 83.Nm pw 84.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 85.Ar usermod 86.Op name|uid 87.Op Fl C Ar config 88.Op Fl q 89.Op Fl n Ar name 90.Op Fl u Ar uid 91.Op Fl c Ar comment 92.Op Fl d Ar dir 93.Op Fl e Ar date 94.Op Fl p Ar date 95.Op Fl g Ar group 96.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 97.Op Fl l Ar name 98.Op Fl m 99.Op Fl k Ar dir 100.Op Fl w Ar method 101.Op Fl s Ar shell 102.Op Fl L Ar class 103.Op Fl h Ar fd 104.Op Fl N 105.Op Fl P 106.Op Fl Y 107.Nm pw 108.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 109.Ar usershow 110.Op name|uid 111.Op Fl n Ar name 112.Op Fl u Ar uid 113.Op Fl F 114.Op Fl P 115.Op Fl a 116.Nm pw 117.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 118.Ar usernext 119.Op Fl C Ar config 120.Op Fl q 121.Nm pw 122.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 123.Ar groupadd 124.Op group|gid 125.Op Fl C Ar config 126.Op Fl q 127.Op Fl n Ar group 128.Op Fl g Ar gid 129.Op Fl M Ar members 130.Op Fl o 131.Op Fl h Ar fd 132.Op Fl N 133.Op Fl P 134.Op Fl Y 135.Nm pw 136.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 137.Ar groupdel 138.Op group|gid 139.Op Fl n Ar name 140.Op Fl g Ar gid 141.Op Fl Y 142.Nm pw 143.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 144.Ar groupmod 145.Op group|gid 146.Op Fl C Ar config 147.Op Fl q 148.Op Fl F 149.Op Fl n Ar name 150.Op Fl g Ar gid 151.Op Fl l Ar name 152.Op Fl M Ar members 153.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 154.Op Fl h Ar fd 155.Op Fl N 156.Op Fl P 157.Op Fl Y 158.Nm pw 159.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 160.Ar groupshow 161.Op group|gid 162.Op Fl n Ar name 163.Op Fl g Ar gid 164.Op Fl F 165.Op Fl P 166.Op Fl a 167.Nm pw 168.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 169.Ar groupnext 170.Op Fl C Ar config 171.Op Fl q 172.Sh DESCRIPTION 173.Nm Pw 174is a command-line based editor for the system 175.Ar user 176and 177.Ar group 178files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 179modifying and removing users and groups. 180Note that 181.Nm 182only operates on the local user and group files. NIS users and groups must be 183maintained on the NIS server. 184.Nm Pw 185handles updating the 186.Pa passwd , 187.Pa master.passwd , 188.Pa group 189and the secure and insecure 190password database files, and must be run as root. 191.Pp 192The first one or two keywords provided to 193.Nm 194on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 195The keywords 196.Ar user 197and 198.Ar group 199may be combined with 200.Ar add , 201.Ar del , 202.Ar mod , 203.Ar show , 204or 205.Ar next 206in any order. (For example, 207.Ar showuser , 208.Ar usershow , 209.Ar show user , and 210.Ar user show 211all mean the same thing.) 212This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 213.Nm 214for user and group database manipulation. 215Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 216id as an alternative to using the 217.Fl n Ar name , 218.Fl u Ar uid , 219.Fl g Ar gid 220options. 221.Pp 222The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation; 223.Pp 224.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 225.It Fl V Ar etcdir 226This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 227and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 228If this switch is specified, the system 229.Pa /etc/pw.conf 230will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 231specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 232The 233.Fl C 234flag may be used to override this behaviour. 235As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 236type, the 237.Fl V 238flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 239.It Fl C Ar config 240By default, 241.Nm 242reads the file 243.Pa /etc/pw.conf 244to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 245The 246.Fl C 247option specifies a different configuration file. 248While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 249command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 250configuration file. 251.It Fl q 252Use of this option causes 253.Nm 254to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 255is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 256.Nm 257rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 258.It Fl N 259This option is available in 260.Ar add 261and 262.Ar modify 263operations, and tells 264.Nm 265to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 266databases. 267You may use the 268.Fl P 269option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 270.It Fl Y 271Using this option with any of the update modes causes 272.Nm 273to run 274.Xr make 1 275after changing to the directory 276.Pa /var/yp . 277This is intended to allow automatic updating of NIS database files. 278If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 279.Fl y Ar path 280option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that 281.Nm 282will concurrently update it with the system password 283databases. 284.El 285.Pp 286.Sh USER OPTIONS 287The following options apply to the 288.Ar useradd 289and 290.Ar usermod 291commands: 292.Pp 293.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 294.It Fl n Ar name 295Specify the user/account name. 296.It Fl u Ar uid 297Specify the user/account numeric id. 298.Pp 299Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 300name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 301However, there are times when you need to provide both. 302For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 303.Ar usermod , 304or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 305If you wish 306.Nm 307to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 308.Ar useradd , 309then you should 310.Em not 311use the 312.Ql Fl u 313option. 314You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 315.Ar useradd , 316.Ar userdel , 317.Ar usermod 318or 319.Ar usershow 320keywords on the command line without using the 321.Ql Fl n 322or 323.Ql Fl u 324options. 325.El 326.Pp 327.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 328.It Fl c Ar comment 329This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 330to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 331and work and home phone numbers. 332These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 333If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 334quotes 335.Ql \&" . 336Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 337colon 338.Ql \&: 339character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 340file itself. 341.It Fl d Ar dir 342This option sets the account's home directory. 343Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 344default determined from 345.Pa /etc/pw.conf 346- normally 347.Pa /home 348with the account name as a subdirectory. 349.It Fl e Ar date 350Set the account's expiration date. 351Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 352.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 353format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 354('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 355This option also accepts a relative date in the form 356.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 357where 358.Ql \&n 359is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 360number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 361which the expiration date is to be set. 362.It Fl p Ar date 363Set the account's password expiration date. 364This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 365applies to forced password changes. 366This is set in the same manner as the 367.Ql Fl e 368option. 369.It Fl g Ar group 370Set the account's primary group to the given group. 371.Ar group 372may be defined by either its name or group number. 373.It Fl G Ar grouplist 374Sets additional group memberships for an account. 375.Ar grouplist 376is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 377The user's name is added to the group lists in 378.Pa /etc/group , 379and 380removed from any groups not specified in 381.Ar grouplist . 382Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 383.Ar grouplist . 384Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 385sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 386.It Fl L Ar class 387This option sets the login class for the user being created. 388See 389.Xr login.conf 5 390for more information on user login classes. 391.It Fl m 392This option instructs 393.Nm 394to attempt to create the user's home directory. 395While primarily useful when adding a new account with 396.Ar useradd , 397this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 398the filesystem. 399The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 400.Ar skeleton 401directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 402user may personalize to taste. 403When 404.Ql Fl m 405is used on an account with 406.Ar usermod , 407existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 408.Em not 409overwritten from the skeleton files. 410.Pp 411When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 412.Ar basehome 413directory as specified by the 414.Ql Fl b 415option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 416This can be overridden by the 417.Ql Fl d 418option on the command line, if desired. 419.It Fl k Ar dir 420Set the 421.Ar skeleton 422directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 423the user's home directory is created. 424This option only has meaning when used with the 425.Ql Fl d 426or 427.Ql Fl m 428flags. 429.It Fl s Ar shell 430Set or changes the user's login shell to 431.Ar shell . 432If the path to the shell program is omitted, 433.Nm 434searches the 435.Ar shellpath 436specified in 437.Pa /etc/pw.conf 438and fills it in as appropriate. 439Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 440specifying the path - this will allow 441.Nm 442to validate that the program exists and is executable. 443Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 444and allows for such entries as 445.Pa /nonexistent 446that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 447.It Fl L Ar class 448Set the 449.Em class 450field in the user's passwd record. 451This field is not currently used, but will be used in the future to specify a 452.Em termcap 453entry like tag. See 454.Xr passwd 5 455for details. 456.It Fl h Ar fd 457This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 458set an account password using 459.Nm pw . 460Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 461by which programs can accept information, 462.Nm 463will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 464(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 465.Ar sh , 466.Ar bash , 467.Ar ksh 468and 469.Ar perl 470all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 471Alternatively, 472.Nm 473will prompt for the user's password if 474.Ql Fl h Ar 0 475is given, nominating 476.Em stdin 477as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 478Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 479for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 480If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 481.Xr passwd 1 , 482this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 483.Nm pw . 484.Pp 485If a value of 486.Ql \&- 487is given as the argument 488.Ar fd , 489then the password will be set to 490.Ql \&* , 491rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 492.El 493.Pp 494It is possible to use 495.Ar useradd 496to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 497While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 498.Ql Fl o 499option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 500the user id. 501This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 502different contexts (different group allocations, different home 503directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 504permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 505.Pp 506The 507.Ar useradd 508command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 509.Ql Fl D 510option. 511Instead of adding a new user, 512.Nm 513writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 514.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 515When using the 516.Ql Fl D 517option, you must not use either 518.Ql Fl n Ar name 519or 520.Ql Fl u Ar uid 521or an error will result. 522Use of 523.Ql Fl D 524changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 525.Ar useradd 526command. 527These are: 528.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 529.It Fl D 530Set default values in 531.Pa /etc/pw.conf 532configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 533.Ql Fl C Ar config 534option is used. 535.It Fl b Ar dir 536Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 537The default value for this is 538.Pa /home , 539but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 540.It Fl e Ar days 541Set the default account expiration period in days. 542Unlike use without 543.Ql Fl D , 544the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 545the account is to expire. 546A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 547.It Fl p Ar days 548Set the default password expiration period in days. 549.It Fl g Ar group 550Set the default group for new users. 551If a blank group is specified using 552.Ql Fl g Ar \&"" , 553then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 554with the same name as their login name. 555If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 556.It Fl G Ar grouplist 557Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 558This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 559nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 560In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 561.Em other than 562the primary group. 563.Ar grouplist 564is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 565stored in 566.Pa /etc/pw.conf 567by their symbolic names. 568.It Fl L Ar class 569This option sets the default login class for new users. 570.It Fl k Ar dir 571Set the default 572.Em skeleton 573directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 574.Nm 575creates a user's home directory. 576.It Fl u Ar min,max , Fl i Ar min,max 577These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 578and groups created by 579.Nm pw . 580The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 581.Ar min 582and 583.Ar max 584are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 585and 32767. 586In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 587and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 588some system daemons). 589.It Fl w Ar method 590The 591.Ql Fl w 592option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 593.Ar method 594is one of: 595.Pp 596.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 597.It no 598disable login on newly created accounts 599.It yes 600force the password to be the account name 601.It none 602force a blank password 603.It random 604generate a random password 605.El 606.Pp 607The 608.Ql \&random 609or 610.Ql \&no 611methods are the most secure; in the former case, 612.Nm 613generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 614users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 615their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 616The 617.Ql \&no 618method requires that the superuser use 619.Xr passwd 1 620to render the account accessible with a password. 621.It Fl y Ar path 622This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 623the information from 624.Pa /etc/master.passwd 625directly with NIS. 626You should only set this option for NIS servers. 627.El 628.Pp 629The 630.Ar userdel 631command has only three valid options. The 632.Ql Fl n Ar name 633and 634.Ql Fl u Ar uid 635options have already been covered above. 636The additional option is: 637.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 638.It Fl r 639This tells 640.Nm 641to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 642.Nm Pw 643errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 644Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 645another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 646a valid path that commences with the character 647.Ql \&/ . 648Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 649the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 650Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 651will be removed. 652If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 653.El 654.Pp 655Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 656are unconditionally attached to the user name. 657Jobs queued for processing by 658.Ar at 659are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 660system. 661.Pp 662The 663.Ar usershow 664command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 665By default, the format is identical to the format used in 666.Pa /etc/master.passwd 667with the password field replaced with a 668.Ql \&* . 669If the 670.Ql Fl P 671option is used, then 672.Nm 673outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 674The 675.Ql Fl a 676option lists all users currently on file. 677.Pp 678The command 679.Ar usernext 680returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 681This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 682that use 683.Nm pw . 684.Pp 685.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 686The 687.Ql Fl C 688and 689.Ql Fl q 690options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 691with the group manipulation commands. 692Other common options to all group-related commands are: 693.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 694.It Fl n Ar name 695Specify the group name. 696.It Fl g Ar gid 697Specify the group numeric id. 698.Pp 699As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 700to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 701versa. 702You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 703against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 704.It Fl M Ar memberlist 705This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 706new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 707groupmod). 708.Ar memberlist 709is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 710.It Fl m Ar newmembers 711Similar to 712.Ql Fl M , 713this option allows the 714.Em addition 715of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 716members. 717Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 718silently eliminated. 719.El 720.Pp 721.Ar groupadd 722also has a 723.Ql Fl o 724option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 725The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 726the check for duplicate group ids. 727There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 728.Pp 729The 730.Ar groupmod 731command adds one additional option: 732.Pp 733.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 734.It Fl l Ar name 735This option allows changing of an existing group name to 736.Ql \&name . 737The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 738name will be rejected. 739.El 740.Pp 741Options for 742.Ar groupshow 743are the same as for 744.Ar usershow , 745with the 746.Ql Fl g Ar gid 747replacing 748.Ql Fl u Ar uid 749to specify the group id. 750.Pp 751The command 752.Ar groupnext 753returns the next available group id on standard output. 754.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 755.Nm Pw 756returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 757.Nm 758returns one of the 759following exit codes defined by 760.Xr sysexits 3 761as follows: 762.Bl -tag -width xxxx 763.It EX_USAGE 764.Bl -bullet -compact 765.It 766Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 767.El 768.It EX_NOPERM 769.Bl -bullet -compact 770.It 771Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 772.El 773.It EX_OSERR 774.Bl -bullet -compact 775.It 776Memory allocation error. 777.It 778Read error from password file descriptor. 779.El 780.It EX_DATAERR 781.Bl -bullet -compact 782.It 783Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 784via the password file descriptor. 785.It 786Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 787.El 788.It EX_OSFILE 789.Bl -bullet -compact 790.It 791Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 792.It 793Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 794.It 795Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 796.El 797.It EX_NOUSER 798.Bl -bullet -compact 799.It 800User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 801.It 802User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 803.El 804.It EX_SOFTWARE 805.Bl -bullet -compact 806.It 807No more group or user ids available within specified range. 808.El 809.It EX_IOERR 810.Bl -bullet -compact 811.It 812Unable to rewrite configuration file. 813.It 814Error updating group or user database files. 815.It 816Update error for passwd or group database files. 817.El 818.It EX_CONFIG 819.Bl -bullet -compact 820.It 821No base home directory configured. 822.El 823.El 824.Pp 825.Sh NOTES 826For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 827.Dl pw [command] help 828For example, 829.Dl pw useradd help 830lists all available options for the useradd operation. 831.Pp 832.Nm Pw 833allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 834office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 835user login and group names. 836Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 837require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 838convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 839format. 840.Xr sendmail 8 841does support this. 842Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 843conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 844and should not be implemented without their use. 845Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 846programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 847Internet, such as 848.Xr fingerd 8 , 849and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 850specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 851.Sh FILES 852.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 853.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 854The user database 855.It Pa /etc/passwd 856A Version 7 format password file 857.It Pa /etc/login.conf 858The user capabilities database 859.It Pa /etc/group 860The group database 861.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 862Temporary copy of the master password file 863.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 864Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 865.It Pa /etc/group.new 866Temporary copy of the group file 867.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 868Pw default options file 869.El 870.Sh SEE ALSO 871.Xr chpass 1 , 872.Xr passwd 1 , 873.Xr group 5 , 874.Xr login.conf 5 , 875.Xr passwd 5 , 876.Xr pw.conf 5 , 877.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 878.Xr vipw 8 879.Sh HISTORY 880.Nm Pw 881was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 882.Em shadow 883support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 884the 885.Bx 4.4 886operating system, and combines all of the major elements 887into a single command. 888