1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl w Ar method 51.Op Fl s Ar shell 52.Op Fl o 53.Op Fl L Ar class 54.Op Fl h Ar fd 55.Op Fl N 56.Op Fl P 57.Op Fl Y 58.Nm 59.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 60.Ar useradd 61.Op name|uid 62.Fl D 63.Op Fl C Ar config 64.Op Fl q 65.Op Fl b Ar dir 66.Op Fl e Ar days 67.Op Fl p Ar days 68.Op Fl g Ar group 69.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 70.Op Fl k Ar dir 71.Op Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max 72.Op Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 73.Op Fl w Ar method 74.Op Fl s Ar shell 75.Op Fl y Ar path 76.Nm 77.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 78.Ar userdel 79.Op name|uid 80.Op Fl n Ar name 81.Op Fl u Ar uid 82.Op Fl r 83.Op Fl Y 84.Nm 85.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 86.Ar usermod 87.Op name|uid 88.Op Fl C Ar config 89.Op Fl q 90.Op Fl n Ar name 91.Op Fl u Ar uid 92.Op Fl c Ar comment 93.Op Fl d Ar dir 94.Op Fl e Ar date 95.Op Fl p Ar date 96.Op Fl g Ar group 97.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 98.Op Fl l Ar name 99.Op Fl m 100.Op Fl k Ar dir 101.Op Fl w Ar method 102.Op Fl s Ar shell 103.Op Fl L Ar class 104.Op Fl h Ar fd 105.Op Fl N 106.Op Fl P 107.Op Fl Y 108.Nm 109.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 110.Ar usershow 111.Op name|uid 112.Op Fl n Ar name 113.Op Fl u Ar uid 114.Op Fl F 115.Op Fl P 116.Op Fl 7 117.Op Fl a 118.Nm 119.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 120.Ar usernext 121.Op Fl C Ar config 122.Op Fl q 123.Nm 124.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 125.Ar groupadd 126.Op group|gid 127.Op Fl C Ar config 128.Op Fl q 129.Op Fl n Ar group 130.Op Fl g Ar gid 131.Op Fl M Ar members 132.Op Fl o 133.Op Fl h Ar fd 134.Op Fl N 135.Op Fl P 136.Op Fl Y 137.Nm 138.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 139.Ar groupdel 140.Op group|gid 141.Op Fl n Ar name 142.Op Fl g Ar gid 143.Op Fl Y 144.Nm 145.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 146.Ar groupmod 147.Op group|gid 148.Op Fl C Ar config 149.Op Fl q 150.Op Fl n Ar name 151.Op Fl g Ar gid 152.Op Fl l Ar name 153.Op Fl M Ar members 154.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 155.Op Fl h Ar fd 156.Op Fl N 157.Op Fl P 158.Op Fl Y 159.Nm 160.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 161.Ar groupshow 162.Op group|gid 163.Op Fl n Ar name 164.Op Fl g Ar gid 165.Op Fl F 166.Op Fl P 167.Op Fl a 168.Nm 169.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 170.Ar groupnext 171.Op Fl C Ar config 172.Op Fl q 173.Nm 174.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 175.Ar lock 176.Op name|uid 177.Op Fl C Ar config 178.Op Fl q 179.Nm 180.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 181.Ar unlock 182.Op name|uid 183.Op Fl C Ar config 184.Op Fl q 185.Sh DESCRIPTION 186The 187.Nm 188utility is a command-line based editor for the system 189.Ar user 190and 191.Ar group 192files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 193modifying and removing users and groups. 194Note that 195.Nm 196only operates on the local user and group files. 197.Tn NIS 198users and groups must be 199maintained on the 200.Tn NIS 201server. 202The 203.Nm 204utility handles updating the 205.Pa passwd , 206.Pa master.passwd , 207.Pa group 208and the secure and insecure 209password database files, and must be run as root. 210.Pp 211The first one or two keywords provided to 212.Nm 213on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 214The keywords 215.Ar user 216and 217.Ar group 218may be combined with 219.Ar add , 220.Ar del , 221.Ar mod , 222.Ar show , 223or 224.Ar next 225in any order. 226(For example, 227.Ar showuser , 228.Ar usershow , 229.Ar show user , 230and 231.Ar user show 232all mean the same thing.) 233This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 234.Nm 235for user and group database manipulation. 236Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 237id as an alternative to using the 238.Fl n Ar name , 239.Fl u Ar uid , 240.Fl g Ar gid 241options. 242.Pp 243The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation: 244.Pp 245.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 246.It Fl V Ar etcdir 247This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 248and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 249If this switch is specified, the system 250.Pa /etc/pw.conf 251will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 252specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 253The 254.Fl C 255flag may be used to override this behaviour. 256As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 257type, the 258.Fl V 259flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 260.It Fl C Ar config 261By default, 262.Nm 263reads the file 264.Pa /etc/pw.conf 265to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 266The 267.Fl C 268option specifies a different configuration file. 269While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 270command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 271configuration file. 272.It Fl q 273Use of this option causes 274.Nm 275to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 276is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 277.Nm 278rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 279.It Fl N 280This option is available in 281.Ar add 282and 283.Ar modify 284operations, and tells 285.Nm 286to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 287databases. 288You may use the 289.Fl P 290option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 291.It Fl Y 292Using this option with any of the update modes causes 293.Nm 294to run 295.Xr make 1 296after changing to the directory 297.Pa /var/yp . 298This is intended to allow automatic updating of 299.Tn NIS 300database files. 301If separate passwd and group files are being used by 302.Tn NIS , 303then use the 304.Fl y Ar path 305option to specify the location of the 306.Tn NIS 307passwd database so that 308.Nm 309will concurrently update it with the system password 310databases. 311.El 312.Sh USER OPTIONS 313The following options apply to the 314.Ar useradd 315and 316.Ar usermod 317commands: 318.Pp 319.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 320.It Fl n Ar name 321Specify the user/account name. 322.It Fl u Ar uid 323Specify the user/account numeric id. 324.Pp 325Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 326name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 327However, there are times when you need to provide both. 328For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 329.Ar usermod , 330or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 331If you wish 332.Nm 333to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 334.Ar useradd , 335then you should 336.Em not 337use the 338.Fl u 339option. 340You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 341.Ar useradd , 342.Ar userdel , 343.Ar usermod 344or 345.Ar usershow 346keywords on the command line without using the 347.Fl n 348or 349.Fl u 350options. 351.El 352.Pp 353.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 354.It Fl c Ar comment 355This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 356to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 357and work and home phone numbers. 358These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 359If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 360quotes 361.Ql \&" . 362Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 363colon 364.Ql \&: 365character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 366file itself. 367.It Fl d Ar dir 368This option sets the account's home directory. 369Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 370default determined from 371.Pa /etc/pw.conf 372- normally 373.Pa /home 374with the account name as a subdirectory. 375.It Fl e Ar date 376Set the account's expiration date. 377Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 378.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 379format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 380('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 381This option also accepts a relative date in the form 382.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 383where 384.Ql \&n 385is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 386number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 387which the expiration date is to be set. 388.It Fl p Ar date 389Set the account's password expiration date. 390This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 391applies to forced password changes. 392This is set in the same manner as the 393.Fl e 394option. 395.It Fl g Ar group 396Set the account's primary group to the given group. 397.Ar group 398may be defined by either its name or group number. 399.It Fl G Ar grouplist 400Set additional group memberships for an account. 401.Ar grouplist 402is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 403The user's name is added to the group lists in 404.Pa /etc/group , 405and 406removed from any groups not specified in 407.Ar grouplist . 408Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 409.Ar grouplist . 410Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 411sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 412.It Fl L Ar class 413This option sets the login class for the user being created. 414See 415.Xr login.conf 5 416and 417.Xr passwd 5 418for more information on user login classes. 419.It Fl m 420This option instructs 421.Nm 422to attempt to create the user's home directory. 423While primarily useful when adding a new account with 424.Ar useradd , 425this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 426the file system. 427The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 428.Ar skeleton 429directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 430user may personalize to taste. 431When 432.Fl m 433is used on an account with 434.Ar usermod , 435existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 436.Em not 437overwritten from the skeleton files. 438.Pp 439When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 440.Ar basehome 441directory as specified by the 442.Fl b 443option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 444This can be overridden by the 445.Fl d 446option on the command line, if desired. 447.It Fl k Ar dir 448Set the 449.Ar skeleton 450directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 451the user's home directory is created. 452This option only has meaning when used with the 453.Fl d 454or 455.Fl m 456flags. 457.It Fl s Ar shell 458Set or changes the user's login shell to 459.Ar shell . 460If the path to the shell program is omitted, 461.Nm 462searches the 463.Ar shellpath 464specified in 465.Pa /etc/pw.conf 466and fills it in as appropriate. 467Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 468specifying the path - this will allow 469.Nm 470to validate that the program exists and is executable. 471Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 472and allows for such entries as 473.Pa /nonexistent 474that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 475.It Fl h Ar fd 476This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 477set an account password using 478.Nm . 479Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 480by which programs can accept information, 481.Nm 482will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 483(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 484.Ar sh , 485.Ar bash , 486.Ar ksh 487and 488.Ar perl 489all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 490Alternatively, 491.Nm 492will prompt for the user's password if 493.Fl h Ar 0 494is given, nominating 495.Em stdin 496as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 497Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 498for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 499If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 500.Xr passwd 1 , 501this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 502.Nm . 503.Pp 504If a value of 505.Ql \&- 506is given as the argument 507.Ar fd , 508then the password will be set to 509.Ql \&* , 510rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 511.El 512.Pp 513It is possible to use 514.Ar useradd 515to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 516While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 517.Fl o 518option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 519the user id. 520This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 521different contexts (different group allocations, different home 522directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 523permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 524.Pp 525The 526.Ar useradd 527command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 528.Fl D 529option. 530Instead of adding a new user, 531.Nm 532writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 533.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 534When using the 535.Fl D 536option, you must not use either 537.Fl n Ar name 538or 539.Fl u Ar uid 540or an error will result. 541Use of 542.Fl D 543changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 544.Ar useradd 545command. 546These are: 547.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 548.It Fl D 549Set default values in 550.Pa /etc/pw.conf 551configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 552.Fl C Ar config 553option is used. 554.It Fl b Ar dir 555Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 556The default value for this is 557.Pa /home , 558but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 559.It Fl e Ar days 560Set the default account expiration period in days. 561Unlike use without 562.Fl D , 563the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 564the account is to expire. 565A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 566.It Fl p Ar days 567Set the default password expiration period in days. 568.It Fl g Ar group 569Set the default group for new users. 570If a blank group is specified using 571.Fl g Ar \&"" , 572then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 573with the same name as their login name. 574If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 575.It Fl G Ar grouplist 576Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 577This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 578nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 579In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 580.Em other than 581the primary group. 582.Ar grouplist 583is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 584stored in 585.Pa /etc/pw.conf 586by their symbolic names. 587.It Fl L Ar class 588This option sets the default login class for new users. 589.It Fl k Ar dir 590Set the default 591.Em skeleton 592directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 593.Nm 594creates a user's home directory. 595.It Xo 596.Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max , 597.Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 598.Xc 599These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 600and groups created by 601.Nm . 602The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 603.Ar min 604and 605.Ar max 606are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 607and 32767. 608In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 609and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 610some system daemons). 611.It Fl w Ar method 612The 613.Fl w 614option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 615.Ar method 616is one of: 617.Pp 618.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 619.It no 620disable login on newly created accounts 621.It yes 622force the password to be the account name 623.It none 624force a blank password 625.It random 626generate a random password 627.El 628.Pp 629The 630.Ql \&random 631or 632.Ql \&no 633methods are the most secure; in the former case, 634.Nm 635generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 636users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 637their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 638The 639.Ql \&no 640method requires that the superuser use 641.Xr passwd 1 642to render the account accessible with a password. 643.It Fl y Ar path 644This sets the pathname of the database used by 645.Tn NIS 646if you are not sharing 647the information from 648.Pa /etc/master.passwd 649directly with 650.Tn NIS . 651You should only set this option for 652.Tn NIS 653servers. 654.El 655.Pp 656The 657.Ar userdel 658command has only three valid options. 659The 660.Fl n Ar name 661and 662.Fl u Ar uid 663options have already been covered above. 664The additional option is: 665.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 666.It Fl r 667This tells 668.Nm 669to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 670The 671.Nm 672utility errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 673Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 674another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 675a valid path that commences with the character 676.Ql \&/ . 677Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 678the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 679Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 680will be removed. 681If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 682.El 683.Pp 684Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 685are unconditionally attached to the user name. 686Jobs queued for processing by 687.Ar at 688are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 689system. 690.Pp 691The 692.Ar usershow 693command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 694By default, the format is identical to the format used in 695.Pa /etc/master.passwd 696with the password field replaced with a 697.Ql \&* . 698If the 699.Fl P 700option is used, then 701.Nm 702outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 703If the 704.Fl 7 705option is used, the account details are shown in v7 format. 706The 707.Fl a 708option lists all users currently on file. 709Using 710.Fl F 711forces 712.Nm 713to print the details of an account even if it does not exist. 714.Pp 715The command 716.Ar usernext 717returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 718This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 719that use 720.Nm . 721.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 722The 723.Fl C 724and 725.Fl q 726options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 727with the group manipulation commands. 728Other common options to all group-related commands are: 729.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 730.It Fl n Ar name 731Specify the group name. 732.It Fl g Ar gid 733Specify the group numeric id. 734.Pp 735As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 736to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 737versa. 738You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 739against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 740.It Fl M Ar memberlist 741This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 742new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 743groupmod). 744.Ar memberlist 745is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 746.It Fl m Ar newmembers 747Similar to 748.Fl M , 749this option allows the 750.Em addition 751of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 752members. 753Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 754silently eliminated. 755.El 756.Pp 757.Ar groupadd 758also has a 759.Fl o 760option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 761The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 762the check for duplicate group ids. 763There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 764.Pp 765The 766.Ar groupmod 767command adds one additional option: 768.Pp 769.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 770.It Fl l Ar name 771This option allows changing of an existing group name to 772.Ql \&name . 773The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 774name will be rejected. 775.El 776.Pp 777Options for 778.Ar groupshow 779are the same as for 780.Ar usershow , 781with the 782.Fl g Ar gid 783replacing 784.Fl u Ar uid 785to specify the group id. 786The 787.Fl 7 788option does not apply to the 789.Ar groupshow 790command. 791.Pp 792The command 793.Ar groupnext 794returns the next available group id on standard output. 795.Sh USER LOCKING 796The 797.Nm 798utility 799supports a simple password locking mechanism for users; it works by 800prepending the string 801.Ql *LOCKED* 802to the beginning of the password field in 803.Pa master.passwd 804to prevent successful authentication. 805.Pp 806The 807.Ar lock 808and 809.Ar unlock 810commands take a user name or uid of the account to lock or unlock, 811respectively. The 812.Fl V , 813.Fl C , 814and 815.Fl q 816options as described above are accepted by these commands. 817.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 818The 819.Nm 820utility returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 821.Nm 822returns one of the 823following exit codes defined by 824.Xr sysexits 3 825as follows: 826.Bl -tag -width xxxx 827.It EX_USAGE 828.Bl -bullet -compact 829.It 830Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 831.El 832.It EX_NOPERM 833.Bl -bullet -compact 834.It 835Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 836.El 837.It EX_OSERR 838.Bl -bullet -compact 839.It 840Memory allocation error. 841.It 842Read error from password file descriptor. 843.El 844.It EX_DATAERR 845.Bl -bullet -compact 846.It 847Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 848via the password file descriptor. 849.It 850Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 851.El 852.It EX_OSFILE 853.Bl -bullet -compact 854.It 855Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 856.It 857Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 858.It 859Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 860.El 861.It EX_NOUSER 862.Bl -bullet -compact 863.It 864User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 865.It 866User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 867.El 868.It EX_SOFTWARE 869.Bl -bullet -compact 870.It 871No more group or user ids available within specified range. 872.El 873.It EX_IOERR 874.Bl -bullet -compact 875.It 876Unable to rewrite configuration file. 877.It 878Error updating group or user database files. 879.It 880Update error for passwd or group database files. 881.El 882.It EX_CONFIG 883.Bl -bullet -compact 884.It 885No base home directory configured. 886.El 887.El 888.Sh NOTES 889For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 890.Dl pw [command] help 891For example, 892.Dl pw useradd help 893lists all available options for the useradd operation. 894.Pp 895The 896.Nm 897utility allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 898office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 899user login and group names. 900Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 901require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 902convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 903format. 904.Xr sendmail 8 905does support this. 906Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 907conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 908and should not be implemented without their use. 909Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 910programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 911Internet, such as 912.Xr fingerd 8 , 913and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 914specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 915.Sh FILES 916.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 917.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 918The user database 919.It Pa /etc/passwd 920A Version 7 format password file 921.It Pa /etc/login.conf 922The user capabilities database 923.It Pa /etc/group 924The group database 925.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 926Temporary copy of the master password file 927.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 928Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 929.It Pa /etc/group.new 930Temporary copy of the group file 931.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 932Pw default options file 933.El 934.Sh SEE ALSO 935.Xr chpass 1 , 936.Xr passwd 1 , 937.Xr group 5 , 938.Xr login.conf 5 , 939.Xr passwd 5 , 940.Xr pw.conf 5 , 941.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 942.Xr vipw 8 943.Sh HISTORY 944The 945.Nm 946utility was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 947.Em shadow 948support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 949the 950.Bx 4.4 951operating system, and combines all of the major elements 952into a single command. 953