1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl s Ar shell 51.Op Fl o 52.Op Fl L Ar class 53.Op Fl h Ar fd 54.Op Fl N 55.Op Fl P 56.Op Fl Y 57.Nm 58.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 59.Ar useradd 60.Op name|uid 61.Fl D 62.Op Fl C Ar config 63.Op Fl q 64.Op Fl b Ar dir 65.Op Fl e Ar days 66.Op Fl p Ar days 67.Op Fl g Ar group 68.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 69.Op Fl k Ar dir 70.Op Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max 71.Op Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 72.Op Fl w Ar method 73.Op Fl s Ar shell 74.Op Fl y Ar path 75.Nm 76.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 77.Ar userdel 78.Op name|uid 79.Op Fl n Ar name 80.Op Fl u Ar uid 81.Op Fl r 82.Op Fl Y 83.Nm 84.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 85.Ar usermod 86.Op name|uid 87.Op Fl C Ar config 88.Op Fl q 89.Op Fl n Ar name 90.Op Fl u Ar uid 91.Op Fl c Ar comment 92.Op Fl d Ar dir 93.Op Fl e Ar date 94.Op Fl p Ar date 95.Op Fl g Ar group 96.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 97.Op Fl l Ar name 98.Op Fl m 99.Op Fl k Ar dir 100.Op Fl w Ar method 101.Op Fl s Ar shell 102.Op Fl L Ar class 103.Op Fl h Ar fd 104.Op Fl N 105.Op Fl P 106.Op Fl Y 107.Nm 108.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 109.Ar usershow 110.Op name|uid 111.Op Fl n Ar name 112.Op Fl u Ar uid 113.Op Fl F 114.Op Fl P 115.Op Fl a 116.Nm 117.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 118.Ar usernext 119.Op Fl C Ar config 120.Op Fl q 121.Nm 122.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 123.Ar groupadd 124.Op group|gid 125.Op Fl C Ar config 126.Op Fl q 127.Op Fl n Ar group 128.Op Fl g Ar gid 129.Op Fl M Ar members 130.Op Fl o 131.Op Fl h Ar fd 132.Op Fl N 133.Op Fl P 134.Op Fl Y 135.Nm 136.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 137.Ar groupdel 138.Op group|gid 139.Op Fl n Ar name 140.Op Fl g Ar gid 141.Op Fl Y 142.Nm 143.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 144.Ar groupmod 145.Op group|gid 146.Op Fl C Ar config 147.Op Fl q 148.Op Fl F 149.Op Fl n Ar name 150.Op Fl g Ar gid 151.Op Fl l Ar name 152.Op Fl M Ar members 153.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 154.Op Fl h Ar fd 155.Op Fl N 156.Op Fl P 157.Op Fl Y 158.Nm 159.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 160.Ar groupshow 161.Op group|gid 162.Op Fl n Ar name 163.Op Fl g Ar gid 164.Op Fl F 165.Op Fl P 166.Op Fl a 167.Nm 168.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 169.Ar groupnext 170.Op Fl C Ar config 171.Op Fl q 172.Nm 173.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 174.Ar lock 175.Op name|uid 176.Op Fl C Ar config 177.Op Fl q 178.Nm 179.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 180.Ar unlock 181.Op name|uid 182.Op Fl C Ar config 183.Op Fl q 184.Sh DESCRIPTION 185.Nm Pw 186is a command-line based editor for the system 187.Ar user 188and 189.Ar group 190files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 191modifying and removing users and groups. 192Note that 193.Nm 194only operates on the local user and group files. NIS users and groups must be 195maintained on the NIS server. 196.Nm Pw 197handles updating the 198.Pa passwd , 199.Pa master.passwd , 200.Pa group 201and the secure and insecure 202password database files, and must be run as root. 203.Pp 204The first one or two keywords provided to 205.Nm 206on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 207The keywords 208.Ar user 209and 210.Ar group 211may be combined with 212.Ar add , 213.Ar del , 214.Ar mod , 215.Ar show , 216or 217.Ar next 218in any order. 219(For example, 220.Ar showuser , 221.Ar usershow , 222.Ar show user , 223and 224.Ar user show 225all mean the same thing.) 226This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 227.Nm 228for user and group database manipulation. 229Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 230id as an alternative to using the 231.Fl n Ar name , 232.Fl u Ar uid , 233.Fl g Ar gid 234options. 235.Pp 236The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation; 237.Pp 238.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 239.It Fl V Ar etcdir 240This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 241and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 242If this switch is specified, the system 243.Pa /etc/pw.conf 244will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 245specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 246The 247.Fl C 248flag may be used to override this behaviour. 249As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 250type, the 251.Fl V 252flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 253.It Fl C Ar config 254By default, 255.Nm 256reads the file 257.Pa /etc/pw.conf 258to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 259The 260.Fl C 261option specifies a different configuration file. 262While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 263command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 264configuration file. 265.It Fl q 266Use of this option causes 267.Nm 268to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 269is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 270.Nm 271rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 272.It Fl N 273This option is available in 274.Ar add 275and 276.Ar modify 277operations, and tells 278.Nm 279to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 280databases. 281You may use the 282.Fl P 283option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 284.It Fl Y 285Using this option with any of the update modes causes 286.Nm 287to run 288.Xr make 1 289after changing to the directory 290.Pa /var/yp . 291This is intended to allow automatic updating of NIS database files. 292If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 293.Fl y Ar path 294option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that 295.Nm 296will concurrently update it with the system password 297databases. 298.El 299.Pp 300.Sh USER OPTIONS 301The following options apply to the 302.Ar useradd 303and 304.Ar usermod 305commands: 306.Pp 307.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 308.It Fl n Ar name 309Specify the user/account name. 310.It Fl u Ar uid 311Specify the user/account numeric id. 312.Pp 313Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 314name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 315However, there are times when you need to provide both. 316For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 317.Ar usermod , 318or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 319If you wish 320.Nm 321to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 322.Ar useradd , 323then you should 324.Em not 325use the 326.Fl u 327option. 328You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 329.Ar useradd , 330.Ar userdel , 331.Ar usermod 332or 333.Ar usershow 334keywords on the command line without using the 335.Fl n 336or 337.Fl u 338options. 339.El 340.Pp 341.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 342.It Fl c Ar comment 343This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 344to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 345and work and home phone numbers. 346These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 347If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 348quotes 349.Ql \&" . 350Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 351colon 352.Ql \&: 353character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 354file itself. 355.It Fl d Ar dir 356This option sets the account's home directory. 357Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 358default determined from 359.Pa /etc/pw.conf 360- normally 361.Pa /home 362with the account name as a subdirectory. 363.It Fl e Ar date 364Set the account's expiration date. 365Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 366.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 367format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 368('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 369This option also accepts a relative date in the form 370.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 371where 372.Ql \&n 373is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 374number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 375which the expiration date is to be set. 376.It Fl p Ar date 377Set the account's password expiration date. 378This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 379applies to forced password changes. 380This is set in the same manner as the 381.Fl e 382option. 383.It Fl g Ar group 384Set the account's primary group to the given group. 385.Ar group 386may be defined by either its name or group number. 387.It Fl G Ar grouplist 388Sets additional group memberships for an account. 389.Ar grouplist 390is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 391The user's name is added to the group lists in 392.Pa /etc/group , 393and 394removed from any groups not specified in 395.Ar grouplist . 396Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 397.Ar grouplist . 398Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 399sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 400.It Fl L Ar class 401This option sets the login class for the user being created. 402See 403.Xr login.conf 5 404for more information on user login classes. 405.It Fl m 406This option instructs 407.Nm 408to attempt to create the user's home directory. 409While primarily useful when adding a new account with 410.Ar useradd , 411this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 412the filesystem. 413The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 414.Ar skeleton 415directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 416user may personalize to taste. 417When 418.Fl m 419is used on an account with 420.Ar usermod , 421existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 422.Em not 423overwritten from the skeleton files. 424.Pp 425When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 426.Ar basehome 427directory as specified by the 428.Fl b 429option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 430This can be overridden by the 431.Fl d 432option on the command line, if desired. 433.It Fl k Ar dir 434Set the 435.Ar skeleton 436directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 437the user's home directory is created. 438This option only has meaning when used with the 439.Fl d 440or 441.Fl m 442flags. 443.It Fl s Ar shell 444Set or changes the user's login shell to 445.Ar shell . 446If the path to the shell program is omitted, 447.Nm 448searches the 449.Ar shellpath 450specified in 451.Pa /etc/pw.conf 452and fills it in as appropriate. 453Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 454specifying the path - this will allow 455.Nm 456to validate that the program exists and is executable. 457Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 458and allows for such entries as 459.Pa /nonexistent 460that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 461.It Fl L Ar class 462Set the 463.Em class 464field in the user's passwd record. 465This field is not currently used, but will be used in the future to specify a 466.Em termcap 467entry like tag. 468See 469.Xr passwd 5 470for details. 471.It Fl h Ar fd 472This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 473set an account password using 474.Nm . 475Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 476by which programs can accept information, 477.Nm 478will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 479(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 480.Ar sh , 481.Ar bash , 482.Ar ksh 483and 484.Ar perl 485all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 486Alternatively, 487.Nm 488will prompt for the user's password if 489.Fl h Ar 0 490is given, nominating 491.Em stdin 492as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 493Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 494for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 495If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 496.Xr passwd 1 , 497this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 498.Nm . 499.Pp 500If a value of 501.Ql \&- 502is given as the argument 503.Ar fd , 504then the password will be set to 505.Ql \&* , 506rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 507.El 508.Pp 509It is possible to use 510.Ar useradd 511to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 512While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 513.Fl o 514option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 515the user id. 516This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 517different contexts (different group allocations, different home 518directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 519permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 520.Pp 521The 522.Ar useradd 523command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 524.Fl D 525option. 526Instead of adding a new user, 527.Nm 528writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 529.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 530When using the 531.Fl D 532option, you must not use either 533.Fl n Ar name 534or 535.Fl u Ar uid 536or an error will result. 537Use of 538.Fl D 539changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 540.Ar useradd 541command. 542These are: 543.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 544.It Fl D 545Set default values in 546.Pa /etc/pw.conf 547configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 548.Fl C Ar config 549option is used. 550.It Fl b Ar dir 551Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 552The default value for this is 553.Pa /home , 554but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 555.It Fl e Ar days 556Set the default account expiration period in days. 557Unlike use without 558.Fl D , 559the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 560the account is to expire. 561A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 562.It Fl p Ar days 563Set the default password expiration period in days. 564.It Fl g Ar group 565Set the default group for new users. 566If a blank group is specified using 567.Fl g Ar \&"" , 568then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 569with the same name as their login name. 570If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 571.It Fl G Ar grouplist 572Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 573This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 574nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 575In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 576.Em other than 577the primary group. 578.Ar grouplist 579is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 580stored in 581.Pa /etc/pw.conf 582by their symbolic names. 583.It Fl L Ar class 584This option sets the default login class for new users. 585.It Fl k Ar dir 586Set the default 587.Em skeleton 588directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 589.Nm 590creates a user's home directory. 591.It Xo 592.Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max , 593.Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 594.Xc 595These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 596and groups created by 597.Nm . 598The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 599.Ar min 600and 601.Ar max 602are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 603and 32767. 604In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 605and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 606some system daemons). 607.It Fl w Ar method 608The 609.Fl w 610option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 611.Ar method 612is one of: 613.Pp 614.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 615.It no 616disable login on newly created accounts 617.It yes 618force the password to be the account name 619.It none 620force a blank password 621.It random 622generate a random password 623.El 624.Pp 625The 626.Ql \&random 627or 628.Ql \&no 629methods are the most secure; in the former case, 630.Nm 631generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 632users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 633their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 634The 635.Ql \&no 636method requires that the superuser use 637.Xr passwd 1 638to render the account accessible with a password. 639.It Fl y Ar path 640This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 641the information from 642.Pa /etc/master.passwd 643directly with NIS. 644You should only set this option for NIS servers. 645.El 646.Pp 647The 648.Ar userdel 649command has only three valid options. 650The 651.Fl n Ar name 652and 653.Fl u Ar uid 654options have already been covered above. 655The additional option is: 656.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 657.It Fl r 658This tells 659.Nm 660to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 661.Nm Pw 662errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 663Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 664another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 665a valid path that commences with the character 666.Ql \&/ . 667Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 668the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 669Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 670will be removed. 671If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 672.El 673.Pp 674Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 675are unconditionally attached to the user name. 676Jobs queued for processing by 677.Ar at 678are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 679system. 680.Pp 681The 682.Ar usershow 683command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 684By default, the format is identical to the format used in 685.Pa /etc/master.passwd 686with the password field replaced with a 687.Ql \&* . 688If the 689.Fl P 690option is used, then 691.Nm 692outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 693The 694.Fl a 695option lists all users currently on file. 696.Pp 697The command 698.Ar usernext 699returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 700This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 701that use 702.Nm . 703.Pp 704.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 705The 706.Fl C 707and 708.Fl q 709options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 710with the group manipulation commands. 711Other common options to all group-related commands are: 712.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 713.It Fl n Ar name 714Specify the group name. 715.It Fl g Ar gid 716Specify the group numeric id. 717.Pp 718As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 719to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 720versa. 721You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 722against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 723.It Fl M Ar memberlist 724This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 725new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 726groupmod). 727.Ar memberlist 728is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 729.It Fl m Ar newmembers 730Similar to 731.Fl M , 732this option allows the 733.Em addition 734of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 735members. 736Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 737silently eliminated. 738.El 739.Pp 740.Ar groupadd 741also has a 742.Fl o 743option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 744The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 745the check for duplicate group ids. 746There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 747.Pp 748The 749.Ar groupmod 750command adds one additional option: 751.Pp 752.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 753.It Fl l Ar name 754This option allows changing of an existing group name to 755.Ql \&name . 756The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 757name will be rejected. 758.El 759.Pp 760Options for 761.Ar groupshow 762are the same as for 763.Ar usershow , 764with the 765.Fl g Ar gid 766replacing 767.Fl u Ar uid 768to specify the group id. 769.Pp 770The command 771.Ar groupnext 772returns the next available group id on standard output. 773.Sh USER LOCKING 774.Nm Pw 775supports a simple password locking mechanism for users; it works by 776prepending the string 777.Ql *LOCKED* 778to the beginning of the password field in 779.Pa master.passwd 780to prevent successful authentication. 781.Pp 782The 783.Ar lock 784and 785.Ar unlock 786commands take a user name or uid of the account to lock or unlock, 787respectively. The 788.Fl V , 789.Fl C , 790and 791.Fl q 792options as described above are accepted by these commands. 793.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 794.Nm Pw 795returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 796.Nm 797returns one of the 798following exit codes defined by 799.Xr sysexits 3 800as follows: 801.Bl -tag -width xxxx 802.It EX_USAGE 803.Bl -bullet -compact 804.It 805Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 806.El 807.It EX_NOPERM 808.Bl -bullet -compact 809.It 810Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 811.El 812.It EX_OSERR 813.Bl -bullet -compact 814.It 815Memory allocation error. 816.It 817Read error from password file descriptor. 818.El 819.It EX_DATAERR 820.Bl -bullet -compact 821.It 822Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 823via the password file descriptor. 824.It 825Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 826.El 827.It EX_OSFILE 828.Bl -bullet -compact 829.It 830Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 831.It 832Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 833.It 834Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 835.El 836.It EX_NOUSER 837.Bl -bullet -compact 838.It 839User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 840.It 841User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 842.El 843.It EX_SOFTWARE 844.Bl -bullet -compact 845.It 846No more group or user ids available within specified range. 847.El 848.It EX_IOERR 849.Bl -bullet -compact 850.It 851Unable to rewrite configuration file. 852.It 853Error updating group or user database files. 854.It 855Update error for passwd or group database files. 856.El 857.It EX_CONFIG 858.Bl -bullet -compact 859.It 860No base home directory configured. 861.El 862.El 863.Pp 864.Sh NOTES 865For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 866.Dl pw [command] help 867For example, 868.Dl pw useradd help 869lists all available options for the useradd operation. 870.Pp 871.Nm Pw 872allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 873office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 874user login and group names. 875Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 876require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 877convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 878format. 879.Xr sendmail 8 880does support this. 881Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 882conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 883and should not be implemented without their use. 884Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 885programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 886Internet, such as 887.Xr fingerd 8 , 888and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 889specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 890.Sh FILES 891.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 892.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 893The user database 894.It Pa /etc/passwd 895A Version 7 format password file 896.It Pa /etc/login.conf 897The user capabilities database 898.It Pa /etc/group 899The group database 900.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 901Temporary copy of the master password file 902.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 903Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 904.It Pa /etc/group.new 905Temporary copy of the group file 906.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 907Pw default options file 908.El 909.Sh SEE ALSO 910.Xr chpass 1 , 911.Xr passwd 1 , 912.Xr group 5 , 913.Xr login.conf 5 , 914.Xr passwd 5 , 915.Xr pw.conf 5 , 916.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 917.Xr vipw 8 918.Sh HISTORY 919.Nm Pw 920was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 921.Em shadow 922support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 923the 924.Bx 4.4 925operating system, and combines all of the major elements 926into a single command. 927