1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm pw 35.Ar useradd 36.Op name|uid 37.Op Fl C Ar config 38.Op Fl q 39.Op Fl n Ar name 40.Op Fl u Ar uid 41.Op Fl c Ar comment 42.Op Fl d Ar dir 43.Op Fl e Ar date 44.Op Fl p Ar date 45.Op Fl g Ar group 46.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 47.Op Fl m 48.Op Fl k Ar dir 49.Op Fl s Ar shell 50.Op Fl o 51.Op Fl L Ar class 52.Op Fl h Ar fd 53.Op Fl N 54.Op Fl P 55.Op Fl Y 56.Nm pw 57.Ar useradd 58.Op name|uid 59.Fl D 60.Op Fl C Ar config 61.Op Fl q 62.Op Fl b Ar dir 63.Op Fl e Ar days 64.Op Fl p Ar days 65.Op Fl g Ar group 66.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 67.Op Fl k Ar dir 68.Op Fl u Ar min,max 69.Op Fl i Ar min,max 70.Op Fl w Ar method 71.Op Fl s Ar shell 72.Op Fl y Ar path 73.Nm pw 74.Ar userdel 75.Op name|uid 76.Op Fl n Ar name 77.Op Fl u Ar uid 78.Op Fl r 79.Op Fl Y 80.Nm pw 81.Ar usermod 82.Op name|uid 83.Op Fl C Ar config 84.Op Fl q 85.Op Fl n Ar name 86.Op Fl u Ar uid 87.Op Fl c Ar comment 88.Op Fl d Ar dir 89.Op Fl e Ar date 90.Op Fl p Ar date 91.Op Fl g Ar group 92.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 93.Op Fl l Ar name 94.Op Fl m 95.Op Fl k Ar dir 96.Op Fl w Ar method 97.Op Fl s Ar shell 98.Op Fl L Ar class 99.Op Fl h Ar fd 100.Op Fl N 101.Op Fl P 102.Op Fl Y 103.Nm pw 104.Ar usershow 105.Op name|uid 106.Op Fl n Ar name 107.Op Fl u Ar uid 108.Op Fl F 109.Op Fl P 110.Op Fl a 111.Nm pw 112.Ar usernext 113.Op Fl C Ar config 114.Op Fl q 115.Nm pw 116.Ar groupadd 117.Op group|gid 118.Op Fl C Ar config 119.Op Fl q 120.Op Fl n Ar group 121.Op Fl g Ar gid 122.Op Fl M Ar members 123.Op Fl o 124.Op Fl h Ar fd 125.Op Fl N 126.Op Fl P 127.Op Fl Y 128.Nm pw 129.Ar groupdel 130.Op Fl n Ar name 131.Op Fl g Ar gid 132.Op Fl Y 133.Nm pw 134.Ar groupmod 135.Op Fl C Ar config 136.Op Fl q 137.Op Fl F 138.Op Fl n Ar name 139.Op Fl g Ar gid 140.Op Fl l Ar name 141.Op Fl M Ar members 142.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 143.Op Fl h Ar fd 144.Op Fl N 145.Op Fl P 146.Op Fl Y 147.Nm pw 148.Ar groupshow 149.Op Fl n Ar name 150.Op Fl g Ar gid 151.Op Fl F 152.Op Fl P 153.Op Fl a 154.Nm pw 155.Ar groupnext 156.Op Fl C Ar config 157.Op Fl q 158.Sh DESCRIPTION 159.Nm pw 160is a command-line based editor for the system 161.Em user 162and 163.Em group 164files, allowing the superuser and easy to use and standardized way of adding, 165modifying and removing users and groups. 166Note that 167.Nm pw 168only operates on the local user and group files; NIS users and groups must be 169maintained on the NIS server. 170.Nm pw 171handles updating the 172.Pa passwd , 173.Pa master.passwd , 174.Pa group 175and the secure and insecure 176password database files, and must be run as root. 177.Pp 178The first one or two keywords provided on 179.Xr pw 8 's 180command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 181One of the keywords 182.Ar user 183and 184.Ar group 185may be combined or provided separately with 186.Ar add , 187.Ar del , 188.Ar mod , 189.Ar show , 190or 191.Ar next , 192and may be specified in either order (ie. showuser, usershow, show user and user show 193are all considered to be the same thing). 194This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts which call 195.Nm pw 196for the actual user and group database manipulation. 197Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 198id as an alternative to using the 199.Fl n Ar name , 200.Fl u Ar uid , 201.Fl g Ar gid 202options. 203.Pp 204The following flags are common to all or most modes of operation: 205.Pp 206.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 207.It Fl C Ar config 208By default, 209.Nm pw 210reads the file 211.Pa /etc/pw.conf 212to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created, 213and the 214.Fl C 215option specifies a different configuration file. 216Most of the contents in the configuration file may be overridden via command line 217options, but it may be more useful to set up standard information for addition of 218new accounts in the configuration file. 219.It Fl q 220Use of this option causes 221.Nm pw 222to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 223is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 224.Nm pw 225rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 226.It Fl N 227This option is available in add and modify operations, and causes 228.Nm pw 229to skip updating the user/group databases and instead print the result 230of the operation without actually performing it. 231You may use the 232.Fl P 233option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 234.It Fl Y 235Using this option with any of the update modes causes 236.Nm pw 237to run 238.Xr make 1 239after changing to the directory 240.Pa /var/yp . 241This is intended to allow automatic updating of the NIS database files. 242If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 243.Fl y Ar path 244option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that pw 245will automatically update it concurrently with the system password 246databases. 247.El 248.Pp 249.Sh USER OPTIONS 250The following options apply to the 251.Ar useradd , 252and 253.Ar usermod , 254commands: 255.Pp 256.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 257.It Fl n Ar name 258Specifies the user/account name. 259.It Fl u Ar uid 260Specifies the user/account numeric id. 261.Pp 262Usually, you need only to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 263name will imply the uid, and vice versa. 264Also, you may provide either the account or userid immediately after the 265.Ar useradd , 266.Ar userdel , 267.Ar usermod 268or 269.Ar usershow 270keyword on the command line without the need to use 271.Ql Fl n 272or 273.Ql Fl u . 274There are times, however, were you need to provide both. 275For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 276.Ar usermod , 277or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 278If you wish 279.Nm pw 280to automatically allocate the uid to a new user on 281.Ar useradd , 282then you should 283.Em not 284use the 285.Ql Fl u 286option. 287.El 288.Pp 289Options available with both 290.Ar useradd 291and 292.Ar usermod 293are: 294.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 295.It Fl c Ar comment 296This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 297to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 298work and home phone numbers. 299These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 300If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 301quotes 302.Ql \&" . 303Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 304colon 305.Ql \&: 306character also cannot be used as this is the field separator in the passwd file. 307.It Fl d Ar dir 308This option sets the account's home directory. 309Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 310default (which is determined from pw.conf, which specifies the base home directory 311- normally /home - with the account name as a subdirectory). 312.It Fl e Ar date 313Sets the account's expiration date. 314Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 315.Ql \& dd-mmm-yy[yy] 316format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 317('Jan', 'Feb' etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 318This option also accepts a relative date in the form 319.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 320where 321.Ql \&n 322is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 323number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 324which the expiry date is to be set. 325.It Fl p Ar date 326Sets the account's password expiration date. 327This field is identical to the account expiration date option, except that it 328applies to forced password changes. 329The same formats are accepted as with the account expiration option. 330.It Fl g Ar group 331Sets the account's primary group to the given group. 332.Ar group 333may be either the group name or its corresponding group id number. 334.It Fl G Ar grouplist 335Sets the additional groups to which an account belongs. 336.Ar grouplist 337is a comma-separated list or group names or group ids. 338When adding a user, the user's name is added to the group lists in 339.Pa /etc/group , 340and when editing a user, the user's name is also added to the group lists, and 341removed from any groups not specified in 342.Ar grouplist . 343Note: a user should not be added to their primary group in 344.Pa /etc/group . 345Also, group membership changes do not take effect immediately for current logins, 346only logins subsequent to the change. 347.It Fl L Ar class 348This option sets the login class for the user being created. 349See 350.Xr login.conf 5 351for more information on user classes. 352.It Fl m 353This option instructs 354.Nm pw 355to attempt to create the user's home directory. 356While primarily useful when adding a new account with 357.Ar useradd , 358this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 359the filesystem. 360The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 361.Ar skeleton 362directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 363user may personalize to taste. 364When 365.Ql Fl m 366is used on an account with 367.Ar usermod , 368any existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 369.Em not 370overwritten with the prototype files. 371.Pp 372When a user's home directory is created, it will be default be as a subdirectory of the 373.Ar basehome 374directory specified with the 375.Ql Fl b Ar dir 376option (see below), and will be named the same as the account. 377This may be overridden with the 378.Ql Fl d Ar dir 379option on the command line, if desired. 380.It Fl k Ar dir 381Sets the 382.Ar skeleton 383subdirectory, from which the basic startup and configuration files are copied when 384the user's home directory is created. 385This option only has meaning when used with 386.Ql Fl D 387(see below) or 388.Ql Fl m . 389.It Fl s Ar shell 390Sets or changes the user's login shell to 391.Ar shell . 392If the path to the shell program is omitted, 393.Nm pw 394searches the 395.Ar shellpath 396specified in 397.Pa /etc/pw.conf 398and fills it in as appropriate. 399Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 400specifying the path - this will allow 401.Nm pw 402to validate that the program exists and is executable. 403Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 404and allows for such entries as 405.Ql \& /nonexistent 406that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 407.It Fl L Ar class 408Sets the 409.Em class 410field in the user's passwd record. 411This field is not currently used, but will be in the future used to specify a 412.Em termcap 413entry like tag (see 414.Xr passwd 5 415for details). 416.It Fl h Ar fd 417This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 418set an account password using 419.Nm pw . 420Because the command line and environment are fundamental insecure mechanisms 421by which programs can accept information, 422.Nm pw 423will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 424(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 425.Ar sh , 426.Ar bash , 427.Ar ksh 428and 429.Ar perl 430all posses mechanisms by which this can be done. 431Alternatively, 432.Nm pw 433will prompt for the user's password if 434.Ql Fl h Ar 0 435is given, nominating 436.Em stdin 437as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 438Note that this password will be read once and once only and is intended 439for use by a script or similar rather than interactive use. 440If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 441.Xr passwd 1 , 442this must be implemented as part of the interactive script that calls 443.Nm pw . 444.Pp 445If a value of 446.Ql \&- 447is given as the argument 448.Ar fd , 449then the password will be set to 450.Ql \&* , 451rendering the account inaccessible via passworded login. 452.El 453.Pp 454It is possible to use 455.Ar useradd 456to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 457While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 458.Ql Fl o 459option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 460the user id. 461This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 462different contexts (different group allocations, different home 463directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 464permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 465.Pp 466The 467.Ar useradd 468command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 469.Ql Fl D 470option. 471Instead of adding a new user, 472.Nm pw 473writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 474.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 475When using the 476.Ql Fl D 477option, you must not use either 478.Ql Fl n Ar name 479or 480.Ql Fl u Ar uid 481or an error will result. 482Use of 483.Ql Fl D 484changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 485.Ar useradd 486command. 487These are: 488.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 489.It Fl D 490Set default values in 491.Pa /etc/pw.conf 492configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 493.Ql Fl C Ar config 494option is used. 495.It Fl b Ar dir 496Sets the root directory in which user home directories are created. 497The default value for this is 498.Ql \&/home , 499but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 500.It Fl e Ar days 501Sets the default account expiration period in days. 502Unlike use without 503.Ql Fl D , 504the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 505the account is to expire. 506A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 507.It Fl p Ar days 508Sets the default password expiration period in days. 509.It Fl g Ar group 510Sets the default group for new users. 511If a blank group is specified using 512.Ql Fl g Ar \&"" , 513then new users will be allocated their own private primary group (a new group created 514with the same name as their login name). 515If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 516.It Fl G Ar grouplist 517Sets the default groups in which new users are made members. 518This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 519nominating the same group as both the primary and in extra groups. 520In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 521.Em other than 522the primary group. 523.Ar grouplist 524is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, or a mixture of both, and are always 525stored in 526.Pa /etc/pw.conf 527by their symbolic names. 528.It Fl L Ar class 529This option sets the default login class for new users. 530.It Fl k Ar dir 531Sets the default 532.Em skeleton 533directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 534.Nm pw 535creates a user's home directory. 536.It Fl u Ar min,max , Fl i Ar min,max 537These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 538and groups created by 539.Nm pw . 540The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 541.Ar min 542and 543.Ar max 544are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 545and 32767. 546In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 547and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 548some system daemons). 549.It Fl w Ar method 550The 551.Ql Fl w 552option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 553.Ar method 554is one of: 555.Pp 556.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 557.It no 558disables login on newly created accounts 559.It yes 560forces the password to be the account name 561.It none 562forces a blank password 563.It random 564Generates a random password 565.El 566.Pp 567The 568.Ql \&random 569or 570.Ql \&no 571methods are the most secure; in the former case, 572.Nm pw 573generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 574users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 575their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 576The 577.Ql \&no 578method requires that the superuser use 579.Xr passwd 1 580to render the account accessible with a password. 581.It Fl y Ar path 582This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 583the information from 584.Pa /etc/master.passwd 585directly with NIS. 586You should only set this option on NIS servers. 587.El 588.Pp 589The 590.Ar userdel 591command has only three valid options. The 592.Ql Fl n Ar name 593and 594.Ql Fl u Ar uid 595options have already been covered above. 596The additional option is: 597.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 598.It Fl r 599This tells 600.Nm pw 601to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 602.Nm pw 603errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 604Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 605another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 606a valid path that commences with the character 607.Ql \&/ . 608Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 609the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 610Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 611will be removed. 612If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 613.El 614.Pp 615Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 616are unconditionally attached to the user name. 617Jobs queued for processing by 618.Ar at 619are also removed if the user's uid is unique (not also used by another account on the 620system). 621.Pp 622The 623.Ar usershow 624command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 625By default, the format is identical to the format used in 626.Pa /etc/master.passwd 627with the password field replaced with a 628.Ql \&* . 629If the 630.Ql Fl P 631option is used, then 632.Nm pw 633outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 634The 635.Ql Fl a 636option lists all users currently on file. 637.Pp 638The command 639.Ar usernext 640returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 641This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 642that use 643.Nm pw . 644.Pp 645.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 646The 647.Ql Fl C Ar config 648and 649.Ql Fl q 650options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 651with the group manipulation commands. 652Other common options to all group-related commands are: 653.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 654.It Fl n Ar name 655Specifies the group name. 656.It Fl g Ar gid 657Specifies the group numeric id. 658.Pp 659As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 660to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 661versa. 662You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 663against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 664.It Fl M Ar memberlist 665This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 666new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 667groupmod). 668.Ar memberlist 669is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 670.It Fl m Ar newmembers 671Similar to 672.Op M , 673this option allows the 674.Em addition 675of existing users to a group without first replacing the existing list of 676members. 677Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicated users are automatically 678and silently eliminated. 679.El 680.Pp 681.Ar groupadd 682also has a 683.Ql Fl o 684option that allows allocation of an existing group id to new group. 685The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 686the check for duplicate group ids. 687There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 688.Pp 689The 690.Ar groupmod 691command adds one additonal option: 692.Pp 693.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 694.It Fl l Ar name 695This option allows changing of an existing group name to 696.Ql \&name . 697The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 698name will be rejected. 699.El 700.Pp 701Options for 702.Ar groupshow 703are the same as for 704.Ar usershow , 705with the 706.Ql Fl g Ar gid 707replacing 708.Ql Fl u Ar uid 709to specify the group id. 710.Pp 711The command 712.Ar groupnext 713returns the next available group id on standard output. 714.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 715.Nm pw 716returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise one of the 717following exit codes defined by 718.Xr sysexits 3 719as follows: 720.Bl -tag -width xxxx 721.It EX_USAGE 722.Bl -bullet -compact 723.It 724Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option) 725.El 726.It EX_NOPERM 727.Bl -bullet -compact 728.It 729Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 730.El 731.It EX_OSERR 732.Bl -bullet -compact 733.It 734Memory allocation error. 735.It 736Read error from password file descriptor. 737.El 738.It EX_DATAERR 739.Bl -bullet -compact 740.It 741Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 742via the password flie descriptor. 743.It 744Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 745.El 746.It EX_OSFILE 747.Bl -bullet -compact 748.It 749Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 750.It 751Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 752.It 753Invalid or non-existant shell specified. 754.El 755.It EX_NOUSER 756.Bl -bullet -compact 757.It 758User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 759.It 760User or group recorded added or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 761.El 762.It EX_SOFTWARE 763.Bl -bullet -compact 764.It 765No more group or user ids available within specified range. 766.El 767.It EX_IOERR 768.Bl -bullet -compact 769.It 770Unable to rewrite configuration file. 771.It 772Error updating group or user database files. 773.It 774Update error for passwd or group database files. 775.El 776.It EX_CONFIG 777.Bl -bullet -compact 778.It 779No base home directory configured. 780.El 781.El 782.Pp 783.Sh NOTES 784For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 785.Dl pw [command] help 786For example, 787.Dl pw useradd help 788lists all available options for the useradd operation. 789.Pp 790.Nm pw 791allows 8-bit characters in the passwd gecos field (user's full name, 792office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 793user login and group names. 794Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the internet will 795require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 796convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 797format. 798.Xr sendmail 8 799does support this. 800Use of 8-bit characters in the gecos field should be used in 801conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 802and should not be implemented without their use. 803Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 804programs that transmit the contents of the gecos field over the 805internet, such as 806.Xr fingerd 8 , 807and a small number of tcpip clients, such as irc, where fullnames 808specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 809.Sh FILES 810.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 811.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 812The user database 813.It Pa /etc/passwd 814A Version 7 format password file 815.It Pa /etc/login.conf 816The user capabilities database 817.It Pa /etc/group 818The group database 819.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 820Temporary copy of the master password file 821.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 822Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 823.It Pa /etc/group.new 824Temporary copy of the group file 825.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 826Pw default options file 827.El 828.Sh SEE ALSO 829.Xr chpass 1 , 830.Xr passwd 1 , 831.Xr group 5 , 832.Xr login.conf 5 , 833.Xr passwd 5 , 834.Xr pw.conf 5 , 835.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 836.Xr vipw 8 837.Sh HISTORY 838.Nm pw 839was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 840.Em shadow 841support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 842the 843.Bx 4.4 844operating system, and combines all of the major elements 845into a single command. 846