1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl s Ar shell 51.Op Fl o 52.Op Fl L Ar class 53.Op Fl h Ar fd 54.Op Fl N 55.Op Fl P 56.Op Fl Y 57.Nm 58.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 59.Ar useradd 60.Op name|uid 61.Fl D 62.Op Fl C Ar config 63.Op Fl q 64.Op Fl b Ar dir 65.Op Fl e Ar days 66.Op Fl p Ar days 67.Op Fl g Ar group 68.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 69.Op Fl k Ar dir 70.Op Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max 71.Op Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 72.Op Fl w Ar method 73.Op Fl s Ar shell 74.Op Fl y Ar path 75.Nm 76.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 77.Ar userdel 78.Op name|uid 79.Op Fl n Ar name 80.Op Fl u Ar uid 81.Op Fl r 82.Op Fl Y 83.Nm 84.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 85.Ar usermod 86.Op name|uid 87.Op Fl C Ar config 88.Op Fl q 89.Op Fl n Ar name 90.Op Fl u Ar uid 91.Op Fl c Ar comment 92.Op Fl d Ar dir 93.Op Fl e Ar date 94.Op Fl p Ar date 95.Op Fl g Ar group 96.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 97.Op Fl l Ar name 98.Op Fl m 99.Op Fl k Ar dir 100.Op Fl w Ar method 101.Op Fl s Ar shell 102.Op Fl L Ar class 103.Op Fl h Ar fd 104.Op Fl N 105.Op Fl P 106.Op Fl Y 107.Nm 108.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 109.Ar usershow 110.Op name|uid 111.Op Fl n Ar name 112.Op Fl u Ar uid 113.Op Fl F 114.Op Fl P 115.Op Fl 7 116.Op Fl a 117.Nm 118.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 119.Ar usernext 120.Op Fl C Ar config 121.Op Fl q 122.Nm 123.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 124.Ar groupadd 125.Op group|gid 126.Op Fl C Ar config 127.Op Fl q 128.Op Fl n Ar group 129.Op Fl g Ar gid 130.Op Fl M Ar members 131.Op Fl o 132.Op Fl h Ar fd 133.Op Fl N 134.Op Fl P 135.Op Fl Y 136.Nm 137.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 138.Ar groupdel 139.Op group|gid 140.Op Fl n Ar name 141.Op Fl g Ar gid 142.Op Fl Y 143.Nm 144.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 145.Ar groupmod 146.Op group|gid 147.Op Fl C Ar config 148.Op Fl q 149.Op Fl n Ar name 150.Op Fl g Ar gid 151.Op Fl l Ar name 152.Op Fl M Ar members 153.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 154.Op Fl h Ar fd 155.Op Fl N 156.Op Fl P 157.Op Fl Y 158.Nm 159.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 160.Ar groupshow 161.Op group|gid 162.Op Fl n Ar name 163.Op Fl g Ar gid 164.Op Fl F 165.Op Fl P 166.Op Fl a 167.Nm 168.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 169.Ar groupnext 170.Op Fl C Ar config 171.Op Fl q 172.Nm 173.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 174.Ar lock 175.Op name|uid 176.Op Fl C Ar config 177.Op Fl q 178.Nm 179.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 180.Ar unlock 181.Op name|uid 182.Op Fl C Ar config 183.Op Fl q 184.Sh DESCRIPTION 185.Nm Pw 186is a command-line based editor for the system 187.Ar user 188and 189.Ar group 190files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 191modifying and removing users and groups. 192Note that 193.Nm 194only operates on the local user and group files. NIS users and groups must be 195maintained on the NIS server. 196.Nm Pw 197handles updating the 198.Pa passwd , 199.Pa master.passwd , 200.Pa group 201and the secure and insecure 202password database files, and must be run as root. 203.Pp 204The first one or two keywords provided to 205.Nm 206on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 207The keywords 208.Ar user 209and 210.Ar group 211may be combined with 212.Ar add , 213.Ar del , 214.Ar mod , 215.Ar show , 216or 217.Ar next 218in any order. 219(For example, 220.Ar showuser , 221.Ar usershow , 222.Ar show user , 223and 224.Ar user show 225all mean the same thing.) 226This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 227.Nm 228for user and group database manipulation. 229Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 230id as an alternative to using the 231.Fl n Ar name , 232.Fl u Ar uid , 233.Fl g Ar gid 234options. 235.Pp 236The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation; 237.Pp 238.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 239.It Fl V Ar etcdir 240This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 241and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 242If this switch is specified, the system 243.Pa /etc/pw.conf 244will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 245specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 246The 247.Fl C 248flag may be used to override this behaviour. 249As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 250type, the 251.Fl V 252flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 253.It Fl C Ar config 254By default, 255.Nm 256reads the file 257.Pa /etc/pw.conf 258to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 259The 260.Fl C 261option specifies a different configuration file. 262While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 263command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 264configuration file. 265.It Fl q 266Use of this option causes 267.Nm 268to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 269is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 270.Nm 271rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 272.It Fl N 273This option is available in 274.Ar add 275and 276.Ar modify 277operations, and tells 278.Nm 279to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 280databases. 281You may use the 282.Fl P 283option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 284.It Fl Y 285Using this option with any of the update modes causes 286.Nm 287to run 288.Xr make 1 289after changing to the directory 290.Pa /var/yp . 291This is intended to allow automatic updating of NIS database files. 292If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 293.Fl y Ar path 294option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that 295.Nm 296will concurrently update it with the system password 297databases. 298.El 299.Sh USER OPTIONS 300The following options apply to the 301.Ar useradd 302and 303.Ar usermod 304commands: 305.Pp 306.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 307.It Fl n Ar name 308Specify the user/account name. 309.It Fl u Ar uid 310Specify the user/account numeric id. 311.Pp 312Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 313name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 314However, there are times when you need to provide both. 315For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 316.Ar usermod , 317or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 318If you wish 319.Nm 320to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 321.Ar useradd , 322then you should 323.Em not 324use the 325.Fl u 326option. 327You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 328.Ar useradd , 329.Ar userdel , 330.Ar usermod 331or 332.Ar usershow 333keywords on the command line without using the 334.Fl n 335or 336.Fl u 337options. 338.El 339.Pp 340.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 341.It Fl c Ar comment 342This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 343to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 344and work and home phone numbers. 345These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 346If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 347quotes 348.Ql \&" . 349Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 350colon 351.Ql \&: 352character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 353file itself. 354.It Fl d Ar dir 355This option sets the account's home directory. 356Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 357default determined from 358.Pa /etc/pw.conf 359- normally 360.Pa /home 361with the account name as a subdirectory. 362.It Fl e Ar date 363Set the account's expiration date. 364Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 365.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 366format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 367('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 368This option also accepts a relative date in the form 369.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 370where 371.Ql \&n 372is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 373number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 374which the expiration date is to be set. 375.It Fl p Ar date 376Set the account's password expiration date. 377This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 378applies to forced password changes. 379This is set in the same manner as the 380.Fl e 381option. 382.It Fl g Ar group 383Set the account's primary group to the given group. 384.Ar group 385may be defined by either its name or group number. 386.It Fl G Ar grouplist 387Sets additional group memberships for an account. 388.Ar grouplist 389is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 390The user's name is added to the group lists in 391.Pa /etc/group , 392and 393removed from any groups not specified in 394.Ar grouplist . 395Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 396.Ar grouplist . 397Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 398sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 399.It Fl L Ar class 400This option sets the login class for the user being created. 401See 402.Xr login.conf 5 403and 404.Xr passwd 5 405for more information on user login classes. 406.It Fl m 407This option instructs 408.Nm 409to attempt to create the user's home directory. 410While primarily useful when adding a new account with 411.Ar useradd , 412this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 413the filesystem. 414The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 415.Ar skeleton 416directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 417user may personalize to taste. 418When 419.Fl m 420is used on an account with 421.Ar usermod , 422existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 423.Em not 424overwritten from the skeleton files. 425.Pp 426When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 427.Ar basehome 428directory as specified by the 429.Fl b 430option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 431This can be overridden by the 432.Fl d 433option on the command line, if desired. 434.It Fl k Ar dir 435Set the 436.Ar skeleton 437directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 438the user's home directory is created. 439This option only has meaning when used with the 440.Fl d 441or 442.Fl m 443flags. 444.It Fl s Ar shell 445Set or changes the user's login shell to 446.Ar shell . 447If the path to the shell program is omitted, 448.Nm 449searches the 450.Ar shellpath 451specified in 452.Pa /etc/pw.conf 453and fills it in as appropriate. 454Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 455specifying the path - this will allow 456.Nm 457to validate that the program exists and is executable. 458Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 459and allows for such entries as 460.Pa /nonexistent 461that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 462.It Fl h Ar fd 463This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 464set an account password using 465.Nm . 466Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 467by which programs can accept information, 468.Nm 469will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 470(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 471.Ar sh , 472.Ar bash , 473.Ar ksh 474and 475.Ar perl 476all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 477Alternatively, 478.Nm 479will prompt for the user's password if 480.Fl h Ar 0 481is given, nominating 482.Em stdin 483as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 484Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 485for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 486If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 487.Xr passwd 1 , 488this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 489.Nm . 490.Pp 491If a value of 492.Ql \&- 493is given as the argument 494.Ar fd , 495then the password will be set to 496.Ql \&* , 497rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 498.El 499.Pp 500It is possible to use 501.Ar useradd 502to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 503While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 504.Fl o 505option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 506the user id. 507This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 508different contexts (different group allocations, different home 509directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 510permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 511.Pp 512The 513.Ar useradd 514command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 515.Fl D 516option. 517Instead of adding a new user, 518.Nm 519writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 520.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 521When using the 522.Fl D 523option, you must not use either 524.Fl n Ar name 525or 526.Fl u Ar uid 527or an error will result. 528Use of 529.Fl D 530changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 531.Ar useradd 532command. 533These are: 534.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 535.It Fl D 536Set default values in 537.Pa /etc/pw.conf 538configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 539.Fl C Ar config 540option is used. 541.It Fl b Ar dir 542Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 543The default value for this is 544.Pa /home , 545but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 546.It Fl e Ar days 547Set the default account expiration period in days. 548Unlike use without 549.Fl D , 550the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 551the account is to expire. 552A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 553.It Fl p Ar days 554Set the default password expiration period in days. 555.It Fl g Ar group 556Set the default group for new users. 557If a blank group is specified using 558.Fl g Ar \&"" , 559then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 560with the same name as their login name. 561If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 562.It Fl G Ar grouplist 563Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 564This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 565nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 566In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 567.Em other than 568the primary group. 569.Ar grouplist 570is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 571stored in 572.Pa /etc/pw.conf 573by their symbolic names. 574.It Fl L Ar class 575This option sets the default login class for new users. 576.It Fl k Ar dir 577Set the default 578.Em skeleton 579directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 580.Nm 581creates a user's home directory. 582.It Xo 583.Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max , 584.Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 585.Xc 586These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 587and groups created by 588.Nm . 589The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 590.Ar min 591and 592.Ar max 593are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 594and 32767. 595In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 596and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 597some system daemons). 598.It Fl w Ar method 599The 600.Fl w 601option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 602.Ar method 603is one of: 604.Pp 605.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 606.It no 607disable login on newly created accounts 608.It yes 609force the password to be the account name 610.It none 611force a blank password 612.It random 613generate a random password 614.El 615.Pp 616The 617.Ql \&random 618or 619.Ql \&no 620methods are the most secure; in the former case, 621.Nm 622generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 623users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 624their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 625The 626.Ql \&no 627method requires that the superuser use 628.Xr passwd 1 629to render the account accessible with a password. 630.It Fl y Ar path 631This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 632the information from 633.Pa /etc/master.passwd 634directly with NIS. 635You should only set this option for NIS servers. 636.El 637.Pp 638The 639.Ar userdel 640command has only three valid options. 641The 642.Fl n Ar name 643and 644.Fl u Ar uid 645options have already been covered above. 646The additional option is: 647.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 648.It Fl r 649This tells 650.Nm 651to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 652.Nm Pw 653errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 654Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 655another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 656a valid path that commences with the character 657.Ql \&/ . 658Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 659the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 660Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 661will be removed. 662If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 663.El 664.Pp 665Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 666are unconditionally attached to the user name. 667Jobs queued for processing by 668.Ar at 669are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 670system. 671.Pp 672The 673.Ar usershow 674command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 675By default, the format is identical to the format used in 676.Pa /etc/master.passwd 677with the password field replaced with a 678.Ql \&* . 679If the 680.Fl P 681option is used, then 682.Nm 683outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 684If the 685.Fl 7 686option is used, the account details are shown in v7 format. 687The 688.Fl a 689option lists all users currently on file. 690Using 691.Fl F 692forces 693.Nm 694to print the details of an account even if it does not exist. 695.Pp 696The command 697.Ar usernext 698returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 699This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 700that use 701.Nm . 702.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 703The 704.Fl C 705and 706.Fl q 707options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 708with the group manipulation commands. 709Other common options to all group-related commands are: 710.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 711.It Fl n Ar name 712Specify the group name. 713.It Fl g Ar gid 714Specify the group numeric id. 715.Pp 716As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 717to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 718versa. 719You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 720against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 721.It Fl M Ar memberlist 722This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 723new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 724groupmod). 725.Ar memberlist 726is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 727.It Fl m Ar newmembers 728Similar to 729.Fl M , 730this option allows the 731.Em addition 732of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 733members. 734Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 735silently eliminated. 736.El 737.Pp 738.Ar groupadd 739also has a 740.Fl o 741option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 742The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 743the check for duplicate group ids. 744There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 745.Pp 746The 747.Ar groupmod 748command adds one additional option: 749.Pp 750.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 751.It Fl l Ar name 752This option allows changing of an existing group name to 753.Ql \&name . 754The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 755name will be rejected. 756.El 757.Pp 758Options for 759.Ar groupshow 760are the same as for 761.Ar usershow , 762with the 763.Fl g Ar gid 764replacing 765.Fl u Ar uid 766to specify the group id. 767The 768.Fl 7 769option does not apply to the 770.Ar groupshow 771command. 772.Pp 773The command 774.Ar groupnext 775returns the next available group id on standard output. 776.Sh USER LOCKING 777.Nm Pw 778supports a simple password locking mechanism for users; it works by 779prepending the string 780.Ql *LOCKED* 781to the beginning of the password field in 782.Pa master.passwd 783to prevent successful authentication. 784.Pp 785The 786.Ar lock 787and 788.Ar unlock 789commands take a user name or uid of the account to lock or unlock, 790respectively. The 791.Fl V , 792.Fl C , 793and 794.Fl q 795options as described above are accepted by these commands. 796.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 797.Nm Pw 798returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 799.Nm 800returns one of the 801following exit codes defined by 802.Xr sysexits 3 803as follows: 804.Bl -tag -width xxxx 805.It EX_USAGE 806.Bl -bullet -compact 807.It 808Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 809.El 810.It EX_NOPERM 811.Bl -bullet -compact 812.It 813Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 814.El 815.It EX_OSERR 816.Bl -bullet -compact 817.It 818Memory allocation error. 819.It 820Read error from password file descriptor. 821.El 822.It EX_DATAERR 823.Bl -bullet -compact 824.It 825Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 826via the password file descriptor. 827.It 828Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 829.El 830.It EX_OSFILE 831.Bl -bullet -compact 832.It 833Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 834.It 835Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 836.It 837Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 838.El 839.It EX_NOUSER 840.Bl -bullet -compact 841.It 842User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 843.It 844User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 845.El 846.It EX_SOFTWARE 847.Bl -bullet -compact 848.It 849No more group or user ids available within specified range. 850.El 851.It EX_IOERR 852.Bl -bullet -compact 853.It 854Unable to rewrite configuration file. 855.It 856Error updating group or user database files. 857.It 858Update error for passwd or group database files. 859.El 860.It EX_CONFIG 861.Bl -bullet -compact 862.It 863No base home directory configured. 864.El 865.El 866.Sh NOTES 867For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 868.Dl pw [command] help 869For example, 870.Dl pw useradd help 871lists all available options for the useradd operation. 872.Pp 873.Nm Pw 874allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 875office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 876user login and group names. 877Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 878require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 879convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 880format. 881.Xr sendmail 8 882does support this. 883Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 884conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 885and should not be implemented without their use. 886Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 887programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 888Internet, such as 889.Xr fingerd 8 , 890and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 891specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 892.Sh FILES 893.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 894.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 895The user database 896.It Pa /etc/passwd 897A Version 7 format password file 898.It Pa /etc/login.conf 899The user capabilities database 900.It Pa /etc/group 901The group database 902.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 903Temporary copy of the master password file 904.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 905Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 906.It Pa /etc/group.new 907Temporary copy of the group file 908.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 909Pw default options file 910.El 911.Sh SEE ALSO 912.Xr chpass 1 , 913.Xr passwd 1 , 914.Xr group 5 , 915.Xr login.conf 5 , 916.Xr passwd 5 , 917.Xr pw.conf 5 , 918.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 919.Xr vipw 8 920.Sh HISTORY 921.Nm Pw 922was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 923.Em shadow 924support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 925the 926.Bx 4.4 927operating system, and combines all of the major elements 928into a single command. 929