1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm pw 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl s Ar shell 51.Op Fl o 52.Op Fl L Ar class 53.Op Fl h Ar fd 54.Op Fl N 55.Op Fl P 56.Op Fl Y 57.Nm pw 58.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 59.Ar useradd 60.Op name|uid 61.Fl D 62.Op Fl C Ar config 63.Op Fl q 64.Op Fl b Ar dir 65.Op Fl e Ar days 66.Op Fl p Ar days 67.Op Fl g Ar group 68.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 69.Op Fl k Ar dir 70.Op Fl u Ar min,max 71.Op Fl i Ar min,max 72.Op Fl w Ar method 73.Op Fl s Ar shell 74.Op Fl y Ar path 75.Nm pw 76.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 77.Ar userdel 78.Op name|uid 79.Op Fl n Ar name 80.Op Fl u Ar uid 81.Op Fl r 82.Op Fl Y 83.Nm pw 84.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 85.Ar usermod 86.Op name|uid 87.Op Fl C Ar config 88.Op Fl q 89.Op Fl n Ar name 90.Op Fl u Ar uid 91.Op Fl c Ar comment 92.Op Fl d Ar dir 93.Op Fl e Ar date 94.Op Fl p Ar date 95.Op Fl g Ar group 96.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 97.Op Fl l Ar name 98.Op Fl m 99.Op Fl k Ar dir 100.Op Fl w Ar method 101.Op Fl s Ar shell 102.Op Fl L Ar class 103.Op Fl h Ar fd 104.Op Fl N 105.Op Fl P 106.Op Fl Y 107.Nm pw 108.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 109.Ar usershow 110.Op name|uid 111.Op Fl n Ar name 112.Op Fl u Ar uid 113.Op Fl F 114.Op Fl P 115.Op Fl a 116.Nm pw 117.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 118.Ar usernext 119.Op Fl C Ar config 120.Op Fl q 121.Nm pw 122.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 123.Ar groupadd 124.Op group|gid 125.Op Fl C Ar config 126.Op Fl q 127.Op Fl n Ar group 128.Op Fl g Ar gid 129.Op Fl M Ar members 130.Op Fl o 131.Op Fl h Ar fd 132.Op Fl N 133.Op Fl P 134.Op Fl Y 135.Nm pw 136.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 137.Ar groupdel 138.Op group|gid 139.Op Fl n Ar name 140.Op Fl g Ar gid 141.Op Fl Y 142.Nm pw 143.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 144.Ar groupmod 145.Op group|gid 146.Op Fl C Ar config 147.Op Fl q 148.Op Fl F 149.Op Fl n Ar name 150.Op Fl g Ar gid 151.Op Fl l Ar name 152.Op Fl M Ar members 153.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 154.Op Fl h Ar fd 155.Op Fl N 156.Op Fl P 157.Op Fl Y 158.Nm pw 159.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 160.Ar groupshow 161.Op group|gid 162.Op Fl n Ar name 163.Op Fl g Ar gid 164.Op Fl F 165.Op Fl P 166.Op Fl a 167.Nm pw 168.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 169.Ar groupnext 170.Op Fl C Ar config 171.Op Fl q 172.Sh DESCRIPTION 173.Nm Pw 174is a command-line based editor for the system 175.Ar user 176and 177.Ar group 178files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 179modifying and removing users and groups. 180Note that 181.Nm 182only operates on the local user and group files. NIS users and groups must be 183maintained on the NIS server. 184.Nm Pw 185handles updating the 186.Pa passwd , 187.Pa master.passwd , 188.Pa group 189and the secure and insecure 190password database files, and must be run as root. 191.Pp 192The first one or two keywords provided to 193.Nm 194on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 195The keywords 196.Ar user 197and 198.Ar group 199may be combined with 200.Ar add , 201.Ar del , 202.Ar mod , 203.Ar show , 204or 205.Ar next 206in any order. 207(For example, 208.Ar showuser , 209.Ar usershow , 210.Ar show user , and 211.Ar user show 212all mean the same thing.) 213This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 214.Nm 215for user and group database manipulation. 216Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 217id as an alternative to using the 218.Fl n Ar name , 219.Fl u Ar uid , 220.Fl g Ar gid 221options. 222.Pp 223The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation; 224.Pp 225.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 226.It Fl V Ar etcdir 227This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 228and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 229If this switch is specified, the system 230.Pa /etc/pw.conf 231will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 232specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 233The 234.Fl C 235flag may be used to override this behaviour. 236As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 237type, the 238.Fl V 239flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 240.It Fl C Ar config 241By default, 242.Nm 243reads the file 244.Pa /etc/pw.conf 245to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 246The 247.Fl C 248option specifies a different configuration file. 249While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 250command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 251configuration file. 252.It Fl q 253Use of this option causes 254.Nm 255to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 256is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 257.Nm 258rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 259.It Fl N 260This option is available in 261.Ar add 262and 263.Ar modify 264operations, and tells 265.Nm 266to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 267databases. 268You may use the 269.Fl P 270option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 271.It Fl Y 272Using this option with any of the update modes causes 273.Nm 274to run 275.Xr make 1 276after changing to the directory 277.Pa /var/yp . 278This is intended to allow automatic updating of NIS database files. 279If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 280.Fl y Ar path 281option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that 282.Nm 283will concurrently update it with the system password 284databases. 285.El 286.Pp 287.Sh USER OPTIONS 288The following options apply to the 289.Ar useradd 290and 291.Ar usermod 292commands: 293.Pp 294.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 295.It Fl n Ar name 296Specify the user/account name. 297.It Fl u Ar uid 298Specify the user/account numeric id. 299.Pp 300Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 301name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 302However, there are times when you need to provide both. 303For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 304.Ar usermod , 305or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 306If you wish 307.Nm 308to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 309.Ar useradd , 310then you should 311.Em not 312use the 313.Ql Fl u 314option. 315You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 316.Ar useradd , 317.Ar userdel , 318.Ar usermod 319or 320.Ar usershow 321keywords on the command line without using the 322.Ql Fl n 323or 324.Ql Fl u 325options. 326.El 327.Pp 328.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 329.It Fl c Ar comment 330This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 331to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 332and work and home phone numbers. 333These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 334If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 335quotes 336.Ql \&" . 337Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 338colon 339.Ql \&: 340character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 341file itself. 342.It Fl d Ar dir 343This option sets the account's home directory. 344Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 345default determined from 346.Pa /etc/pw.conf 347- normally 348.Pa /home 349with the account name as a subdirectory. 350.It Fl e Ar date 351Set the account's expiration date. 352Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 353.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 354format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 355('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 356This option also accepts a relative date in the form 357.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 358where 359.Ql \&n 360is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 361number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 362which the expiration date is to be set. 363.It Fl p Ar date 364Set the account's password expiration date. 365This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 366applies to forced password changes. 367This is set in the same manner as the 368.Ql Fl e 369option. 370.It Fl g Ar group 371Set the account's primary group to the given group. 372.Ar group 373may be defined by either its name or group number. 374.It Fl G Ar grouplist 375Sets additional group memberships for an account. 376.Ar grouplist 377is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 378The user's name is added to the group lists in 379.Pa /etc/group , 380and 381removed from any groups not specified in 382.Ar grouplist . 383Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 384.Ar grouplist . 385Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 386sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 387.It Fl L Ar class 388This option sets the login class for the user being created. 389See 390.Xr login.conf 5 391for more information on user login classes. 392.It Fl m 393This option instructs 394.Nm 395to attempt to create the user's home directory. 396While primarily useful when adding a new account with 397.Ar useradd , 398this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 399the filesystem. 400The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 401.Ar skeleton 402directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 403user may personalize to taste. 404When 405.Ql Fl m 406is used on an account with 407.Ar usermod , 408existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 409.Em not 410overwritten from the skeleton files. 411.Pp 412When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 413.Ar basehome 414directory as specified by the 415.Ql Fl b 416option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 417This can be overridden by the 418.Ql Fl d 419option on the command line, if desired. 420.It Fl k Ar dir 421Set the 422.Ar skeleton 423directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 424the user's home directory is created. 425This option only has meaning when used with the 426.Ql Fl d 427or 428.Ql Fl m 429flags. 430.It Fl s Ar shell 431Set or changes the user's login shell to 432.Ar shell . 433If the path to the shell program is omitted, 434.Nm 435searches the 436.Ar shellpath 437specified in 438.Pa /etc/pw.conf 439and fills it in as appropriate. 440Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 441specifying the path - this will allow 442.Nm 443to validate that the program exists and is executable. 444Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 445and allows for such entries as 446.Pa /nonexistent 447that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 448.It Fl L Ar class 449Set the 450.Em class 451field in the user's passwd record. 452This field is not currently used, but will be used in the future to specify a 453.Em termcap 454entry like tag. 455See 456.Xr passwd 5 457for details. 458.It Fl h Ar fd 459This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 460set an account password using 461.Nm pw . 462Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 463by which programs can accept information, 464.Nm 465will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 466(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 467.Ar sh , 468.Ar bash , 469.Ar ksh 470and 471.Ar perl 472all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 473Alternatively, 474.Nm 475will prompt for the user's password if 476.Ql Fl h Ar 0 477is given, nominating 478.Em stdin 479as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 480Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 481for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 482If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 483.Xr passwd 1 , 484this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 485.Nm pw . 486.Pp 487If a value of 488.Ql \&- 489is given as the argument 490.Ar fd , 491then the password will be set to 492.Ql \&* , 493rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 494.El 495.Pp 496It is possible to use 497.Ar useradd 498to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 499While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 500.Ql Fl o 501option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 502the user id. 503This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 504different contexts (different group allocations, different home 505directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 506permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 507.Pp 508The 509.Ar useradd 510command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 511.Ql Fl D 512option. 513Instead of adding a new user, 514.Nm 515writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 516.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 517When using the 518.Ql Fl D 519option, you must not use either 520.Ql Fl n Ar name 521or 522.Ql Fl u Ar uid 523or an error will result. 524Use of 525.Ql Fl D 526changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 527.Ar useradd 528command. 529These are: 530.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 531.It Fl D 532Set default values in 533.Pa /etc/pw.conf 534configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 535.Ql Fl C Ar config 536option is used. 537.It Fl b Ar dir 538Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 539The default value for this is 540.Pa /home , 541but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 542.It Fl e Ar days 543Set the default account expiration period in days. 544Unlike use without 545.Ql Fl D , 546the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 547the account is to expire. 548A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 549.It Fl p Ar days 550Set the default password expiration period in days. 551.It Fl g Ar group 552Set the default group for new users. 553If a blank group is specified using 554.Ql Fl g Ar \&"" , 555then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 556with the same name as their login name. 557If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 558.It Fl G Ar grouplist 559Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 560This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 561nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 562In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 563.Em other than 564the primary group. 565.Ar grouplist 566is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 567stored in 568.Pa /etc/pw.conf 569by their symbolic names. 570.It Fl L Ar class 571This option sets the default login class for new users. 572.It Fl k Ar dir 573Set the default 574.Em skeleton 575directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 576.Nm 577creates a user's home directory. 578.It Fl u Ar min,max , Fl i Ar min,max 579These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 580and groups created by 581.Nm pw . 582The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 583.Ar min 584and 585.Ar max 586are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 587and 32767. 588In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 589and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 590some system daemons). 591.It Fl w Ar method 592The 593.Ql Fl w 594option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 595.Ar method 596is one of: 597.Pp 598.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 599.It no 600disable login on newly created accounts 601.It yes 602force the password to be the account name 603.It none 604force a blank password 605.It random 606generate a random password 607.El 608.Pp 609The 610.Ql \&random 611or 612.Ql \&no 613methods are the most secure; in the former case, 614.Nm 615generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 616users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 617their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 618The 619.Ql \&no 620method requires that the superuser use 621.Xr passwd 1 622to render the account accessible with a password. 623.It Fl y Ar path 624This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 625the information from 626.Pa /etc/master.passwd 627directly with NIS. 628You should only set this option for NIS servers. 629.El 630.Pp 631The 632.Ar userdel 633command has only three valid options. 634The 635.Ql Fl n Ar name 636and 637.Ql Fl u Ar uid 638options have already been covered above. 639The additional option is: 640.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 641.It Fl r 642This tells 643.Nm 644to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 645.Nm Pw 646errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 647Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 648another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 649a valid path that commences with the character 650.Ql \&/ . 651Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 652the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 653Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 654will be removed. 655If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 656.El 657.Pp 658Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 659are unconditionally attached to the user name. 660Jobs queued for processing by 661.Ar at 662are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 663system. 664.Pp 665The 666.Ar usershow 667command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 668By default, the format is identical to the format used in 669.Pa /etc/master.passwd 670with the password field replaced with a 671.Ql \&* . 672If the 673.Ql Fl P 674option is used, then 675.Nm 676outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 677The 678.Ql Fl a 679option lists all users currently on file. 680.Pp 681The command 682.Ar usernext 683returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 684This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 685that use 686.Nm pw . 687.Pp 688.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 689The 690.Ql Fl C 691and 692.Ql Fl q 693options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 694with the group manipulation commands. 695Other common options to all group-related commands are: 696.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 697.It Fl n Ar name 698Specify the group name. 699.It Fl g Ar gid 700Specify the group numeric id. 701.Pp 702As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 703to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 704versa. 705You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 706against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 707.It Fl M Ar memberlist 708This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 709new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 710groupmod). 711.Ar memberlist 712is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 713.It Fl m Ar newmembers 714Similar to 715.Ql Fl M , 716this option allows the 717.Em addition 718of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 719members. 720Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 721silently eliminated. 722.El 723.Pp 724.Ar groupadd 725also has a 726.Ql Fl o 727option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 728The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 729the check for duplicate group ids. 730There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 731.Pp 732The 733.Ar groupmod 734command adds one additional option: 735.Pp 736.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 737.It Fl l Ar name 738This option allows changing of an existing group name to 739.Ql \&name . 740The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 741name will be rejected. 742.El 743.Pp 744Options for 745.Ar groupshow 746are the same as for 747.Ar usershow , 748with the 749.Ql Fl g Ar gid 750replacing 751.Ql Fl u Ar uid 752to specify the group id. 753.Pp 754The command 755.Ar groupnext 756returns the next available group id on standard output. 757.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 758.Nm Pw 759returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 760.Nm 761returns one of the 762following exit codes defined by 763.Xr sysexits 3 764as follows: 765.Bl -tag -width xxxx 766.It EX_USAGE 767.Bl -bullet -compact 768.It 769Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 770.El 771.It EX_NOPERM 772.Bl -bullet -compact 773.It 774Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 775.El 776.It EX_OSERR 777.Bl -bullet -compact 778.It 779Memory allocation error. 780.It 781Read error from password file descriptor. 782.El 783.It EX_DATAERR 784.Bl -bullet -compact 785.It 786Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 787via the password file descriptor. 788.It 789Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 790.El 791.It EX_OSFILE 792.Bl -bullet -compact 793.It 794Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 795.It 796Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 797.It 798Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 799.El 800.It EX_NOUSER 801.Bl -bullet -compact 802.It 803User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 804.It 805User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 806.El 807.It EX_SOFTWARE 808.Bl -bullet -compact 809.It 810No more group or user ids available within specified range. 811.El 812.It EX_IOERR 813.Bl -bullet -compact 814.It 815Unable to rewrite configuration file. 816.It 817Error updating group or user database files. 818.It 819Update error for passwd or group database files. 820.El 821.It EX_CONFIG 822.Bl -bullet -compact 823.It 824No base home directory configured. 825.El 826.El 827.Pp 828.Sh NOTES 829For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 830.Dl pw [command] help 831For example, 832.Dl pw useradd help 833lists all available options for the useradd operation. 834.Pp 835.Nm Pw 836allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 837office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 838user login and group names. 839Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 840require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 841convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 842format. 843.Xr sendmail 8 844does support this. 845Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 846conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 847and should not be implemented without their use. 848Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 849programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 850Internet, such as 851.Xr fingerd 8 , 852and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 853specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 854.Sh FILES 855.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 856.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 857The user database 858.It Pa /etc/passwd 859A Version 7 format password file 860.It Pa /etc/login.conf 861The user capabilities database 862.It Pa /etc/group 863The group database 864.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 865Temporary copy of the master password file 866.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 867Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 868.It Pa /etc/group.new 869Temporary copy of the group file 870.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 871Pw default options file 872.El 873.Sh SEE ALSO 874.Xr chpass 1 , 875.Xr passwd 1 , 876.Xr group 5 , 877.Xr login.conf 5 , 878.Xr passwd 5 , 879.Xr pw.conf 5 , 880.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 881.Xr vipw 8 882.Sh HISTORY 883.Nm Pw 884was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 885.Em shadow 886support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 887the 888.Bx 4.4 889operating system, and combines all of the major elements 890into a single command. 891