1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl s Ar shell 51.Op Fl o 52.Op Fl L Ar class 53.Op Fl h Ar fd 54.Op Fl N 55.Op Fl P 56.Op Fl Y 57.Nm 58.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 59.Ar useradd 60.Op name|uid 61.Fl D 62.Op Fl C Ar config 63.Op Fl q 64.Op Fl b Ar dir 65.Op Fl e Ar days 66.Op Fl p Ar days 67.Op Fl g Ar group 68.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 69.Op Fl k Ar dir 70.Op Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max 71.Op Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 72.Op Fl w Ar method 73.Op Fl s Ar shell 74.Op Fl y Ar path 75.Nm 76.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 77.Ar userdel 78.Op name|uid 79.Op Fl n Ar name 80.Op Fl u Ar uid 81.Op Fl r 82.Op Fl Y 83.Nm 84.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 85.Ar usermod 86.Op name|uid 87.Op Fl C Ar config 88.Op Fl q 89.Op Fl n Ar name 90.Op Fl u Ar uid 91.Op Fl c Ar comment 92.Op Fl d Ar dir 93.Op Fl e Ar date 94.Op Fl p Ar date 95.Op Fl g Ar group 96.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 97.Op Fl l Ar name 98.Op Fl m 99.Op Fl k Ar dir 100.Op Fl w Ar method 101.Op Fl s Ar shell 102.Op Fl L Ar class 103.Op Fl h Ar fd 104.Op Fl N 105.Op Fl P 106.Op Fl Y 107.Nm 108.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 109.Ar usershow 110.Op name|uid 111.Op Fl n Ar name 112.Op Fl u Ar uid 113.Op Fl F 114.Op Fl P 115.Op Fl a 116.Nm 117.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 118.Ar usernext 119.Op Fl C Ar config 120.Op Fl q 121.Nm 122.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 123.Ar groupadd 124.Op group|gid 125.Op Fl C Ar config 126.Op Fl q 127.Op Fl n Ar group 128.Op Fl g Ar gid 129.Op Fl M Ar members 130.Op Fl o 131.Op Fl h Ar fd 132.Op Fl N 133.Op Fl P 134.Op Fl Y 135.Nm 136.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 137.Ar groupdel 138.Op group|gid 139.Op Fl n Ar name 140.Op Fl g Ar gid 141.Op Fl Y 142.Nm 143.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 144.Ar groupmod 145.Op group|gid 146.Op Fl C Ar config 147.Op Fl q 148.Op Fl F 149.Op Fl n Ar name 150.Op Fl g Ar gid 151.Op Fl l Ar name 152.Op Fl M Ar members 153.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 154.Op Fl h Ar fd 155.Op Fl N 156.Op Fl P 157.Op Fl Y 158.Nm 159.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 160.Ar groupshow 161.Op group|gid 162.Op Fl n Ar name 163.Op Fl g Ar gid 164.Op Fl F 165.Op Fl P 166.Op Fl a 167.Nm 168.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 169.Ar groupnext 170.Op Fl C Ar config 171.Op Fl q 172.Nm 173.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 174.Ar lock 175.Op name|uid 176.Op Fl C Ar config 177.Op Fl q 178.Nm 179.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 180.Ar unlock 181.Op name|uid 182.Op Fl C Ar config 183.Op Fl q 184.Sh DESCRIPTION 185.Nm Pw 186is a command-line based editor for the system 187.Ar user 188and 189.Ar group 190files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 191modifying and removing users and groups. 192Note that 193.Nm 194only operates on the local user and group files. NIS users and groups must be 195maintained on the NIS server. 196.Nm Pw 197handles updating the 198.Pa passwd , 199.Pa master.passwd , 200.Pa group 201and the secure and insecure 202password database files, and must be run as root. 203.Pp 204The first one or two keywords provided to 205.Nm 206on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 207The keywords 208.Ar user 209and 210.Ar group 211may be combined with 212.Ar add , 213.Ar del , 214.Ar mod , 215.Ar show , 216or 217.Ar next 218in any order. 219(For example, 220.Ar showuser , 221.Ar usershow , 222.Ar show user , 223and 224.Ar user show 225all mean the same thing.) 226This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 227.Nm 228for user and group database manipulation. 229Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 230id as an alternative to using the 231.Fl n Ar name , 232.Fl u Ar uid , 233.Fl g Ar gid 234options. 235.Pp 236The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation; 237.Pp 238.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 239.It Fl V Ar etcdir 240This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 241and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 242If this switch is specified, the system 243.Pa /etc/pw.conf 244will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 245specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 246The 247.Fl C 248flag may be used to override this behaviour. 249As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 250type, the 251.Fl V 252flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 253.It Fl C Ar config 254By default, 255.Nm 256reads the file 257.Pa /etc/pw.conf 258to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 259The 260.Fl C 261option specifies a different configuration file. 262While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 263command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 264configuration file. 265.It Fl q 266Use of this option causes 267.Nm 268to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 269is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 270.Nm 271rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 272.It Fl N 273This option is available in 274.Ar add 275and 276.Ar modify 277operations, and tells 278.Nm 279to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 280databases. 281You may use the 282.Fl P 283option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 284.It Fl Y 285Using this option with any of the update modes causes 286.Nm 287to run 288.Xr make 1 289after changing to the directory 290.Pa /var/yp . 291This is intended to allow automatic updating of NIS database files. 292If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 293.Fl y Ar path 294option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that 295.Nm 296will concurrently update it with the system password 297databases. 298.El 299.Sh USER OPTIONS 300The following options apply to the 301.Ar useradd 302and 303.Ar usermod 304commands: 305.Pp 306.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 307.It Fl n Ar name 308Specify the user/account name. 309.It Fl u Ar uid 310Specify the user/account numeric id. 311.Pp 312Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 313name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 314However, there are times when you need to provide both. 315For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 316.Ar usermod , 317or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 318If you wish 319.Nm 320to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 321.Ar useradd , 322then you should 323.Em not 324use the 325.Fl u 326option. 327You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 328.Ar useradd , 329.Ar userdel , 330.Ar usermod 331or 332.Ar usershow 333keywords on the command line without using the 334.Fl n 335or 336.Fl u 337options. 338.El 339.Pp 340.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 341.It Fl c Ar comment 342This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 343to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 344and work and home phone numbers. 345These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 346If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 347quotes 348.Ql \&" . 349Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 350colon 351.Ql \&: 352character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 353file itself. 354.It Fl d Ar dir 355This option sets the account's home directory. 356Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 357default determined from 358.Pa /etc/pw.conf 359- normally 360.Pa /home 361with the account name as a subdirectory. 362.It Fl e Ar date 363Set the account's expiration date. 364Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 365.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 366format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 367('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 368This option also accepts a relative date in the form 369.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 370where 371.Ql \&n 372is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 373number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 374which the expiration date is to be set. 375.It Fl p Ar date 376Set the account's password expiration date. 377This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 378applies to forced password changes. 379This is set in the same manner as the 380.Fl e 381option. 382.It Fl g Ar group 383Set the account's primary group to the given group. 384.Ar group 385may be defined by either its name or group number. 386.It Fl G Ar grouplist 387Sets additional group memberships for an account. 388.Ar grouplist 389is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 390The user's name is added to the group lists in 391.Pa /etc/group , 392and 393removed from any groups not specified in 394.Ar grouplist . 395Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 396.Ar grouplist . 397Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 398sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 399.It Fl L Ar class 400This option sets the login class for the user being created. 401See 402.Xr login.conf 5 403for more information on user login classes. 404.It Fl m 405This option instructs 406.Nm 407to attempt to create the user's home directory. 408While primarily useful when adding a new account with 409.Ar useradd , 410this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 411the filesystem. 412The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 413.Ar skeleton 414directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 415user may personalize to taste. 416When 417.Fl m 418is used on an account with 419.Ar usermod , 420existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 421.Em not 422overwritten from the skeleton files. 423.Pp 424When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 425.Ar basehome 426directory as specified by the 427.Fl b 428option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 429This can be overridden by the 430.Fl d 431option on the command line, if desired. 432.It Fl k Ar dir 433Set the 434.Ar skeleton 435directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 436the user's home directory is created. 437This option only has meaning when used with the 438.Fl d 439or 440.Fl m 441flags. 442.It Fl s Ar shell 443Set or changes the user's login shell to 444.Ar shell . 445If the path to the shell program is omitted, 446.Nm 447searches the 448.Ar shellpath 449specified in 450.Pa /etc/pw.conf 451and fills it in as appropriate. 452Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 453specifying the path - this will allow 454.Nm 455to validate that the program exists and is executable. 456Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 457and allows for such entries as 458.Pa /nonexistent 459that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 460.It Fl L Ar class 461Set the 462.Em class 463field in the user's passwd record. 464This field is not currently used, but will be used in the future to specify a 465.Em termcap 466entry like tag. 467See 468.Xr passwd 5 469for details. 470.It Fl h Ar fd 471This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 472set an account password using 473.Nm . 474Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 475by which programs can accept information, 476.Nm 477will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 478(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 479.Ar sh , 480.Ar bash , 481.Ar ksh 482and 483.Ar perl 484all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 485Alternatively, 486.Nm 487will prompt for the user's password if 488.Fl h Ar 0 489is given, nominating 490.Em stdin 491as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 492Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 493for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 494If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 495.Xr passwd 1 , 496this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 497.Nm . 498.Pp 499If a value of 500.Ql \&- 501is given as the argument 502.Ar fd , 503then the password will be set to 504.Ql \&* , 505rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 506.El 507.Pp 508It is possible to use 509.Ar useradd 510to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 511While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 512.Fl o 513option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 514the user id. 515This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 516different contexts (different group allocations, different home 517directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 518permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 519.Pp 520The 521.Ar useradd 522command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 523.Fl D 524option. 525Instead of adding a new user, 526.Nm 527writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 528.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 529When using the 530.Fl D 531option, you must not use either 532.Fl n Ar name 533or 534.Fl u Ar uid 535or an error will result. 536Use of 537.Fl D 538changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 539.Ar useradd 540command. 541These are: 542.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 543.It Fl D 544Set default values in 545.Pa /etc/pw.conf 546configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 547.Fl C Ar config 548option is used. 549.It Fl b Ar dir 550Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 551The default value for this is 552.Pa /home , 553but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 554.It Fl e Ar days 555Set the default account expiration period in days. 556Unlike use without 557.Fl D , 558the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 559the account is to expire. 560A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 561.It Fl p Ar days 562Set the default password expiration period in days. 563.It Fl g Ar group 564Set the default group for new users. 565If a blank group is specified using 566.Fl g Ar \&"" , 567then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 568with the same name as their login name. 569If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 570.It Fl G Ar grouplist 571Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 572This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 573nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 574In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 575.Em other than 576the primary group. 577.Ar grouplist 578is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 579stored in 580.Pa /etc/pw.conf 581by their symbolic names. 582.It Fl L Ar class 583This option sets the default login class for new users. 584.It Fl k Ar dir 585Set the default 586.Em skeleton 587directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 588.Nm 589creates a user's home directory. 590.It Xo 591.Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max , 592.Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 593.Xc 594These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 595and groups created by 596.Nm . 597The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 598.Ar min 599and 600.Ar max 601are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 602and 32767. 603In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 604and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 605some system daemons). 606.It Fl w Ar method 607The 608.Fl w 609option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 610.Ar method 611is one of: 612.Pp 613.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 614.It no 615disable login on newly created accounts 616.It yes 617force the password to be the account name 618.It none 619force a blank password 620.It random 621generate a random password 622.El 623.Pp 624The 625.Ql \&random 626or 627.Ql \&no 628methods are the most secure; in the former case, 629.Nm 630generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 631users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 632their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 633The 634.Ql \&no 635method requires that the superuser use 636.Xr passwd 1 637to render the account accessible with a password. 638.It Fl y Ar path 639This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 640the information from 641.Pa /etc/master.passwd 642directly with NIS. 643You should only set this option for NIS servers. 644.El 645.Pp 646The 647.Ar userdel 648command has only three valid options. 649The 650.Fl n Ar name 651and 652.Fl u Ar uid 653options have already been covered above. 654The additional option is: 655.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 656.It Fl r 657This tells 658.Nm 659to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 660.Nm Pw 661errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 662Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 663another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 664a valid path that commences with the character 665.Ql \&/ . 666Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 667the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 668Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 669will be removed. 670If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 671.El 672.Pp 673Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 674are unconditionally attached to the user name. 675Jobs queued for processing by 676.Ar at 677are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 678system. 679.Pp 680The 681.Ar usershow 682command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 683By default, the format is identical to the format used in 684.Pa /etc/master.passwd 685with the password field replaced with a 686.Ql \&* . 687If the 688.Fl P 689option is used, then 690.Nm 691outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 692The 693.Fl a 694option lists all users currently on file. 695.Pp 696The command 697.Ar usernext 698returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 699This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 700that use 701.Nm . 702.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 703The 704.Fl C 705and 706.Fl q 707options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 708with the group manipulation commands. 709Other common options to all group-related commands are: 710.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 711.It Fl n Ar name 712Specify the group name. 713.It Fl g Ar gid 714Specify the group numeric id. 715.Pp 716As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 717to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 718versa. 719You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 720against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 721.It Fl M Ar memberlist 722This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 723new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 724groupmod). 725.Ar memberlist 726is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 727.It Fl m Ar newmembers 728Similar to 729.Fl M , 730this option allows the 731.Em addition 732of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 733members. 734Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 735silently eliminated. 736.El 737.Pp 738.Ar groupadd 739also has a 740.Fl o 741option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 742The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 743the check for duplicate group ids. 744There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 745.Pp 746The 747.Ar groupmod 748command adds one additional option: 749.Pp 750.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 751.It Fl l Ar name 752This option allows changing of an existing group name to 753.Ql \&name . 754The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 755name will be rejected. 756.El 757.Pp 758Options for 759.Ar groupshow 760are the same as for 761.Ar usershow , 762with the 763.Fl g Ar gid 764replacing 765.Fl u Ar uid 766to specify the group id. 767.Pp 768The command 769.Ar groupnext 770returns the next available group id on standard output. 771.Sh USER LOCKING 772.Nm Pw 773supports a simple password locking mechanism for users; it works by 774prepending the string 775.Ql *LOCKED* 776to the beginning of the password field in 777.Pa master.passwd 778to prevent successful authentication. 779.Pp 780The 781.Ar lock 782and 783.Ar unlock 784commands take a user name or uid of the account to lock or unlock, 785respectively. The 786.Fl V , 787.Fl C , 788and 789.Fl q 790options as described above are accepted by these commands. 791.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 792.Nm Pw 793returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 794.Nm 795returns one of the 796following exit codes defined by 797.Xr sysexits 3 798as follows: 799.Bl -tag -width xxxx 800.It EX_USAGE 801.Bl -bullet -compact 802.It 803Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 804.El 805.It EX_NOPERM 806.Bl -bullet -compact 807.It 808Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 809.El 810.It EX_OSERR 811.Bl -bullet -compact 812.It 813Memory allocation error. 814.It 815Read error from password file descriptor. 816.El 817.It EX_DATAERR 818.Bl -bullet -compact 819.It 820Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 821via the password file descriptor. 822.It 823Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 824.El 825.It EX_OSFILE 826.Bl -bullet -compact 827.It 828Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 829.It 830Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 831.It 832Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 833.El 834.It EX_NOUSER 835.Bl -bullet -compact 836.It 837User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 838.It 839User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 840.El 841.It EX_SOFTWARE 842.Bl -bullet -compact 843.It 844No more group or user ids available within specified range. 845.El 846.It EX_IOERR 847.Bl -bullet -compact 848.It 849Unable to rewrite configuration file. 850.It 851Error updating group or user database files. 852.It 853Update error for passwd or group database files. 854.El 855.It EX_CONFIG 856.Bl -bullet -compact 857.It 858No base home directory configured. 859.El 860.El 861.Sh NOTES 862For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 863.Dl pw [command] help 864For example, 865.Dl pw useradd help 866lists all available options for the useradd operation. 867.Pp 868.Nm Pw 869allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 870office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 871user login and group names. 872Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 873require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 874convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 875format. 876.Xr sendmail 8 877does support this. 878Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 879conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 880and should not be implemented without their use. 881Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 882programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 883Internet, such as 884.Xr fingerd 8 , 885and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 886specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 887.Sh FILES 888.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 889.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 890The user database 891.It Pa /etc/passwd 892A Version 7 format password file 893.It Pa /etc/login.conf 894The user capabilities database 895.It Pa /etc/group 896The group database 897.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 898Temporary copy of the master password file 899.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 900Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 901.It Pa /etc/group.new 902Temporary copy of the group file 903.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 904Pw default options file 905.El 906.Sh SEE ALSO 907.Xr chpass 1 , 908.Xr passwd 1 , 909.Xr group 5 , 910.Xr login.conf 5 , 911.Xr passwd 5 , 912.Xr pw.conf 5 , 913.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 914.Xr vipw 8 915.Sh HISTORY 916.Nm Pw 917was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 918.Em shadow 919support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 920the 921.Bx 4.4 922operating system, and combines all of the major elements 923into a single command. 924