1.\" Copyright (C) 1996 2.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd December 9, 1996 28.Dt PW 8 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm pw 32.Nd create, remove, modify & display system users and groups 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm 35.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 36.Ar useradd 37.Op name|uid 38.Op Fl C Ar config 39.Op Fl q 40.Op Fl n Ar name 41.Op Fl u Ar uid 42.Op Fl c Ar comment 43.Op Fl d Ar dir 44.Op Fl e Ar date 45.Op Fl p Ar date 46.Op Fl g Ar group 47.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 48.Op Fl m 49.Op Fl k Ar dir 50.Op Fl w Ar method 51.Op Fl s Ar shell 52.Op Fl o 53.Op Fl L Ar class 54.Op Fl h Ar fd 55.Op Fl N 56.Op Fl P 57.Op Fl Y 58.Nm 59.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 60.Ar useradd 61.Op name|uid 62.Fl D 63.Op Fl C Ar config 64.Op Fl q 65.Op Fl b Ar dir 66.Op Fl e Ar days 67.Op Fl p Ar days 68.Op Fl g Ar group 69.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 70.Op Fl k Ar dir 71.Op Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max 72.Op Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 73.Op Fl w Ar method 74.Op Fl s Ar shell 75.Op Fl y Ar path 76.Nm 77.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 78.Ar userdel 79.Op name|uid 80.Op Fl n Ar name 81.Op Fl u Ar uid 82.Op Fl r 83.Op Fl Y 84.Nm 85.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 86.Ar usermod 87.Op name|uid 88.Op Fl C Ar config 89.Op Fl q 90.Op Fl n Ar name 91.Op Fl u Ar uid 92.Op Fl c Ar comment 93.Op Fl d Ar dir 94.Op Fl e Ar date 95.Op Fl p Ar date 96.Op Fl g Ar group 97.Op Fl G Ar grouplist 98.Op Fl l Ar name 99.Op Fl m 100.Op Fl k Ar dir 101.Op Fl w Ar method 102.Op Fl s Ar shell 103.Op Fl L Ar class 104.Op Fl h Ar fd 105.Op Fl N 106.Op Fl P 107.Op Fl Y 108.Nm 109.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 110.Ar usershow 111.Op name|uid 112.Op Fl n Ar name 113.Op Fl u Ar uid 114.Op Fl F 115.Op Fl P 116.Op Fl 7 117.Op Fl a 118.Nm 119.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 120.Ar usernext 121.Op Fl C Ar config 122.Op Fl q 123.Nm 124.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 125.Ar groupadd 126.Op group|gid 127.Op Fl C Ar config 128.Op Fl q 129.Op Fl n Ar group 130.Op Fl g Ar gid 131.Op Fl M Ar members 132.Op Fl o 133.Op Fl h Ar fd 134.Op Fl N 135.Op Fl P 136.Op Fl Y 137.Nm 138.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 139.Ar groupdel 140.Op group|gid 141.Op Fl n Ar name 142.Op Fl g Ar gid 143.Op Fl Y 144.Nm 145.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 146.Ar groupmod 147.Op group|gid 148.Op Fl C Ar config 149.Op Fl q 150.Op Fl n Ar name 151.Op Fl g Ar gid 152.Op Fl l Ar name 153.Op Fl M Ar members 154.Op Fl m Ar newmembers 155.Op Fl h Ar fd 156.Op Fl N 157.Op Fl P 158.Op Fl Y 159.Nm 160.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 161.Ar groupshow 162.Op group|gid 163.Op Fl n Ar name 164.Op Fl g Ar gid 165.Op Fl F 166.Op Fl P 167.Op Fl a 168.Nm 169.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 170.Ar groupnext 171.Op Fl C Ar config 172.Op Fl q 173.Nm 174.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 175.Ar lock 176.Op name|uid 177.Op Fl C Ar config 178.Op Fl q 179.Nm 180.Op Fl V Ar etcdir 181.Ar unlock 182.Op name|uid 183.Op Fl C Ar config 184.Op Fl q 185.Sh DESCRIPTION 186.Nm Pw 187is a command-line based editor for the system 188.Ar user 189and 190.Ar group 191files, allowing the superuser an easy to use and standardized way of adding, 192modifying and removing users and groups. 193Note that 194.Nm 195only operates on the local user and group files. NIS users and groups must be 196maintained on the NIS server. 197.Nm Pw 198handles updating the 199.Pa passwd , 200.Pa master.passwd , 201.Pa group 202and the secure and insecure 203password database files, and must be run as root. 204.Pp 205The first one or two keywords provided to 206.Nm 207on the command line provide the context for the remainder of the arguments. 208The keywords 209.Ar user 210and 211.Ar group 212may be combined with 213.Ar add , 214.Ar del , 215.Ar mod , 216.Ar show , 217or 218.Ar next 219in any order. 220(For example, 221.Ar showuser , 222.Ar usershow , 223.Ar show user , 224and 225.Ar user show 226all mean the same thing.) 227This flexibility is useful for interactive scripts calling 228.Nm 229for user and group database manipulation. 230Following these keywords, you may optionally specify the user or group name or numeric 231id as an alternative to using the 232.Fl n Ar name , 233.Fl u Ar uid , 234.Fl g Ar gid 235options. 236.Pp 237The following flags are common to most or all modes of operation; 238.Pp 239.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 240.It Fl V Ar etcdir 241This flag sets an alternate location for the password, group and configuration files, 242and may be used to maintain a user/group database in an alternate location. 243If this switch is specified, the system 244.Pa /etc/pw.conf 245will not be sourced for default configuration data, but the file pw.conf in the 246specified directory will be used instead (or none, if it does not exist). 247The 248.Fl C 249flag may be used to override this behaviour. 250As an exception to the general rule where options must follow the operation 251type, the 252.Fl V 253flag may be used on the command line before the operation keyword. 254.It Fl C Ar config 255By default, 256.Nm 257reads the file 258.Pa /etc/pw.conf 259to obtain policy information on how new user accounts and groups are to be created. 260The 261.Fl C 262option specifies a different configuration file. 263While most of the contents of the configuration file may be overridden via 264command-line options, it may be more convenient to keep standard information in a 265configuration file. 266.It Fl q 267Use of this option causes 268.Nm 269to suppress error messages, which may be useful in interactive environments where it 270is preferable to interpret status codes returned by 271.Nm 272rather than messing up a carefully formatted display. 273.It Fl N 274This option is available in 275.Ar add 276and 277.Ar modify 278operations, and tells 279.Nm 280to output the result of the operation without updating the user or group 281databases. 282You may use the 283.Fl P 284option to switch between standard passwd and readable formats. 285.It Fl Y 286Using this option with any of the update modes causes 287.Nm 288to run 289.Xr make 1 290after changing to the directory 291.Pa /var/yp . 292This is intended to allow automatic updating of NIS database files. 293If separate passwd and group files are being used by NIS, then use the 294.Fl y Ar path 295option to specify the location of the NIS passwd database so that 296.Nm 297will concurrently update it with the system password 298databases. 299.El 300.Sh USER OPTIONS 301The following options apply to the 302.Ar useradd 303and 304.Ar usermod 305commands: 306.Pp 307.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 308.It Fl n Ar name 309Specify the user/account name. 310.It Fl u Ar uid 311Specify the user/account numeric id. 312.Pp 313Usually, you only need to provide one or the other of these options, as the account 314name will imply the uid, or vice versa. 315However, there are times when you need to provide both. 316For example, when changing the uid of an existing user with 317.Ar usermod , 318or overriding the default uid when creating a new account. 319If you wish 320.Nm 321to automatically allocate the uid to a new user with 322.Ar useradd , 323then you should 324.Em not 325use the 326.Fl u 327option. 328You may also provide either the account or userid immediately after the 329.Ar useradd , 330.Ar userdel , 331.Ar usermod 332or 333.Ar usershow 334keywords on the command line without using the 335.Fl n 336or 337.Fl u 338options. 339.El 340.Pp 341.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 342.It Fl c Ar comment 343This field sets the contents of the passwd GECOS field, which normally contains up 344to four comma-separated fields containing the user's full name, office or location, 345and work and home phone numbers. 346These sub-fields are used by convention only, however, and are optional. 347If this field is to contain spaces, you need to quote the comment itself with double 348quotes 349.Ql \&" . 350Avoid using commas in this field as these are used as sub-field separators, and the 351colon 352.Ql \&: 353character also cannot be used as this is the field separator for the passwd 354file itself. 355.It Fl d Ar dir 356This option sets the account's home directory. 357Normally, you will only use this if the home directory is to be different from the 358default determined from 359.Pa /etc/pw.conf 360- normally 361.Pa /home 362with the account name as a subdirectory. 363.It Fl e Ar date 364Set the account's expiration date. 365Format of the date is either a UNIX time in decimal, or a date in 366.Ql dd-mmm-yy[yy] 367format, where dd is the day, mmm is the month, either in numeric or alphabetic format 368('Jan', 'Feb', etc) and year is either a two or four digit year. 369This option also accepts a relative date in the form 370.Ql \&+n[mhdwoy] 371where 372.Ql \&n 373is a decimal, octal (leading 0) or hexadecimal (leading 0x) digit followed by the 374number of Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months or Years from the current date at 375which the expiration date is to be set. 376.It Fl p Ar date 377Set the account's password expiration date. 378This field is similar to the account expiration date option, except that it 379applies to forced password changes. 380This is set in the same manner as the 381.Fl e 382option. 383.It Fl g Ar group 384Set the account's primary group to the given group. 385.Ar group 386may be defined by either its name or group number. 387.It Fl G Ar grouplist 388Sets additional group memberships for an account. 389.Ar grouplist 390is a comma-separated list of group names or group numbers. 391The user's name is added to the group lists in 392.Pa /etc/group , 393and 394removed from any groups not specified in 395.Ar grouplist . 396Note: a user should not be added to their primary group with 397.Ar grouplist . 398Also, group membership changes do not take effect for current user login 399sessions, requiring the user to reconnect to be affected by the changes. 400.It Fl L Ar class 401This option sets the login class for the user being created. 402See 403.Xr login.conf 5 404and 405.Xr passwd 5 406for more information on user login classes. 407.It Fl m 408This option instructs 409.Nm 410to attempt to create the user's home directory. 411While primarily useful when adding a new account with 412.Ar useradd , 413this may also be of use when moving an existing user's home directory elsewhere on 414the filesystem. 415The new home directory is populated with the contents of the 416.Ar skeleton 417directory, which typically contains a set of shell configuration files that the 418user may personalize to taste. 419When 420.Fl m 421is used on an account with 422.Ar usermod , 423existing configuration files in the user's home directory are 424.Em not 425overwritten from the skeleton files. 426.Pp 427When a user's home directory is created, it will by default be a subdirectory of the 428.Ar basehome 429directory as specified by the 430.Fl b 431option (see below), bearing the name of the new account. 432This can be overridden by the 433.Fl d 434option on the command line, if desired. 435.It Fl k Ar dir 436Set the 437.Ar skeleton 438directory, from which basic startup and configuration files are copied when 439the user's home directory is created. 440This option only has meaning when used with the 441.Fl d 442or 443.Fl m 444flags. 445.It Fl s Ar shell 446Set or changes the user's login shell to 447.Ar shell . 448If the path to the shell program is omitted, 449.Nm 450searches the 451.Ar shellpath 452specified in 453.Pa /etc/pw.conf 454and fills it in as appropriate. 455Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should avoid 456specifying the path - this will allow 457.Nm 458to validate that the program exists and is executable. 459Specifying a full path (or supplying a blank "" shell) avoids this check 460and allows for such entries as 461.Pa /nonexistent 462that should be set for accounts not intended for interactive login. 463.It Fl h Ar fd 464This option provides a special interface by which interactive scripts can 465set an account password using 466.Nm . 467Because the command line and environment are fundamentally insecure mechanisms 468by which programs can accept information, 469.Nm 470will only allow setting of account and group passwords via a file descriptor 471(usually a pipe between an interactive script and the program). 472.Ar sh , 473.Ar bash , 474.Ar ksh 475and 476.Ar perl 477all possess mechanisms by which this can be done. 478Alternatively, 479.Nm 480will prompt for the user's password if 481.Fl h Ar 0 482is given, nominating 483.Em stdin 484as the file descriptor on which to read the password. 485Note that this password will be read only once and is intended 486for use by a script rather than for interactive use. 487If you wish to have new password confirmation along the lines of 488.Xr passwd 1 , 489this must be implemented as part of an interactive script that calls 490.Nm . 491.Pp 492If a value of 493.Ql \&- 494is given as the argument 495.Ar fd , 496then the password will be set to 497.Ql \&* , 498rendering the account inaccessible via password-based login. 499.El 500.Pp 501It is possible to use 502.Ar useradd 503to create a new account that duplicates an existing user id. 504While this is normally considered an error and will be rejected, the 505.Fl o 506option overrides the check for duplicates and allows the duplication of 507the user id. 508This may be useful if you allow the same user to login under 509different contexts (different group allocations, different home 510directory, different shell) while providing basically the same 511permissions for access to the user's files in each account. 512.Pp 513The 514.Ar useradd 515command also has the ability to set new user and group defaults by using the 516.Fl D 517option. 518Instead of adding a new user, 519.Nm 520writes a new set of defaults to its configuration file, 521.Pa /etc/pw.conf . 522When using the 523.Fl D 524option, you must not use either 525.Fl n Ar name 526or 527.Fl u Ar uid 528or an error will result. 529Use of 530.Fl D 531changes the meaning of several command line switches in the 532.Ar useradd 533command. 534These are: 535.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 536.It Fl D 537Set default values in 538.Pa /etc/pw.conf 539configuration file, or a different named configuration file if the 540.Fl C Ar config 541option is used. 542.It Fl b Ar dir 543Set the root directory in which user home directories are created. 544The default value for this is 545.Pa /home , 546but it may be set elsewhere as desired. 547.It Fl e Ar days 548Set the default account expiration period in days. 549Unlike use without 550.Fl D , 551the argument must be numeric, which specifies the number of days after creation when 552the account is to expire. 553A value of 0 suppresses automatic calculation of the expiry date. 554.It Fl p Ar days 555Set the default password expiration period in days. 556.It Fl g Ar group 557Set the default group for new users. 558If a blank group is specified using 559.Fl g Ar \&"" , 560then new users will be allocated their own private primary group 561with the same name as their login name. 562If a group is supplied, either its name or uid may be given as an argument. 563.It Fl G Ar grouplist 564Set the default groups in which new users are granted membership. 565This is a separate set of groups from the primary group, and you should avoid 566nominating the same group as both primary and extra groups. 567In other words, these extra groups determine membership in groups 568.Em other than 569the primary group. 570.Ar grouplist 571is a comma-separated list of group names or ids, and are always 572stored in 573.Pa /etc/pw.conf 574by their symbolic names. 575.It Fl L Ar class 576This option sets the default login class for new users. 577.It Fl k Ar dir 578Set the default 579.Em skeleton 580directory, from which prototype shell and other initialization files are copied when 581.Nm 582creates a user's home directory. 583.It Xo 584.Fl u Ar min , Ns Ar max , 585.Fl i Ar min , Ns Ar max 586.Xc 587These options set the minimum and maximum user and group ids allocated for new accounts 588and groups created by 589.Nm . 590The default values for each is 1000 minimum and 32000 maximum. 591.Ar min 592and 593.Ar max 594are both numbers, where max must be greater than min, and both must be between 0 595and 32767. 596In general, user and group ids less than 100 are reserved for use by the system, 597and numbers greater than 32000 may also be reserved for special purposes (used by 598some system daemons). 599.It Fl w Ar method 600The 601.Fl w 602option sets the default method used to set passwords for newly created user accounts. 603.Ar method 604is one of: 605.Pp 606.Bl -tag -width random -offset indent -compact 607.It no 608disable login on newly created accounts 609.It yes 610force the password to be the account name 611.It none 612force a blank password 613.It random 614generate a random password 615.El 616.Pp 617The 618.Ql \&random 619or 620.Ql \&no 621methods are the most secure; in the former case, 622.Nm 623generates a password and prints it to stdout, which is suitable where you issue 624users with passwords to access their accounts rather than having the user nominate 625their own (possibly poorly chosen) password. 626The 627.Ql \&no 628method requires that the superuser use 629.Xr passwd 1 630to render the account accessible with a password. 631.It Fl y Ar path 632This sets the pathname of the database used by NIS if you are not sharing 633the information from 634.Pa /etc/master.passwd 635directly with NIS. 636You should only set this option for NIS servers. 637.El 638.Pp 639The 640.Ar userdel 641command has only three valid options. 642The 643.Fl n Ar name 644and 645.Fl u Ar uid 646options have already been covered above. 647The additional option is: 648.Bl -tag -width "-G grouplist" 649.It Fl r 650This tells 651.Nm 652to remove the user's home directory and all of its contents. 653.Nm Pw 654errs on the side of caution when removing files from the system. 655Firstly, it will not do so if the uid of the account being removed is also used by 656another account on the system, and the 'home' directory in the password file is 657a valid path that commences with the character 658.Ql \&/ . 659Secondly, it will only remove files and directories that are actually owned by 660the user, or symbolic links owned by anyone under the user's home directory. 661Finally, after deleting all contents owned by the user only empty directories 662will be removed. 663If any additional cleanup work is required, this is left to the administrator. 664.El 665.Pp 666Mail spool files and crontabs are always removed when an account is deleted as these 667are unconditionally attached to the user name. 668Jobs queued for processing by 669.Ar at 670are also removed if the user's uid is unique and not also used by another account on the 671system. 672.Pp 673The 674.Ar usershow 675command allows viewing of an account in one of two formats. 676By default, the format is identical to the format used in 677.Pa /etc/master.passwd 678with the password field replaced with a 679.Ql \&* . 680If the 681.Fl P 682option is used, then 683.Nm 684outputs the account details in a more human readable form. 685If the 686.Fl 7 687option is used, the account details are shown in v7 format. 688The 689.Fl a 690option lists all users currently on file. 691Using 692.Fl F 693forces 694.Nm 695to print the details of an account even if it does not exist. 696.Pp 697The command 698.Ar usernext 699returns the next available user and group ids separated by a colon. 700This is normally of interest only to interactive scripts or front-ends 701that use 702.Nm . 703.Sh GROUP OPTIONS 704The 705.Fl C 706and 707.Fl q 708options (explained at the start of the previous section) are available 709with the group manipulation commands. 710Other common options to all group-related commands are: 711.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 712.It Fl n Ar name 713Specify the group name. 714.It Fl g Ar gid 715Specify the group numeric id. 716.Pp 717As with the account name and id fields, you will usually only need 718to supply one of these, as the group name implies the uid and vice 719versa. 720You will only need to use both when setting a specific group id 721against a new group or when changing the uid of an existing group. 722.It Fl M Ar memberlist 723This option provides an alternative way to add existing users to a 724new group (in groupadd) or replace an existing membership list (in 725groupmod). 726.Ar memberlist 727is a comma separated list of valid and existing user names or uids. 728.It Fl m Ar newmembers 729Similar to 730.Fl M , 731this option allows the 732.Em addition 733of existing users to a group without replacing the existing list of 734members. 735Login names or user ids may be used, and duplicate users are 736silently eliminated. 737.El 738.Pp 739.Ar groupadd 740also has a 741.Fl o 742option that allows allocation of an existing group id to a new group. 743The default action is to reject an attempt to add a group, and this option overrides 744the check for duplicate group ids. 745There is rarely any need to duplicate a group id. 746.Pp 747The 748.Ar groupmod 749command adds one additional option: 750.Pp 751.Bl -tag -width "-m newmembers" 752.It Fl l Ar name 753This option allows changing of an existing group name to 754.Ql \&name . 755The new name must not already exist, and any attempt to duplicate an existing group 756name will be rejected. 757.El 758.Pp 759Options for 760.Ar groupshow 761are the same as for 762.Ar usershow , 763with the 764.Fl g Ar gid 765replacing 766.Fl u Ar uid 767to specify the group id. 768The 769.Fl 7 770option does not apply to the 771.Ar groupshow 772command. 773.Pp 774The command 775.Ar groupnext 776returns the next available group id on standard output. 777.Sh USER LOCKING 778.Nm Pw 779supports a simple password locking mechanism for users; it works by 780prepending the string 781.Ql *LOCKED* 782to the beginning of the password field in 783.Pa master.passwd 784to prevent successful authentication. 785.Pp 786The 787.Ar lock 788and 789.Ar unlock 790commands take a user name or uid of the account to lock or unlock, 791respectively. The 792.Fl V , 793.Fl C , 794and 795.Fl q 796options as described above are accepted by these commands. 797.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 798.Nm Pw 799returns EXIT_SUCCESS on successful operation, otherwise 800.Nm 801returns one of the 802following exit codes defined by 803.Xr sysexits 3 804as follows: 805.Bl -tag -width xxxx 806.It EX_USAGE 807.Bl -bullet -compact 808.It 809Command line syntax errors (invalid keyword, unknown option). 810.El 811.It EX_NOPERM 812.Bl -bullet -compact 813.It 814Attempting to run one of the update modes as non-root. 815.El 816.It EX_OSERR 817.Bl -bullet -compact 818.It 819Memory allocation error. 820.It 821Read error from password file descriptor. 822.El 823.It EX_DATAERR 824.Bl -bullet -compact 825.It 826Bad or invalid data provided or missing on the command line or 827via the password file descriptor. 828.It 829Attempted to remove, rename root account or change its uid. 830.El 831.It EX_OSFILE 832.Bl -bullet -compact 833.It 834Skeleton directory is invalid or does not exist. 835.It 836Base home directory is invalid or does not exist. 837.It 838Invalid or non-existent shell specified. 839.El 840.It EX_NOUSER 841.Bl -bullet -compact 842.It 843User, user id, group or group id specified does not exist. 844.It 845User or group recorded, added, or modified unexpectedly disappeared. 846.El 847.It EX_SOFTWARE 848.Bl -bullet -compact 849.It 850No more group or user ids available within specified range. 851.El 852.It EX_IOERR 853.Bl -bullet -compact 854.It 855Unable to rewrite configuration file. 856.It 857Error updating group or user database files. 858.It 859Update error for passwd or group database files. 860.El 861.It EX_CONFIG 862.Bl -bullet -compact 863.It 864No base home directory configured. 865.El 866.El 867.Sh NOTES 868For a summary of options available with each command, you can use 869.Dl pw [command] help 870For example, 871.Dl pw useradd help 872lists all available options for the useradd operation. 873.Pp 874.Nm Pw 875allows 8-bit characters in the passwd GECOS field (user's full name, 876office, work and home phone number subfields), but disallows them in 877user login and group names. 878Use 8-bit characters with caution, as connection to the Internet will 879require that your mail transport program supports 8BITMIME, and will 880convert headers containing 8-bit characters to 7-bit quoted-printable 881format. 882.Xr sendmail 8 883does support this. 884Use of 8-bit characters in the GECOS field should be used in 885conjunction with the user's default locale and character set 886and should not be implemented without their use. 887Using 8-bit characters may also affect other 888programs that transmit the contents of the GECOS field over the 889Internet, such as 890.Xr fingerd 8 , 891and a small number of TCP/IP clients, such as IRC, where full names 892specified in the passwd file may be used by default. 893.Sh FILES 894.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd.new -compact 895.It Pa /etc/master.passwd 896The user database 897.It Pa /etc/passwd 898A Version 7 format password file 899.It Pa /etc/login.conf 900The user capabilities database 901.It Pa /etc/group 902The group database 903.It Pa /etc/master.passwd.new 904Temporary copy of the master password file 905.It Pa /etc/passwd.new 906Temporary copy of the Version 7 password file 907.It Pa /etc/group.new 908Temporary copy of the group file 909.It Pa /etc/pw.conf 910Pw default options file 911.El 912.Sh SEE ALSO 913.Xr chpass 1 , 914.Xr passwd 1 , 915.Xr group 5 , 916.Xr login.conf 5 , 917.Xr passwd 5 , 918.Xr pw.conf 5 , 919.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 , 920.Xr vipw 8 921.Sh HISTORY 922.Nm Pw 923was written to mimic many of the options used in the SYSV 924.Em shadow 925support suite, but is modified for passwd and group fields specific to 926the 927.Bx 4.4 928operating system, and combines all of the major elements 929into a single command. 930