xref: /freebsd/usr.sbin/makefs/ffs.c (revision 0183e0151669735d62584fbba9125ed90716af5e)
1 /*	$NetBSD: ffs.c,v 1.45 2011/10/09 22:49:26 christos Exp $	*/
2 
3 /*
4  * Copyright (c) 2001 Wasabi Systems, Inc.
5  * All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc.
8  *
9  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
10  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
11  * are met:
12  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
14  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
15  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
16  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
17  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
18  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
19  *      This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
20  *      Wasabi Systems, Inc.
21  * 4. The name of Wasabi Systems, Inc. may not be used to endorse
22  *    or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
23  *    written permission.
24  *
25  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY WASABI SYSTEMS, INC. ``AS IS'' AND
26  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
27  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
28  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL WASABI SYSTEMS, INC
29  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
30  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
31  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
32  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
33  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
34  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
35  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
36  */
37 /*
38  * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993
39  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
40  *
41  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
42  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
43  * are met:
44  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
45  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
46  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
47  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
48  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
49  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
50  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
51  *    without specific prior written permission.
52  *
53  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
54  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
55  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
56  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
57  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
58  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
59  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
60  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
61  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
62  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
63  * SUCH DAMAGE.
64  *
65  *	@(#)ffs_alloc.c	8.19 (Berkeley) 7/13/95
66  */
67 
68 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
69 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
70 
71 #include <sys/param.h>
72 
73 #include <sys/mount.h>
74 
75 #include <assert.h>
76 #include <errno.h>
77 #include <fcntl.h>
78 #include <stdarg.h>
79 #include <stdint.h>
80 #include <stdio.h>
81 #include <stdlib.h>
82 #include <string.h>
83 #include <time.h>
84 #include <unistd.h>
85 #include <util.h>
86 
87 #include "makefs.h"
88 #include "ffs.h"
89 
90 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
91 #include <sys/statvfs.h>
92 #endif
93 
94 #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
95 #include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
96 #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
97 
98 
99 #include "ffs/ufs_bswap.h"
100 #include "ffs/ufs_inode.h"
101 #include "ffs/newfs_extern.h"
102 #include "ffs/ffs_extern.h"
103 
104 #undef DIP
105 #define DIP(dp, field) \
106 	((ffs_opts->version == 1) ? \
107 	(dp)->ffs1_din.di_##field : (dp)->ffs2_din.di_##field)
108 
109 /*
110  * Various file system defaults (cribbed from newfs(8)).
111  */
112 #define	DFL_FRAGSIZE		1024		/* fragment size */
113 #define	DFL_BLKSIZE		8192		/* block size */
114 #define	DFL_SECSIZE		512		/* sector size */
115 #define	DFL_CYLSPERGROUP	65536		/* cylinders per group */
116 #define	DFL_FRAGSPERINODE	4		/* fragments per inode */
117 #define	DFL_ROTDELAY		0		/* rotational delay */
118 #define	DFL_NRPOS		1		/* rotational positions */
119 #define	DFL_RPM			3600		/* rpm of disk */
120 #define	DFL_NSECTORS		64		/* # of sectors */
121 #define	DFL_NTRACKS		16		/* # of tracks */
122 
123 
124 typedef struct {
125 	u_char		*buf;		/* buf for directory */
126 	doff_t		size;		/* full size of buf */
127 	doff_t		cur;		/* offset of current entry */
128 } dirbuf_t;
129 
130 
131 static	int	ffs_create_image(const char *, fsinfo_t *);
132 static	void	ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsinfo_t *);
133 static	void	ffs_dump_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *, const char *, int);
134 static	void	ffs_make_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *, const char *, fsnode *, int);
135 static	int	ffs_populate_dir(const char *, fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
136 static	void	ffs_size_dir(fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
137 static	void	ffs_validate(const char *, fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
138 static	void	ffs_write_file(union dinode *, uint32_t, void *, fsinfo_t *);
139 static	void	ffs_write_inode(union dinode *, uint32_t, const fsinfo_t *);
140 static  void	*ffs_build_dinode1(struct ufs1_dinode *, dirbuf_t *, fsnode *,
141 				 fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
142 static  void	*ffs_build_dinode2(struct ufs2_dinode *, dirbuf_t *, fsnode *,
143 				 fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
144 
145 
146 int	sectorsize;		/* XXX: for buf.c::getblk() */
147 	/* publicly visible functions */
148 
149 void
150 ffs_prep_opts(fsinfo_t *fsopts)
151 {
152 	ffs_opt_t *ffs_opts = ecalloc(1, sizeof(*ffs_opts));
153 
154 	const option_t ffs_options[] = {
155 	    { 'b', "bsize", &ffs_opts->bsize, OPT_INT32,
156 	      1, INT_MAX, "block size" },
157 	    { 'f', "fsize", &ffs_opts->fsize, OPT_INT32,
158 	      1, INT_MAX, "fragment size" },
159 	    { 'd', "density", &ffs_opts->density, OPT_INT32,
160 	      1, INT_MAX, "bytes per inode" },
161 	    { 'm', "minfree", &ffs_opts->minfree, OPT_INT32,
162 	      0, 99, "minfree" },
163 	    { 'M', "maxbpg", &ffs_opts->maxbpg, OPT_INT32,
164 	      1, INT_MAX, "max blocks per file in a cg" },
165 	    { 'a', "avgfilesize", &ffs_opts->avgfilesize, OPT_INT32,
166 	      1, INT_MAX, "expected average file size" },
167 	    { 'n', "avgfpdir", &ffs_opts->avgfpdir, OPT_INT32,
168 	      1, INT_MAX, "expected # of files per directory" },
169 	    { 'x', "extent", &ffs_opts->maxbsize, OPT_INT32,
170 	      1, INT_MAX, "maximum # extent size" },
171 	    { 'g', "maxbpcg", &ffs_opts->maxblkspercg, OPT_INT32,
172 	      1, INT_MAX, "max # of blocks per group" },
173 	    { 'v', "version", &ffs_opts->version, OPT_INT32,
174 	      1, 2, "UFS version" },
175 	    { 'o', "optimization", NULL, OPT_STRBUF,
176 	      0, 0, "Optimization (time|space)" },
177 	    { 'l', "label", ffs_opts->label, OPT_STRARRAY,
178 	      1, sizeof(ffs_opts->label), "UFS label" },
179 	    { .name = NULL }
180 	};
181 
182 	ffs_opts->bsize= -1;
183 	ffs_opts->fsize= -1;
184 	ffs_opts->cpg= -1;
185 	ffs_opts->density= -1;
186 	ffs_opts->minfree= -1;
187 	ffs_opts->optimization= -1;
188 	ffs_opts->maxcontig= -1;
189 	ffs_opts->maxbpg= -1;
190 	ffs_opts->avgfilesize= -1;
191 	ffs_opts->avgfpdir= -1;
192 	ffs_opts->version = 1;
193 
194 	fsopts->fs_specific = ffs_opts;
195 	fsopts->fs_options = copy_opts(ffs_options);
196 }
197 
198 void
199 ffs_cleanup_opts(fsinfo_t *fsopts)
200 {
201 	free(fsopts->fs_specific);
202 	free(fsopts->fs_options);
203 }
204 
205 int
206 ffs_parse_opts(const char *option, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
207 {
208 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
209 	option_t *ffs_options = fsopts->fs_options;
210 	char buf[1024];
211 
212 	int	rv;
213 
214 	assert(option != NULL);
215 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
216 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
217 
218 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_PARSE_OPTS)
219 		printf("ffs_parse_opts: got `%s'\n", option);
220 
221 	rv = set_option(ffs_options, option, buf, sizeof(buf));
222 	if (rv == -1)
223 		return 0;
224 
225 	if (ffs_options[rv].name == NULL)
226 		abort();
227 
228 	switch (ffs_options[rv].letter) {
229 	case 'o':
230 		if (strcmp(buf, "time") == 0) {
231 			ffs_opts->optimization = FS_OPTTIME;
232 		} else if (strcmp(buf, "space") == 0) {
233 			ffs_opts->optimization = FS_OPTSPACE;
234 		} else {
235 			warnx("Invalid optimization `%s'", buf);
236 			return 0;
237 		}
238 		break;
239 	default:
240 		break;
241 	}
242 	return 1;
243 }
244 
245 
246 void
247 ffs_makefs(const char *image, const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
248 {
249 	struct fs	*superblock;
250 	struct timeval	start;
251 
252 	assert(image != NULL);
253 	assert(dir != NULL);
254 	assert(root != NULL);
255 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
256 
257 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
258 		printf("ffs_makefs: image %s directory %s root %p\n",
259 		    image, dir, root);
260 
261 		/* validate tree and options */
262 	TIMER_START(start);
263 	ffs_validate(dir, root, fsopts);
264 	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_validate");
265 
266 	printf("Calculated size of `%s': %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
267 	    image, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
268 
269 		/* create image */
270 	TIMER_START(start);
271 	if (ffs_create_image(image, fsopts) == -1)
272 		errx(1, "Image file `%s' not created.", image);
273 	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_create_image");
274 
275 	fsopts->curinode = UFS_ROOTINO;
276 
277 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
278 		putchar('\n');
279 
280 		/* populate image */
281 	printf("Populating `%s'\n", image);
282 	TIMER_START(start);
283 	if (! ffs_populate_dir(dir, root, fsopts))
284 		errx(1, "Image file `%s' not populated.", image);
285 	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_populate_dir");
286 
287 		/* ensure no outstanding buffers remain */
288 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
289 		bcleanup();
290 
291 		/* update various superblock parameters */
292 	superblock = fsopts->superblock;
293 	superblock->fs_fmod = 0;
294 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir   = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
295 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
296 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
297 	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
298 
299 		/* write out superblock; image is now complete */
300 	ffs_write_superblock(fsopts->superblock, fsopts);
301 	if (close(fsopts->fd) == -1)
302 		err(1, "Closing `%s'", image);
303 	fsopts->fd = -1;
304 	printf("Image `%s' complete\n", image);
305 }
306 
307 	/* end of public functions */
308 
309 
310 static void
311 ffs_validate(const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
312 {
313 	int32_t	ncg = 1;
314 #if notyet
315 	int32_t	spc, nspf, ncyl, fssize;
316 #endif
317 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
318 
319 	assert(dir != NULL);
320 	assert(root != NULL);
321 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
322 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
323 
324 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE) {
325 		printf("ffs_validate: before defaults set:\n");
326 		ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsopts);
327 	}
328 
329 		/* set FFS defaults */
330 	if (fsopts->sectorsize == -1)
331 		fsopts->sectorsize = DFL_SECSIZE;
332 	if (ffs_opts->fsize == -1)
333 		ffs_opts->fsize = MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE, fsopts->sectorsize);
334 	if (ffs_opts->bsize == -1)
335 		ffs_opts->bsize = MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE, 8 * ffs_opts->fsize);
336 	if (ffs_opts->cpg == -1)
337 		ffs_opts->cpg = DFL_CYLSPERGROUP;
338 	else
339 		ffs_opts->cpgflg = 1;
340 				/* fsopts->density is set below */
341 	if (ffs_opts->nsectors == -1)
342 		ffs_opts->nsectors = DFL_NSECTORS;
343 	if (ffs_opts->minfree == -1)
344 		ffs_opts->minfree = MINFREE;
345 	if (ffs_opts->optimization == -1)
346 		ffs_opts->optimization = DEFAULTOPT;
347 	if (ffs_opts->maxcontig == -1)
348 		ffs_opts->maxcontig =
349 		    MAX(1, MIN(MAXPHYS, FFS_MAXBSIZE) / ffs_opts->bsize);
350 	/* XXX ondisk32 */
351 	if (ffs_opts->maxbpg == -1)
352 		ffs_opts->maxbpg = ffs_opts->bsize / sizeof(int32_t);
353 	if (ffs_opts->avgfilesize == -1)
354 		ffs_opts->avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;
355 	if (ffs_opts->avgfpdir == -1)
356 		ffs_opts->avgfpdir = AFPDIR;
357 
358 	if (fsopts->maxsize > 0 &&
359 	    roundup(fsopts->minsize, ffs_opts->bsize) > fsopts->maxsize)
360 		errx(1, "`%s' minsize of %lld rounded up to ffs bsize of %d "
361 		    "exceeds maxsize %lld.  Lower bsize, or round the minimum "
362 		    "and maximum sizes to bsize.", dir,
363 		    (long long)fsopts->minsize, ffs_opts->bsize,
364 		    (long long)fsopts->maxsize);
365 
366 		/* calculate size of tree */
367 	ffs_size_dir(root, fsopts);
368 	fsopts->inodes += UFS_ROOTINO;		/* include first two inodes */
369 
370 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE)
371 		printf("ffs_validate: size of tree: %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
372 		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
373 
374 		/* add requested slop */
375 	fsopts->size += fsopts->freeblocks;
376 	fsopts->inodes += fsopts->freefiles;
377 	if (fsopts->freefilepc > 0)
378 		fsopts->inodes =
379 		    fsopts->inodes * (100 + fsopts->freefilepc) / 100;
380 	if (fsopts->freeblockpc > 0)
381 		fsopts->size =
382 		    fsopts->size * (100 + fsopts->freeblockpc) / 100;
383 
384 		/* add space needed for superblocks */
385 	/*
386 	 * The old SBOFF (SBLOCK_UFS1) is used here because makefs is
387 	 * typically used for small filesystems where space matters.
388 	 * XXX make this an option.
389 	 */
390 	fsopts->size += (SBLOCK_UFS1 + SBLOCKSIZE) * ncg;
391 		/* add space needed to store inodes, x3 for blockmaps, etc */
392 	if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
393 		fsopts->size += ncg * DINODE1_SIZE *
394 		    roundup(fsopts->inodes / ncg,
395 			ffs_opts->bsize / DINODE1_SIZE);
396 	else
397 		fsopts->size += ncg * DINODE2_SIZE *
398 		    roundup(fsopts->inodes / ncg,
399 			ffs_opts->bsize / DINODE2_SIZE);
400 
401 		/* add minfree */
402 	if (ffs_opts->minfree > 0)
403 		fsopts->size =
404 		    fsopts->size * (100 + ffs_opts->minfree) / 100;
405 	/*
406 	 * XXX	any other fs slop to add, such as csum's, bitmaps, etc ??
407 	 */
408 
409 	if (fsopts->size < fsopts->minsize)	/* ensure meets minimum size */
410 		fsopts->size = fsopts->minsize;
411 
412 		/* round up to the next block */
413 	fsopts->size = roundup(fsopts->size, ffs_opts->bsize);
414 
415 		/* round up to requested block size, if any */
416 	if (fsopts->roundup > 0)
417 		fsopts->size = roundup(fsopts->size, fsopts->roundup);
418 
419 		/* calculate density if necessary */
420 	if (ffs_opts->density == -1)
421 		ffs_opts->density = fsopts->size / fsopts->inodes + 1;
422 
423 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE) {
424 		printf("ffs_validate: after defaults set:\n");
425 		ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsopts);
426 		printf("ffs_validate: dir %s; %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
427 		    dir, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
428 	}
429 	sectorsize = fsopts->sectorsize;	/* XXX - see earlier */
430 
431 		/* now check calculated sizes vs requested sizes */
432 	if (fsopts->maxsize > 0 && fsopts->size > fsopts->maxsize) {
433 		errx(1, "`%s' size of %lld is larger than the maxsize of %lld.",
434 		    dir, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->maxsize);
435 	}
436 }
437 
438 
439 static void
440 ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsinfo_t *f)
441 {
442 
443 	ffs_opt_t	*fs = f->fs_specific;
444 
445 	printf("fsopts at %p\n", f);
446 
447 	printf("\tsize %lld, inodes %lld, curinode %u\n",
448 	    (long long)f->size, (long long)f->inodes, f->curinode);
449 
450 	printf("\tminsize %lld, maxsize %lld\n",
451 	    (long long)f->minsize, (long long)f->maxsize);
452 	printf("\tfree files %lld, freefile %% %d\n",
453 	    (long long)f->freefiles, f->freefilepc);
454 	printf("\tfree blocks %lld, freeblock %% %d\n",
455 	    (long long)f->freeblocks, f->freeblockpc);
456 	printf("\tneedswap %d, sectorsize %d\n", f->needswap, f->sectorsize);
457 
458 	printf("\tbsize %d, fsize %d, cpg %d, density %d\n",
459 	    fs->bsize, fs->fsize, fs->cpg, fs->density);
460 	printf("\tnsectors %d, rpm %d, minfree %d\n",
461 	    fs->nsectors, fs->rpm, fs->minfree);
462 	printf("\tmaxcontig %d, maxbpg %d\n",
463 	    fs->maxcontig, fs->maxbpg);
464 	printf("\toptimization %s\n",
465 	    fs->optimization == FS_OPTSPACE ? "space" : "time");
466 }
467 
468 
469 static int
470 ffs_create_image(const char *image, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
471 {
472 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
473 	struct statvfs	sfs;
474 #endif
475 	struct fs	*fs;
476 	char	*buf;
477 	int	i, bufsize;
478 	off_t	bufrem;
479 	time_t	tstamp;
480 
481 	assert (image != NULL);
482 	assert (fsopts != NULL);
483 
484 		/* create image */
485 	if ((fsopts->fd = open(image, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0666))
486 	    == -1) {
487 		warn("Can't open `%s' for writing", image);
488 		return (-1);
489 	}
490 
491 		/* zero image */
492 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
493 	if (fstatvfs(fsopts->fd, &sfs) == -1) {
494 #endif
495 		bufsize = 8192;
496 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
497 		warn("can't fstatvfs `%s', using default %d byte chunk",
498 		    image, bufsize);
499 	} else
500 		bufsize = sfs.f_iosize;
501 #endif
502 	bufrem = fsopts->size;
503 	if (fsopts->sparse) {
504 		if (ftruncate(fsopts->fd, bufrem) == -1) {
505 			warn("sparse option disabled.");
506 			fsopts->sparse = 0;
507 		}
508 	}
509 	if (fsopts->sparse) {
510 		/* File truncated at bufrem. Remaining is 0 */
511 		bufrem = 0;
512 		buf = NULL;
513 	} else {
514 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE)
515 			printf("zero-ing image `%s', %lld sectors, "
516 			    "using %d byte chunks\n", image, (long long)bufrem,
517 			    bufsize);
518 		buf = ecalloc(1, bufsize);
519 	}
520 	while (bufrem > 0) {
521 		i = write(fsopts->fd, buf, MIN(bufsize, bufrem));
522 		if (i == -1) {
523 			warn("zeroing image, %lld bytes to go",
524 			    (long long)bufrem);
525 			free(buf);
526 			return (-1);
527 		}
528 		bufrem -= i;
529 	}
530 	if (buf)
531 		free(buf);
532 
533 		/* make the file system */
534 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE)
535 		printf("calling mkfs(\"%s\", ...)\n", image);
536 
537 	if (stampst.st_ino != 0)
538 		tstamp = stampst.st_ctime;
539 	else
540 		tstamp = start_time.tv_sec;
541 
542 	srandom(tstamp);
543 
544 	fs = ffs_mkfs(image, fsopts, tstamp);
545 	fsopts->superblock = (void *)fs;
546 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE) {
547 		time_t t;
548 
549 		t = (time_t)((struct fs *)fsopts->superblock)->fs_time;
550 		printf("mkfs returned %p; fs_time %s",
551 		    fsopts->superblock, ctime(&t));
552 		printf("fs totals: nbfree %lld, nffree %lld, nifree %lld, ndir %lld\n",
553 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree,
554 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree,
555 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree,
556 		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir);
557 	}
558 
559 	if (fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree + UFS_ROOTINO < fsopts->inodes) {
560 		warnx(
561 		"Image file `%s' has %lld free inodes; %lld are required.",
562 		    image,
563 		    (long long)(fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree + UFS_ROOTINO),
564 		    (long long)fsopts->inodes);
565 		return (-1);
566 	}
567 	return (fsopts->fd);
568 }
569 
570 
571 static void
572 ffs_size_dir(fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
573 {
574 	struct direct	tmpdir;
575 	fsnode *	node;
576 	int		curdirsize, this;
577 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
578 
579 	/* node may be NULL (empty directory) */
580 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
581 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
582 
583 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR)
584 		printf("ffs_size_dir: entry: bytes %lld inodes %lld\n",
585 		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
586 
587 #define	ADDDIRENT(e) do {						\
588 	tmpdir.d_namlen = strlen((e));					\
589 	this = DIRSIZ_SWAP(0, &tmpdir, 0);					\
590 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_ADD_DIRENT)			\
591 		printf("ADDDIRENT: was: %s (%d) this %d cur %d\n",	\
592 		    e, tmpdir.d_namlen, this, curdirsize);		\
593 	if (this + curdirsize > roundup(curdirsize, DIRBLKSIZ))		\
594 		curdirsize = roundup(curdirsize, DIRBLKSIZ);		\
595 	curdirsize += this;						\
596 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_ADD_DIRENT)			\
597 		printf("ADDDIRENT: now: %s (%d) this %d cur %d\n",	\
598 		    e, tmpdir.d_namlen, this, curdirsize);		\
599 } while (0);
600 
601 	/*
602 	 * XXX	this needs to take into account extra space consumed
603 	 *	by indirect blocks, etc.
604 	 */
605 #define	ADDSIZE(x) do {							\
606 	fsopts->size += roundup((x), ffs_opts->fsize);			\
607 } while (0);
608 
609 	curdirsize = 0;
610 	for (node = root; node != NULL; node = node->next) {
611 		ADDDIRENT(node->name);
612 		if (node == root) {			/* we're at "." */
613 			assert(strcmp(node->name, ".") == 0);
614 			ADDDIRENT("..");
615 		} else if ((node->inode->flags & FI_SIZED) == 0) {
616 				/* don't count duplicate names */
617 			node->inode->flags |= FI_SIZED;
618 			if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_NODE)
619 				printf("ffs_size_dir: `%s' size %lld\n",
620 				    node->name,
621 				    (long long)node->inode->st.st_size);
622 			fsopts->inodes++;
623 			if (node->type == S_IFREG)
624 				ADDSIZE(node->inode->st.st_size);
625 			if (node->type == S_IFLNK) {
626 				size_t slen;
627 
628 				slen = strlen(node->symlink) + 1;
629 				if (slen >= (ffs_opts->version == 1 ?
630 						UFS1_MAXSYMLINKLEN :
631 						UFS2_MAXSYMLINKLEN))
632 					ADDSIZE(slen);
633 			}
634 		}
635 		if (node->type == S_IFDIR)
636 			ffs_size_dir(node->child, fsopts);
637 	}
638 	ADDSIZE(curdirsize);
639 
640 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR)
641 		printf("ffs_size_dir: exit: size %lld inodes %lld\n",
642 		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
643 }
644 
645 static void *
646 ffs_build_dinode1(struct ufs1_dinode *dinp, dirbuf_t *dbufp, fsnode *cur,
647 		 fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
648 {
649 	size_t slen;
650 	void *membuf;
651 	struct stat *st = stampst.st_ino != 0 ? &stampst : &cur->inode->st;
652 
653 	memset(dinp, 0, sizeof(*dinp));
654 	dinp->di_mode = cur->inode->st.st_mode;
655 	dinp->di_nlink = cur->inode->nlink;
656 	dinp->di_size = cur->inode->st.st_size;
657 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
658 	dinp->di_flags = cur->inode->st.st_flags;
659 #endif
660 	dinp->di_gen = random();
661 	dinp->di_uid = cur->inode->st.st_uid;
662 	dinp->di_gid = cur->inode->st.st_gid;
663 
664 	dinp->di_atime = st->st_atime;
665 	dinp->di_mtime = st->st_mtime;
666 	dinp->di_ctime = st->st_ctime;
667 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC
668 	dinp->di_atimensec = st->st_atimensec;
669 	dinp->di_mtimensec = st->st_mtimensec;
670 	dinp->di_ctimensec = st->st_ctimensec;
671 #endif
672 		/* not set: di_db, di_ib, di_blocks, di_spare */
673 
674 	membuf = NULL;
675 	if (cur == root) {			/* "."; write dirbuf */
676 		membuf = dbufp->buf;
677 		dinp->di_size = dbufp->size;
678 	} else if (S_ISBLK(cur->type) || S_ISCHR(cur->type)) {
679 		dinp->di_size = 0;	/* a device */
680 		dinp->di_rdev =
681 		    ufs_rw32(cur->inode->st.st_rdev, fsopts->needswap);
682 	} else if (S_ISLNK(cur->type)) {	/* symlink */
683 		slen = strlen(cur->symlink);
684 		if (slen < UFS1_MAXSYMLINKLEN) {	/* short link */
685 			memcpy(dinp->di_db, cur->symlink, slen);
686 		} else
687 			membuf = cur->symlink;
688 		dinp->di_size = slen;
689 	}
690 	return membuf;
691 }
692 
693 static void *
694 ffs_build_dinode2(struct ufs2_dinode *dinp, dirbuf_t *dbufp, fsnode *cur,
695 		 fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
696 {
697 	size_t slen;
698 	void *membuf;
699 	struct stat *st = stampst.st_ino != 0 ? &stampst : &cur->inode->st;
700 
701 	memset(dinp, 0, sizeof(*dinp));
702 	dinp->di_mode = cur->inode->st.st_mode;
703 	dinp->di_nlink = cur->inode->nlink;
704 	dinp->di_size = cur->inode->st.st_size;
705 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
706 	dinp->di_flags = cur->inode->st.st_flags;
707 #endif
708 	dinp->di_gen = random();
709 	dinp->di_uid = cur->inode->st.st_uid;
710 	dinp->di_gid = cur->inode->st.st_gid;
711 
712 	dinp->di_atime = st->st_atime;
713 	dinp->di_mtime = st->st_mtime;
714 	dinp->di_ctime = st->st_ctime;
715 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC
716 	dinp->di_atimensec = st->st_atimensec;
717 	dinp->di_mtimensec = st->st_mtimensec;
718 	dinp->di_ctimensec = st->st_ctimensec;
719 #endif
720 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_BIRTHTIME
721 	dinp->di_birthtime = st->st_birthtime;
722 	dinp->di_birthnsec = st->st_birthtimensec;
723 #endif
724 		/* not set: di_db, di_ib, di_blocks, di_spare */
725 
726 	membuf = NULL;
727 	if (cur == root) {			/* "."; write dirbuf */
728 		membuf = dbufp->buf;
729 		dinp->di_size = dbufp->size;
730 	} else if (S_ISBLK(cur->type) || S_ISCHR(cur->type)) {
731 		dinp->di_size = 0;	/* a device */
732 		dinp->di_rdev =
733 		    ufs_rw64(cur->inode->st.st_rdev, fsopts->needswap);
734 	} else if (S_ISLNK(cur->type)) {	/* symlink */
735 		slen = strlen(cur->symlink);
736 		if (slen < UFS2_MAXSYMLINKLEN) {	/* short link */
737 			memcpy(dinp->di_db, cur->symlink, slen);
738 		} else
739 			membuf = cur->symlink;
740 		dinp->di_size = slen;
741 	}
742 	return membuf;
743 }
744 
745 static int
746 ffs_populate_dir(const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
747 {
748 	fsnode		*cur;
749 	dirbuf_t	dirbuf;
750 	union dinode	din;
751 	void		*membuf;
752 	char		path[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
753 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
754 
755 	assert(dir != NULL);
756 	assert(root != NULL);
757 	assert(fsopts != NULL);
758 	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
759 
760 	(void)memset(&dirbuf, 0, sizeof(dirbuf));
761 
762 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
763 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 1  dir %s node %p\n", dir, root);
764 
765 		/*
766 		 * pass 1: allocate inode numbers, build directory `file'
767 		 */
768 	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
769 		if ((cur->inode->flags & FI_ALLOCATED) == 0) {
770 			cur->inode->flags |= FI_ALLOCATED;
771 			if (cur == root && cur->parent != NULL)
772 				cur->inode->ino = cur->parent->inode->ino;
773 			else {
774 				cur->inode->ino = fsopts->curinode;
775 				fsopts->curinode++;
776 			}
777 		}
778 		ffs_make_dirbuf(&dirbuf, cur->name, cur, fsopts->needswap);
779 		if (cur == root) {		/* we're at "."; add ".." */
780 			ffs_make_dirbuf(&dirbuf, "..",
781 			    cur->parent == NULL ? cur : cur->parent->first,
782 			    fsopts->needswap);
783 			root->inode->nlink++;	/* count my parent's link */
784 		} else if (cur->child != NULL)
785 			root->inode->nlink++;	/* count my child's link */
786 
787 		/*
788 		 * XXX	possibly write file and long symlinks here,
789 		 *	ensuring that blocks get written before inodes?
790 		 *	otoh, this isn't a real filesystem, so who
791 		 *	cares about ordering? :-)
792 		 */
793 	}
794 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE_DIRBUF)
795 		ffs_dump_dirbuf(&dirbuf, dir, fsopts->needswap);
796 
797 		/*
798 		 * pass 2: write out dirbuf, then non-directories at this level
799 		 */
800 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
801 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 2  dir %s\n", dir);
802 	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
803 		if (cur->inode->flags & FI_WRITTEN)
804 			continue;		/* skip hard-linked entries */
805 		cur->inode->flags |= FI_WRITTEN;
806 
807 		if (cur->contents == NULL) {
808 			if (snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s/%s", cur->root,
809 			    cur->path, cur->name) >= (int)sizeof(path))
810 				errx(1, "Pathname too long.");
811 		}
812 
813 		if (cur->child != NULL)
814 			continue;		/* child creates own inode */
815 
816 				/* build on-disk inode */
817 		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
818 			membuf = ffs_build_dinode1(&din.ffs1_din, &dirbuf, cur,
819 			    root, fsopts);
820 		else
821 			membuf = ffs_build_dinode2(&din.ffs2_din, &dirbuf, cur,
822 			    root, fsopts);
823 
824 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE_NODE) {
825 			printf("ffs_populate_dir: writing ino %d, %s",
826 			    cur->inode->ino, inode_type(cur->type));
827 			if (cur->inode->nlink > 1)
828 				printf(", nlink %d", cur->inode->nlink);
829 			putchar('\n');
830 		}
831 
832 		if (membuf != NULL) {
833 			ffs_write_file(&din, cur->inode->ino, membuf, fsopts);
834 		} else if (S_ISREG(cur->type)) {
835 			ffs_write_file(&din, cur->inode->ino,
836 			    (cur->contents) ?  cur->contents : path, fsopts);
837 		} else {
838 			assert (! S_ISDIR(cur->type));
839 			ffs_write_inode(&din, cur->inode->ino, fsopts);
840 		}
841 	}
842 
843 		/*
844 		 * pass 3: write out sub-directories
845 		 */
846 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
847 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 3  dir %s\n", dir);
848 	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
849 		if (cur->child == NULL)
850 			continue;
851 		if ((size_t)snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s", dir,
852 		    cur->name) >= sizeof(path))
853 			errx(1, "Pathname too long.");
854 		if (! ffs_populate_dir(path, cur->child, fsopts))
855 			return (0);
856 	}
857 
858 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
859 		printf("ffs_populate_dir: DONE dir %s\n", dir);
860 
861 		/* cleanup */
862 	if (dirbuf.buf != NULL)
863 		free(dirbuf.buf);
864 	return (1);
865 }
866 
867 
868 static void
869 ffs_write_file(union dinode *din, uint32_t ino, void *buf, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
870 {
871 	int 	isfile, ffd;
872 	char	*fbuf, *p;
873 	off_t	bufleft, chunk, offset;
874 	ssize_t nread;
875 	struct inode	in;
876 	struct buf *	bp;
877 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
878 
879 	assert (din != NULL);
880 	assert (buf != NULL);
881 	assert (fsopts != NULL);
882 	assert (ffs_opts != NULL);
883 
884 	isfile = S_ISREG(DIP(din, mode));
885 	fbuf = NULL;
886 	ffd = -1;
887 	p = NULL;
888 
889 	in.i_fs = (struct fs *)fsopts->superblock;
890 
891 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_FILE) {
892 		printf(
893 		    "ffs_write_file: ino %u, din %p, isfile %d, %s, size %lld",
894 		    ino, din, isfile, inode_type(DIP(din, mode) & S_IFMT),
895 		    (long long)DIP(din, size));
896 		if (isfile)
897 			printf(", file '%s'\n", (char *)buf);
898 		else
899 			printf(", buffer %p\n", buf);
900 	}
901 
902 	in.i_number = ino;
903 	in.i_size = DIP(din, size);
904 	if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
905 		memcpy(&in.i_din.ffs1_din, &din->ffs1_din,
906 		    sizeof(in.i_din.ffs1_din));
907 	else
908 		memcpy(&in.i_din.ffs2_din, &din->ffs2_din,
909 		    sizeof(in.i_din.ffs2_din));
910 	in.i_fd = fsopts->fd;
911 
912 	if (DIP(din, size) == 0)
913 		goto write_inode_and_leave;		/* mmm, cheating */
914 
915 	if (isfile) {
916 		fbuf = emalloc(ffs_opts->bsize);
917 		if ((ffd = open((char *)buf, O_RDONLY, 0444)) == -1) {
918 			warn("Can't open `%s' for reading", (char *)buf);
919 			goto leave_ffs_write_file;
920 		}
921 	} else {
922 		p = buf;
923 	}
924 
925 	chunk = 0;
926 	for (bufleft = DIP(din, size); bufleft > 0; bufleft -= chunk) {
927 		chunk = MIN(bufleft, ffs_opts->bsize);
928 		if (!isfile)
929 			;
930 		else if ((nread = read(ffd, fbuf, chunk)) == -1)
931 			err(EXIT_FAILURE, "Reading `%s', %lld bytes to go",
932 			    (char *)buf, (long long)bufleft);
933 		else if (nread != chunk)
934 			errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "Reading `%s', %lld bytes to go, "
935 			    "read %zd bytes, expected %ju bytes, does "
936 			    "metalog size= attribute mismatch source size?",
937 			    (char *)buf, (long long)bufleft, nread,
938 			    (uintmax_t)chunk);
939 		else
940 			p = fbuf;
941 		offset = DIP(din, size) - bufleft;
942 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_FILE_BLOCK)
943 			printf(
944 		"ffs_write_file: write %p offset %lld size %lld left %lld\n",
945 			    p, (long long)offset,
946 			    (long long)chunk, (long long)bufleft);
947 	/*
948 	 * XXX	if holey support is desired, do the check here
949 	 *
950 	 * XXX	might need to write out last bit in fragroundup
951 	 *	sized chunk. however, ffs_balloc() handles this for us
952 	 */
953 		errno = ffs_balloc(&in, offset, chunk, &bp);
954  bad_ffs_write_file:
955 		if (errno != 0)
956 			err(1,
957 			    "Writing inode %d (%s), bytes %lld + %lld",
958 			    ino,
959 			    isfile ? (char *)buf :
960 			      inode_type(DIP(din, mode) & S_IFMT),
961 			    (long long)offset, (long long)chunk);
962 		memcpy(bp->b_data, p, chunk);
963 		errno = bwrite(bp);
964 		if (errno != 0)
965 			goto bad_ffs_write_file;
966 		brelse(bp, 0);
967 		if (!isfile)
968 			p += chunk;
969 	}
970 
971  write_inode_and_leave:
972 	ffs_write_inode(&in.i_din, in.i_number, fsopts);
973 
974  leave_ffs_write_file:
975 	if (fbuf)
976 		free(fbuf);
977 	if (ffd != -1)
978 		close(ffd);
979 }
980 
981 
982 static void
983 ffs_dump_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *dbuf, const char *dir, int needswap)
984 {
985 	doff_t		i;
986 	struct direct	*de;
987 	uint16_t	reclen;
988 
989 	assert (dbuf != NULL);
990 	assert (dir != NULL);
991 	printf("ffs_dump_dirbuf: dir %s size %d cur %d\n",
992 	    dir, dbuf->size, dbuf->cur);
993 
994 	for (i = 0; i < dbuf->size; ) {
995 		de = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + i);
996 		reclen = ufs_rw16(de->d_reclen, needswap);
997 		printf(
998 	    " inode %4d %7s offset %4d reclen %3d namlen %3d name %s\n",
999 		    ufs_rw32(de->d_ino, needswap),
1000 		    inode_type(DTTOIF(de->d_type)), i, reclen,
1001 		    de->d_namlen, de->d_name);
1002 		i += reclen;
1003 		assert(reclen > 0);
1004 	}
1005 }
1006 
1007 static void
1008 ffs_make_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *dbuf, const char *name, fsnode *node, int needswap)
1009 {
1010 	struct direct	de, *dp;
1011 	uint16_t	llen, reclen;
1012 	u_char		*newbuf;
1013 
1014 	assert (dbuf != NULL);
1015 	assert (name != NULL);
1016 	assert (node != NULL);
1017 					/* create direct entry */
1018 	(void)memset(&de, 0, sizeof(de));
1019 	de.d_ino = ufs_rw32(node->inode->ino, needswap);
1020 	de.d_type = IFTODT(node->type);
1021 	de.d_namlen = (uint8_t)strlen(name);
1022 	strcpy(de.d_name, name);
1023 	reclen = DIRSIZ_SWAP(0, &de, needswap);
1024 	de.d_reclen = ufs_rw16(reclen, needswap);
1025 
1026 	dp = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + dbuf->cur);
1027 	llen = 0;
1028 	if (dp != NULL)
1029 		llen = DIRSIZ_SWAP(0, dp, needswap);
1030 
1031 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKE_DIRBUF)
1032 		printf(
1033 		    "ffs_make_dirbuf: dbuf siz %d cur %d lastlen %d\n"
1034 		    "  ino %d type %d reclen %d namlen %d name %.30s\n",
1035 		    dbuf->size, dbuf->cur, llen,
1036 		    ufs_rw32(de.d_ino, needswap), de.d_type, reclen,
1037 		    de.d_namlen, de.d_name);
1038 
1039 	if (reclen + dbuf->cur + llen > roundup(dbuf->size, DIRBLKSIZ)) {
1040 		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKE_DIRBUF)
1041 			printf("ffs_make_dirbuf: growing buf to %d\n",
1042 			    dbuf->size + DIRBLKSIZ);
1043 		newbuf = erealloc(dbuf->buf, dbuf->size + DIRBLKSIZ);
1044 		dbuf->buf = newbuf;
1045 		dbuf->size += DIRBLKSIZ;
1046 		memset(dbuf->buf + dbuf->size - DIRBLKSIZ, 0, DIRBLKSIZ);
1047 		dbuf->cur = dbuf->size - DIRBLKSIZ;
1048 	} else if (dp) {			/* shrink end of previous */
1049 		dp->d_reclen = ufs_rw16(llen,needswap);
1050 		dbuf->cur += llen;
1051 	}
1052 	dp = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + dbuf->cur);
1053 	memcpy(dp, &de, reclen);
1054 	dp->d_reclen = ufs_rw16(dbuf->size - dbuf->cur, needswap);
1055 }
1056 
1057 /*
1058  * cribbed from sys/ufs/ffs/ffs_alloc.c
1059  */
1060 static void
1061 ffs_write_inode(union dinode *dp, uint32_t ino, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
1062 {
1063 	char 		*buf;
1064 	struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
1065 	struct ufs2_dinode *dp2, *dip;
1066 	struct cg	*cgp;
1067 	struct fs	*fs;
1068 	int		cg, cgino, i;
1069 	daddr_t		d;
1070 	char		sbbuf[FFS_MAXBSIZE];
1071 	int32_t		initediblk;
1072 	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
1073 
1074 	assert (dp != NULL);
1075 	assert (ino > 0);
1076 	assert (fsopts != NULL);
1077 	assert (ffs_opts != NULL);
1078 
1079 	fs = (struct fs *)fsopts->superblock;
1080 	cg = ino_to_cg(fs, ino);
1081 	cgino = ino % fs->fs_ipg;
1082 	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_INODE)
1083 		printf("ffs_write_inode: din %p ino %u cg %d cgino %d\n",
1084 		    dp, ino, cg, cgino);
1085 
1086 	ffs_rdfs(fsbtodb(fs, cgtod(fs, cg)), (int)fs->fs_cgsize, &sbbuf,
1087 	    fsopts);
1088 	cgp = (struct cg *)sbbuf;
1089 	if (!cg_chkmagic_swap(cgp, fsopts->needswap))
1090 		errx(1, "ffs_write_inode: cg %d: bad magic number", cg);
1091 
1092 	assert (isclr(cg_inosused_swap(cgp, fsopts->needswap), cgino));
1093 
1094 	buf = emalloc(fs->fs_bsize);
1095 	dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)buf;
1096 	dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)buf;
1097 
1098 	if (fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree == 0)
1099 		errx(1, "ffs_write_inode: fs out of inodes for ino %u",
1100 		    ino);
1101 	if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree == 0)
1102 		errx(1,
1103 		    "ffs_write_inode: cg %d out of inodes for ino %u",
1104 		    cg, ino);
1105 	setbit(cg_inosused_swap(cgp, fsopts->needswap), cgino);
1106 	ufs_add32(cgp->cg_cs.cs_nifree, -1, fsopts->needswap);
1107 	fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--;
1108 	fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree--;
1109 	if (S_ISDIR(DIP(dp, mode))) {
1110 		ufs_add32(cgp->cg_cs.cs_ndir, 1, fsopts->needswap);
1111 		fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++;
1112 		fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir++;
1113 	}
1114 
1115 	/*
1116 	 * Initialize inode blocks on the fly for UFS2.
1117 	 */
1118 	initediblk = ufs_rw32(cgp->cg_initediblk, fsopts->needswap);
1119 	if (ffs_opts->version == 2 && cgino + INOPB(fs) > initediblk &&
1120 	    initediblk < ufs_rw32(cgp->cg_niblk, fsopts->needswap)) {
1121 		memset(buf, 0, fs->fs_bsize);
1122 		dip = (struct ufs2_dinode *)buf;
1123 		for (i = 0; i < INOPB(fs); i++) {
1124 			dip->di_gen = random();
1125 			dip++;
1126 		}
1127 		ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, ino_to_fsba(fs,
1128 				  cg * fs->fs_ipg + initediblk)),
1129 		    fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
1130 		initediblk += INOPB(fs);
1131 		cgp->cg_initediblk = ufs_rw32(initediblk, fsopts->needswap);
1132 	}
1133 
1134 
1135 	ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, cgtod(fs, cg)), (int)fs->fs_cgsize, &sbbuf,
1136 	    fsopts);
1137 
1138 					/* now write inode */
1139 	d = fsbtodb(fs, ino_to_fsba(fs, ino));
1140 	ffs_rdfs(d, fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
1141 	if (fsopts->needswap) {
1142 		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
1143 			ffs_dinode1_swap(&dp->ffs1_din,
1144 			    &dp1[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)]);
1145 		else
1146 			ffs_dinode2_swap(&dp->ffs2_din,
1147 			    &dp2[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)]);
1148 	} else {
1149 		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
1150 			dp1[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)] = dp->ffs1_din;
1151 		else
1152 			dp2[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)] = dp->ffs2_din;
1153 	}
1154 	ffs_wtfs(d, fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
1155 	free(buf);
1156 }
1157 
1158 void
1159 panic(const char *fmt, ...)
1160 {
1161 	va_list ap;
1162 
1163 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1164 	vwarnx(fmt, ap);
1165 	va_end(ap);
1166 	exit(1);
1167 }
1168