1 /*- 2 * Copyright (c) 2011 NetApp, Inc. 3 * All rights reserved. 4 * 5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 7 * are met: 8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 9 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 12 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 13 * 14 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY NETAPP, INC ``AS IS'' AND 15 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 16 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 17 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL NETAPP, INC OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 18 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 19 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 20 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 21 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 22 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 23 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 24 * SUCH DAMAGE. 25 * 26 * $FreeBSD$ 27 */ 28 29 #include <sys/cdefs.h> 30 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$"); 31 32 #include <sys/types.h> 33 #include <sys/mman.h> 34 #include <sys/time.h> 35 36 #include <machine/atomic.h> 37 #include <machine/segments.h> 38 39 #include <stdio.h> 40 #include <stdlib.h> 41 #include <string.h> 42 #include <err.h> 43 #include <libgen.h> 44 #include <unistd.h> 45 #include <assert.h> 46 #include <errno.h> 47 #include <pthread.h> 48 #include <pthread_np.h> 49 #include <sysexits.h> 50 51 #include <machine/vmm.h> 52 #include <vmmapi.h> 53 54 #include "bhyverun.h" 55 #include "acpi.h" 56 #include "inout.h" 57 #include "dbgport.h" 58 #include "legacy_irq.h" 59 #include "mem.h" 60 #include "mevent.h" 61 #include "mptbl.h" 62 #include "pci_emul.h" 63 #include "pci_lpc.h" 64 #include "xmsr.h" 65 #include "spinup_ap.h" 66 #include "rtc.h" 67 68 #define GUEST_NIO_PORT 0x488 /* guest upcalls via i/o port */ 69 70 #define VMEXIT_SWITCH 0 /* force vcpu switch in mux mode */ 71 #define VMEXIT_CONTINUE 1 /* continue from next instruction */ 72 #define VMEXIT_RESTART 2 /* restart current instruction */ 73 #define VMEXIT_ABORT 3 /* abort the vm run loop */ 74 #define VMEXIT_RESET 4 /* guest machine has reset */ 75 #define VMEXIT_POWEROFF 5 /* guest machine has powered off */ 76 77 #define MB (1024UL * 1024) 78 #define GB (1024UL * MB) 79 80 typedef int (*vmexit_handler_t)(struct vmctx *, struct vm_exit *, int *vcpu); 81 82 char *vmname; 83 84 int guest_ncpus; 85 86 static int pincpu = -1; 87 static int guest_vmexit_on_hlt, guest_vmexit_on_pause, disable_x2apic; 88 static int virtio_msix = 1; 89 90 static int strictio; 91 static int strictmsr = 1; 92 93 static int acpi; 94 95 static char *progname; 96 static const int BSP = 0; 97 98 static int cpumask; 99 100 static void vm_loop(struct vmctx *ctx, int vcpu, uint64_t rip); 101 102 struct vm_exit vmexit[VM_MAXCPU]; 103 104 struct bhyvestats { 105 uint64_t vmexit_bogus; 106 uint64_t vmexit_bogus_switch; 107 uint64_t vmexit_hlt; 108 uint64_t vmexit_pause; 109 uint64_t vmexit_mtrap; 110 uint64_t vmexit_inst_emul; 111 uint64_t cpu_switch_rotate; 112 uint64_t cpu_switch_direct; 113 int io_reset; 114 } stats; 115 116 struct mt_vmm_info { 117 pthread_t mt_thr; 118 struct vmctx *mt_ctx; 119 int mt_vcpu; 120 } mt_vmm_info[VM_MAXCPU]; 121 122 static void 123 usage(int code) 124 { 125 126 fprintf(stderr, 127 "Usage: %s [-aehwAHIPW] [-g <gdb port>] [-s <pci>] [-S <pci>]\n" 128 " %*s [-c vcpus] [-p pincpu] [-m mem] [-l <lpc>] <vm>\n" 129 " -a: local apic is in XAPIC mode (default is X2APIC)\n" 130 " -A: create an ACPI table\n" 131 " -g: gdb port\n" 132 " -c: # cpus (default 1)\n" 133 " -p: pin vcpu 'n' to host cpu 'pincpu + n'\n" 134 " -H: vmexit from the guest on hlt\n" 135 " -P: vmexit from the guest on pause\n" 136 " -W: force virtio to use single-vector MSI\n" 137 " -e: exit on unhandled I/O access\n" 138 " -h: help\n" 139 " -s: <slot,driver,configinfo> PCI slot config\n" 140 " -S: <slot,driver,configinfo> legacy PCI slot config\n" 141 " -l: LPC device configuration\n" 142 " -m: memory size in MB\n" 143 " -w: ignore unimplemented MSRs\n", 144 progname, (int)strlen(progname), ""); 145 146 exit(code); 147 } 148 149 void * 150 paddr_guest2host(struct vmctx *ctx, uintptr_t gaddr, size_t len) 151 { 152 153 return (vm_map_gpa(ctx, gaddr, len)); 154 } 155 156 int 157 fbsdrun_disable_x2apic(void) 158 { 159 160 return (disable_x2apic); 161 } 162 163 int 164 fbsdrun_vmexit_on_pause(void) 165 { 166 167 return (guest_vmexit_on_pause); 168 } 169 170 int 171 fbsdrun_vmexit_on_hlt(void) 172 { 173 174 return (guest_vmexit_on_hlt); 175 } 176 177 int 178 fbsdrun_virtio_msix(void) 179 { 180 181 return (virtio_msix); 182 } 183 184 static void * 185 fbsdrun_start_thread(void *param) 186 { 187 char tname[MAXCOMLEN + 1]; 188 struct mt_vmm_info *mtp; 189 int vcpu; 190 191 mtp = param; 192 vcpu = mtp->mt_vcpu; 193 194 snprintf(tname, sizeof(tname), "vcpu %d", vcpu); 195 pthread_set_name_np(mtp->mt_thr, tname); 196 197 vm_loop(mtp->mt_ctx, vcpu, vmexit[vcpu].rip); 198 199 /* not reached */ 200 exit(1); 201 return (NULL); 202 } 203 204 void 205 fbsdrun_addcpu(struct vmctx *ctx, int vcpu, uint64_t rip) 206 { 207 int error; 208 209 if (cpumask & (1 << vcpu)) { 210 fprintf(stderr, "addcpu: attempting to add existing cpu %d\n", 211 vcpu); 212 exit(1); 213 } 214 215 atomic_set_int(&cpumask, 1 << vcpu); 216 217 /* 218 * Set up the vmexit struct to allow execution to start 219 * at the given RIP 220 */ 221 vmexit[vcpu].rip = rip; 222 vmexit[vcpu].inst_length = 0; 223 224 mt_vmm_info[vcpu].mt_ctx = ctx; 225 mt_vmm_info[vcpu].mt_vcpu = vcpu; 226 227 error = pthread_create(&mt_vmm_info[vcpu].mt_thr, NULL, 228 fbsdrun_start_thread, &mt_vmm_info[vcpu]); 229 assert(error == 0); 230 } 231 232 static int 233 fbsdrun_deletecpu(struct vmctx *ctx, int vcpu) 234 { 235 236 if ((cpumask & (1 << vcpu)) == 0) { 237 fprintf(stderr, "addcpu: attempting to delete unknown cpu %d\n", 238 vcpu); 239 exit(1); 240 } 241 242 atomic_clear_int(&cpumask, 1 << vcpu); 243 return (cpumask == 0); 244 } 245 246 static int 247 vmexit_catch_reset(void) 248 { 249 stats.io_reset++; 250 return (VMEXIT_RESET); 251 } 252 253 static int 254 vmexit_catch_inout(void) 255 { 256 return (VMEXIT_ABORT); 257 } 258 259 static int 260 vmexit_handle_notify(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vme, int *pvcpu, 261 uint32_t eax) 262 { 263 #if BHYVE_DEBUG 264 /* 265 * put guest-driven debug here 266 */ 267 #endif 268 return (VMEXIT_CONTINUE); 269 } 270 271 static int 272 vmexit_inout(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vme, int *pvcpu) 273 { 274 int error; 275 int bytes, port, in, out; 276 uint32_t eax; 277 int vcpu; 278 279 vcpu = *pvcpu; 280 281 port = vme->u.inout.port; 282 bytes = vme->u.inout.bytes; 283 eax = vme->u.inout.eax; 284 in = vme->u.inout.in; 285 out = !in; 286 287 /* We don't deal with these */ 288 if (vme->u.inout.string || vme->u.inout.rep) 289 return (VMEXIT_ABORT); 290 291 /* Special case of guest reset */ 292 if (out && port == 0x64 && (uint8_t)eax == 0xFE) 293 return (vmexit_catch_reset()); 294 295 /* Extra-special case of host notifications */ 296 if (out && port == GUEST_NIO_PORT) 297 return (vmexit_handle_notify(ctx, vme, pvcpu, eax)); 298 299 error = emulate_inout(ctx, vcpu, in, port, bytes, &eax, strictio); 300 if (error == INOUT_OK && in) 301 error = vm_set_register(ctx, vcpu, VM_REG_GUEST_RAX, eax); 302 303 switch (error) { 304 case INOUT_OK: 305 return (VMEXIT_CONTINUE); 306 case INOUT_RESET: 307 return (VMEXIT_RESET); 308 case INOUT_POWEROFF: 309 return (VMEXIT_POWEROFF); 310 default: 311 fprintf(stderr, "Unhandled %s%c 0x%04x\n", 312 in ? "in" : "out", 313 bytes == 1 ? 'b' : (bytes == 2 ? 'w' : 'l'), port); 314 return (vmexit_catch_inout()); 315 } 316 } 317 318 static int 319 vmexit_rdmsr(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vme, int *pvcpu) 320 { 321 uint64_t val; 322 uint32_t eax, edx; 323 int error; 324 325 val = 0; 326 error = emulate_rdmsr(ctx, *pvcpu, vme->u.msr.code, &val); 327 if (error != 0) { 328 fprintf(stderr, "rdmsr to register %#x on vcpu %d\n", 329 vme->u.msr.code, *pvcpu); 330 if (strictmsr) 331 return (VMEXIT_ABORT); 332 } 333 334 eax = val; 335 error = vm_set_register(ctx, *pvcpu, VM_REG_GUEST_RAX, eax); 336 assert(error == 0); 337 338 edx = val >> 32; 339 error = vm_set_register(ctx, *pvcpu, VM_REG_GUEST_RDX, edx); 340 assert(error == 0); 341 342 return (VMEXIT_CONTINUE); 343 } 344 345 static int 346 vmexit_wrmsr(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vme, int *pvcpu) 347 { 348 int error; 349 350 error = emulate_wrmsr(ctx, *pvcpu, vme->u.msr.code, vme->u.msr.wval); 351 if (error != 0) { 352 fprintf(stderr, "wrmsr to register %#x(%#lx) on vcpu %d\n", 353 vme->u.msr.code, vme->u.msr.wval, *pvcpu); 354 if (strictmsr) 355 return (VMEXIT_ABORT); 356 } 357 return (VMEXIT_CONTINUE); 358 } 359 360 static int 361 vmexit_spinup_ap(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vme, int *pvcpu) 362 { 363 int newcpu; 364 int retval = VMEXIT_CONTINUE; 365 366 newcpu = spinup_ap(ctx, *pvcpu, 367 vme->u.spinup_ap.vcpu, vme->u.spinup_ap.rip); 368 369 return (retval); 370 } 371 372 static int 373 vmexit_spindown_cpu(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vme, int *pvcpu) 374 { 375 int lastcpu; 376 377 lastcpu = fbsdrun_deletecpu(ctx, *pvcpu); 378 if (!lastcpu) 379 pthread_exit(NULL); 380 return (vmexit_catch_reset()); 381 } 382 383 static int 384 vmexit_vmx(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vmexit, int *pvcpu) 385 { 386 387 fprintf(stderr, "vm exit[%d]\n", *pvcpu); 388 fprintf(stderr, "\treason\t\tVMX\n"); 389 fprintf(stderr, "\trip\t\t0x%016lx\n", vmexit->rip); 390 fprintf(stderr, "\tinst_length\t%d\n", vmexit->inst_length); 391 fprintf(stderr, "\tstatus\t\t%d\n", vmexit->u.vmx.status); 392 fprintf(stderr, "\texit_reason\t%u\n", vmexit->u.vmx.exit_reason); 393 fprintf(stderr, "\tqualification\t0x%016lx\n", 394 vmexit->u.vmx.exit_qualification); 395 fprintf(stderr, "\tinst_type\t\t%d\n", vmexit->u.vmx.inst_type); 396 fprintf(stderr, "\tinst_error\t\t%d\n", vmexit->u.vmx.inst_error); 397 398 return (VMEXIT_ABORT); 399 } 400 401 static int 402 vmexit_bogus(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vmexit, int *pvcpu) 403 { 404 405 stats.vmexit_bogus++; 406 407 return (VMEXIT_RESTART); 408 } 409 410 static int 411 vmexit_hlt(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vmexit, int *pvcpu) 412 { 413 414 stats.vmexit_hlt++; 415 416 /* 417 * Just continue execution with the next instruction. We use 418 * the HLT VM exit as a way to be friendly with the host 419 * scheduler. 420 */ 421 return (VMEXIT_CONTINUE); 422 } 423 424 static int 425 vmexit_pause(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vmexit, int *pvcpu) 426 { 427 428 stats.vmexit_pause++; 429 430 return (VMEXIT_CONTINUE); 431 } 432 433 static int 434 vmexit_mtrap(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vmexit, int *pvcpu) 435 { 436 437 stats.vmexit_mtrap++; 438 439 return (VMEXIT_RESTART); 440 } 441 442 static int 443 vmexit_inst_emul(struct vmctx *ctx, struct vm_exit *vmexit, int *pvcpu) 444 { 445 int err; 446 stats.vmexit_inst_emul++; 447 448 err = emulate_mem(ctx, *pvcpu, vmexit->u.inst_emul.gpa, 449 &vmexit->u.inst_emul.vie); 450 451 if (err) { 452 if (err == EINVAL) { 453 fprintf(stderr, 454 "Failed to emulate instruction at 0x%lx\n", 455 vmexit->rip); 456 } else if (err == ESRCH) { 457 fprintf(stderr, "Unhandled memory access to 0x%lx\n", 458 vmexit->u.inst_emul.gpa); 459 } 460 461 return (VMEXIT_ABORT); 462 } 463 464 return (VMEXIT_CONTINUE); 465 } 466 467 static vmexit_handler_t handler[VM_EXITCODE_MAX] = { 468 [VM_EXITCODE_INOUT] = vmexit_inout, 469 [VM_EXITCODE_VMX] = vmexit_vmx, 470 [VM_EXITCODE_BOGUS] = vmexit_bogus, 471 [VM_EXITCODE_RDMSR] = vmexit_rdmsr, 472 [VM_EXITCODE_WRMSR] = vmexit_wrmsr, 473 [VM_EXITCODE_MTRAP] = vmexit_mtrap, 474 [VM_EXITCODE_INST_EMUL] = vmexit_inst_emul, 475 [VM_EXITCODE_SPINUP_AP] = vmexit_spinup_ap, 476 [VM_EXITCODE_SPINDOWN_CPU] = vmexit_spindown_cpu, 477 }; 478 479 static void 480 vm_loop(struct vmctx *ctx, int vcpu, uint64_t rip) 481 { 482 cpuset_t mask; 483 int error, rc, prevcpu; 484 enum vm_exitcode exitcode; 485 486 if (pincpu >= 0) { 487 CPU_ZERO(&mask); 488 CPU_SET(pincpu + vcpu, &mask); 489 error = pthread_setaffinity_np(pthread_self(), 490 sizeof(mask), &mask); 491 assert(error == 0); 492 } 493 494 while (1) { 495 error = vm_run(ctx, vcpu, rip, &vmexit[vcpu]); 496 if (error != 0) 497 break; 498 499 prevcpu = vcpu; 500 501 exitcode = vmexit[vcpu].exitcode; 502 if (exitcode >= VM_EXITCODE_MAX || handler[exitcode] == NULL) { 503 fprintf(stderr, "vm_loop: unexpected exitcode 0x%x\n", 504 exitcode); 505 exit(1); 506 } 507 508 rc = (*handler[exitcode])(ctx, &vmexit[vcpu], &vcpu); 509 510 switch (rc) { 511 case VMEXIT_CONTINUE: 512 rip = vmexit[vcpu].rip + vmexit[vcpu].inst_length; 513 break; 514 case VMEXIT_RESTART: 515 rip = vmexit[vcpu].rip; 516 break; 517 case VMEXIT_RESET: 518 exit(0); 519 default: 520 exit(1); 521 } 522 } 523 fprintf(stderr, "vm_run error %d, errno %d\n", error, errno); 524 } 525 526 static int 527 num_vcpus_allowed(struct vmctx *ctx) 528 { 529 int tmp, error; 530 531 error = vm_get_capability(ctx, BSP, VM_CAP_UNRESTRICTED_GUEST, &tmp); 532 533 /* 534 * The guest is allowed to spinup more than one processor only if the 535 * UNRESTRICTED_GUEST capability is available. 536 */ 537 if (error == 0) 538 return (VM_MAXCPU); 539 else 540 return (1); 541 } 542 543 void 544 fbsdrun_set_capabilities(struct vmctx *ctx, int cpu) 545 { 546 int err, tmp; 547 548 if (fbsdrun_vmexit_on_hlt()) { 549 err = vm_get_capability(ctx, cpu, VM_CAP_HALT_EXIT, &tmp); 550 if (err < 0) { 551 fprintf(stderr, "VM exit on HLT not supported\n"); 552 exit(1); 553 } 554 vm_set_capability(ctx, cpu, VM_CAP_HALT_EXIT, 1); 555 if (cpu == BSP) 556 handler[VM_EXITCODE_HLT] = vmexit_hlt; 557 } 558 559 if (fbsdrun_vmexit_on_pause()) { 560 /* 561 * pause exit support required for this mode 562 */ 563 err = vm_get_capability(ctx, cpu, VM_CAP_PAUSE_EXIT, &tmp); 564 if (err < 0) { 565 fprintf(stderr, 566 "SMP mux requested, no pause support\n"); 567 exit(1); 568 } 569 vm_set_capability(ctx, cpu, VM_CAP_PAUSE_EXIT, 1); 570 if (cpu == BSP) 571 handler[VM_EXITCODE_PAUSE] = vmexit_pause; 572 } 573 574 if (fbsdrun_disable_x2apic()) 575 err = vm_set_x2apic_state(ctx, cpu, X2APIC_DISABLED); 576 else 577 err = vm_set_x2apic_state(ctx, cpu, X2APIC_ENABLED); 578 579 if (err) { 580 fprintf(stderr, "Unable to set x2apic state (%d)\n", err); 581 exit(1); 582 } 583 584 vm_set_capability(ctx, cpu, VM_CAP_ENABLE_INVPCID, 1); 585 } 586 587 int 588 main(int argc, char *argv[]) 589 { 590 int c, error, gdb_port, err, bvmcons; 591 int max_vcpus; 592 struct vmctx *ctx; 593 uint64_t rip; 594 size_t memsize; 595 596 bvmcons = 0; 597 progname = basename(argv[0]); 598 gdb_port = 0; 599 guest_ncpus = 1; 600 memsize = 256 * MB; 601 602 while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "abehwAHIPWp:g:c:s:S:m:l:")) != -1) { 603 switch (c) { 604 case 'a': 605 disable_x2apic = 1; 606 break; 607 case 'A': 608 acpi = 1; 609 break; 610 case 'b': 611 bvmcons = 1; 612 break; 613 case 'p': 614 pincpu = atoi(optarg); 615 break; 616 case 'c': 617 guest_ncpus = atoi(optarg); 618 break; 619 case 'g': 620 gdb_port = atoi(optarg); 621 break; 622 case 'l': 623 if (lpc_device_parse(optarg) != 0) { 624 errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid lpc device " 625 "configuration '%s'", optarg); 626 } 627 break; 628 case 's': 629 if (pci_parse_slot(optarg, 0) != 0) 630 exit(1); 631 else 632 break; 633 case 'S': 634 if (pci_parse_slot(optarg, 1) != 0) 635 exit(1); 636 else 637 break; 638 case 'm': 639 error = vm_parse_memsize(optarg, &memsize); 640 if (error) 641 errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid memsize '%s'", optarg); 642 break; 643 case 'H': 644 guest_vmexit_on_hlt = 1; 645 break; 646 case 'I': 647 /* 648 * The "-I" option was used to add an ioapic to the 649 * virtual machine. 650 * 651 * An ioapic is now provided unconditionally for each 652 * virtual machine and this option is now deprecated. 653 */ 654 break; 655 case 'P': 656 guest_vmexit_on_pause = 1; 657 break; 658 case 'e': 659 strictio = 1; 660 break; 661 case 'w': 662 strictmsr = 0; 663 break; 664 case 'W': 665 virtio_msix = 0; 666 break; 667 case 'h': 668 usage(0); 669 default: 670 usage(1); 671 } 672 } 673 argc -= optind; 674 argv += optind; 675 676 if (argc != 1) 677 usage(1); 678 679 vmname = argv[0]; 680 681 ctx = vm_open(vmname); 682 if (ctx == NULL) { 683 perror("vm_open"); 684 exit(1); 685 } 686 687 max_vcpus = num_vcpus_allowed(ctx); 688 if (guest_ncpus > max_vcpus) { 689 fprintf(stderr, "%d vCPUs requested but only %d available\n", 690 guest_ncpus, max_vcpus); 691 exit(1); 692 } 693 694 fbsdrun_set_capabilities(ctx, BSP); 695 696 err = vm_setup_memory(ctx, memsize, VM_MMAP_ALL); 697 if (err) { 698 fprintf(stderr, "Unable to setup memory (%d)\n", err); 699 exit(1); 700 } 701 702 init_mem(); 703 init_inout(); 704 legacy_irq_init(); 705 706 rtc_init(ctx); 707 708 /* 709 * Exit if a device emulation finds an error in it's initilization 710 */ 711 if (init_pci(ctx) != 0) 712 exit(1); 713 714 if (gdb_port != 0) 715 init_dbgport(gdb_port); 716 717 if (bvmcons) 718 init_bvmcons(); 719 720 error = vm_get_register(ctx, BSP, VM_REG_GUEST_RIP, &rip); 721 assert(error == 0); 722 723 /* 724 * build the guest tables, MP etc. 725 */ 726 mptable_build(ctx, guest_ncpus); 727 728 if (acpi) { 729 error = acpi_build(ctx, guest_ncpus); 730 assert(error == 0); 731 } 732 733 /* 734 * Change the proc title to include the VM name. 735 */ 736 setproctitle("%s", vmname); 737 738 /* 739 * Add CPU 0 740 */ 741 fbsdrun_addcpu(ctx, BSP, rip); 742 743 /* 744 * Head off to the main event dispatch loop 745 */ 746 mevent_dispatch(); 747 748 exit(1); 749 } 750