xref: /freebsd/usr.bin/stat/stat.c (revision b2e4da0b53ad082768b8f6f83766e030fd00d02a)
1 /*-
2  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 2002 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
5  * All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
8  * by Andrew Brown.
9  *
10  * Copyright (c) 2025-2026 Klara, Inc.
11  *
12  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
13  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
14  * are met:
15  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
17  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
18  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
19  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
20  *
21  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
22  * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
23  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
24  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
25  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
26  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
27  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
28  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
29  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
30  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
31  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
32  */
33 
34 #include <sys/param.h>
35 #include <sys/mount.h>
36 #include <sys/stat.h>
37 
38 #include <ctype.h>
39 #include <err.h>
40 #include <errno.h>
41 #include <fcntl.h>
42 #include <grp.h>
43 #include <limits.h>
44 #include <locale.h>
45 #include <paths.h>
46 #include <pwd.h>
47 #include <stdbool.h>
48 #include <stdio.h>
49 #include <stdlib.h>
50 #include <string.h>
51 #include <time.h>
52 #include <unistd.h>
53 
54 #define DEF_FORMAT \
55 	"%d %i %Sp %l %Su %Sg %r %z \"%Sa\" \"%Sm\" \"%Sc\" \"%SB\" " \
56 	"%k %b %#Xf %N"
57 #define RAW_FORMAT	"%d %i %#p %l %u %g %r %z %a %m %c %B " \
58 	"%k %b %f %N"
59 #define LS_FORMAT	"%Sp %l %Su %Sg %Z %Sm %N%SY"
60 #define LSF_FORMAT	"%Sp %l %Su %Sg %Z %Sm %N%T%SY"
61 #define SHELL_FORMAT \
62 	"st_dev=%d st_ino=%i st_mode=%#p st_nlink=%l " \
63 	"st_uid=%u st_gid=%g st_rdev=%r st_size=%z " \
64 	"st_atime=%a st_mtime=%m st_ctime=%c st_birthtime=%B " \
65 	"st_blksize=%k st_blocks=%b st_flags=%f"
66 #define LINUX_FORMAT \
67 	"  File: \"%N\"%n" \
68 	"  Size: %-11z  FileType: %HT%n" \
69 	"  Mode: (%OMp%03OLp/%.10Sp)         Uid: (%5u/%8Su)  Gid: (%5g/%8Sg)%n" \
70 	"Device: %Hd,%Ld   Inode: %i    Links: %l%n" \
71 	"Access: %Sa%n" \
72 	"Modify: %Sm%n" \
73 	"Change: %Sc%n"	\
74 	" Birth: %SB"
75 
76 #define TIME_FORMAT	"%b %e %T %Y"
77 
78 #define FLAG_POUND	0x01
79 #define FLAG_SPACE	0x02
80 #define FLAG_PLUS	0x04
81 #define FLAG_ZERO	0x08
82 #define FLAG_MINUS	0x10
83 
84 /*
85  * These format characters must all be unique, except the magic one.
86  */
87 #define FMT_MAGIC	'%'
88 #define FMT_DOT		'.'
89 
90 #define SIMPLE_NEWLINE	'n'
91 #define SIMPLE_TAB	't'
92 #define SIMPLE_PERCENT	'%'
93 #define SIMPLE_NUMBER	'@'
94 
95 #define FMT_POUND	'#'
96 #define FMT_SPACE	' '
97 #define FMT_PLUS	'+'
98 #define FMT_ZERO	'0'
99 #define FMT_MINUS	'-'
100 
101 #define FMT_DECIMAL 	'D'
102 #define FMT_OCTAL 	'O'
103 #define FMT_UNSIGNED 	'U'
104 #define FMT_HEX 	'X'
105 #define FMT_FLOAT 	'F'
106 #define FMT_STRING 	'S'
107 
108 #define FMTF_DECIMAL	0x01
109 #define FMTF_OCTAL	0x02
110 #define FMTF_UNSIGNED	0x04
111 #define FMTF_HEX	0x08
112 #define FMTF_FLOAT	0x10
113 #define FMTF_STRING	0x20
114 
115 #define HIGH_PIECE	'H'
116 #define MIDDLE_PIECE	'M'
117 #define LOW_PIECE	'L'
118 
119 #define	SHOW_realpath	'R'
120 #define SHOW_st_dev	'd'
121 #define SHOW_st_ino	'i'
122 #define SHOW_st_mode	'p'
123 #define SHOW_st_nlink	'l'
124 #define SHOW_st_uid	'u'
125 #define SHOW_st_gid	'g'
126 #define SHOW_st_rdev	'r'
127 #define SHOW_st_atime	'a'
128 #define SHOW_st_mtime	'm'
129 #define SHOW_st_ctime	'c'
130 #define SHOW_st_btime	'B'
131 #define SHOW_st_size	'z'
132 #define SHOW_st_blocks	'b'
133 #define SHOW_st_blksize	'k'
134 #define SHOW_st_flags	'f'
135 #define SHOW_st_gen	'v'
136 #define SHOW_symlink	'Y'
137 #define SHOW_filetype	'T'
138 #define SHOW_filename	'N'
139 #define SHOW_sizerdev	'Z'
140 
141 static void	 usage(const char *);
142 static void	 output(const struct stat *, const char *, const char *, int);
143 static int	 format1(const struct stat *,	/* stat info */
144 	    const char *,		/* the file name */
145 	    const char *, int,		/* the format string itself */
146 	    char *, size_t,		/* a place to put the output */
147 	    int, int, int, int,		/* the parsed format */
148 	    int, int);
149 static int	 hex2byte(const char [2]);
150 static char	*xfflagstostr(unsigned long);
151 static int	 fdlistholes(int, const char *);
152 static int	 listholes(const char *);
153 
154 static const char *timefmt;
155 static int linkfail;
156 static bool nonl;
157 
158 #define addchar(s, c, nl) \
159 	do { \
160 		(void)fputc((c), (s)); \
161 		(*nl) = ((c) == '\n'); \
162 	} while (0/*CONSTCOND*/)
163 
164 int
165 main(int argc, char *argv[])
166 {
167 	struct stat st;
168 	char dname[sizeof(_PATH_DEV) + SPECNAMELEN] = _PATH_DEV;
169 	const char *statfmt, *options, *synopsis;
170 	const char *file;
171 	fhandle_t fhnd;
172 	int ch, rc, errs, am_readlink, fn, fmtchar;
173 	bool lsF, holes, usestat, nfs_handle, quiet;
174 
175 	am_readlink = 0;
176 	errs = 0;
177 	lsF = false;
178 	fmtchar = '\0';
179 	holes = false;
180 	usestat = false;
181 	nfs_handle = false;
182 	nonl = false;
183 	quiet = false;
184 	linkfail = 0;
185 	statfmt = NULL;
186 	timefmt = NULL;
187 
188 	if (strcmp(getprogname(), "readlink") == 0) {
189 		am_readlink = 1;
190 		options = "fn";
191 		synopsis = "[-fn] [file ...]";
192 		statfmt = "%Y";
193 		fmtchar = 'f';
194 		quiet = 1;
195 	} else {
196 		options = "Ff:HhLlnqrst:x";
197 		synopsis = "[-FHhLnq] [-f format | -l | -r | -s | -x] "
198 		    "[-t timefmt] [file|handle ...]";
199 	}
200 
201 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, options)) != -1)
202 		switch (ch) {
203 		case 'F':
204 			lsF = true;
205 			break;
206                 case 'H':
207 			nfs_handle = true;
208 			break;
209 		case 'h':
210 			holes = true;
211 			break;
212 		case 'L':
213 			usestat = true;
214 			break;
215 		case 'n':
216 			nonl = true;
217 			break;
218 		case 't':
219 			timefmt = optarg;
220 			break;
221 		case 'q':
222 			quiet = true;
223 			break;
224 		/* remaining cases are purposefully out of order */
225 		case 'f':
226 			if (am_readlink) {
227 				statfmt = "%R";
228 				break;
229 			}
230 			statfmt = optarg;
231 			/* FALLTHROUGH */
232 		case 'l':
233 		case 'r':
234 		case 's':
235 		case 'x':
236 			if (fmtchar != 0)
237 				errx(1, "can't use format '%c' with '%c'",
238 				    fmtchar, ch);
239 			fmtchar = ch;
240 			break;
241 		default:
242 			usage(synopsis);
243 		}
244 
245 	argc -= optind;
246 	argv += optind;
247 	fn = 1;
248 
249 	if (holes) {
250 		if (fmtchar || lsF || nfs_handle || usestat || timefmt)
251 			usage(synopsis);
252 		if (argc > 0) {
253 			while (argc-- > 0) {
254 				if (listholes(*argv) != 0) {
255 					if (!quiet)
256 						warn("%s", *argv);
257 					errs++;
258 				}
259 				argv++;
260 			}
261 		} else {
262 			if (fdlistholes(STDIN_FILENO, "stdin") != 0) {
263 				if (!quiet)
264 					warn("stdin");
265 				errs++;
266 			}
267 		}
268 		exit(errs ? 1 : 0);
269 	}
270 
271 	if (fmtchar == '\0') {
272 		if (lsF)
273 			fmtchar = 'l';
274 		else {
275 			fmtchar = 'f';
276 			statfmt = DEF_FORMAT;
277 		}
278 	}
279 
280 	if (lsF && fmtchar != 'l')
281 		errx(1, "can't use format '%c' with -F", fmtchar);
282 
283 	switch (fmtchar) {
284 	case 'f':
285 		/* statfmt already set */
286 		break;
287 	case 'l':
288 		statfmt = lsF ? LSF_FORMAT : LS_FORMAT;
289 		break;
290 	case 'r':
291 		statfmt = RAW_FORMAT;
292 		break;
293 	case 's':
294 		statfmt = SHELL_FORMAT;
295 		break;
296 	case 'x':
297 		statfmt = LINUX_FORMAT;
298 		if (timefmt == NULL)
299 			timefmt = "%c";
300 		break;
301 	default:
302 		usage(synopsis);
303 		/*NOTREACHED*/
304 	}
305 
306 	if (timefmt == NULL)
307 		timefmt = TIME_FORMAT;
308 
309 	do {
310 		if (argc == 0) {
311 			if (fdevname_r(STDIN_FILENO, dname +
312 			    sizeof _PATH_DEV - 1, SPECNAMELEN) != NULL)
313 				file = dname;
314 			else
315 				file = "(stdin)";
316 			rc = fstat(STDIN_FILENO, &st);
317 		} else {
318 			int j;
319 
320 			file = argv[0];
321 			if (nfs_handle) {
322 				rc = 0;
323 				bzero(&fhnd, sizeof(fhnd));
324 				j = MIN(2 * sizeof(fhnd), strlen(file));
325 				if ((j & 1) != 0) {
326 					rc = -1;
327 				} else {
328 					while (j) {
329 						rc = hex2byte(&file[j - 2]);
330 						if (rc == -1)
331 							break;
332 						((char*) &fhnd)[j / 2 - 1] = rc;
333 						j -= 2;
334 					}
335 				}
336 				if (rc == -1)
337 					errno = EINVAL;
338 				else
339 					rc = fhstat(&fhnd, &st);
340 
341 			} else if (usestat) {
342 				/*
343 				 * Try stat() and if it fails, fall back to
344 				 * lstat() just in case we're examining a
345 				 * broken symlink.
346 				 */
347 				if ((rc = stat(file, &st)) == -1 &&
348 				    errno == ENOENT &&
349 				    (rc = lstat(file, &st)) == -1)
350 					errno = ENOENT;
351 			} else
352 				rc = lstat(file, &st);
353 		}
354 
355 		if (rc == -1) {
356 			errs = 1;
357 			linkfail = 1;
358 			if (!quiet)
359 				warn("%s", file);
360 		} else
361 			output(&st, file, statfmt, fn);
362 
363 		argv++;
364 		argc--;
365 		fn++;
366 	} while (argc > 0);
367 
368 	return (am_readlink ? linkfail : errs);
369 }
370 
371 /*
372  * fflagstostr() wrapper that leaks only once
373  */
374 static char *
375 xfflagstostr(unsigned long fflags)
376 {
377 	static char *str = NULL;
378 
379 	if (str != NULL)
380 		free(str);
381 
382 	str = fflagstostr(fflags);
383 	if (str == NULL)
384 		err(1, "fflagstostr");
385 	return (str);
386 }
387 
388 static void
389 usage(const char *synopsis)
390 {
391 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s %s\n", getprogname(), synopsis);
392 	exit(1);
393 }
394 
395 /*
396  * Parses a format string.
397  */
398 static void
399 output(const struct stat *st, const char *file, const char *statfmt, int fn)
400 {
401 	int flags, size, prec, ofmt, hilo, what;
402 	char buf[PATH_MAX + 4 + 1];
403 	const char *subfmt;
404 	int nl, t, i;
405 
406 	nl = 1;
407 	while (*statfmt != '\0') {
408 
409 		/*
410 		 * Non-format characters go straight out.
411 		 */
412 		if (*statfmt != FMT_MAGIC) {
413 			addchar(stdout, *statfmt, &nl);
414 			statfmt++;
415 			continue;
416 		}
417 
418 		/*
419 		 * The current format "substring" starts here,
420 		 * and then we skip the magic.
421 		 */
422 		subfmt = statfmt;
423 		statfmt++;
424 
425 		/*
426 		 * Some simple one-character "formats".
427 		 */
428 		switch (*statfmt) {
429 		case SIMPLE_NEWLINE:
430 			addchar(stdout, '\n', &nl);
431 			statfmt++;
432 			continue;
433 		case SIMPLE_TAB:
434 			addchar(stdout, '\t', &nl);
435 			statfmt++;
436 			continue;
437 		case SIMPLE_PERCENT:
438 			addchar(stdout, '%', &nl);
439 			statfmt++;
440 			continue;
441 		case SIMPLE_NUMBER: {
442 			char num[12], *p;
443 
444 			snprintf(num, sizeof(num), "%d", fn);
445 			for (p = &num[0]; *p; p++)
446 				addchar(stdout, *p, &nl);
447 			statfmt++;
448 			continue;
449 		}
450 		}
451 
452 		/*
453 		 * This must be an actual format string.  Format strings are
454 		 * similar to printf(3) formats up to a point, and are of
455 		 * the form:
456 		 *
457 		 *	%	required start of format
458 		 *	[-# +0]	opt. format characters
459 		 *	size	opt. field width
460 		 *	.	opt. decimal separator, followed by
461 		 *	prec	opt. precision
462 		 *	fmt	opt. output specifier (string, numeric, etc.)
463 		 *	sub	opt. sub field specifier (high, middle, low)
464 		 *	datum	required field specifier (size, mode, etc)
465 		 *
466 		 * Only the % and the datum selector are required.  All data
467 		 * have reasonable default output forms.  The "sub" specifier
468 		 * only applies to certain data (mode, dev, rdev, filetype).
469 		 * The symlink output defaults to STRING, yet will only emit
470 		 * the leading " -> " if STRING is explicitly specified.  The
471 		 * sizerdev datum will generate rdev output for character or
472 		 * block devices, and size output for all others.
473 		 */
474 		flags = 0;
475 		do {
476 			if      (*statfmt == FMT_POUND)
477 				flags |= FLAG_POUND;
478 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_SPACE)
479 				flags |= FLAG_SPACE;
480 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_PLUS)
481 				flags |= FLAG_PLUS;
482 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_ZERO)
483 				flags |= FLAG_ZERO;
484 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_MINUS)
485 				flags |= FLAG_MINUS;
486 			else
487 				break;
488 			statfmt++;
489 		} while (1/*CONSTCOND*/);
490 
491 		size = -1;
492 		if (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
493 			size = 0;
494 			while (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
495 				size = (size * 10) + (*statfmt - '0');
496 				statfmt++;
497 				if (size < 0)
498 					goto badfmt;
499 			}
500 		}
501 
502 		prec = -1;
503 		if (*statfmt == FMT_DOT) {
504 			statfmt++;
505 
506 			prec = 0;
507 			while (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
508 				prec = (prec * 10) + (*statfmt - '0');
509 				statfmt++;
510 				if (prec < 0)
511 					goto badfmt;
512 			}
513 		}
514 
515 #define fmtcase(x, y)		case (y): (x) = (y); statfmt++; break
516 #define fmtcasef(x, y, z)	case (y): (x) = (z); statfmt++; break
517 		switch (*statfmt) {
518 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_DECIMAL,	FMTF_DECIMAL);
519 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_OCTAL,	FMTF_OCTAL);
520 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_UNSIGNED,	FMTF_UNSIGNED);
521 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_HEX,		FMTF_HEX);
522 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_FLOAT,	FMTF_FLOAT);
523 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_STRING,	FMTF_STRING);
524 		default:
525 			ofmt = 0;
526 			break;
527 		}
528 
529 		switch (*statfmt) {
530 			fmtcase(hilo, HIGH_PIECE);
531 			fmtcase(hilo, MIDDLE_PIECE);
532 			fmtcase(hilo, LOW_PIECE);
533 		default:
534 			hilo = 0;
535 			break;
536 		}
537 
538 		switch (*statfmt) {
539 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_realpath);
540 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_dev);
541 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_ino);
542 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_mode);
543 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_nlink);
544 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_uid);
545 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_gid);
546 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_rdev);
547 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_atime);
548 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_mtime);
549 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_ctime);
550 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_btime);
551 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_size);
552 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_blocks);
553 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_blksize);
554 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_flags);
555 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_gen);
556 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_symlink);
557 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_filetype);
558 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_filename);
559 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_sizerdev);
560 		default:
561 			goto badfmt;
562 		}
563 #undef fmtcasef
564 #undef fmtcase
565 
566 		t = format1(st,
567 		     file,
568 		     subfmt, statfmt - subfmt,
569 		     buf, sizeof(buf),
570 		     flags, size, prec, ofmt, hilo, what);
571 
572 		for (i = 0; i < t && i < (int)(sizeof(buf) - 1); i++)
573 			addchar(stdout, buf[i], &nl);
574 
575 		continue;
576 
577 	badfmt:
578 		errx(1, "%.*s: bad format",
579 		    (int)(statfmt - subfmt + 1), subfmt);
580 	}
581 
582 	if (!nl && !nonl)
583 		(void)fputc('\n', stdout);
584 	(void)fflush(stdout);
585 }
586 
587 /*
588  * Arranges output according to a single parsed format substring.
589  */
590 static int
591 format1(const struct stat *st,
592     const char *file,
593     const char *fmt, int flen,
594     char *buf, size_t blen,
595     int flags, int size, int prec, int ofmt,
596     int hilo, int what)
597 {
598 	u_int64_t data;
599 	char *stmp, lfmt[24], tmp[20];
600 	const char *sdata;
601 	char smode[12], sid[12], path[PATH_MAX + 4];
602 	const struct timespec *tsp;
603 	struct timespec ts;
604 	struct tm *tm;
605 	int l, small, formats;
606 	mode_t dtype;
607 
608 	tsp = NULL;
609 	formats = 0;
610 	small = 0;
611 
612 	/*
613 	 * First, pick out the data and tweak it based on hilo or
614 	 * specified output format (symlink output only).
615 	 */
616 	switch (what) {
617 	case SHOW_st_dev:
618 	case SHOW_st_rdev:
619 		small = (sizeof(st->st_dev) == 4);
620 		switch (what) {
621 		case SHOW_st_dev:
622 			data = st->st_dev;
623 			dtype = S_IFCHR;
624 			break;
625 		case SHOW_st_rdev:
626 			data = st->st_rdev;
627 			dtype = st->st_mode & (S_IFCHR | S_IFBLK);
628 			break;
629 		}
630 		sdata = devname(data, dtype);
631 		if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
632 			data = major(data);
633 			hilo = 0;
634 		}
635 		else if (hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
636 			data = minor((unsigned)data);
637 			hilo = 0;
638 		}
639 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
640 		    FMTF_STRING;
641 		if (ofmt == 0)
642 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
643 		break;
644 	case SHOW_st_ino:
645 		small = (sizeof(st->st_ino) == 4);
646 		data = st->st_ino;
647 		sdata = NULL;
648 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
649 		if (ofmt == 0)
650 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
651 		break;
652 	case SHOW_st_mode:
653 		small = (sizeof(st->st_mode) == 4);
654 		data = st->st_mode;
655 		strmode(st->st_mode, smode);
656 		stmp = smode;
657 		l = strlen(stmp);
658 		if (stmp[l - 1] == ' ')
659 			stmp[--l] = '\0';
660 		if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
661 			data >>= 12;
662 			stmp += 1;
663 			stmp[3] = '\0';
664 			hilo = 0;
665 		}
666 		else if (hilo == MIDDLE_PIECE) {
667 			data = (data >> 9) & 07;
668 			stmp += 4;
669 			stmp[3] = '\0';
670 			hilo = 0;
671 		}
672 		else if (hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
673 			data &= 0777;
674 			stmp += 7;
675 			stmp[3] = '\0';
676 			hilo = 0;
677 		}
678 		sdata = stmp;
679 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
680 		    FMTF_STRING;
681 		if (ofmt == 0)
682 			ofmt = FMTF_OCTAL;
683 		break;
684 	case SHOW_st_nlink:
685 		small = (sizeof(st->st_dev) == 4);
686 		data = st->st_nlink;
687 		sdata = NULL;
688 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
689 		if (ofmt == 0)
690 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
691 		break;
692 	case SHOW_st_uid:
693 		small = (sizeof(st->st_uid) == 4);
694 		data = st->st_uid;
695 		sdata = user_from_uid(st->st_uid, 1);
696 		if (sdata == NULL) {
697 			snprintf(sid, sizeof(sid), "(%ld)", (long)st->st_uid);
698 			sdata = sid;
699 		}
700 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
701 		    FMTF_STRING;
702 		if (ofmt == 0)
703 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
704 		break;
705 	case SHOW_st_gid:
706 		small = (sizeof(st->st_gid) == 4);
707 		data = st->st_gid;
708 		sdata = group_from_gid(st->st_gid, 1);
709 		if (sdata == NULL) {
710 			snprintf(sid, sizeof(sid), "(%ld)", (long)st->st_gid);
711 			sdata = sid;
712 		}
713 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
714 		    FMTF_STRING;
715 		if (ofmt == 0)
716 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
717 		break;
718 	case SHOW_st_atime:
719 		tsp = &st->st_atimespec;
720 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
721 	case SHOW_st_mtime:
722 		if (tsp == NULL)
723 			tsp = &st->st_mtimespec;
724 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
725 	case SHOW_st_ctime:
726 		if (tsp == NULL)
727 			tsp = &st->st_ctimespec;
728 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
729 	case SHOW_st_btime:
730 		if (tsp == NULL)
731 			tsp = &st->st_birthtimespec;
732 		ts = *tsp;		/* copy so we can muck with it */
733 		small = (sizeof(ts.tv_sec) == 4);
734 		data = ts.tv_sec;
735 		tm = localtime(&ts.tv_sec);
736 		if (tm == NULL) {
737 			ts.tv_sec = 0;
738 			tm = localtime(&ts.tv_sec);
739 		}
740 		(void)setlocale(LC_TIME, "");
741 		(void)strftime(path, sizeof(path), timefmt, tm);
742 		sdata = path;
743 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
744 		    FMTF_FLOAT | FMTF_STRING;
745 		if (ofmt == 0)
746 			ofmt = FMTF_DECIMAL;
747 		break;
748 	case SHOW_st_size:
749 		small = (sizeof(st->st_size) == 4);
750 		data = st->st_size;
751 		sdata = NULL;
752 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
753 		if (ofmt == 0)
754 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
755 		break;
756 	case SHOW_st_blocks:
757 		small = (sizeof(st->st_blocks) == 4);
758 		data = st->st_blocks;
759 		sdata = NULL;
760 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
761 		if (ofmt == 0)
762 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
763 		break;
764 	case SHOW_st_blksize:
765 		small = (sizeof(st->st_blksize) == 4);
766 		data = st->st_blksize;
767 		sdata = NULL;
768 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
769 		if (ofmt == 0)
770 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
771 		break;
772 	case SHOW_st_flags:
773 		small = (sizeof(st->st_flags) == 4);
774 		data = st->st_flags;
775 		sdata = xfflagstostr(st->st_flags);
776 		if (*sdata == '\0')
777 			sdata = "-";
778 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
779 		    FMTF_STRING;
780 		if (ofmt == 0)
781 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
782 		break;
783 	case SHOW_st_gen:
784 		small = (sizeof(st->st_gen) == 4);
785 		data = st->st_gen;
786 		sdata = NULL;
787 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
788 		if (ofmt == 0)
789 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
790 		break;
791 	case SHOW_realpath:
792 		small = 0;
793 		data = 0;
794 		if (file == NULL) {
795 			(void)strlcpy(path, "(stdin)", sizeof(path));
796 			sdata = path;
797 		} else {
798 			snprintf(path, sizeof(path), " -> ");
799 			if (realpath(file, path + 4) == NULL) {
800 				linkfail = 1;
801 				l = 0;
802 				path[0] = '\0';
803 			}
804 			sdata = path + (ofmt == FMTF_STRING ? 0 : 4);
805 		}
806 
807 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
808 		if (ofmt == 0)
809 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
810 		break;
811 	case SHOW_symlink:
812 		small = 0;
813 		data = 0;
814 		if (S_ISLNK(st->st_mode)) {
815 			snprintf(path, sizeof(path), " -> ");
816 			l = readlink(file, path + 4, sizeof(path) - 4 - 1);
817 			if (l == -1) {
818 				linkfail = 1;
819 				l = 0;
820 				path[0] = '\0';
821 			}
822 			path[l + 4] = '\0';
823 			sdata = path + (ofmt == FMTF_STRING ? 0 : 4);
824 		}
825 		else {
826 			linkfail = 1;
827 			sdata = "";
828 		}
829 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
830 		if (ofmt == 0)
831 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
832 		break;
833 	case SHOW_filetype:
834 		small = 0;
835 		data = 0;
836 		sdata = "";
837 		if (hilo == 0 || hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
838 			switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
839 			case S_IFIFO:	sdata = "|";	break;
840 			case S_IFDIR:	sdata = "/";	break;
841 			case S_IFREG:
842 				if (st->st_mode &
843 				    (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH))
844 					sdata = "*";
845 				break;
846 			case S_IFLNK:	sdata = "@";	break;
847 			case S_IFSOCK:	sdata = "=";	break;
848 #ifdef S_IFWHT
849 			case S_IFWHT:	sdata = "%";	break;
850 #endif /* S_IFWHT */
851 #ifdef S_IFDOOR
852 			case S_IFDOOR:	sdata = ">";	break;
853 #endif /* S_IFDOOR */
854 			}
855 			hilo = 0;
856 		}
857 		else if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
858 			switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
859 			case S_IFIFO:	sdata = "Fifo File";		break;
860 			case S_IFCHR:	sdata = "Character Device";	break;
861 			case S_IFDIR:	sdata = "Directory";		break;
862 			case S_IFBLK:	sdata = "Block Device";		break;
863 			case S_IFREG:	sdata = "Regular File";		break;
864 			case S_IFLNK:	sdata = "Symbolic Link";	break;
865 			case S_IFSOCK:	sdata = "Socket";		break;
866 #ifdef S_IFWHT
867 			case S_IFWHT:	sdata = "Whiteout File";	break;
868 #endif /* S_IFWHT */
869 #ifdef S_IFDOOR
870 			case S_IFDOOR:	sdata = "Door";			break;
871 #endif /* S_IFDOOR */
872 			default:	sdata = "???";			break;
873 			}
874 			hilo = 0;
875 		}
876 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
877 		if (ofmt == 0)
878 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
879 		break;
880 	case SHOW_filename:
881 		small = 0;
882 		data = 0;
883 		(void)strlcpy(path, file, sizeof(path));
884 		sdata = path;
885 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
886 		if (ofmt == 0)
887 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
888 		break;
889 	case SHOW_sizerdev:
890 		if (S_ISCHR(st->st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st->st_mode)) {
891 			char majdev[20], mindev[20];
892 			int l1, l2;
893 
894 			l1 = format1(st,
895 			    file,
896 			    fmt, flen,
897 			    majdev, sizeof(majdev),
898 			    flags, size, prec,
899 			    ofmt, HIGH_PIECE, SHOW_st_rdev);
900 			l2 = format1(st,
901 			    file,
902 			    fmt, flen,
903 			    mindev, sizeof(mindev),
904 			    flags, size, prec,
905 			    ofmt, LOW_PIECE, SHOW_st_rdev);
906 			return (snprintf(buf, blen, "%.*s,%.*s",
907 			    l1, majdev, l2, mindev));
908 		}
909 		else {
910 			return (format1(st,
911 			    file,
912 			    fmt, flen,
913 			    buf, blen,
914 			    flags, size, prec,
915 			    ofmt, 0, SHOW_st_size));
916 		}
917 		/*NOTREACHED*/
918 	default:
919 		errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
920 	}
921 
922 	/*
923 	 * If a subdatum was specified but not supported, or an output
924 	 * format was selected that is not supported, that's an error.
925 	 */
926 	if (hilo != 0 || (ofmt & formats) == 0)
927 		errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
928 
929 	/*
930 	 * Assemble the format string for passing to printf(3).
931 	 */
932 	lfmt[0] = '\0';
933 	(void)strcat(lfmt, "%");
934 	if (flags & FLAG_POUND)
935 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "#");
936 	if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
937 		(void)strcat(lfmt, " ");
938 	if (flags & FLAG_PLUS)
939 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "+");
940 	if (flags & FLAG_MINUS)
941 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "-");
942 	if (flags & FLAG_ZERO)
943 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "0");
944 
945 	/*
946 	 * Only the timespecs support the FLOAT output format, and that
947 	 * requires work that differs from the other formats.
948 	 */
949 	if (ofmt == FMTF_FLOAT) {
950 		/*
951 		 * Nothing after the decimal point, so just print seconds.
952 		 */
953 		if (prec == 0) {
954 			if (size != -1) {
955 				(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
956 				(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
957 			}
958 			(void)strcat(lfmt, "lld");
959 			return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt,
960 			    (long long)ts.tv_sec));
961 		}
962 
963 		/*
964 		 * Unspecified precision gets all the precision we have:
965 		 * 9 digits.
966 		 */
967 		if (prec == -1)
968 			prec = 9;
969 
970 		/*
971 		 * Adjust the size for the decimal point and the digits
972 		 * that will follow.
973 		 */
974 		size -= prec + 1;
975 
976 		/*
977 		 * Any leftover size that's legitimate will be used.
978 		 */
979 		if (size > 0) {
980 			(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
981 			(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
982 		}
983 		/* Seconds: time_t cast to long long. */
984 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "lld");
985 
986 		/*
987 		 * The stuff after the decimal point always needs zero
988 		 * filling.
989 		 */
990 		(void)strcat(lfmt, ".%0");
991 
992 		/*
993 		 * We can "print" at most nine digits of precision.  The
994 		 * rest we will pad on at the end.
995 		 *
996 		 * Nanoseconds: long.
997 		 */
998 		(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%dld", MIN(prec, 9));
999 		(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1000 
1001 		/*
1002 		 * For precision of less than nine digits, trim off the
1003 		 * less significant figures.
1004 		 */
1005 		for (; prec < 9; prec++)
1006 			ts.tv_nsec /= 10;
1007 
1008 		/*
1009 		 * Use the format, and then tack on any zeroes that
1010 		 * might be required to make up the requested precision.
1011 		 */
1012 		l = snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, (long long)ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
1013 		for (; prec > 9 && l < (int)blen; prec--, l++)
1014 			(void)strcat(buf, "0");
1015 		return (l);
1016 	}
1017 
1018 	/*
1019 	 * Add on size and precision, if specified, to the format.
1020 	 */
1021 	if (size != -1) {
1022 		(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
1023 		(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1024 	}
1025 	if (prec != -1) {
1026 		(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), ".%d", prec);
1027 		(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1028 	}
1029 
1030 	/*
1031 	 * String output uses the temporary sdata.
1032 	 */
1033 	if (ofmt == FMTF_STRING) {
1034 		if (sdata == NULL)
1035 			errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
1036 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "s");
1037 		return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, sdata));
1038 	}
1039 
1040 	/*
1041 	 * Ensure that sign extension does not cause bad looking output
1042 	 * for some forms.
1043 	 */
1044 	if (small && ofmt != FMTF_DECIMAL)
1045 		data = (u_int32_t)data;
1046 
1047 	/*
1048 	 * The four "numeric" output forms.
1049 	 */
1050 	(void)strcat(lfmt, "ll");
1051 	switch (ofmt) {
1052 	case FMTF_DECIMAL:	(void)strcat(lfmt, "d");	break;
1053 	case FMTF_OCTAL:	(void)strcat(lfmt, "o");	break;
1054 	case FMTF_UNSIGNED:	(void)strcat(lfmt, "u");	break;
1055 	case FMTF_HEX:		(void)strcat(lfmt, "x");	break;
1056 	}
1057 
1058 	return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, data));
1059 }
1060 
1061 
1062 #define hex2nibble(c) (c <= '9' ? c - '0' : toupper(c) - 'A' + 10)
1063 static int
1064 hex2byte(const char c[2]) {
1065 	if (!(ishexnumber(c[0]) && ishexnumber(c[1])))
1066 		return -1;
1067 	return (hex2nibble(c[0]) << 4) + hex2nibble(c[1]);
1068 }
1069 
1070 static int
1071 fdlistholes(int fd, const char *fn)
1072 {
1073 	struct stat sb;
1074 	off_t pos = 0, off;
1075 	long l;
1076 
1077 	if (fstat(fd, &sb) < 0)
1078 		return (-1);
1079 	if (S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
1080 		if ((l = fpathconf(fd, _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE)) < 0)
1081 			return (-1);
1082 		printf("%ld", l);
1083 	} else if (!S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
1084 		errno = ESPIPE;
1085 		return (-1);
1086 	} else {
1087 		for (;;) {
1088 			if ((off = lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_HOLE)) < 0) {
1089 				if (errno != ENXIO)
1090 					return (-1);
1091 				/*
1092 				 * This can only happen if the file was
1093 				 * truncated while we were scanning it, or
1094 				 * on the initial seek if the file is
1095 				 * empty.  Report the virtual hole at the
1096 				 * end of the file at this position.
1097 				 */
1098 				off = pos;
1099 			}
1100 			printf("%jd", (intmax_t)off);
1101 			pos = off;
1102 			if ((off = lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_DATA)) < 0) {
1103 				if (errno != ENXIO)
1104 					return (-1);
1105 				/*
1106 				 * There are no more data regions in the
1107 				 * file, or it got truncated.  However, we
1108 				 * may not be at the end yet.
1109 				 */
1110 				if ((off = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END)) > pos)
1111 					printf("-%jd", (intmax_t)off - 1);
1112 				break;
1113 			}
1114 			printf("-%jd,", (intmax_t)off - 1);
1115 			pos = off;
1116 		}
1117 	}
1118 	printf(" %s", fn);
1119 	if (!nonl)
1120 		printf("\n");
1121 	return (0);
1122 }
1123 
1124 static int
1125 listholes(const char *fn)
1126 {
1127 	int fd, ret;
1128 
1129 	if ((fd = open(fn, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
1130 		return (-1);
1131 	ret = fdlistholes(fd, fn);
1132 	close(fd);
1133 	return (ret);
1134 }
1135