xref: /freebsd/usr.bin/stat/stat.c (revision 9137c66c2ea6cc09e3a6f8a042ecdc5a62e0f39e)
1 /*-
2  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 2002 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
5  * All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
8  * by Andrew Brown.
9  *
10  * Copyright (c) 2025 Klara, Inc.
11  *
12  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
13  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
14  * are met:
15  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
17  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
18  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
19  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
20  *
21  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
22  * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
23  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
24  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
25  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
26  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
27  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
28  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
29  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
30  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
31  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
32  */
33 
34 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
35 #if 0
36 #ifndef lint
37 __RCSID("$NetBSD: stat.c,v 1.33 2011/01/15 22:54:10 njoly Exp $"
38 "$OpenBSD: stat.c,v 1.14 2009/06/24 09:44:25 sobrado Exp $");
39 #endif
40 #endif
41 #if HAVE_CONFIG_H
42 #include "config.h"
43 #else  /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
44 #define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS 1
45 #define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN 1
46 #define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME 1
47 #define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC 1
48 #define HAVE_DEVNAME 1
49 #endif /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
50 
51 #include <sys/param.h>
52 #include <sys/stat.h>
53 #include <sys/mount.h>
54 
55 #include <ctype.h>
56 #include <err.h>
57 #include <errno.h>
58 #include <fcntl.h>
59 #include <grp.h>
60 #include <limits.h>
61 #include <locale.h>
62 #include <paths.h>
63 #include <pwd.h>
64 #include <stdbool.h>
65 #include <stdio.h>
66 #include <stdlib.h>
67 #include <string.h>
68 #include <time.h>
69 #include <unistd.h>
70 
71 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
72 #define DEF_F "%#Xf "
73 #define RAW_F "%f "
74 #define SHELL_F " st_flags=%f"
75 #else /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */
76 #define DEF_F
77 #define RAW_F
78 #define SHELL_F
79 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */
80 
81 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME
82 #define DEF_B "\"%SB\" "
83 #define RAW_B "%B "
84 #define SHELL_B "st_birthtime=%B "
85 #else /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME */
86 #define DEF_B
87 #define RAW_B
88 #define SHELL_B
89 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME */
90 
91 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_ATIM
92 #define st_atimespec st_atim
93 #define st_ctimespec st_ctim
94 #define st_mtimespec st_mtim
95 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_ATIM */
96 
97 #define DEF_FORMAT \
98 	"%d %i %Sp %l %Su %Sg %r %z \"%Sa\" \"%Sm\" \"%Sc\" " DEF_B \
99 	"%k %b " DEF_F "%N"
100 #define RAW_FORMAT	"%d %i %#p %l %u %g %r %z %a %m %c " RAW_B \
101 	"%k %b " RAW_F "%N"
102 #define LS_FORMAT	"%Sp %l %Su %Sg %Z %Sm %N%SY"
103 #define LSF_FORMAT	"%Sp %l %Su %Sg %Z %Sm %N%T%SY"
104 #define SHELL_FORMAT \
105 	"st_dev=%d st_ino=%i st_mode=%#p st_nlink=%l " \
106 	"st_uid=%u st_gid=%g st_rdev=%r st_size=%z " \
107 	"st_atime=%a st_mtime=%m st_ctime=%c " SHELL_B \
108 	"st_blksize=%k st_blocks=%b" SHELL_F
109 #define LINUX_FORMAT \
110 	"  File: \"%N\"%n" \
111 	"  Size: %-11z  FileType: %HT%n" \
112 	"  Mode: (%OMp%03OLp/%.10Sp)         Uid: (%5u/%8Su)  Gid: (%5g/%8Sg)%n" \
113 	"Device: %Hd,%Ld   Inode: %i    Links: %l%n" \
114 	"Access: %Sa%n" \
115 	"Modify: %Sm%n" \
116 	"Change: %Sc%n"	\
117 	" Birth: %SB"
118 
119 #define TIME_FORMAT	"%b %e %T %Y"
120 
121 #define FLAG_POUND	0x01
122 #define FLAG_SPACE	0x02
123 #define FLAG_PLUS	0x04
124 #define FLAG_ZERO	0x08
125 #define FLAG_MINUS	0x10
126 
127 /*
128  * These format characters must all be unique, except the magic one.
129  */
130 #define FMT_MAGIC	'%'
131 #define FMT_DOT		'.'
132 
133 #define SIMPLE_NEWLINE	'n'
134 #define SIMPLE_TAB	't'
135 #define SIMPLE_PERCENT	'%'
136 #define SIMPLE_NUMBER	'@'
137 
138 #define FMT_POUND	'#'
139 #define FMT_SPACE	' '
140 #define FMT_PLUS	'+'
141 #define FMT_ZERO	'0'
142 #define FMT_MINUS	'-'
143 
144 #define FMT_DECIMAL 	'D'
145 #define FMT_OCTAL 	'O'
146 #define FMT_UNSIGNED 	'U'
147 #define FMT_HEX 	'X'
148 #define FMT_FLOAT 	'F'
149 #define FMT_STRING 	'S'
150 
151 #define FMTF_DECIMAL	0x01
152 #define FMTF_OCTAL	0x02
153 #define FMTF_UNSIGNED	0x04
154 #define FMTF_HEX	0x08
155 #define FMTF_FLOAT	0x10
156 #define FMTF_STRING	0x20
157 
158 #define HIGH_PIECE	'H'
159 #define MIDDLE_PIECE	'M'
160 #define LOW_PIECE	'L'
161 
162 #define	SHOW_realpath	'R'
163 #define SHOW_st_dev	'd'
164 #define SHOW_st_ino	'i'
165 #define SHOW_st_mode	'p'
166 #define SHOW_st_nlink	'l'
167 #define SHOW_st_uid	'u'
168 #define SHOW_st_gid	'g'
169 #define SHOW_st_rdev	'r'
170 #define SHOW_st_atime	'a'
171 #define SHOW_st_mtime	'm'
172 #define SHOW_st_ctime	'c'
173 #define SHOW_st_btime	'B'
174 #define SHOW_st_size	'z'
175 #define SHOW_st_blocks	'b'
176 #define SHOW_st_blksize	'k'
177 #define SHOW_st_flags	'f'
178 #define SHOW_st_gen	'v'
179 #define SHOW_symlink	'Y'
180 #define SHOW_filetype	'T'
181 #define SHOW_filename	'N'
182 #define SHOW_sizerdev	'Z'
183 
184 static void	 usage(const char *);
185 static void	 output(const struct stat *, const char *, const char *, int);
186 static int	 format1(const struct stat *,	/* stat info */
187 	    const char *,		/* the file name */
188 	    const char *, int,		/* the format string itself */
189 	    char *, size_t,		/* a place to put the output */
190 	    int, int, int, int,		/* the parsed format */
191 	    int, int);
192 static int	 hex2byte(const char [2]);
193 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
194 static char	*xfflagstostr(unsigned long);
195 #endif
196 static int	 fdlistholes(int, const char *);
197 static int	 listholes(const char *);
198 
199 static const char *timefmt;
200 static int linkfail;
201 static bool nonl;
202 
203 #define addchar(s, c, nl) \
204 	do { \
205 		(void)fputc((c), (s)); \
206 		(*nl) = ((c) == '\n'); \
207 	} while (0/*CONSTCOND*/)
208 
209 int
210 main(int argc, char *argv[])
211 {
212 	struct stat st;
213 	char dname[sizeof _PATH_DEV + SPECNAMELEN] = _PATH_DEV;
214 	const char *statfmt, *options, *synopsis;
215 	const char *file;
216 	fhandle_t fhnd;
217 	int ch, rc, errs, am_readlink, fn, fmtchar;
218 	bool lsF, holes, usestat, nfs_handle, quiet;
219 
220 	am_readlink = 0;
221 	errs = 0;
222 	lsF = false;
223 	fmtchar = '\0';
224 	holes = false;
225 	usestat = false;
226 	nfs_handle = false;
227 	nonl = false;
228 	quiet = false;
229 	linkfail = 0;
230 	statfmt = NULL;
231 	timefmt = NULL;
232 
233 	if (strcmp(getprogname(), "readlink") == 0) {
234 		am_readlink = 1;
235 		options = "fn";
236 		synopsis = "[-fn] [file ...]";
237 		statfmt = "%Y";
238 		fmtchar = 'f';
239 		quiet = 1;
240 	} else {
241 		options = "Ff:HhLlnqrst:x";
242 		synopsis = "[-FHhLnq] [-f format | -l | -r | -s | -x] "
243 		    "[-t timefmt] [file|handle ...]";
244 	}
245 
246 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, options)) != -1)
247 		switch (ch) {
248 		case 'F':
249 			lsF = true;
250 			break;
251                 case 'H':
252 			nfs_handle = true;
253 			break;
254 		case 'h':
255 			holes = true;
256 			break;
257 		case 'L':
258 			usestat = true;
259 			break;
260 		case 'n':
261 			nonl = true;
262 			break;
263 		case 't':
264 			timefmt = optarg;
265 			break;
266 		case 'q':
267 			quiet = true;
268 			break;
269 		/* remaining cases are purposefully out of order */
270 		case 'f':
271 			if (am_readlink) {
272 				statfmt = "%R";
273 				break;
274 			}
275 			statfmt = optarg;
276 			/* FALLTHROUGH */
277 		case 'l':
278 		case 'r':
279 		case 's':
280 		case 'x':
281 			if (fmtchar != 0)
282 				errx(1, "can't use format '%c' with '%c'",
283 				    fmtchar, ch);
284 			fmtchar = ch;
285 			break;
286 		default:
287 			usage(synopsis);
288 		}
289 
290 	argc -= optind;
291 	argv += optind;
292 	fn = 1;
293 
294 	if (holes) {
295 		if (fmtchar || lsF || nfs_handle || usestat || timefmt)
296 			usage(synopsis);
297 		if (argc > 0) {
298 			while (argc-- > 0) {
299 				if (listholes(*argv) != 0) {
300 					if (!quiet)
301 						warn("%s", *argv);
302 					errs++;
303 				}
304 				argv++;
305 			}
306 		} else {
307 			if (fdlistholes(STDIN_FILENO, "stdin") != 0) {
308 				if (!quiet)
309 					warn("stdin");
310 				errs++;
311 			}
312 		}
313 		exit(errs ? 1 : 0);
314 	}
315 
316 	if (fmtchar == '\0') {
317 		if (lsF)
318 			fmtchar = 'l';
319 		else {
320 			fmtchar = 'f';
321 			statfmt = DEF_FORMAT;
322 		}
323 	}
324 
325 	if (lsF && fmtchar != 'l')
326 		errx(1, "can't use format '%c' with -F", fmtchar);
327 
328 	switch (fmtchar) {
329 	case 'f':
330 		/* statfmt already set */
331 		break;
332 	case 'l':
333 		statfmt = lsF ? LSF_FORMAT : LS_FORMAT;
334 		break;
335 	case 'r':
336 		statfmt = RAW_FORMAT;
337 		break;
338 	case 's':
339 		statfmt = SHELL_FORMAT;
340 		break;
341 	case 'x':
342 		statfmt = LINUX_FORMAT;
343 		if (timefmt == NULL)
344 			timefmt = "%c";
345 		break;
346 	default:
347 		usage(synopsis);
348 		/*NOTREACHED*/
349 	}
350 
351 	if (timefmt == NULL)
352 		timefmt = TIME_FORMAT;
353 
354 	do {
355 		if (argc == 0) {
356 			if (fdevname_r(STDIN_FILENO, dname +
357 			    sizeof _PATH_DEV - 1, SPECNAMELEN) != NULL)
358 				file = dname;
359 			else
360 				file = "(stdin)";
361 			rc = fstat(STDIN_FILENO, &st);
362 		} else {
363 			int j;
364 
365 			file = argv[0];
366 			if (nfs_handle) {
367 				rc = 0;
368 				bzero(&fhnd, sizeof(fhnd));
369 				j = MIN(2 * sizeof(fhnd), strlen(file));
370 				if ((j & 1) != 0) {
371 					rc = -1;
372 				} else {
373 					while (j) {
374 						rc = hex2byte(&file[j - 2]);
375 						if (rc == -1)
376 							break;
377 						((char*) &fhnd)[j / 2 - 1] = rc;
378 						j -= 2;
379 					}
380 				}
381 				if (rc == -1)
382 					errno = EINVAL;
383 				else
384 					rc = fhstat(&fhnd, &st);
385 
386 			} else if (usestat) {
387 				/*
388 				 * Try stat() and if it fails, fall back to
389 				 * lstat() just in case we're examining a
390 				 * broken symlink.
391 				 */
392 				if ((rc = stat(file, &st)) == -1 &&
393 				    errno == ENOENT &&
394 				    (rc = lstat(file, &st)) == -1)
395 					errno = ENOENT;
396 			} else
397 				rc = lstat(file, &st);
398 		}
399 
400 		if (rc == -1) {
401 			errs = 1;
402 			linkfail = 1;
403 			if (!quiet)
404 				warn("%s", file);
405 		} else
406 			output(&st, file, statfmt, fn);
407 
408 		argv++;
409 		argc--;
410 		fn++;
411 	} while (argc > 0);
412 
413 	return (am_readlink ? linkfail : errs);
414 }
415 
416 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
417 /*
418  * fflagstostr() wrapper that leaks only once
419  */
420 static char *
421 xfflagstostr(unsigned long fflags)
422 {
423 	static char *str = NULL;
424 
425 	if (str != NULL)
426 		free(str);
427 
428 	str = fflagstostr(fflags);
429 	if (str == NULL)
430 		err(1, "fflagstostr");
431 	return (str);
432 }
433 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */
434 
435 static void
436 usage(const char *synopsis)
437 {
438 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s %s\n", getprogname(), synopsis);
439 	exit(1);
440 }
441 
442 /*
443  * Parses a format string.
444  */
445 static void
446 output(const struct stat *st, const char *file, const char *statfmt, int fn)
447 {
448 	int flags, size, prec, ofmt, hilo, what;
449 	char buf[PATH_MAX + 4 + 1];
450 	const char *subfmt;
451 	int nl, t, i;
452 
453 	nl = 1;
454 	while (*statfmt != '\0') {
455 
456 		/*
457 		 * Non-format characters go straight out.
458 		 */
459 		if (*statfmt != FMT_MAGIC) {
460 			addchar(stdout, *statfmt, &nl);
461 			statfmt++;
462 			continue;
463 		}
464 
465 		/*
466 		 * The current format "substring" starts here,
467 		 * and then we skip the magic.
468 		 */
469 		subfmt = statfmt;
470 		statfmt++;
471 
472 		/*
473 		 * Some simple one-character "formats".
474 		 */
475 		switch (*statfmt) {
476 		case SIMPLE_NEWLINE:
477 			addchar(stdout, '\n', &nl);
478 			statfmt++;
479 			continue;
480 		case SIMPLE_TAB:
481 			addchar(stdout, '\t', &nl);
482 			statfmt++;
483 			continue;
484 		case SIMPLE_PERCENT:
485 			addchar(stdout, '%', &nl);
486 			statfmt++;
487 			continue;
488 		case SIMPLE_NUMBER: {
489 			char num[12], *p;
490 
491 			snprintf(num, sizeof(num), "%d", fn);
492 			for (p = &num[0]; *p; p++)
493 				addchar(stdout, *p, &nl);
494 			statfmt++;
495 			continue;
496 		}
497 		}
498 
499 		/*
500 		 * This must be an actual format string.  Format strings are
501 		 * similar to printf(3) formats up to a point, and are of
502 		 * the form:
503 		 *
504 		 *	%	required start of format
505 		 *	[-# +0]	opt. format characters
506 		 *	size	opt. field width
507 		 *	.	opt. decimal separator, followed by
508 		 *	prec	opt. precision
509 		 *	fmt	opt. output specifier (string, numeric, etc.)
510 		 *	sub	opt. sub field specifier (high, middle, low)
511 		 *	datum	required field specifier (size, mode, etc)
512 		 *
513 		 * Only the % and the datum selector are required.  All data
514 		 * have reasonable default output forms.  The "sub" specifier
515 		 * only applies to certain data (mode, dev, rdev, filetype).
516 		 * The symlink output defaults to STRING, yet will only emit
517 		 * the leading " -> " if STRING is explicitly specified.  The
518 		 * sizerdev datum will generate rdev output for character or
519 		 * block devices, and size output for all others.
520 		 */
521 		flags = 0;
522 		do {
523 			if      (*statfmt == FMT_POUND)
524 				flags |= FLAG_POUND;
525 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_SPACE)
526 				flags |= FLAG_SPACE;
527 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_PLUS)
528 				flags |= FLAG_PLUS;
529 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_ZERO)
530 				flags |= FLAG_ZERO;
531 			else if (*statfmt == FMT_MINUS)
532 				flags |= FLAG_MINUS;
533 			else
534 				break;
535 			statfmt++;
536 		} while (1/*CONSTCOND*/);
537 
538 		size = -1;
539 		if (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
540 			size = 0;
541 			while (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
542 				size = (size * 10) + (*statfmt - '0');
543 				statfmt++;
544 				if (size < 0)
545 					goto badfmt;
546 			}
547 		}
548 
549 		prec = -1;
550 		if (*statfmt == FMT_DOT) {
551 			statfmt++;
552 
553 			prec = 0;
554 			while (isdigit((unsigned)*statfmt)) {
555 				prec = (prec * 10) + (*statfmt - '0');
556 				statfmt++;
557 				if (prec < 0)
558 					goto badfmt;
559 			}
560 		}
561 
562 #define fmtcase(x, y)		case (y): (x) = (y); statfmt++; break
563 #define fmtcasef(x, y, z)	case (y): (x) = (z); statfmt++; break
564 		switch (*statfmt) {
565 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_DECIMAL,	FMTF_DECIMAL);
566 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_OCTAL,	FMTF_OCTAL);
567 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_UNSIGNED,	FMTF_UNSIGNED);
568 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_HEX,		FMTF_HEX);
569 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_FLOAT,	FMTF_FLOAT);
570 			fmtcasef(ofmt, FMT_STRING,	FMTF_STRING);
571 		default:
572 			ofmt = 0;
573 			break;
574 		}
575 
576 		switch (*statfmt) {
577 			fmtcase(hilo, HIGH_PIECE);
578 			fmtcase(hilo, MIDDLE_PIECE);
579 			fmtcase(hilo, LOW_PIECE);
580 		default:
581 			hilo = 0;
582 			break;
583 		}
584 
585 		switch (*statfmt) {
586 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_realpath);
587 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_dev);
588 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_ino);
589 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_mode);
590 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_nlink);
591 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_uid);
592 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_gid);
593 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_rdev);
594 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_atime);
595 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_mtime);
596 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_ctime);
597 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_btime);
598 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_size);
599 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_blocks);
600 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_blksize);
601 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_flags);
602 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_st_gen);
603 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_symlink);
604 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_filetype);
605 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_filename);
606 			fmtcase(what, SHOW_sizerdev);
607 		default:
608 			goto badfmt;
609 		}
610 #undef fmtcasef
611 #undef fmtcase
612 
613 		t = format1(st,
614 		     file,
615 		     subfmt, statfmt - subfmt,
616 		     buf, sizeof(buf),
617 		     flags, size, prec, ofmt, hilo, what);
618 
619 		for (i = 0; i < t && i < (int)(sizeof(buf) - 1); i++)
620 			addchar(stdout, buf[i], &nl);
621 
622 		continue;
623 
624 	badfmt:
625 		errx(1, "%.*s: bad format",
626 		    (int)(statfmt - subfmt + 1), subfmt);
627 	}
628 
629 	if (!nl && !nonl)
630 		(void)fputc('\n', stdout);
631 	(void)fflush(stdout);
632 }
633 
634 /*
635  * Arranges output according to a single parsed format substring.
636  */
637 static int
638 format1(const struct stat *st,
639     const char *file,
640     const char *fmt, int flen,
641     char *buf, size_t blen,
642     int flags, int size, int prec, int ofmt,
643     int hilo, int what)
644 {
645 	u_int64_t data;
646 	char *stmp, lfmt[24], tmp[20];
647 	const char *sdata;
648 	char smode[12], sid[12], path[PATH_MAX + 4];
649 	const struct timespec *tsp;
650 	struct timespec ts;
651 	struct tm *tm;
652 	int l, small, formats;
653 	mode_t dtype;
654 
655 	tsp = NULL;
656 	formats = 0;
657 	small = 0;
658 
659 	/*
660 	 * First, pick out the data and tweak it based on hilo or
661 	 * specified output format (symlink output only).
662 	 */
663 	switch (what) {
664 	case SHOW_st_dev:
665 	case SHOW_st_rdev:
666 		small = (sizeof(st->st_dev) == 4);
667 		data = (what == SHOW_st_dev) ? st->st_dev : st->st_rdev;
668 #if HAVE_DEVNAME
669 		switch (what) {
670 		case SHOW_st_dev:
671 			dtype = S_IFCHR;
672 			break;
673 		case SHOW_st_rdev:
674 			dtype = st->st_mode & (S_IFCHR | S_IFBLK);
675 			break;
676 		}
677 
678 		sdata = devname(data, dtype);
679 #endif /* HAVE_DEVNAME */
680 		if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
681 			data = major(data);
682 			hilo = 0;
683 		}
684 		else if (hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
685 			data = minor((unsigned)data);
686 			hilo = 0;
687 		}
688 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
689 #if HAVE_DEVNAME
690 		    FMTF_STRING;
691 #else /* HAVE_DEVNAME */
692 		    0;
693 #endif /* HAVE_DEVNAME */
694 		if (ofmt == 0)
695 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
696 		break;
697 	case SHOW_st_ino:
698 		small = (sizeof(st->st_ino) == 4);
699 		data = st->st_ino;
700 		sdata = NULL;
701 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
702 		if (ofmt == 0)
703 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
704 		break;
705 	case SHOW_st_mode:
706 		small = (sizeof(st->st_mode) == 4);
707 		data = st->st_mode;
708 		strmode(st->st_mode, smode);
709 		stmp = smode;
710 		l = strlen(stmp);
711 		if (stmp[l - 1] == ' ')
712 			stmp[--l] = '\0';
713 		if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
714 			data >>= 12;
715 			stmp += 1;
716 			stmp[3] = '\0';
717 			hilo = 0;
718 		}
719 		else if (hilo == MIDDLE_PIECE) {
720 			data = (data >> 9) & 07;
721 			stmp += 4;
722 			stmp[3] = '\0';
723 			hilo = 0;
724 		}
725 		else if (hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
726 			data &= 0777;
727 			stmp += 7;
728 			stmp[3] = '\0';
729 			hilo = 0;
730 		}
731 		sdata = stmp;
732 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
733 		    FMTF_STRING;
734 		if (ofmt == 0)
735 			ofmt = FMTF_OCTAL;
736 		break;
737 	case SHOW_st_nlink:
738 		small = (sizeof(st->st_dev) == 4);
739 		data = st->st_nlink;
740 		sdata = NULL;
741 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
742 		if (ofmt == 0)
743 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
744 		break;
745 	case SHOW_st_uid:
746 		small = (sizeof(st->st_uid) == 4);
747 		data = st->st_uid;
748 		sdata = user_from_uid(st->st_uid, 1);
749 		if (sdata == NULL) {
750 			snprintf(sid, sizeof(sid), "(%ld)", (long)st->st_uid);
751 			sdata = sid;
752 		}
753 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
754 		    FMTF_STRING;
755 		if (ofmt == 0)
756 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
757 		break;
758 	case SHOW_st_gid:
759 		small = (sizeof(st->st_gid) == 4);
760 		data = st->st_gid;
761 		sdata = group_from_gid(st->st_gid, 1);
762 		if (sdata == NULL) {
763 			snprintf(sid, sizeof(sid), "(%ld)", (long)st->st_gid);
764 			sdata = sid;
765 		}
766 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
767 		    FMTF_STRING;
768 		if (ofmt == 0)
769 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
770 		break;
771 	case SHOW_st_atime:
772 		tsp = &st->st_atimespec;
773 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
774 	case SHOW_st_mtime:
775 		if (tsp == NULL)
776 			tsp = &st->st_mtimespec;
777 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
778 	case SHOW_st_ctime:
779 		if (tsp == NULL)
780 			tsp = &st->st_ctimespec;
781 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
782 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME
783 	case SHOW_st_btime:
784 		if (tsp == NULL)
785 			tsp = &st->st_birthtimespec;
786 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME */
787 		ts = *tsp;		/* copy so we can muck with it */
788 		small = (sizeof(ts.tv_sec) == 4);
789 		data = ts.tv_sec;
790 		tm = localtime(&ts.tv_sec);
791 		if (tm == NULL) {
792 			ts.tv_sec = 0;
793 			tm = localtime(&ts.tv_sec);
794 		}
795 		(void)setlocale(LC_TIME, "");
796 		(void)strftime(path, sizeof(path), timefmt, tm);
797 		sdata = path;
798 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
799 		    FMTF_FLOAT | FMTF_STRING;
800 		if (ofmt == 0)
801 			ofmt = FMTF_DECIMAL;
802 		break;
803 	case SHOW_st_size:
804 		small = (sizeof(st->st_size) == 4);
805 		data = st->st_size;
806 		sdata = NULL;
807 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
808 		if (ofmt == 0)
809 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
810 		break;
811 	case SHOW_st_blocks:
812 		small = (sizeof(st->st_blocks) == 4);
813 		data = st->st_blocks;
814 		sdata = NULL;
815 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
816 		if (ofmt == 0)
817 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
818 		break;
819 	case SHOW_st_blksize:
820 		small = (sizeof(st->st_blksize) == 4);
821 		data = st->st_blksize;
822 		sdata = NULL;
823 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
824 		if (ofmt == 0)
825 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
826 		break;
827 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
828 	case SHOW_st_flags:
829 		small = (sizeof(st->st_flags) == 4);
830 		data = st->st_flags;
831 		sdata = xfflagstostr(st->st_flags);
832 		if (*sdata == '\0')
833 			sdata = "-";
834 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX |
835 		    FMTF_STRING;
836 		if (ofmt == 0)
837 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
838 		break;
839 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS */
840 #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN
841 	case SHOW_st_gen:
842 		small = (sizeof(st->st_gen) == 4);
843 		data = st->st_gen;
844 		sdata = NULL;
845 		formats = FMTF_DECIMAL | FMTF_OCTAL | FMTF_UNSIGNED | FMTF_HEX;
846 		if (ofmt == 0)
847 			ofmt = FMTF_UNSIGNED;
848 		break;
849 #endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN */
850 	case SHOW_realpath:
851 		small = 0;
852 		data = 0;
853 		if (file == NULL) {
854 			(void)strlcpy(path, "(stdin)", sizeof(path));
855 			sdata = path;
856 		} else {
857 			snprintf(path, sizeof(path), " -> ");
858 			if (realpath(file, path + 4) == NULL) {
859 				linkfail = 1;
860 				l = 0;
861 				path[0] = '\0';
862 			}
863 			sdata = path + (ofmt == FMTF_STRING ? 0 : 4);
864 		}
865 
866 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
867 		if (ofmt == 0)
868 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
869 		break;
870 	case SHOW_symlink:
871 		small = 0;
872 		data = 0;
873 		if (S_ISLNK(st->st_mode)) {
874 			snprintf(path, sizeof(path), " -> ");
875 			l = readlink(file, path + 4, sizeof(path) - 4 - 1);
876 			if (l == -1) {
877 				linkfail = 1;
878 				l = 0;
879 				path[0] = '\0';
880 			}
881 			path[l + 4] = '\0';
882 			sdata = path + (ofmt == FMTF_STRING ? 0 : 4);
883 		}
884 		else {
885 			linkfail = 1;
886 			sdata = "";
887 		}
888 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
889 		if (ofmt == 0)
890 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
891 		break;
892 	case SHOW_filetype:
893 		small = 0;
894 		data = 0;
895 		sdata = "";
896 		if (hilo == 0 || hilo == LOW_PIECE) {
897 			switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
898 			case S_IFIFO:	sdata = "|";	break;
899 			case S_IFDIR:	sdata = "/";	break;
900 			case S_IFREG:
901 				if (st->st_mode &
902 				    (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH))
903 					sdata = "*";
904 				break;
905 			case S_IFLNK:	sdata = "@";	break;
906 			case S_IFSOCK:	sdata = "=";	break;
907 #ifdef S_IFWHT
908 			case S_IFWHT:	sdata = "%";	break;
909 #endif /* S_IFWHT */
910 #ifdef S_IFDOOR
911 			case S_IFDOOR:	sdata = ">";	break;
912 #endif /* S_IFDOOR */
913 			}
914 			hilo = 0;
915 		}
916 		else if (hilo == HIGH_PIECE) {
917 			switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
918 			case S_IFIFO:	sdata = "Fifo File";		break;
919 			case S_IFCHR:	sdata = "Character Device";	break;
920 			case S_IFDIR:	sdata = "Directory";		break;
921 			case S_IFBLK:	sdata = "Block Device";		break;
922 			case S_IFREG:	sdata = "Regular File";		break;
923 			case S_IFLNK:	sdata = "Symbolic Link";	break;
924 			case S_IFSOCK:	sdata = "Socket";		break;
925 #ifdef S_IFWHT
926 			case S_IFWHT:	sdata = "Whiteout File";	break;
927 #endif /* S_IFWHT */
928 #ifdef S_IFDOOR
929 			case S_IFDOOR:	sdata = "Door";			break;
930 #endif /* S_IFDOOR */
931 			default:	sdata = "???";			break;
932 			}
933 			hilo = 0;
934 		}
935 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
936 		if (ofmt == 0)
937 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
938 		break;
939 	case SHOW_filename:
940 		small = 0;
941 		data = 0;
942 		(void)strlcpy(path, file, sizeof(path));
943 		sdata = path;
944 		formats = FMTF_STRING;
945 		if (ofmt == 0)
946 			ofmt = FMTF_STRING;
947 		break;
948 	case SHOW_sizerdev:
949 		if (S_ISCHR(st->st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st->st_mode)) {
950 			char majdev[20], mindev[20];
951 			int l1, l2;
952 
953 			l1 = format1(st,
954 			    file,
955 			    fmt, flen,
956 			    majdev, sizeof(majdev),
957 			    flags, size, prec,
958 			    ofmt, HIGH_PIECE, SHOW_st_rdev);
959 			l2 = format1(st,
960 			    file,
961 			    fmt, flen,
962 			    mindev, sizeof(mindev),
963 			    flags, size, prec,
964 			    ofmt, LOW_PIECE, SHOW_st_rdev);
965 			return (snprintf(buf, blen, "%.*s,%.*s",
966 			    l1, majdev, l2, mindev));
967 		}
968 		else {
969 			return (format1(st,
970 			    file,
971 			    fmt, flen,
972 			    buf, blen,
973 			    flags, size, prec,
974 			    ofmt, 0, SHOW_st_size));
975 		}
976 		/*NOTREACHED*/
977 	default:
978 		errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
979 	}
980 
981 	/*
982 	 * If a subdatum was specified but not supported, or an output
983 	 * format was selected that is not supported, that's an error.
984 	 */
985 	if (hilo != 0 || (ofmt & formats) == 0)
986 		errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
987 
988 	/*
989 	 * Assemble the format string for passing to printf(3).
990 	 */
991 	lfmt[0] = '\0';
992 	(void)strcat(lfmt, "%");
993 	if (flags & FLAG_POUND)
994 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "#");
995 	if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
996 		(void)strcat(lfmt, " ");
997 	if (flags & FLAG_PLUS)
998 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "+");
999 	if (flags & FLAG_MINUS)
1000 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "-");
1001 	if (flags & FLAG_ZERO)
1002 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "0");
1003 
1004 	/*
1005 	 * Only the timespecs support the FLOAT output format, and that
1006 	 * requires work that differs from the other formats.
1007 	 */
1008 	if (ofmt == FMTF_FLOAT) {
1009 		/*
1010 		 * Nothing after the decimal point, so just print seconds.
1011 		 */
1012 		if (prec == 0) {
1013 			if (size != -1) {
1014 				(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
1015 				(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1016 			}
1017 			(void)strcat(lfmt, "lld");
1018 			return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt,
1019 			    (long long)ts.tv_sec));
1020 		}
1021 
1022 		/*
1023 		 * Unspecified precision gets all the precision we have:
1024 		 * 9 digits.
1025 		 */
1026 		if (prec == -1)
1027 			prec = 9;
1028 
1029 		/*
1030 		 * Adjust the size for the decimal point and the digits
1031 		 * that will follow.
1032 		 */
1033 		size -= prec + 1;
1034 
1035 		/*
1036 		 * Any leftover size that's legitimate will be used.
1037 		 */
1038 		if (size > 0) {
1039 			(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
1040 			(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1041 		}
1042 		/* Seconds: time_t cast to long long. */
1043 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "lld");
1044 
1045 		/*
1046 		 * The stuff after the decimal point always needs zero
1047 		 * filling.
1048 		 */
1049 		(void)strcat(lfmt, ".%0");
1050 
1051 		/*
1052 		 * We can "print" at most nine digits of precision.  The
1053 		 * rest we will pad on at the end.
1054 		 *
1055 		 * Nanoseconds: long.
1056 		 */
1057 		(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%dld", MIN(prec, 9));
1058 		(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1059 
1060 		/*
1061 		 * For precision of less than nine digits, trim off the
1062 		 * less significant figures.
1063 		 */
1064 		for (; prec < 9; prec++)
1065 			ts.tv_nsec /= 10;
1066 
1067 		/*
1068 		 * Use the format, and then tack on any zeroes that
1069 		 * might be required to make up the requested precision.
1070 		 */
1071 		l = snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, (long long)ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
1072 		for (; prec > 9 && l < (int)blen; prec--, l++)
1073 			(void)strcat(buf, "0");
1074 		return (l);
1075 	}
1076 
1077 	/*
1078 	 * Add on size and precision, if specified, to the format.
1079 	 */
1080 	if (size != -1) {
1081 		(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", size);
1082 		(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1083 	}
1084 	if (prec != -1) {
1085 		(void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), ".%d", prec);
1086 		(void)strcat(lfmt, tmp);
1087 	}
1088 
1089 	/*
1090 	 * String output uses the temporary sdata.
1091 	 */
1092 	if (ofmt == FMTF_STRING) {
1093 		if (sdata == NULL)
1094 			errx(1, "%.*s: bad format", (int)flen, fmt);
1095 		(void)strcat(lfmt, "s");
1096 		return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, sdata));
1097 	}
1098 
1099 	/*
1100 	 * Ensure that sign extension does not cause bad looking output
1101 	 * for some forms.
1102 	 */
1103 	if (small && ofmt != FMTF_DECIMAL)
1104 		data = (u_int32_t)data;
1105 
1106 	/*
1107 	 * The four "numeric" output forms.
1108 	 */
1109 	(void)strcat(lfmt, "ll");
1110 	switch (ofmt) {
1111 	case FMTF_DECIMAL:	(void)strcat(lfmt, "d");	break;
1112 	case FMTF_OCTAL:	(void)strcat(lfmt, "o");	break;
1113 	case FMTF_UNSIGNED:	(void)strcat(lfmt, "u");	break;
1114 	case FMTF_HEX:		(void)strcat(lfmt, "x");	break;
1115 	}
1116 
1117 	return (snprintf(buf, blen, lfmt, data));
1118 }
1119 
1120 
1121 #define hex2nibble(c) (c <= '9' ? c - '0' : toupper(c) - 'A' + 10)
1122 static int
1123 hex2byte(const char c[2]) {
1124 	if (!(ishexnumber(c[0]) && ishexnumber(c[1])))
1125 		return -1;
1126 	return (hex2nibble(c[0]) << 4) + hex2nibble(c[1]);
1127 }
1128 
1129 static int
1130 fdlistholes(int fd, const char *fn)
1131 {
1132 	struct stat sb;
1133 	off_t pos = 0, off;
1134 	long l;
1135 
1136 	if (fstat(fd, &sb) < 0)
1137 		return (-1);
1138 	if (S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
1139 		if ((l = fpathconf(fd, _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE)) < 0)
1140 			return (-1);
1141 		printf("%ld", l);
1142 	} else if (!S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
1143 		errno = ESPIPE;
1144 		return (-1);
1145 	} else {
1146 		for (;;) {
1147 			if ((off = lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_HOLE)) < 0) {
1148 				if (errno != ENXIO)
1149 					return (-1);
1150 				/*
1151 				 * This can only happen if the file was
1152 				 * truncated while we were scanning it, or
1153 				 * on the initial seek if the file is
1154 				 * empty.  Report the virtual hole at the
1155 				 * end of the file at this position.
1156 				 */
1157 				off = pos;
1158 			}
1159 			printf("%jd", (intmax_t)off);
1160 			pos = off;
1161 			if ((off = lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_DATA)) < 0) {
1162 				if (errno != ENXIO)
1163 					return (-1);
1164 				/*
1165 				 * There are no more data regions in the
1166 				 * file, or it got truncated.  However, we
1167 				 * may not be at the end yet.
1168 				 */
1169 				if ((off = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END)) > pos)
1170 					printf("-%jd", (intmax_t)off - 1);
1171 				break;
1172 			}
1173 			printf("-%jd,", (intmax_t)off - 1);
1174 			pos = off;
1175 		}
1176 	}
1177 	printf(" %s", fn);
1178 	if (!nonl)
1179 		printf("\n");
1180 	return (0);
1181 }
1182 
1183 static int
1184 listholes(const char *fn)
1185 {
1186 	int fd, ret;
1187 
1188 	if ((fd = open(fn, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
1189 		return (-1);
1190 	ret = fdlistholes(fd, fn);
1191 	close(fd);
1192 	return (ret);
1193 }
1194