1.\" Copyright (c) 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)lam.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd August 12, 2004 36.Dt LAM 1 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm lam 40.Nd laminate files 41.Sh SYNOPSIS 42.Nm 43.Op Fl f Ar min . Ns Ar max 44.Op Fl s Ar sepstring 45.Op Fl t Ar c 46.Ar 47.Nm 48.Op Fl p Ar min . Ns Ar max 49.Op Fl s Ar sepstring 50.Op Fl t Ar c 51.Ar 52.Sh DESCRIPTION 53The 54.Nm 55utility copies the named files side by side onto the standard output. 56The 57.Em n-th 58input lines from the input 59.Ar files 60are considered fragments of the single long 61.Em n-th 62output line into which they are assembled. 63The name `\fB\-\fP' means the standard input, and may be repeated. 64.Pp 65Normally, each option affects only the 66.Ar file 67after it. 68If the option letter is capitalized it affects all subsequent files 69until it appears again uncapitalized. 70The options are described below: 71.Bl -tag -width indent 72.It Fl f Ar min . Ns Ar max 73Print line fragments according to the format string 74.Ar min . Ns Ar max , 75where 76.Ar min 77is the minimum field width and 78.Ar max 79the maximum field width. 80If 81.Ar min 82begins with a zero, zeros will be added to make up the field width, 83and if it begins with a `\-', the fragment will be left-adjusted 84within the field. 85.It Fl p Ar min . Ns Ar max 86Like 87.Fl f , 88but pad this file's field when end-of-file is reached 89and other files are still active. 90.It Fl s Ar sepstring 91Print 92.Ar sepstring 93before printing line fragments from the next file. 94This option may appear after the last file. 95.It Fl t Ar c 96The input line terminator is 97.Ar c 98instead of a newline. 99The newline normally appended to each output line is omitted. 100.El 101.Pp 102To print files simultaneously for easy viewing use 103.Xr pr 1 . 104.Sh EXAMPLES 105The command 106.Bd -literal 107lam file1 file2 file3 file4 108.Ed 109.Pp 110joins 4 files together along each line. 111To merge the lines from four different files use 112.Bd -literal 113lam file1 \-S "\\ 114" file2 file3 file4 115.Ed 116.Pp 117Every 2 lines of a file may be joined on one line with 118.Bd -literal 119lam \- \- < file 120.Ed 121.Pp 122and a form letter with substitutions keyed by `@' can be done with 123.Bd -literal 124lam \-t @ letter changes 125.Ed 126.Sh SEE ALSO 127.Xr join 1 , 128.Xr paste 1 , 129.Xr pr 1 , 130.Xr printf 3 131.Sh STANDARDS 132Some of the functionality of 133.Nm 134is standardized as the 135.Xr paste 1 136utility by 137.St -p1003.2 . 138.Sh HISTORY 139The 140.Nm 141utility first appeared in 142.Bx 4.2 . 143.Sh BUGS 144The 145.Nm 146utility does not recognize multibyte characters. 147