1.\" Copyright (c) 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)jot.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd November 6, 2006 36.Dt JOT 1 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm jot 40.Nd print sequential or random data 41.Sh SYNOPSIS 42.Nm 43.Op Fl cnr 44.Op Fl b Ar word 45.Op Fl w Ar word 46.Op Fl s Ar string 47.Op Fl p Ar precision 48.Op Ar reps Op Ar begin Op Ar end Op Ar s 49.Sh DESCRIPTION 50The 51.Nm 52utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random, 53or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line. 54.Pp 55The following options are available: 56.Bl -tag -width indent 57.It Fl r 58Generate random data instead of the default sequential data. 59.It Fl b Ar word 60Just print 61.Ar word 62repetitively. 63.It Fl w Ar word 64Print 65.Ar word 66with the generated data appended to it. 67Octal, hexadecimal, exponential, 68.Tn ASCII , 69zero padded, 70and right-adjusted representations 71are possible by using the appropriate 72.Xr printf 3 73conversion specification inside 74.Ar word , 75in which case the data are inserted rather than appended. 76.It Fl c 77This is an abbreviation for 78.Fl w Ar %c . 79.It Fl s Ar string 80Print data separated by 81.Ar string . 82Normally, newlines separate data. 83.It Fl n 84Do not print the final newline normally appended to the output. 85.It Fl p Ar precision 86Print only as many digits or characters of the data 87as indicated by the integer 88.Ar precision . 89In the absence of 90.Fl p , 91the precision is the greater of the precisions of 92.Ar begin 93and 94.Ar end . 95The 96.Fl p 97option is overridden by whatever appears in a 98.Xr printf 3 99conversion following 100.Fl w . 101.El 102.Pp 103The last four arguments indicate, respectively, 104the number of data, the lower bound, the upper bound, 105and the step size or, for random data, the seed. 106While at least one of them must appear, 107any of the other three may be omitted, and 108will be considered as such if given as 109.Fl "" 110or as an empty string. 111Any three of these arguments determines the fourth. 112If four are specified and the given and computed values of 113.Ar reps 114conflict, the lower value is used. 115If fewer than three are specified, defaults are assigned 116left to right, except for 117.Ar s , 118which assumes a default of 1 or -1 if both 119.Ar begin 120and 121.Ar end 122are given. 123.Pp 124Defaults for the four arguments are, respectively, 125100, 1, 100, and 1, except that when random data are requested, 126the seed, 127.Ar s , 128is picked randomly. 129The 130.Ar reps 131argument is expected to be an unsigned integer, 132and if given as zero is taken to be infinite. 133The 134.Ar begin 135and 136.Ar end 137arguments may be given as real numbers or as characters 138representing the corresponding value in 139.Tn ASCII . 140The last argument must be a real number. 141.Pp 142Random numbers are obtained through 143.Xr arc4random 3 144when no seed is specified, 145and through 146.Xr random 3 147when a seed is given. 148When 149.Nm 150is asked to generate random integers or characters with begin 151and end values in the range of the random number generator function 152and no format is specified with one of the 153.Fl w , 154.Fl b , 155or 156.Fl p 157options, 158.Nm 159will arrange for all the values in the range to appear in the output 160with an equal probability. 161In all other cases be careful to ensure that the output format's 162rounding or truncation will not skew the distribution of output 163values in an unintended way. 164.Pp 165The name 166.Nm 167derives in part from 168.Nm iota , 169a function in APL. 170.Sh EXIT STATUS 171.Ex -std 172.Sh EXAMPLES 173The command 174.Dl jot - 1 10 175.Pp 176prints the integers from 1 to 10, 177while the command 178.Dl jot 21 -1 1.00 179.Pp 180prints 21 evenly spaced numbers increasing from -1 to 1. 181The 182.Tn ASCII 183character set is generated with 184.Dl jot -c 128 0 185.Pp 186and the strings xaa through xaz with 187.Dl jot -w xa%c 26 a 188.Pp 189while 20 random 8-letter strings are produced with 190.Dl "jot -r -c 160 a z | rs -g 0 8" 191.Pp 192Infinitely many 193.Em yes Ns 's 194may be obtained through 195.Dl jot -b yes 0 196.Pp 197and thirty 198.Xr ed 1 199substitution commands applying to lines 2, 7, 12, etc.\& is 200the result of 201.Dl jot -w %ds/old/new/ 30 2 - 5 202.Pp 203The stuttering sequence 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, etc.\& can be 204produced by suitable choice of step size, 205as in 206.Dl jot - 9 0 -.5 207.Pp 208and a file containing exactly 1024 bytes is created with 209.Dl jot -b x 512 > block 210.Pp 211Finally, to set tabs four spaces apart starting 212from column 10 and ending in column 132, use 213.Dl expand -`jot -s, - 10 132 4` 214.Pp 215and to print all lines 80 characters or longer, 216.Dl grep `jot -s \&"\&" -b \&. 80` 217.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 218The following diagnostic messages deserve special explanation: 219.Bl -diag 220.It "illegal or unsupported format '%s'" 221The requested conversion format specifier for 222.Xr printf 3 223was not of the form 224.Dl %[#][ ][{+,-}][0-9]*[.[0-9]*]? 225where 226.Dq ?\& 227must be one of 228.Dl [l]{d,i,o,u,x} 229or 230.Dl {c,e,f,g,D,E,G,O,U,X} 231.It "range error in conversion" 232A value to be printed fell outside the range of the data type 233associated with the requested output format. 234.It "too many conversions" 235More than one conversion format specifier has been supplied, 236but only one is allowed. 237.El 238.Sh SEE ALSO 239.Xr ed 1 , 240.Xr expand 1 , 241.Xr rs 1 , 242.Xr yes 1 , 243.Xr arc4random 3 , 244.Xr printf 3 , 245.Xr random 3 246.Sh HISTORY 247The 248.Nm 249utility first appeared in 250.Bx 4.2 . 251