1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)od.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 29.\" $FreeBSD$ 30.\" 31.Dd December 22, 2011 32.Dt OD 1 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm od 36.Nd octal, decimal, hex, ASCII dump 37.Sh SYNOPSIS 38.Nm 39.Op Fl aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOosvXx 40.Op Fl A Ar base 41.Op Fl j Ar skip 42.Op Fl N Ar length 43.Op Fl t Ar type 44.Op Oo Cm + Oc Ns Ar offset Ns Oo Cm \&. Oc Ns Op Cm Bb 45.Op Ar 46.Sh DESCRIPTION 47The 48.Nm 49utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or standard 50input if no files are specified, in a user specified format. 51.Pp 52The options are as follows: 53.Bl -tag -width ".Fl I , L , l" 54.It Fl A Ar base 55Specify the input address base. 56The argument 57.Ar base 58may be one of 59.Cm d , 60.Cm o , 61.Cm x 62or 63.Cm n , 64which specify decimal, octal, hexadecimal 65addresses or no address, respectively. 66.It Fl a 67Output named characters. 68Equivalent to 69.Fl t Cm a . 70.It Fl B , o 71Output octal shorts. 72Equivalent to 73.Fl t Cm o2 . 74.It Fl b 75Output octal bytes. 76Equivalent to 77.Fl t Cm o1 . 78.It Fl c 79Output C-style escaped characters. 80Equivalent to 81.Fl t Cm c . 82.It Fl D 83Output unsigned decimal ints. 84Equivalent to 85.Fl t Cm u4 . 86.It Fl d 87Output unsigned decimal shorts. 88Equivalent to 89.Fl t Cm u2 . 90.It Fl e , F 91Output double-precision floating point numbers. 92Equivalent to 93.Fl t Cm fD . 94.It Fl f 95Output single-precision floating point numbers. 96Equivalent to 97.Fl t Cm fF . 98.It Fl H , X 99Output hexadecimal ints. 100Equivalent to 101.Fl t Cm x4 . 102.It Fl h , x 103Output hexadecimal shorts. 104Equivalent to 105.Fl t Cm x2 . 106.It Fl I , L , l 107Output signed decimal longs. 108Equivalent to 109.Fl t Cm dL . 110.It Fl i 111Output signed decimal ints. 112Equivalent to 113.Fl t Cm dI . 114.It Fl j Ar skip 115Skip 116.Ar skip 117bytes of the combined input before dumping. 118The number may be followed by one 119of 120.Cm b , k 121or 122.Cm m 123which specify the units of the number as blocks (512 bytes), kilobytes and 124megabytes, respectively. 125.It Fl N Ar length 126Dump at most 127.Ar length 128bytes of input. 129.It Fl O 130Output octal ints. 131Equivalent to 132.Fl t Cm o4 . 133.It Fl s 134Output signed decimal shorts. 135Equivalent to 136.Fl t Cm d2 . 137.It Fl t Ar type 138Specify the output format. 139The 140.Ar type 141argument 142is a string containing one or more of the following kinds of type specifiers: 143.Bl -tag -width indent 144.It Cm a 145Named characters 146.Pq ASCII . 147Control characters are displayed using the following names: 148.Bl -column "000 NUL" "001 SOH" "002 STX" "003 ETX" "004 EOT" "005 ENQ" 149.It "000 NUL 001 SOH 002 STX 003 ETX 004 EOT 005 ENQ" 150.It "006 ACK 007 BEL 008 BS 009 HT 00A NL 00B VT" 151.It "00C FF 00D CR 00E SO 00F SI 010 DLE 011 DC1" 152.It "012 DC2 013 DC3 014 DC4 015 NAK 016 SYN 017 ETB" 153.It "018 CAN 019 EM 01A SUB 01B ESC 01C FS 01D GS" 154.It "01E RS 01F US 020 SP 07F DEL \& \&" 155.El 156.It Cm c 157Characters in the default character set. 158Non-printing characters are 159represented as 3-digit octal character codes, except the following 160characters, which are represented as C escapes: 161.Pp 162.Bl -tag -width carriage-return -compact 163.It NUL 164\e0 165.It alert 166\ea 167.It backspace 168\eb 169.It newline 170\en 171.It carriage-return 172\er 173.It tab 174\et 175.It vertical tab 176\ev 177.El 178.Pp 179Multi-byte characters are displayed in the area corresponding to the first 180byte of the character. 181The remaining bytes are shown as 182.Ql ** . 183.It Xo 184.Sm off 185.Op Cm d | o | u | x 186.Op Cm C | S | I | L | Ar n 187.Sm on 188.Xc 189Signed decimal 190.Pq Cm d , 191octal 192.Pq Cm o , 193unsigned decimal 194.Pq Cm u 195or 196hexadecimal 197.Pq Cm x . 198Followed by an optional size specifier, which may be either 199.Cm C 200.Pq Vt char , 201.Cm S 202.Pq Vt short , 203.Cm I 204.Pq Vt int , 205.Cm L 206.Pq Vt long , 207or a byte count as a decimal integer. 208.It Xo 209.Sm off 210.Cm f 211.Op Cm F | D | L | Ar n 212.Sm on 213.Xc 214Floating-point number. 215Followed by an optional size specifier, which may be either 216.Cm F 217.Pq Vt float , 218.Cm D 219.Pq Vt double 220or 221.Cm L 222.Pq Vt "long double" . 223.El 224.It Fl v 225Write all input data, instead of replacing lines of duplicate values with a 226.Ql * . 227.El 228.Pp 229Multiple options that specify output format may be used; the output will 230contain one line for each format. 231.Pp 232If no output format is specified, 233.Fl t Cm oS 234is assumed. 235.Sh ENVIRONMENT 236The 237.Ev LANG , LC_ALL 238and 239.Ev LC_CTYPE 240environment variables affect the execution of 241.Nm 242as described in 243.Xr environ 7 . 244.Sh EXIT STATUS 245.Ex -std 246.Sh EXAMPLES 247Dump stdin and show the output using named characters and C-style escaped 248characters: 249.Bd -literal -offset indent 250$ echo "FreeBSD: The power to serve" | od -a -c 2510000000 F r e e B S D : sp T h e sp p o w 252 F r e e B S D : T h e p o w 2530000020 e r sp t o sp s e r v e nl 254 e r t o s e r v e \en 2550000034 256.Ed 257.Pp 258Dump stdin skipping the first 13 bytes using named characters and dumping no 259more than 5 bytes: 260.Bd -literal -offset indent 261$ echo "FreeBSD: The power to serve" | od -An -a -j 13 -N 5 262 p o w e r 263.Ed 264.Sh COMPATIBILITY 265The traditional 266.Fl s 267option to extract string constants is not supported; consider using 268.Xr strings 1 269instead. 270.Sh SEE ALSO 271.Xr hexdump 1 , 272.Xr strings 1 273.Sh STANDARDS 274The 275.Nm 276utility conforms to 277.St -p1003.1-2001 . 278.Sh HISTORY 279An 280.Nm 281command appeared in 282.At v1 . 283