1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 5.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)find.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 5/9/95 32.\" $FreeBSD$ 33.\" 34.Dd November 18, 2012 35.Dt FIND 1 36.Os 37.Sh NAME 38.Nm find 39.Nd walk a file hierarchy 40.Sh SYNOPSIS 41.Nm 42.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P 43.Op Fl EXdsx 44.Op Fl f Ar path 45.Ar path ... 46.Op Ar expression 47.Nm 48.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P 49.Op Fl EXdsx 50.Fl f Ar path 51.Op Ar path ... 52.Op Ar expression 53.Sh DESCRIPTION 54The 55.Nm 56utility recursively descends the directory tree for each 57.Ar path 58listed, evaluating an 59.Ar expression 60(composed of the 61.Dq primaries 62and 63.Dq operands 64listed below) in terms 65of each file in the tree. 66.Pp 67The options are as follows: 68.Bl -tag -width indent 69.It Fl E 70Interpret regular expressions followed by 71.Ic -regex 72and 73.Ic -iregex 74primaries as extended (modern) regular expressions rather than basic 75regular expressions (BRE's). 76The 77.Xr re_format 7 78manual page fully describes both formats. 79.It Fl H 80Cause the file information and file type (see 81.Xr stat 2 ) 82returned for each symbolic link specified on the command line to be 83those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself. 84If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will 85be for the link itself. 86File information of all symbolic links not on 87the command line is that of the link itself. 88.It Fl L 89Cause the file information and file type (see 90.Xr stat 2 ) 91returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the 92link, not the link itself. 93If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will 94be for the link itself. 95.Pp 96This option is equivalent to the deprecated 97.Ic -follow 98primary. 99.It Fl P 100Cause the file information and file type (see 101.Xr stat 2 ) 102returned for each symbolic link to be those of the link itself. 103This is the default. 104.It Fl X 105Permit 106.Nm 107to be safely used in conjunction with 108.Xr xargs 1 . 109If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by 110.Xr xargs 1 , 111a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file 112is skipped. 113The delimiting characters include single 114.Pq Dq Li " ' " 115and double 116.Pq Dq Li " \*q " 117quotes, backslash 118.Pq Dq Li \e , 119space, tab and newline characters. 120.Pp 121However, you may wish to consider the 122.Fl print0 123primary in conjunction with 124.Dq Nm xargs Fl 0 125as an effective alternative. 126.It Fl d 127Cause 128.Nm 129to perform a depth-first traversal. 130.Pp 131This option is a BSD-specific equivalent of the 132.Ic -depth 133primary specified by 134.St -p1003.1-2001 . 135Refer to its description under 136.Sx PRIMARIES 137for more information. 138.It Fl s 139Cause 140.Nm 141to traverse the file hierarchies in lexicographical order, 142i.e., alphabetical order within each directory. 143Note: 144.Ql find -s 145and 146.Ql "find | sort" 147may give different results. 148.It Fl x 149Prevent 150.Nm 151from descending into directories that have a device number different 152than that of the file from which the descent began. 153.Pp 154This option is equivalent to the deprecated 155.Ic -xdev 156primary. 157.El 158.Sh PRIMARIES 159All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be 160preceded by a plus sign 161.Pq Dq Li + 162or a minus sign 163.Pq Dq Li - . 164A preceding plus sign means 165.Dq more than n , 166a preceding minus sign means 167.Dq less than n 168and neither means 169.Dq exactly n . 170.Bl -tag -width indent 171.It Ic -Bmin Ar n 172True if the difference between the time of a file's inode creation 173and the time 174.Nm 175was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 176.Ar n 177minutes. 178.It Ic -Bnewer Ar file 179Same as 180.Ic -newerBm . 181.It Ic -Btime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 182If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 183true if the difference between the time of a file's inode creation 184and the time 185.Nm 186was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is 187.Ar n 18824-hour periods. 189.Pp 190If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 191true if the difference between the time of a file's inode creation 192and the time 193.Nm 194was started is exactly 195.Ar n 196units. 197Please refer to the 198.Ic -atime 199primary description for information on supported time units. 200.It Ic -acl 201May be used in conjunction with other primaries to locate 202files with extended ACLs. 203See 204.Xr acl 3 205for more information. 206.It Ic -amin Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar n 207True if the difference between the file last access time and the time 208.Nm 209was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 210more than 211.Ar n 212.Pq + Ns Ar n , 213less than 214.Ar n 215.Pq - Ns Ar n , 216or exactly 217.Ar n 218minutes ago. 219.It Ic -anewer Ar file 220Same as 221.Ic -neweram . 222.It Ic -atime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 223If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 224true if the difference between the file last access time and the time 225.Nm 226was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is 227.Ar n 22824-hour periods. 229.Pp 230If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 231true if the difference between the file last access time and the time 232.Nm 233was started is exactly 234.Ar n 235units. 236Possible time units are as follows: 237.Pp 238.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 239.It Cm s 240second 241.It Cm m 242minute (60 seconds) 243.It Cm h 244hour (60 minutes) 245.It Cm d 246day (24 hours) 247.It Cm w 248week (7 days) 249.El 250.Pp 251Any number of units may be combined in one 252.Ic -atime 253argument, for example, 254.Dq Li "-atime -1h30m" . 255Units are probably only useful when used in conjunction with the 256.Cm + 257or 258.Cm - 259modifier. 260.It Ic -cmin Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar n 261True if the difference between the time of last change of file status 262information and the time 263.Nm 264was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 265more than 266.Ar n 267.Pq + Ns Ar n , 268less than 269.Ar n 270.Pq - Ns Ar n , 271or exactly 272.Ar n 273minutes ago. 274.It Ic -cnewer Ar file 275Same as 276.Ic -newercm . 277.It Ic -ctime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 278If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 279true if the difference between the time of last change of file status 280information and the time 281.Nm 282was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is 283.Ar n 28424-hour periods. 285.Pp 286If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 287true if the difference between the time of last change of file status 288information and the time 289.Nm 290was started is exactly 291.Ar n 292units. 293Please refer to the 294.Ic -atime 295primary description for information on supported time units. 296.It Ic -d 297Non-portable, BSD-specific version of 298.Ic depth . 299GNU find implements this as a primary in mistaken emulation of 300.Fx 301.Nm . 302.It Ic -delete 303Delete found files and/or directories. 304Always returns true. 305This executes 306from the current working directory as 307.Nm 308recurses down the tree. 309It will not attempt to delete a filename with a 310.Dq Pa / 311character in its pathname relative to 312.Dq Pa \&. 313for security reasons. 314Depth-first traversal processing is implied by this option. 315The 316.Ic -delete 317primary will fail to delete a directory if it is not empty. 318Following symlinks is incompatible with this option. 319.It Ic -depth 320Always true; 321same as the non-portable 322.Fl d 323option. 324Cause 325.Nm 326to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories 327are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory will be acted 328on before the directory itself. 329By default, 330.Nm 331visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents. 332Note, the default is 333.Em not 334a breadth-first traversal. 335.Pp 336The 337.Ic -depth 338primary 339can be useful when 340.Nm 341is used with 342.Xr cpio 1 343to process files that are contained in directories with unusual permissions. 344It ensures that you have write permission while you are placing files in a 345directory, then sets the directory's permissions as the last thing. 346.It Ic -depth Ar n 347True if the depth of the file relative to the starting point of the traversal 348is 349.Ar n . 350.It Ic -empty 351True if the current file or directory is empty. 352.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&; 353True if the program named 354.Ar utility 355returns a zero value as its exit status. 356Optional 357.Ar arguments 358may be passed to the utility. 359The expression must be terminated by a semicolon 360.Pq Dq Li \&; . 361If you invoke 362.Nm 363from a shell you may need to quote the semicolon if the shell would 364otherwise treat it as a control operator. 365If the string 366.Dq Li {} 367appears anywhere in the utility name or the 368arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file. 369.Ar Utility 370will be executed from the directory from which 371.Nm 372was executed. 373.Ar Utility 374and 375.Ar arguments 376are not subject to the further expansion of shell patterns 377and constructs. 378.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li {} + 379Same as 380.Ic -exec , 381except that 382.Dq Li {} 383is replaced with as many pathnames as possible for each invocation of 384.Ar utility . 385This behaviour is similar to that of 386.Xr xargs 1 . 387.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&; 388The 389.Ic -execdir 390primary is identical to the 391.Ic -exec 392primary with the exception that 393.Ar utility 394will be executed from the directory that holds 395the current file. 396The filename substituted for 397the string 398.Dq Li {} 399is not qualified. 400.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li {} + 401Same as 402.Ic -execdir , 403except that 404.Dq Li {} 405is replaced with as many pathnames as possible for each invocation of 406.Ar utility . 407This behaviour is similar to that of 408.Xr xargs 1 . 409.It Ic -flags Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar flags , Ns Ar notflags 410The flags are specified using symbolic names (see 411.Xr chflags 1 ) . 412Those with the 413.Qq Li no 414prefix (except 415.Qq Li nodump ) 416are said to be 417.Ar notflags . 418Flags in 419.Ar flags 420are checked to be set, and flags in 421.Ar notflags 422are checked to be not set. 423Note that this is different from 424.Ic -perm , 425which only allows the user to specify mode bits that are set. 426.Pp 427If flags are preceded by a dash 428.Pq Dq Li - , 429this primary evaluates to true 430if at least all of the bits in 431.Ar flags 432and none of the bits in 433.Ar notflags 434are set in the file's flags bits. 435If flags are preceded by a plus 436.Pq Dq Li + , 437this primary evaluates to true 438if any of the bits in 439.Ar flags 440is set in the file's flags bits, 441or any of the bits in 442.Ar notflags 443is not set in the file's flags bits. 444Otherwise, 445this primary evaluates to true 446if the bits in 447.Ar flags 448exactly match the file's flags bits, 449and none of the 450.Ar flags 451bits match those of 452.Ar notflags . 453.It Ic -fstype Ar type 454True if the file is contained in a file system of type 455.Ar type . 456The 457.Xr lsvfs 1 458command can be used to find out the types of file systems 459that are available on the system. 460In addition, there are two pseudo-types, 461.Dq Li local 462and 463.Dq Li rdonly . 464The former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where 465the 466.Nm 467is being executed and the latter matches any file system which is 468mounted read-only. 469.It Ic -gid Ar gname 470The same thing as 471.Ar -group Ar gname 472for compatibility with GNU find. 473GNU find imposes a restriction that 474.Ar gname 475is numeric, while 476.Nm 477does not. 478.It Ic -group Ar gname 479True if the file belongs to the group 480.Ar gname . 481If 482.Ar gname 483is numeric and there is no such group name, then 484.Ar gname 485is treated as a group ID. 486.It Ic -ignore_readdir_race 487Ignore errors because a file or a directory is deleted 488after reading the name from a directory. 489This option does not affect errors occurring on starting points. 490.It Ic -ilname Ar pattern 491Like 492.Ic -lname , 493but the match is case insensitive. 494This is a GNU find extension. 495.It Ic -iname Ar pattern 496Like 497.Ic -name , 498but the match is case insensitive. 499.It Ic -inum Ar n 500True if the file has inode number 501.Ar n . 502.It Ic -ipath Ar pattern 503Like 504.Ic -path , 505but the match is case insensitive. 506.It Ic -iregex Ar pattern 507Like 508.Ic -regex , 509but the match is case insensitive. 510.It Ic -iwholename Ar pattern 511The same thing as 512.Ic -ipath , 513for GNU find compatibility. 514.It Ic -links Ar n 515True if the file has 516.Ar n 517links. 518.It Ic -lname Ar pattern 519Like 520.Ic -name , 521but the contents of the symbolic link are matched instead of the file 522name. 523This is a GNU find extension. 524.It Ic -ls 525This primary always evaluates to true. 526The following information for the current file is written to standard output: 527its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard 528links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname. 529If the file is a block or character special file, the device number 530will be displayed instead of the size in bytes. 531If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be 532displayed preceded by 533.Dq Li -> . 534The format is identical to that produced by 535.Bk -words 536.Dq Nm ls Fl dgils . 537.Ek 538.It Ic -maxdepth Ar n 539Always true; descend at most 540.Ar n 541directory levels below the command line arguments. 542If any 543.Ic -maxdepth 544primary is specified, it applies to the entire expression even if it would 545not normally be evaluated. 546.Dq Ic -maxdepth Li 0 547limits the whole search to the command line arguments. 548.It Ic -mindepth Ar n 549Always true; do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than 550.Ar n . 551If any 552.Ic -mindepth 553primary is specified, it applies to the entire expression even if it would 554not normally be evaluated. 555.Dq Ic -mindepth Li 1 556processes all but the command line arguments. 557.It Ic -mmin Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar n 558True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 559.Nm 560was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is 561.Ar n 562.Pq + Ns Ar n , 563less than 564.Ar n 565.Pq - Ns Ar n , 566or exactly 567.Ar n 568minutes ago. 569.It Ic -mnewer Ar file 570Same as 571.Ic -newer . 572.It Ic -mount 573The same thing as 574.Ic -xdev , 575for GNU find compatibility. 576.It Ic -mtime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw 577If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to 578true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 579.Nm 580was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is 581.Ar n 58224-hour periods. 583.Pp 584If units are specified, this primary evaluates to 585true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time 586.Nm 587was started is exactly 588.Ar n 589units. 590Please refer to the 591.Ic -atime 592primary description for information on supported time units. 593.It Ic -name Ar pattern 594True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches 595.Ar pattern . 596Special shell pattern matching characters 597.Dq ( Li \&[ , 598.Dq Li \&] , 599.Dq Li * , 600and 601.Dq Li \&? ) 602may be used as part of 603.Ar pattern . 604These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a 605backslash 606.Pq Dq Li \e . 607.It Ic -newer Ar file 608True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than 609.Ar file . 610.It Ic -newer Ns Ar X Ns Ar Y Ar file 611True if the current file has a more recent last access time 612.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm a , 613inode creation time 614.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm B , 615change time 616.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm c , 617or modification time 618.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm m 619than the last access time 620.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm a , 621inode creation time 622.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm B , 623change time 624.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm c , 625or modification time 626.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm m 627of 628.Ar file . 629In addition, if 630.Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm t , 631then 632.Ar file 633is instead interpreted as a direct date specification of the form 634understood by 635.Xr cvs 1 . 636Note that 637.Ic -newermm 638is equivalent to 639.Ic -newer . 640.It Ic -nogroup 641True if the file belongs to an unknown group. 642.It Ic -noignore_readdir_race 643Turn off the effect of 644.Ic -ignore_readdir_race . 645This is default behaviour. 646.It Ic -noleaf 647This option is for GNU find compatibility. 648In GNU find it disables an optimization not relevant to 649.Nm , 650so it is ignored. 651.It Ic -nouser 652True if the file belongs to an unknown user. 653.It Ic -ok Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&; 654The 655.Ic -ok 656primary is identical to the 657.Ic -exec 658primary with the exception that 659.Nm 660requests user affirmation for the execution of the 661.Ar utility 662by printing 663a message to the terminal and reading a response. 664If the response is not affirmative 665.Ql ( y 666in the 667.Dq Li POSIX 668locale), 669the command is not executed and the 670value of the 671.Ic -ok 672expression is false. 673.It Ic -okdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&; 674The 675.Ic -okdir 676primary is identical to the 677.Ic -execdir 678primary with the same exception as described for the 679.Ic -ok 680primary. 681.It Ic -path Ar pattern 682True if the pathname being examined matches 683.Ar pattern . 684Special shell pattern matching characters 685.Dq ( Li \&[ , 686.Dq Li \&] , 687.Dq Li * , 688and 689.Dq Li \&? ) 690may be used as part of 691.Ar pattern . 692These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a 693backslash 694.Pq Dq Li \e . 695Slashes 696.Pq Dq Li / 697are treated as normal characters and do not have to be 698matched explicitly. 699.It Ic -perm Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar mode 700The 701.Ar mode 702may be either symbolic (see 703.Xr chmod 1 ) 704or an octal number. 705If the 706.Ar mode 707is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the 708.Ar mode 709sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode 710creation mask. 711If the 712.Ar mode 713is octal, only bits 07777 714.Pq Dv S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISTXT | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO 715of the file's mode bits participate 716in the comparison. 717If the 718.Ar mode 719is preceded by a dash 720.Pq Dq Li - , 721this primary evaluates to true 722if at least all of the bits in the 723.Ar mode 724are set in the file's mode bits. 725If the 726.Ar mode 727is preceded by a plus 728.Pq Dq Li + , 729this primary evaluates to true 730if any of the bits in the 731.Ar mode 732are set in the file's mode bits. 733Otherwise, this primary evaluates to true if 734the bits in the 735.Ar mode 736exactly match the file's mode bits. 737Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash 738.Pq Dq Li - . 739.It Ic -print 740This primary always evaluates to true. 741It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output. 742If none of 743.Ic -exec , -ls , -print0 , 744or 745.Ic -ok 746is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by 747.Cm \&( Ar "given expression" Cm \&) Ic -print . 748.It Ic -print0 749This primary always evaluates to true. 750It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed by an 751.Tn ASCII 752.Dv NUL 753character (character code 0). 754.It Ic -prune 755This primary always evaluates to true. 756It causes 757.Nm 758to not descend into the current file. 759Note, the 760.Ic -prune 761primary has no effect if the 762.Fl d 763option was specified. 764.It Ic -quit 765Causes 766.Nm 767to immediately terminate successfully. 768.It Ic -regex Ar pattern 769True if the whole path of the file matches 770.Ar pattern 771using regular expression. 772To match a file named 773.Dq Pa ./foo/xyzzy , 774you can use the regular expression 775.Dq Li ".*/[xyz]*" 776or 777.Dq Li ".*/foo/.*" , 778but not 779.Dq Li xyzzy 780or 781.Dq Li /foo/ . 782.It Ic -samefile Ar name 783True if the file is a hard link to 784.Ar name . 785If the command option 786.Ic -L 787is specified, it is also true if the file is a symbolic link and 788points to 789.Ar name . 790.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm ckMGTP 791True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is 792.Ar n . 793If 794.Ar n 795is followed by a 796.Cm c , 797then the primary is true if the 798file's size is 799.Ar n 800bytes (characters). 801Similarly if 802.Ar n 803is followed by a scale indicator then the file's size is compared to 804.Ar n 805scaled as: 806.Pp 807.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 808.It Cm k 809kilobytes (1024 bytes) 810.It Cm M 811megabytes (1024 kilobytes) 812.It Cm G 813gigabytes (1024 megabytes) 814.It Cm T 815terabytes (1024 gigabytes) 816.It Cm P 817petabytes (1024 terabytes) 818.El 819.It Ic -type Ar t 820True if the file is of the specified type. 821Possible file types are as follows: 822.Pp 823.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 824.It Cm b 825block special 826.It Cm c 827character special 828.It Cm d 829directory 830.It Cm f 831regular file 832.It Cm l 833symbolic link 834.It Cm p 835FIFO 836.It Cm s 837socket 838.El 839.It Ic -uid Ar uname 840The same thing as 841.Ar -user Ar uname 842for compatibility with GNU find. 843GNU find imposes a restriction that 844.Ar uname 845is numeric, while 846.Nm 847does not. 848.It Ic -user Ar uname 849True if the file belongs to the user 850.Ar uname . 851If 852.Ar uname 853is numeric and there is no such user name, then 854.Ar uname 855is treated as a user ID. 856.It Ic -wholename Ar pattern 857The same thing as 858.Ic -path , 859for GNU find compatibility. 860.El 861.Sh OPERATORS 862The primaries may be combined using the following operators. 863The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence. 864.Pp 865.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 866.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&) 867This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to 868true. 869.Pp 870.It Cm \&! Ar expression 871.It Cm -not Ar expression 872This is the unary 873.Tn NOT 874operator. 875It evaluates to true if the expression is false. 876.Pp 877.It Cm -false 878Always false. 879.It Cm -true 880Always true. 881.Pp 882.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression 883.It Ar expression expression 884The 885.Cm -and 886operator is the logical 887.Tn AND 888operator. 889As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not 890have to be specified. 891The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true. 892The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false. 893.Pp 894.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression 895The 896.Cm -or 897operator is the logical 898.Tn OR 899operator. 900The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression 901is true. 902The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true. 903.El 904.Pp 905All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to 906.Nm . 907Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument 908to be a separate argument to 909.Nm . 910.Sh ENVIRONMENT 911The 912.Ev LANG , LC_ALL , LC_COLLATE , LC_CTYPE , LC_MESSAGES 913and 914.Ev LC_TIME 915environment variables affect the execution of the 916.Nm 917utility as described in 918.Xr environ 7 . 919.Sh EXAMPLES 920The following examples are shown as given to the shell: 921.Bl -tag -width indent 922.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print" 923Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in 924.Pa .c . 925.It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print" 926Print out a list of all the files owned by user 927.Dq wnj 928that are newer 929than the file 930.Pa ttt . 931.It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print" 932Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than 933.Pa ttt 934and owned by 935.Dq wnj . 936.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print" 937Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by 938.Dq wnj 939or that are newer than 940.Pa ttt . 941.It Li "find / -newerct '1 minute ago' -print" 942Print out a list of all the files whose inode change time is more 943recent than the current time minus one minute. 944.It Li "find / -type f -exec echo {} \e;" 945Use the 946.Xr echo 1 947command to print out a list of all the files. 948.It Li "find -L /usr/ports/packages -type l -exec rm -- {} +" 949Delete all broken symbolic links in 950.Pa /usr/ports/packages . 951.It Li "find /usr/src -name CVS -prune -o -depth +6 -print" 952Find files and directories that are at least seven levels deep 953in the working directory 954.Pa /usr/src . 955.It Li "find /usr/src -name CVS -prune -o -mindepth 7 -print" 956Is not equivalent to the previous example, since 957.Ic -prune 958is not evaluated below level seven. 959.El 960.Sh COMPATIBILITY 961The 962.Ic -follow 963primary is deprecated; the 964.Fl L 965option should be used instead. 966See the 967.Sx STANDARDS 968section below for details. 969.Sh SEE ALSO 970.Xr chflags 1 , 971.Xr chmod 1 , 972.Xr cvs 1 , 973.Xr locate 1 , 974.Xr lsvfs 1 , 975.Xr whereis 1 , 976.Xr which 1 , 977.Xr xargs 1 , 978.Xr stat 2 , 979.Xr acl 3 , 980.Xr fts 3 , 981.Xr getgrent 3 , 982.Xr getpwent 3 , 983.Xr strmode 3 , 984.Xr re_format 7 , 985.Xr symlink 7 986.Sh STANDARDS 987The 988.Nm 989utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the 990.St -p1003.1-2001 991standard. 992.Pp 993All the single character options except 994.Fl H 995and 996.Fl L 997as well as 998.Ic -amin , -anewer , -cmin , -cnewer , -delete , -empty , -fstype , 999.Ic -iname , -inum , -iregex , -ls , -maxdepth , -mindepth , -mmin , 1000.Ic -path , -print0 , -regex 1001and all of the 1002.Ic -B* 1003birthtime related primaries are extensions to 1004.St -p1003.1-2001 . 1005.Pp 1006Historically, the 1007.Fl d , L 1008and 1009.Fl x 1010options were implemented using the primaries 1011.Ic -depth , -follow , 1012and 1013.Ic -xdev . 1014These primaries always evaluated to true. 1015As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal 1016began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results. 1017An example is the expression 1018.Ic -print Cm -o Ic -depth . 1019As 1020.Ic -print 1021always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation 1022implies that 1023.Ic -depth 1024would never be evaluated. 1025This is not the case. 1026.Pp 1027The operator 1028.Cm -or 1029was implemented as 1030.Cm -o , 1031and the operator 1032.Cm -and 1033was implemented as 1034.Cm -a . 1035.Pp 1036Historic implementations of the 1037.Ic -exec 1038and 1039.Ic -ok 1040primaries did not replace the string 1041.Dq Li {} 1042in the utility name or the 1043utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters. 1044This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments 1045it appears. 1046.Pp 1047The 1048.Fl E 1049option was inspired by the equivalent 1050.Xr grep 1 1051and 1052.Xr sed 1 1053options. 1054.Sh HISTORY 1055A 1056.Nm 1057command appeared in 1058.At v1 . 1059.Sh BUGS 1060The special characters used by 1061.Nm 1062are also special characters to many shell programs. 1063In particular, the characters 1064.Dq Li * , 1065.Dq Li \&[ , 1066.Dq Li \&] , 1067.Dq Li \&? , 1068.Dq Li \&( , 1069.Dq Li \&) , 1070.Dq Li \&! , 1071.Dq Li \e 1072and 1073.Dq Li \&; 1074may have to be escaped from the shell. 1075.Pp 1076As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file 1077names and the 1078.Ar expression , 1079it is difficult to specify files named 1080.Pa -xdev 1081or 1082.Pa \&! . 1083These problems are handled by the 1084.Fl f 1085option and the 1086.Xr getopt 3 1087.Dq Fl Fl 1088construct. 1089.Pp 1090The 1091.Ic -delete 1092primary does not interact well with other options that cause the file system 1093tree traversal options to be changed. 1094.Pp 1095The 1096.Ic -mindepth 1097and 1098.Ic -maxdepth 1099primaries are actually global options (as documented above). 1100They should 1101probably be replaced by options which look like options. 1102