1 /*- 2 * Copyright (c) 2003 David O'Brien. All rights reserved. 3 * Copyright (c) 2001 Jake Burkholder 4 * All rights reserved. 5 * 6 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 7 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 8 * are met: 9 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 10 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 11 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 12 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 13 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 14 * 15 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 16 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 17 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 18 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 19 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 20 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 21 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 22 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 23 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 24 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 25 * SUCH DAMAGE. 26 */ 27 28 #include <sys/cdefs.h> 29 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$"); 30 31 #include <sys/types.h> 32 #include <sys/elf32.h> 33 #include <sys/elf64.h> 34 #include <sys/endian.h> 35 #include <sys/mman.h> 36 #include <sys/stat.h> 37 #include <err.h> 38 #include <fcntl.h> 39 #include <inttypes.h> 40 #include <stddef.h> 41 #include <stdio.h> 42 #include <stdlib.h> 43 #include <string.h> 44 #include <unistd.h> 45 46 #define ED_DYN (1<<0) 47 #define ED_EHDR (1<<1) 48 #define ED_GOT (1<<2) 49 #define ED_HASH (1<<3) 50 #define ED_INTERP (1<<4) 51 #define ED_NOTE (1<<5) 52 #define ED_PHDR (1<<6) 53 #define ED_REL (1<<7) 54 #define ED_SHDR (1<<8) 55 #define ED_SYMTAB (1<<9) 56 #define ED_ALL ((1<<10)-1) 57 58 #define elf_get_addr elf_get_quad 59 #define elf_get_off elf_get_quad 60 #define elf_get_size elf_get_quad 61 62 enum elf_member { 63 D_TAG = 1, D_PTR, D_VAL, 64 65 E_CLASS, E_DATA, E_OSABI, E_TYPE, E_MACHINE, E_VERSION, E_ENTRY, 66 E_PHOFF, E_SHOFF, E_FLAGS, E_EHSIZE, E_PHENTSIZE, E_PHNUM, E_SHENTSIZE, 67 E_SHNUM, E_SHSTRNDX, 68 69 N_NAMESZ, N_DESCSZ, N_TYPE, 70 71 P_TYPE, P_OFFSET, P_VADDR, P_PADDR, P_FILESZ, P_MEMSZ, P_FLAGS, 72 P_ALIGN, 73 74 SH_NAME, SH_TYPE, SH_FLAGS, SH_ADDR, SH_OFFSET, SH_SIZE, SH_LINK, 75 SH_INFO, SH_ADDRALIGN, SH_ENTSIZE, 76 77 ST_NAME, ST_VALUE, ST_SIZE, ST_INFO, ST_SHNDX, 78 79 R_OFFSET, R_INFO, 80 81 RA_OFFSET, RA_INFO, RA_ADDEND 82 }; 83 84 typedef enum elf_member elf_member_t; 85 86 static int elf32_offsets[] = { 87 0, 88 89 offsetof(Elf32_Dyn, d_tag), offsetof(Elf32_Dyn, d_un.d_ptr), 90 offsetof(Elf32_Dyn, d_un.d_val), 91 92 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_ident[EI_CLASS]), 93 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_ident[EI_DATA]), 94 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_ident[EI_OSABI]), 95 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_type), offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_machine), 96 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_version), offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_entry), 97 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_phoff), offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_shoff), 98 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_flags), offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_ehsize), 99 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_phentsize), offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_phnum), 100 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_shentsize), offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_shnum), 101 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_shstrndx), 102 103 offsetof(Elf_Note, n_namesz), offsetof(Elf_Note, n_descsz), 104 offsetof(Elf_Note, n_type), 105 106 offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_type), offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_offset), 107 offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_vaddr), offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_paddr), 108 offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_filesz), offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_memsz), 109 offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_flags), offsetof(Elf32_Phdr, p_align), 110 111 offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_name), offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_type), 112 offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_flags), offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_addr), 113 offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_offset), offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_size), 114 offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_link), offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_info), 115 offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_addralign), offsetof(Elf32_Shdr, sh_entsize), 116 117 offsetof(Elf32_Sym, st_name), offsetof(Elf32_Sym, st_value), 118 offsetof(Elf32_Sym, st_size), offsetof(Elf32_Sym, st_info), 119 offsetof(Elf32_Sym, st_shndx), 120 121 offsetof(Elf32_Rel, r_offset), offsetof(Elf32_Rel, r_info), 122 123 offsetof(Elf32_Rela, r_offset), offsetof(Elf32_Rela, r_info), 124 offsetof(Elf32_Rela, r_addend) 125 }; 126 127 static int elf64_offsets[] = { 128 0, 129 130 offsetof(Elf64_Dyn, d_tag), offsetof(Elf64_Dyn, d_un.d_ptr), 131 offsetof(Elf64_Dyn, d_un.d_val), 132 133 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_ident[EI_CLASS]), 134 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_ident[EI_DATA]), 135 offsetof(Elf32_Ehdr, e_ident[EI_OSABI]), 136 offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_type), offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_machine), 137 offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_version), offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_entry), 138 offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_phoff), offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_shoff), 139 offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_flags), offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_ehsize), 140 offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_phentsize), offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_phnum), 141 offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_shentsize), offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_shnum), 142 offsetof(Elf64_Ehdr, e_shstrndx), 143 144 offsetof(Elf_Note, n_namesz), offsetof(Elf_Note, n_descsz), 145 offsetof(Elf_Note, n_type), 146 147 offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_type), offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_offset), 148 offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_vaddr), offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_paddr), 149 offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_filesz), offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_memsz), 150 offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_flags), offsetof(Elf64_Phdr, p_align), 151 152 offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_name), offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_type), 153 offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_flags), offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_addr), 154 offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_offset), offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_size), 155 offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_link), offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_info), 156 offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_addralign), offsetof(Elf64_Shdr, sh_entsize), 157 158 offsetof(Elf64_Sym, st_name), offsetof(Elf64_Sym, st_value), 159 offsetof(Elf64_Sym, st_size), offsetof(Elf64_Sym, st_info), 160 offsetof(Elf64_Sym, st_shndx), 161 162 offsetof(Elf64_Rel, r_offset), offsetof(Elf64_Rel, r_info), 163 164 offsetof(Elf64_Rela, r_offset), offsetof(Elf64_Rela, r_info), 165 offsetof(Elf64_Rela, r_addend) 166 }; 167 168 /* http://www.sco.com/developers/gabi/latest/ch5.dynamic.html#tag_encodings */ 169 static const char * 170 d_tags(u_int64_t tag) { 171 switch (tag) { 172 case 0: return "DT_NULL"; 173 case 1: return "DT_NEEDED"; 174 case 2: return "DT_PLTRELSZ"; 175 case 3: return "DT_PLTGOT"; 176 case 4: return "DT_HASH"; 177 case 5: return "DT_STRTAB"; 178 case 6: return "DT_SYMTAB"; 179 case 7: return "DT_RELA"; 180 case 8: return "DT_RELASZ"; 181 case 9: return "DT_RELAENT"; 182 case 10: return "DT_STRSZ"; 183 case 11: return "DT_SYMENT"; 184 case 12: return "DT_INIT"; 185 case 13: return "DT_FINI"; 186 case 14: return "DT_SONAME"; 187 case 15: return "DT_RPATH"; 188 case 16: return "DT_SYMBOLIC"; 189 case 17: return "DT_REL"; 190 case 18: return "DT_RELSZ"; 191 case 19: return "DT_RELENT"; 192 case 20: return "DT_PLTREL"; 193 case 21: return "DT_DEBUG"; 194 case 22: return "DT_TEXTREL"; 195 case 23: return "DT_JMPREL"; 196 case 24: return "DT_BIND_NOW"; 197 case 25: return "DT_INIT_ARRAY"; 198 case 26: return "DT_FINI_ARRAY"; 199 case 27: return "DT_INIT_ARRAYSZ"; 200 case 28: return "DT_FINI_ARRAYSZ"; 201 case 29: return "DT_RUNPATH"; 202 case 30: return "DT_FLAGS"; 203 case 32: return "DT_PREINIT_ARRAY"; /* XXX: DT_ENCODING */ 204 case 33: return "DT_PREINIT_ARRAYSZ"; 205 /* 0x6000000D - 0x6ffff000 operating system-specific semantics */ 206 case 0x6ffffdf5: return "DT_GNU_PRELINKED"; 207 case 0x6ffffdf6: return "DT_GNU_CONFLICTSZ"; 208 case 0x6ffffdf7: return "DT_GNU_LIBLISTSZ"; 209 case 0x6ffffdf8: return "DT_SUNW_CHECKSUM"; 210 case 0x6ffffdf9: return "DT_PLTPADSZ"; 211 case 0x6ffffdfa: return "DT_MOVEENT"; 212 case 0x6ffffdfb: return "DT_MOVESZ"; 213 case 0x6ffffdfc: return "DT_FEATURE"; 214 case 0x6ffffdfd: return "DT_POSFLAG_1"; 215 case 0x6ffffdfe: return "DT_SYMINSZ"; 216 case 0x6ffffdff: return "DT_SYMINENT (DT_VALRNGHI)"; 217 case 0x6ffffe00: return "DT_ADDRRNGLO"; 218 case 0x6ffffef8: return "DT_GNU_CONFLICT"; 219 case 0x6ffffef9: return "DT_GNU_LIBLIST"; 220 case 0x6ffffefa: return "DT_SUNW_CONFIG"; 221 case 0x6ffffefb: return "DT_SUNW_DEPAUDIT"; 222 case 0x6ffffefc: return "DT_SUNW_AUDIT"; 223 case 0x6ffffefd: return "DT_SUNW_PLTPAD"; 224 case 0x6ffffefe: return "DT_SUNW_MOVETAB"; 225 case 0x6ffffeff: return "DT_SYMINFO (DT_ADDRRNGHI)"; 226 case 0x6ffffff9: return "DT_RELACOUNT"; 227 case 0x6ffffffa: return "DT_RELCOUNT"; 228 case 0x6ffffffb: return "DT_FLAGS_1"; 229 case 0x6ffffffc: return "DT_VERDEF"; 230 case 0x6ffffffd: return "DT_VERDEFNUM"; 231 case 0x6ffffffe: return "DT_VERNEED"; 232 case 0x6fffffff: return "DT_VERNEEDNUM"; 233 case 0x6ffffff0: return "DT_GNU_VERSYM"; 234 /* 0x70000000 - 0x7fffffff processor-specific semantics */ 235 case 0x70000000: return "DT_IA_64_PLT_RESERVE"; 236 case 0x7ffffffd: return "DT_SUNW_AUXILIARY"; 237 case 0x7ffffffe: return "DT_SUNW_USED"; 238 case 0x7fffffff: return "DT_SUNW_FILTER"; 239 default: return "ERROR: TAG NOT DEFINED"; 240 } 241 } 242 243 static const char * 244 e_machines(u_int mach) 245 { 246 static char machdesc[64]; 247 248 switch (mach) { 249 case EM_NONE: return "EM_NONE"; 250 case EM_M32: return "EM_M32"; 251 case EM_SPARC: return "EM_SPARC"; 252 case EM_386: return "EM_386"; 253 case EM_68K: return "EM_68K"; 254 case EM_88K: return "EM_88K"; 255 case EM_860: return "EM_860"; 256 case EM_MIPS: return "EM_MIPS"; 257 case EM_PPC: return "EM_PPC"; 258 case EM_PPC64: return "EM_PPC64"; 259 case EM_ARM: return "EM_ARM"; 260 case EM_ALPHA: return "EM_ALPHA (legacy)"; 261 case EM_SPARCV9:return "EM_SPARCV9"; 262 case EM_IA_64: return "EM_IA_64"; 263 case EM_X86_64: return "EM_X86_64"; 264 } 265 snprintf(machdesc, sizeof(machdesc), 266 "(unknown machine) -- type 0x%x", mach); 267 return (machdesc); 268 } 269 270 static const char *e_types[] = { 271 "ET_NONE", "ET_REL", "ET_EXEC", "ET_DYN", "ET_CORE" 272 }; 273 274 static const char *ei_versions[] = { 275 "EV_NONE", "EV_CURRENT" 276 }; 277 278 static const char *ei_classes[] = { 279 "ELFCLASSNONE", "ELFCLASS32", "ELFCLASS64" 280 }; 281 282 static const char *ei_data[] = { 283 "ELFDATANONE", "ELFDATA2LSB", "ELFDATA2MSB" 284 }; 285 286 static const char *ei_abis[256] = { 287 "ELFOSABI_SYSV", "ELFOSABI_HPUX", "ELFOSABI_NETBSD", "ELFOSABI_LINUX", 288 "ELFOSABI_HURD", "ELFOSABI_86OPEN", "ELFOSABI_SOLARIS", "ELFOSABI_AIX", 289 "ELFOSABI_IRIX", "ELFOSABI_FREEBSD", "ELFOSABI_TRU64", 290 "ELFOSABI_MODESTO", "ELFOSABI_OPENBSD", 291 [255] = "ELFOSABI_STANDALONE" 292 }; 293 294 static const char *p_types[] = { 295 "PT_NULL", "PT_LOAD", "PT_DYNAMIC", "PT_INTERP", "PT_NOTE", 296 "PT_SHLIB", "PT_PHDR", "PT_TLS" 297 }; 298 299 static const char *p_flags[] = { 300 "", "PF_X", "PF_W", "PF_X|PF_W", "PF_R", "PF_X|PF_R", "PF_W|PF_R", 301 "PF_X|PF_W|PF_R" 302 }; 303 304 /* http://www.sco.com/developers/gabi/latest/ch4.sheader.html#sh_type */ 305 static const char * 306 sh_types(u_int64_t sht) { 307 switch (sht) { 308 case 0: return "SHT_NULL"; 309 case 1: return "SHT_PROGBITS"; 310 case 2: return "SHT_SYMTAB"; 311 case 3: return "SHT_STRTAB"; 312 case 4: return "SHT_RELA"; 313 case 5: return "SHT_HASH"; 314 case 6: return "SHT_DYNAMIC"; 315 case 7: return "SHT_NOTE"; 316 case 8: return "SHT_NOBITS"; 317 case 9: return "SHT_REL"; 318 case 10: return "SHT_SHLIB"; 319 case 11: return "SHT_DYNSYM"; 320 case 14: return "SHT_INIT_ARRAY"; 321 case 15: return "SHT_FINI_ARRAY"; 322 case 16: return "SHT_PREINIT_ARRAY"; 323 case 17: return "SHT_GROUP"; 324 case 18: return "SHT_SYMTAB_SHNDX"; 325 /* 0x60000000 - 0x6fffffff operating system-specific semantics */ 326 case 0x6ffffff0: return "XXX:VERSYM"; 327 case 0x6ffffff4: return "SHT_SUNW_dof"; 328 case 0x6ffffff7: return "SHT_GNU_LIBLIST"; 329 case 0x6ffffffc: return "XXX:VERDEF"; 330 case 0x6ffffffd: return "SHT_SUNW(GNU)_verdef"; 331 case 0x6ffffffe: return "SHT_SUNW(GNU)_verneed"; 332 case 0x6fffffff: return "SHT_SUNW(GNU)_versym"; 333 /* 0x70000000 - 0x7fffffff processor-specific semantics */ 334 case 0x70000000: return "SHT_IA_64_EXT"; 335 case 0x70000001: return "SHT_IA_64_UNWIND"; 336 case 0x7ffffffd: return "XXX:AUXILIARY"; 337 case 0x7fffffff: return "XXX:FILTER"; 338 /* 0x80000000 - 0xffffffff application programs */ 339 default: return "ERROR: SHT NOT DEFINED"; 340 } 341 } 342 343 static const char *sh_flags[] = { 344 "", "SHF_WRITE", "SHF_ALLOC", "SHF_WRITE|SHF_ALLOC", "SHF_EXECINSTR", 345 "SHF_WRITE|SHF_EXECINSTR", "SHF_ALLOC|SHF_EXECINSTR", 346 "SHF_WRITE|SHF_ALLOC|SHF_EXECINSTR" 347 }; 348 349 static const char *st_types[] = { 350 "STT_NOTYPE", "STT_OBJECT", "STT_FUNC", "STT_SECTION", "STT_FILE" 351 }; 352 353 static const char *st_bindings[] = { 354 "STB_LOCAL", "STB_GLOBAL", "STB_WEAK" 355 }; 356 357 static char *dynstr; 358 static char *shstrtab; 359 static char *strtab; 360 static FILE *out; 361 362 static u_int64_t elf_get_byte(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member); 363 static u_int64_t elf_get_quarter(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, 364 elf_member_t member); 365 #if 0 366 static u_int64_t elf_get_half(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member); 367 #endif 368 static u_int64_t elf_get_word(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member); 369 static u_int64_t elf_get_quad(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member); 370 371 static void elf_print_ehdr(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh); 372 static void elf_print_phdr(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *p); 373 static void elf_print_shdr(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh); 374 static void elf_print_symtab(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh, char *str); 375 static void elf_print_dynamic(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh); 376 static void elf_print_rel(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *r); 377 static void elf_print_rela(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *ra); 378 static void elf_print_interp(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *p); 379 static void elf_print_got(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh); 380 static void elf_print_hash(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh); 381 static void elf_print_note(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh); 382 383 static void usage(void); 384 385 /* 386 * Helpers for ELF files with shnum or shstrndx values that don't fit in the 387 * ELF header. If the values are too large then an escape value is used to 388 * indicate that the actual value is found in one of section 0's fields. 389 */ 390 static uint64_t 391 elf_get_shnum(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 392 { 393 uint64_t shnum; 394 395 shnum = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_SHNUM); 396 if (shnum == 0) 397 shnum = elf_get_word(e, (char *)sh, SH_SIZE); 398 return shnum; 399 } 400 401 static uint64_t 402 elf_get_shstrndx(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 403 { 404 uint64_t shstrndx; 405 406 shstrndx = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_SHSTRNDX); 407 if (shstrndx == SHN_XINDEX) 408 shstrndx = elf_get_word(e, (char *)sh, SH_LINK); 409 return shstrndx; 410 } 411 412 int 413 main(int ac, char **av) 414 { 415 u_int64_t phoff; 416 u_int64_t shoff; 417 u_int64_t phentsize; 418 u_int64_t phnum; 419 u_int64_t shentsize; 420 u_int64_t shnum; 421 u_int64_t shstrndx; 422 u_int64_t offset; 423 u_int64_t name; 424 u_int64_t type; 425 struct stat sb; 426 u_int flags; 427 Elf32_Ehdr *e; 428 void *p; 429 void *sh; 430 void *v; 431 int fd; 432 int ch; 433 int i; 434 435 out = stdout; 436 flags = 0; 437 while ((ch = getopt(ac, av, "acdeiGhnprsw:")) != -1) 438 switch (ch) { 439 case 'a': 440 flags = ED_ALL; 441 break; 442 case 'c': 443 flags |= ED_SHDR; 444 break; 445 case 'd': 446 flags |= ED_DYN; 447 break; 448 case 'e': 449 flags |= ED_EHDR; 450 break; 451 case 'i': 452 flags |= ED_INTERP; 453 break; 454 case 'G': 455 flags |= ED_GOT; 456 break; 457 case 'h': 458 flags |= ED_HASH; 459 break; 460 case 'n': 461 flags |= ED_NOTE; 462 break; 463 case 'p': 464 flags |= ED_PHDR; 465 break; 466 case 'r': 467 flags |= ED_REL; 468 break; 469 case 's': 470 flags |= ED_SYMTAB; 471 break; 472 case 'w': 473 if ((out = fopen(optarg, "w")) == NULL) 474 err(1, "%s", optarg); 475 break; 476 case '?': 477 default: 478 usage(); 479 } 480 ac -= optind; 481 av += optind; 482 if (ac == 0 || flags == 0) 483 usage(); 484 if ((fd = open(*av, O_RDONLY)) < 0 || 485 fstat(fd, &sb) < 0) 486 err(1, "%s", *av); 487 e = mmap(NULL, sb.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); 488 if (e == MAP_FAILED) 489 err(1, NULL); 490 if (!IS_ELF(*(Elf32_Ehdr *)e)) 491 errx(1, "not an elf file"); 492 phoff = elf_get_off(e, e, E_PHOFF); 493 shoff = elf_get_off(e, e, E_SHOFF); 494 phentsize = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_PHENTSIZE); 495 phnum = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_PHNUM); 496 shentsize = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_SHENTSIZE); 497 p = (char *)e + phoff; 498 sh = (char *)e + shoff; 499 shnum = elf_get_shnum(e, sh); 500 shstrndx = elf_get_shstrndx(e, sh); 501 offset = elf_get_off(e, (char *)sh + shstrndx * shentsize, SH_OFFSET); 502 shstrtab = (char *)e + offset; 503 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < shnum; i++) { 504 name = elf_get_word(e, (char *)sh + i * shentsize, SH_NAME); 505 offset = elf_get_off(e, (char *)sh + i * shentsize, SH_OFFSET); 506 if (strcmp(shstrtab + name, ".strtab") == 0) 507 strtab = (char *)e + offset; 508 if (strcmp(shstrtab + name, ".dynstr") == 0) 509 dynstr = (char *)e + offset; 510 } 511 if (flags & ED_EHDR) 512 elf_print_ehdr(e, sh); 513 if (flags & ED_PHDR) 514 elf_print_phdr(e, p); 515 if (flags & ED_SHDR) 516 elf_print_shdr(e, sh); 517 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < phnum; i++) { 518 v = (char *)p + i * phentsize; 519 type = elf_get_word(e, v, P_TYPE); 520 switch (type) { 521 case PT_INTERP: 522 if (flags & ED_INTERP) 523 elf_print_interp(e, v); 524 break; 525 case PT_NULL: 526 case PT_LOAD: 527 case PT_DYNAMIC: 528 case PT_NOTE: 529 case PT_SHLIB: 530 case PT_PHDR: 531 break; 532 } 533 } 534 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < shnum; i++) { 535 v = (char *)sh + i * shentsize; 536 type = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_TYPE); 537 switch (type) { 538 case SHT_SYMTAB: 539 if (flags & ED_SYMTAB) 540 elf_print_symtab(e, v, strtab); 541 break; 542 case SHT_DYNAMIC: 543 if (flags & ED_DYN) 544 elf_print_dynamic(e, v); 545 break; 546 case SHT_RELA: 547 if (flags & ED_REL) 548 elf_print_rela(e, v); 549 break; 550 case SHT_REL: 551 if (flags & ED_REL) 552 elf_print_rel(e, v); 553 break; 554 case SHT_NOTE: 555 name = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_NAME); 556 if (flags & ED_NOTE && 557 strcmp(shstrtab + name, ".note.ABI-tag") == 0) 558 elf_print_note(e, v); 559 break; 560 case SHT_DYNSYM: 561 if (flags & ED_SYMTAB) 562 elf_print_symtab(e, v, dynstr); 563 break; 564 case SHT_PROGBITS: 565 name = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_NAME); 566 if (flags & ED_GOT && 567 strcmp(shstrtab + name, ".got") == 0) 568 elf_print_got(e, v); 569 break; 570 case SHT_HASH: 571 if (flags & ED_HASH) 572 elf_print_hash(e, v); 573 break; 574 case SHT_NULL: 575 case SHT_STRTAB: 576 case SHT_NOBITS: 577 case SHT_SHLIB: 578 break; 579 } 580 } 581 582 return 0; 583 } 584 585 static void 586 elf_print_ehdr(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 587 { 588 u_int64_t class; 589 u_int64_t data; 590 u_int64_t osabi; 591 u_int64_t type; 592 u_int64_t machine; 593 u_int64_t version; 594 u_int64_t entry; 595 u_int64_t phoff; 596 u_int64_t shoff; 597 u_int64_t flags; 598 u_int64_t ehsize; 599 u_int64_t phentsize; 600 u_int64_t phnum; 601 u_int64_t shentsize; 602 u_int64_t shnum; 603 u_int64_t shstrndx; 604 605 class = elf_get_byte(e, e, E_CLASS); 606 data = elf_get_byte(e, e, E_DATA); 607 osabi = elf_get_byte(e, e, E_OSABI); 608 type = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_TYPE); 609 machine = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_MACHINE); 610 version = elf_get_word(e, e, E_VERSION); 611 entry = elf_get_addr(e, e, E_ENTRY); 612 phoff = elf_get_off(e, e, E_PHOFF); 613 shoff = elf_get_off(e, e, E_SHOFF); 614 flags = elf_get_word(e, e, E_FLAGS); 615 ehsize = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_EHSIZE); 616 phentsize = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_PHENTSIZE); 617 phnum = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_PHNUM); 618 shentsize = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_SHENTSIZE); 619 shnum = elf_get_shnum(e, sh); 620 shstrndx = elf_get_shstrndx(e, sh); 621 fprintf(out, "\nelf header:\n"); 622 fprintf(out, "\n"); 623 fprintf(out, "\te_ident: %s %s %s\n", ei_classes[class], ei_data[data], 624 ei_abis[osabi]); 625 fprintf(out, "\te_type: %s\n", e_types[type]); 626 fprintf(out, "\te_machine: %s\n", e_machines(machine)); 627 fprintf(out, "\te_version: %s\n", ei_versions[version]); 628 fprintf(out, "\te_entry: %#jx\n", (intmax_t)entry); 629 fprintf(out, "\te_phoff: %jd\n", (intmax_t)phoff); 630 fprintf(out, "\te_shoff: %jd\n", (intmax_t)shoff); 631 fprintf(out, "\te_flags: %jd\n", (intmax_t)flags); 632 fprintf(out, "\te_ehsize: %jd\n", (intmax_t)ehsize); 633 fprintf(out, "\te_phentsize: %jd\n", (intmax_t)phentsize); 634 fprintf(out, "\te_phnum: %jd\n", (intmax_t)phnum); 635 fprintf(out, "\te_shentsize: %jd\n", (intmax_t)shentsize); 636 fprintf(out, "\te_shnum: %jd\n", (intmax_t)shnum); 637 fprintf(out, "\te_shstrndx: %jd\n", (intmax_t)shstrndx); 638 } 639 640 static void 641 elf_print_phdr(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *p) 642 { 643 u_int64_t phentsize; 644 u_int64_t phnum; 645 u_int64_t type; 646 u_int64_t offset; 647 u_int64_t vaddr; 648 u_int64_t paddr; 649 u_int64_t filesz; 650 u_int64_t memsz; 651 u_int64_t flags; 652 u_int64_t align; 653 void *v; 654 int i; 655 656 phentsize = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_PHENTSIZE); 657 phnum = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_PHNUM); 658 fprintf(out, "\nprogram header:\n"); 659 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < phnum; i++) { 660 v = (char *)p + i * phentsize; 661 type = elf_get_word(e, v, P_TYPE); 662 offset = elf_get_off(e, v, P_OFFSET); 663 vaddr = elf_get_addr(e, v, P_VADDR); 664 paddr = elf_get_addr(e, v, P_PADDR); 665 filesz = elf_get_size(e, v, P_FILESZ); 666 memsz = elf_get_size(e, v, P_MEMSZ); 667 flags = elf_get_word(e, v, P_FLAGS); 668 align = elf_get_size(e, v, P_ALIGN); 669 fprintf(out, "\n"); 670 fprintf(out, "entry: %d\n", i); 671 fprintf(out, "\tp_type: %s\n", p_types[type & 0x7]); 672 fprintf(out, "\tp_offset: %jd\n", (intmax_t)offset); 673 fprintf(out, "\tp_vaddr: %#jx\n", (intmax_t)vaddr); 674 fprintf(out, "\tp_paddr: %#jx\n", (intmax_t)paddr); 675 fprintf(out, "\tp_filesz: %jd\n", (intmax_t)filesz); 676 fprintf(out, "\tp_memsz: %jd\n", (intmax_t)memsz); 677 fprintf(out, "\tp_flags: %s\n", p_flags[flags]); 678 fprintf(out, "\tp_align: %jd\n", (intmax_t)align); 679 } 680 } 681 682 static void 683 elf_print_shdr(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 684 { 685 u_int64_t shentsize; 686 u_int64_t shnum; 687 u_int64_t name; 688 u_int64_t type; 689 u_int64_t flags; 690 u_int64_t addr; 691 u_int64_t offset; 692 u_int64_t size; 693 u_int64_t shlink; 694 u_int64_t info; 695 u_int64_t addralign; 696 u_int64_t entsize; 697 void *v; 698 int i; 699 700 shentsize = elf_get_quarter(e, e, E_SHENTSIZE); 701 shnum = elf_get_shnum(e, sh); 702 fprintf(out, "\nsection header:\n"); 703 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < shnum; i++) { 704 v = (char *)sh + i * shentsize; 705 name = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_NAME); 706 type = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_TYPE); 707 flags = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_FLAGS); 708 addr = elf_get_addr(e, v, SH_ADDR); 709 offset = elf_get_off(e, v, SH_OFFSET); 710 size = elf_get_size(e, v, SH_SIZE); 711 shlink = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_LINK); 712 info = elf_get_word(e, v, SH_INFO); 713 addralign = elf_get_size(e, v, SH_ADDRALIGN); 714 entsize = elf_get_size(e, v, SH_ENTSIZE); 715 fprintf(out, "\n"); 716 fprintf(out, "entry: %d\n", i); 717 fprintf(out, "\tsh_name: %s\n", shstrtab + name); 718 fprintf(out, "\tsh_type: %s\n", sh_types(type)); 719 fprintf(out, "\tsh_flags: %s\n", sh_flags[flags & 0x7]); 720 fprintf(out, "\tsh_addr: %#jx\n", addr); 721 fprintf(out, "\tsh_offset: %jd\n", (intmax_t)offset); 722 fprintf(out, "\tsh_size: %jd\n", (intmax_t)size); 723 fprintf(out, "\tsh_link: %jd\n", (intmax_t)shlink); 724 fprintf(out, "\tsh_info: %jd\n", (intmax_t)info); 725 fprintf(out, "\tsh_addralign: %jd\n", (intmax_t)addralign); 726 fprintf(out, "\tsh_entsize: %jd\n", (intmax_t)entsize); 727 } 728 } 729 730 static void 731 elf_print_symtab(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh, char *str) 732 { 733 u_int64_t offset; 734 u_int64_t entsize; 735 u_int64_t size; 736 u_int64_t name; 737 u_int64_t value; 738 u_int64_t info; 739 u_int64_t shndx; 740 void *st; 741 int len; 742 int i; 743 744 offset = elf_get_off(e, sh, SH_OFFSET); 745 entsize = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_ENTSIZE); 746 size = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_SIZE); 747 name = elf_get_word(e, sh, SH_NAME); 748 len = size / entsize; 749 fprintf(out, "\nsymbol table (%s):\n", shstrtab + name); 750 for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { 751 st = (char *)e + offset + i * entsize; 752 name = elf_get_word(e, st, ST_NAME); 753 value = elf_get_addr(e, st, ST_VALUE); 754 size = elf_get_size(e, st, ST_SIZE); 755 info = elf_get_byte(e, st, ST_INFO); 756 shndx = elf_get_quarter(e, st, ST_SHNDX); 757 fprintf(out, "\n"); 758 fprintf(out, "entry: %d\n", i); 759 fprintf(out, "\tst_name: %s\n", str + name); 760 fprintf(out, "\tst_value: %#jx\n", value); 761 fprintf(out, "\tst_size: %jd\n", (intmax_t)size); 762 fprintf(out, "\tst_info: %s %s\n", 763 st_types[ELF32_ST_TYPE(info)], 764 st_bindings[ELF32_ST_BIND(info)]); 765 fprintf(out, "\tst_shndx: %jd\n", (intmax_t)shndx); 766 } 767 } 768 769 static void 770 elf_print_dynamic(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 771 { 772 u_int64_t offset; 773 u_int64_t entsize; 774 u_int64_t size; 775 int64_t tag; 776 u_int64_t ptr; 777 u_int64_t val; 778 void *d; 779 int i; 780 781 offset = elf_get_off(e, sh, SH_OFFSET); 782 entsize = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_ENTSIZE); 783 size = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_SIZE); 784 fprintf(out, "\ndynamic:\n"); 785 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < size / entsize; i++) { 786 d = (char *)e + offset + i * entsize; 787 tag = elf_get_size(e, d, D_TAG); 788 ptr = elf_get_size(e, d, D_PTR); 789 val = elf_get_addr(e, d, D_VAL); 790 fprintf(out, "\n"); 791 fprintf(out, "entry: %d\n", i); 792 fprintf(out, "\td_tag: %s\n", d_tags(tag)); 793 switch (tag) { 794 case DT_NEEDED: 795 case DT_SONAME: 796 case DT_RPATH: 797 fprintf(out, "\td_val: %s\n", dynstr + val); 798 break; 799 case DT_PLTRELSZ: 800 case DT_RELA: 801 case DT_RELASZ: 802 case DT_RELAENT: 803 case DT_STRSZ: 804 case DT_SYMENT: 805 case DT_RELSZ: 806 case DT_RELENT: 807 case DT_PLTREL: 808 fprintf(out, "\td_val: %jd\n", (intmax_t)val); 809 break; 810 case DT_PLTGOT: 811 case DT_HASH: 812 case DT_STRTAB: 813 case DT_SYMTAB: 814 case DT_INIT: 815 case DT_FINI: 816 case DT_REL: 817 case DT_JMPREL: 818 fprintf(out, "\td_ptr: %#jx\n", ptr); 819 break; 820 case DT_NULL: 821 case DT_SYMBOLIC: 822 case DT_DEBUG: 823 case DT_TEXTREL: 824 break; 825 } 826 } 827 } 828 829 static void 830 elf_print_rela(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 831 { 832 u_int64_t offset; 833 u_int64_t entsize; 834 u_int64_t size; 835 u_int64_t name; 836 u_int64_t info; 837 int64_t addend; 838 void *ra; 839 void *v; 840 int i; 841 842 offset = elf_get_off(e, sh, SH_OFFSET); 843 entsize = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_ENTSIZE); 844 size = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_SIZE); 845 name = elf_get_word(e, sh, SH_NAME); 846 v = (char *)e + offset; 847 fprintf(out, "\nrelocation with addend (%s):\n", shstrtab + name); 848 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < size / entsize; i++) { 849 ra = (char *)v + i * entsize; 850 offset = elf_get_addr(e, ra, RA_OFFSET); 851 info = elf_get_word(e, ra, RA_INFO); 852 addend = elf_get_off(e, ra, RA_ADDEND); 853 fprintf(out, "\n"); 854 fprintf(out, "entry: %d\n", i); 855 fprintf(out, "\tr_offset: %#jx\n", offset); 856 fprintf(out, "\tr_info: %jd\n", (intmax_t)info); 857 fprintf(out, "\tr_addend: %jd\n", (intmax_t)addend); 858 } 859 } 860 861 static void 862 elf_print_rel(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 863 { 864 u_int64_t offset; 865 u_int64_t entsize; 866 u_int64_t size; 867 u_int64_t name; 868 u_int64_t info; 869 void *r; 870 void *v; 871 int i; 872 873 offset = elf_get_off(e, sh, SH_OFFSET); 874 entsize = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_ENTSIZE); 875 size = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_SIZE); 876 name = elf_get_word(e, sh, SH_NAME); 877 v = (char *)e + offset; 878 fprintf(out, "\nrelocation (%s):\n", shstrtab + name); 879 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < size / entsize; i++) { 880 r = (char *)v + i * entsize; 881 offset = elf_get_addr(e, r, R_OFFSET); 882 info = elf_get_word(e, r, R_INFO); 883 fprintf(out, "\n"); 884 fprintf(out, "entry: %d\n", i); 885 fprintf(out, "\tr_offset: %#jx\n", offset); 886 fprintf(out, "\tr_info: %jd\n", (intmax_t)info); 887 } 888 } 889 890 static void 891 elf_print_interp(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *p) 892 { 893 u_int64_t offset; 894 char *s; 895 896 offset = elf_get_off(e, p, P_OFFSET); 897 s = (char *)e + offset; 898 fprintf(out, "\ninterp:\n"); 899 fprintf(out, "\t%s\n", s); 900 } 901 902 static void 903 elf_print_got(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 904 { 905 u_int64_t offset; 906 u_int64_t addralign; 907 u_int64_t size; 908 u_int64_t addr; 909 void *v; 910 int i; 911 912 offset = elf_get_off(e, sh, SH_OFFSET); 913 addralign = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_ADDRALIGN); 914 size = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_SIZE); 915 v = (char *)e + offset; 916 fprintf(out, "\nglobal offset table:\n"); 917 for (i = 0; (u_int64_t)i < size / addralign; i++) { 918 addr = elf_get_addr(e, (char *)v + i * addralign, 0); 919 fprintf(out, "\n"); 920 fprintf(out, "entry: %d\n", i); 921 fprintf(out, "\t%#jx\n", addr); 922 } 923 } 924 925 static void 926 elf_print_hash(Elf32_Ehdr *e __unused, void *sh __unused) 927 { 928 } 929 930 static void 931 elf_print_note(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *sh) 932 { 933 u_int64_t offset; 934 u_int64_t size; 935 u_int64_t name; 936 u_int32_t namesz; 937 u_int32_t descsz; 938 u_int32_t desc; 939 char *n, *s; 940 941 offset = elf_get_off(e, sh, SH_OFFSET); 942 size = elf_get_size(e, sh, SH_SIZE); 943 name = elf_get_word(e, sh, SH_NAME); 944 n = (char *)e + offset; 945 fprintf(out, "\nnote (%s):\n", shstrtab + name); 946 while (n < ((char *)e + offset + size)) { 947 namesz = elf_get_word(e, n, N_NAMESZ); 948 descsz = elf_get_word(e, n, N_DESCSZ); 949 s = n + sizeof(Elf_Note); 950 desc = elf_get_word(e, n + sizeof(Elf_Note) + namesz, 0); 951 fprintf(out, "\t%s %d\n", s, desc); 952 n += sizeof(Elf_Note) + namesz + descsz; 953 } 954 } 955 956 static u_int64_t 957 elf_get_byte(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member) 958 { 959 u_int64_t val; 960 961 val = 0; 962 switch (e->e_ident[EI_CLASS]) { 963 case ELFCLASS32: 964 val = ((uint8_t *)base)[elf32_offsets[member]]; 965 break; 966 case ELFCLASS64: 967 val = ((uint8_t *)base)[elf64_offsets[member]]; 968 break; 969 case ELFCLASSNONE: 970 errx(1, "invalid class"); 971 } 972 973 return val; 974 } 975 976 static u_int64_t 977 elf_get_quarter(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member) 978 { 979 u_int64_t val; 980 981 val = 0; 982 switch (e->e_ident[EI_CLASS]) { 983 case ELFCLASS32: 984 base = (char *)base + elf32_offsets[member]; 985 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 986 case ELFDATA2MSB: 987 val = be16dec(base); 988 break; 989 case ELFDATA2LSB: 990 val = le16dec(base); 991 break; 992 case ELFDATANONE: 993 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 994 } 995 break; 996 case ELFCLASS64: 997 base = (char *)base + elf64_offsets[member]; 998 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 999 case ELFDATA2MSB: 1000 val = be16dec(base); 1001 break; 1002 case ELFDATA2LSB: 1003 val = le16dec(base); 1004 break; 1005 case ELFDATANONE: 1006 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 1007 } 1008 break; 1009 case ELFCLASSNONE: 1010 errx(1, "invalid class"); 1011 } 1012 1013 return val; 1014 } 1015 1016 #if 0 1017 static u_int64_t 1018 elf_get_half(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member) 1019 { 1020 u_int64_t val; 1021 1022 val = 0; 1023 switch (e->e_ident[EI_CLASS]) { 1024 case ELFCLASS32: 1025 base = (char *)base + elf32_offsets[member]; 1026 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 1027 case ELFDATA2MSB: 1028 val = be16dec(base); 1029 break; 1030 case ELFDATA2LSB: 1031 val = le16dec(base); 1032 break; 1033 case ELFDATANONE: 1034 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 1035 } 1036 break; 1037 case ELFCLASS64: 1038 base = (char *)base + elf64_offsets[member]; 1039 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 1040 case ELFDATA2MSB: 1041 val = be32dec(base); 1042 break; 1043 case ELFDATA2LSB: 1044 val = le32dec(base); 1045 break; 1046 case ELFDATANONE: 1047 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 1048 } 1049 break; 1050 case ELFCLASSNONE: 1051 errx(1, "invalid class"); 1052 } 1053 1054 return val; 1055 } 1056 #endif 1057 1058 static u_int64_t 1059 elf_get_word(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member) 1060 { 1061 u_int64_t val; 1062 1063 val = 0; 1064 switch (e->e_ident[EI_CLASS]) { 1065 case ELFCLASS32: 1066 base = (char *)base + elf32_offsets[member]; 1067 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 1068 case ELFDATA2MSB: 1069 val = be32dec(base); 1070 break; 1071 case ELFDATA2LSB: 1072 val = le32dec(base); 1073 break; 1074 case ELFDATANONE: 1075 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 1076 } 1077 break; 1078 case ELFCLASS64: 1079 base = (char *)base + elf64_offsets[member]; 1080 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 1081 case ELFDATA2MSB: 1082 val = be32dec(base); 1083 break; 1084 case ELFDATA2LSB: 1085 val = le32dec(base); 1086 break; 1087 case ELFDATANONE: 1088 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 1089 } 1090 break; 1091 case ELFCLASSNONE: 1092 errx(1, "invalid class"); 1093 } 1094 1095 return val; 1096 } 1097 1098 static u_int64_t 1099 elf_get_quad(Elf32_Ehdr *e, void *base, elf_member_t member) 1100 { 1101 u_int64_t val; 1102 1103 val = 0; 1104 switch (e->e_ident[EI_CLASS]) { 1105 case ELFCLASS32: 1106 base = (char *)base + elf32_offsets[member]; 1107 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 1108 case ELFDATA2MSB: 1109 val = be32dec(base); 1110 break; 1111 case ELFDATA2LSB: 1112 val = le32dec(base); 1113 break; 1114 case ELFDATANONE: 1115 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 1116 } 1117 break; 1118 case ELFCLASS64: 1119 base = (char *)base + elf64_offsets[member]; 1120 switch (e->e_ident[EI_DATA]) { 1121 case ELFDATA2MSB: 1122 val = be64dec(base); 1123 break; 1124 case ELFDATA2LSB: 1125 val = le64dec(base); 1126 break; 1127 case ELFDATANONE: 1128 errx(1, "invalid data format"); 1129 } 1130 break; 1131 case ELFCLASSNONE: 1132 errx(1, "invalid class"); 1133 } 1134 1135 return val; 1136 } 1137 1138 static void 1139 usage(void) 1140 { 1141 fprintf(stderr, "usage: elfdump -a | -cdeGhinprs [-w file] file\n"); 1142 exit(1); 1143 } 1144