xref: /freebsd/sys/vm/vm_object.c (revision d5e3895ea4fe4ef9db8823774e07b4368180a23e)
1 /*-
2  * SPDX-License-Identifier: (BSD-3-Clause AND MIT-CMU)
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
5  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * The Mach Operating System project at Carnegie-Mellon University.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20  *    without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
33  *
34  *	from: @(#)vm_object.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 3/22/94
35  *
36  *
37  * Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Carnegie-Mellon University.
38  * All rights reserved.
39  *
40  * Authors: Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young
41  *
42  * Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and
43  * its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
44  * notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
45  * software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
46  * thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
47  *
48  * CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
49  * CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND
50  * FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
51  *
52  * Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
53  *
54  *  Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
55  *  School of Computer Science
56  *  Carnegie Mellon University
57  *  Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
58  *
59  * any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the
60  * rights to redistribute these changes.
61  */
62 
63 /*
64  *	Virtual memory object module.
65  */
66 
67 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
68 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
69 
70 #include "opt_vm.h"
71 
72 #include <sys/param.h>
73 #include <sys/systm.h>
74 #include <sys/blockcount.h>
75 #include <sys/cpuset.h>
76 #include <sys/lock.h>
77 #include <sys/mman.h>
78 #include <sys/mount.h>
79 #include <sys/kernel.h>
80 #include <sys/pctrie.h>
81 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
82 #include <sys/mutex.h>
83 #include <sys/proc.h>		/* for curproc, pageproc */
84 #include <sys/refcount.h>
85 #include <sys/socket.h>
86 #include <sys/resourcevar.h>
87 #include <sys/refcount.h>
88 #include <sys/rwlock.h>
89 #include <sys/user.h>
90 #include <sys/vnode.h>
91 #include <sys/vmmeter.h>
92 #include <sys/sx.h>
93 
94 #include <vm/vm.h>
95 #include <vm/vm_param.h>
96 #include <vm/pmap.h>
97 #include <vm/vm_map.h>
98 #include <vm/vm_object.h>
99 #include <vm/vm_page.h>
100 #include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
101 #include <vm/vm_pager.h>
102 #include <vm/vm_phys.h>
103 #include <vm/vm_pagequeue.h>
104 #include <vm/swap_pager.h>
105 #include <vm/vm_kern.h>
106 #include <vm/vm_extern.h>
107 #include <vm/vm_radix.h>
108 #include <vm/vm_reserv.h>
109 #include <vm/uma.h>
110 
111 static int old_msync;
112 SYSCTL_INT(_vm, OID_AUTO, old_msync, CTLFLAG_RW, &old_msync, 0,
113     "Use old (insecure) msync behavior");
114 
115 static int	vm_object_page_collect_flush(vm_object_t object, vm_page_t p,
116 		    int pagerflags, int flags, boolean_t *allclean,
117 		    boolean_t *eio);
118 static boolean_t vm_object_page_remove_write(vm_page_t p, int flags,
119 		    boolean_t *allclean);
120 static void	vm_object_backing_remove(vm_object_t object);
121 
122 /*
123  *	Virtual memory objects maintain the actual data
124  *	associated with allocated virtual memory.  A given
125  *	page of memory exists within exactly one object.
126  *
127  *	An object is only deallocated when all "references"
128  *	are given up.  Only one "reference" to a given
129  *	region of an object should be writeable.
130  *
131  *	Associated with each object is a list of all resident
132  *	memory pages belonging to that object; this list is
133  *	maintained by the "vm_page" module, and locked by the object's
134  *	lock.
135  *
136  *	Each object also records a "pager" routine which is
137  *	used to retrieve (and store) pages to the proper backing
138  *	storage.  In addition, objects may be backed by other
139  *	objects from which they were virtual-copied.
140  *
141  *	The only items within the object structure which are
142  *	modified after time of creation are:
143  *		reference count		locked by object's lock
144  *		pager routine		locked by object's lock
145  *
146  */
147 
148 struct object_q vm_object_list;
149 struct mtx vm_object_list_mtx;	/* lock for object list and count */
150 
151 struct vm_object kernel_object_store;
152 
153 static SYSCTL_NODE(_vm_stats, OID_AUTO, object, CTLFLAG_RD | CTLFLAG_MPSAFE, 0,
154     "VM object stats");
155 
156 static COUNTER_U64_DEFINE_EARLY(object_collapses);
157 SYSCTL_COUNTER_U64(_vm_stats_object, OID_AUTO, collapses, CTLFLAG_RD,
158     &object_collapses,
159     "VM object collapses");
160 
161 static COUNTER_U64_DEFINE_EARLY(object_bypasses);
162 SYSCTL_COUNTER_U64(_vm_stats_object, OID_AUTO, bypasses, CTLFLAG_RD,
163     &object_bypasses,
164     "VM object bypasses");
165 
166 static COUNTER_U64_DEFINE_EARLY(object_collapse_waits);
167 SYSCTL_COUNTER_U64(_vm_stats_object, OID_AUTO, collapse_waits, CTLFLAG_RD,
168     &object_collapse_waits,
169     "Number of sleeps for collapse");
170 
171 static uma_zone_t obj_zone;
172 
173 static int vm_object_zinit(void *mem, int size, int flags);
174 
175 #ifdef INVARIANTS
176 static void vm_object_zdtor(void *mem, int size, void *arg);
177 
178 static void
179 vm_object_zdtor(void *mem, int size, void *arg)
180 {
181 	vm_object_t object;
182 
183 	object = (vm_object_t)mem;
184 	KASSERT(object->ref_count == 0,
185 	    ("object %p ref_count = %d", object, object->ref_count));
186 	KASSERT(TAILQ_EMPTY(&object->memq),
187 	    ("object %p has resident pages in its memq", object));
188 	KASSERT(vm_radix_is_empty(&object->rtree),
189 	    ("object %p has resident pages in its trie", object));
190 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
191 	KASSERT(LIST_EMPTY(&object->rvq),
192 	    ("object %p has reservations",
193 	    object));
194 #endif
195 	KASSERT(!vm_object_busied(object),
196 	    ("object %p busy = %d", object, blockcount_read(&object->busy)));
197 	KASSERT(object->resident_page_count == 0,
198 	    ("object %p resident_page_count = %d",
199 	    object, object->resident_page_count));
200 	KASSERT(object->shadow_count == 0,
201 	    ("object %p shadow_count = %d",
202 	    object, object->shadow_count));
203 	KASSERT(object->type == OBJT_DEAD,
204 	    ("object %p has non-dead type %d",
205 	    object, object->type));
206 }
207 #endif
208 
209 static int
210 vm_object_zinit(void *mem, int size, int flags)
211 {
212 	vm_object_t object;
213 
214 	object = (vm_object_t)mem;
215 	rw_init_flags(&object->lock, "vm object", RW_DUPOK | RW_NEW);
216 
217 	/* These are true for any object that has been freed */
218 	object->type = OBJT_DEAD;
219 	vm_radix_init(&object->rtree);
220 	refcount_init(&object->ref_count, 0);
221 	blockcount_init(&object->paging_in_progress);
222 	blockcount_init(&object->busy);
223 	object->resident_page_count = 0;
224 	object->shadow_count = 0;
225 	object->flags = OBJ_DEAD;
226 
227 	mtx_lock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
228 	TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&vm_object_list, object, object_list);
229 	mtx_unlock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
230 	return (0);
231 }
232 
233 static void
234 _vm_object_allocate(objtype_t type, vm_pindex_t size, u_short flags,
235     vm_object_t object, void *handle)
236 {
237 
238 	TAILQ_INIT(&object->memq);
239 	LIST_INIT(&object->shadow_head);
240 
241 	object->type = type;
242 	if (type == OBJT_SWAP)
243 		pctrie_init(&object->un_pager.swp.swp_blks);
244 
245 	/*
246 	 * Ensure that swap_pager_swapoff() iteration over object_list
247 	 * sees up to date type and pctrie head if it observed
248 	 * non-dead object.
249 	 */
250 	atomic_thread_fence_rel();
251 
252 	object->pg_color = 0;
253 	object->flags = flags;
254 	object->size = size;
255 	object->domain.dr_policy = NULL;
256 	object->generation = 1;
257 	object->cleangeneration = 1;
258 	refcount_init(&object->ref_count, 1);
259 	object->memattr = VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT;
260 	object->cred = NULL;
261 	object->charge = 0;
262 	object->handle = handle;
263 	object->backing_object = NULL;
264 	object->backing_object_offset = (vm_ooffset_t) 0;
265 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
266 	LIST_INIT(&object->rvq);
267 #endif
268 	umtx_shm_object_init(object);
269 }
270 
271 /*
272  *	vm_object_init:
273  *
274  *	Initialize the VM objects module.
275  */
276 void
277 vm_object_init(void)
278 {
279 	TAILQ_INIT(&vm_object_list);
280 	mtx_init(&vm_object_list_mtx, "vm object_list", NULL, MTX_DEF);
281 
282 	rw_init(&kernel_object->lock, "kernel vm object");
283 	_vm_object_allocate(OBJT_PHYS, atop(VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS -
284 	    VM_MIN_KERNEL_ADDRESS), OBJ_UNMANAGED, kernel_object, NULL);
285 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
286 	kernel_object->flags |= OBJ_COLORED;
287 	kernel_object->pg_color = (u_short)atop(VM_MIN_KERNEL_ADDRESS);
288 #endif
289 
290 	/*
291 	 * The lock portion of struct vm_object must be type stable due
292 	 * to vm_pageout_fallback_object_lock locking a vm object
293 	 * without holding any references to it.
294 	 *
295 	 * paging_in_progress is valid always.  Lockless references to
296 	 * the objects may acquire pip and then check OBJ_DEAD.
297 	 */
298 	obj_zone = uma_zcreate("VM OBJECT", sizeof (struct vm_object), NULL,
299 #ifdef INVARIANTS
300 	    vm_object_zdtor,
301 #else
302 	    NULL,
303 #endif
304 	    vm_object_zinit, NULL, UMA_ALIGN_PTR, UMA_ZONE_NOFREE);
305 
306 	vm_radix_zinit();
307 }
308 
309 void
310 vm_object_clear_flag(vm_object_t object, u_short bits)
311 {
312 
313 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
314 	object->flags &= ~bits;
315 }
316 
317 /*
318  *	Sets the default memory attribute for the specified object.  Pages
319  *	that are allocated to this object are by default assigned this memory
320  *	attribute.
321  *
322  *	Presently, this function must be called before any pages are allocated
323  *	to the object.  In the future, this requirement may be relaxed for
324  *	"default" and "swap" objects.
325  */
326 int
327 vm_object_set_memattr(vm_object_t object, vm_memattr_t memattr)
328 {
329 
330 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
331 	switch (object->type) {
332 	case OBJT_DEFAULT:
333 	case OBJT_DEVICE:
334 	case OBJT_MGTDEVICE:
335 	case OBJT_PHYS:
336 	case OBJT_SG:
337 	case OBJT_SWAP:
338 	case OBJT_VNODE:
339 		if (!TAILQ_EMPTY(&object->memq))
340 			return (KERN_FAILURE);
341 		break;
342 	case OBJT_DEAD:
343 		return (KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
344 	default:
345 		panic("vm_object_set_memattr: object %p is of undefined type",
346 		    object);
347 	}
348 	object->memattr = memattr;
349 	return (KERN_SUCCESS);
350 }
351 
352 void
353 vm_object_pip_add(vm_object_t object, short i)
354 {
355 
356 	if (i > 0)
357 		blockcount_acquire(&object->paging_in_progress, i);
358 }
359 
360 void
361 vm_object_pip_wakeup(vm_object_t object)
362 {
363 
364 	vm_object_pip_wakeupn(object, 1);
365 }
366 
367 void
368 vm_object_pip_wakeupn(vm_object_t object, short i)
369 {
370 
371 	if (i > 0)
372 		blockcount_release(&object->paging_in_progress, i);
373 }
374 
375 /*
376  * Atomically drop the object lock and wait for pip to drain.  This protects
377  * from sleep/wakeup races due to identity changes.  The lock is not re-acquired
378  * on return.
379  */
380 static void
381 vm_object_pip_sleep(vm_object_t object, const char *waitid)
382 {
383 
384 	(void)blockcount_sleep(&object->paging_in_progress, &object->lock,
385 	    waitid, PVM | PDROP);
386 }
387 
388 void
389 vm_object_pip_wait(vm_object_t object, const char *waitid)
390 {
391 
392 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
393 
394 	blockcount_wait(&object->paging_in_progress, &object->lock, waitid,
395 	    PVM);
396 }
397 
398 void
399 vm_object_pip_wait_unlocked(vm_object_t object, const char *waitid)
400 {
401 
402 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_UNLOCKED(object);
403 
404 	blockcount_wait(&object->paging_in_progress, NULL, waitid, PVM);
405 }
406 
407 /*
408  *	vm_object_allocate:
409  *
410  *	Returns a new object with the given size.
411  */
412 vm_object_t
413 vm_object_allocate(objtype_t type, vm_pindex_t size)
414 {
415 	vm_object_t object;
416 	u_short flags;
417 
418 	switch (type) {
419 	case OBJT_DEAD:
420 		panic("vm_object_allocate: can't create OBJT_DEAD");
421 	case OBJT_DEFAULT:
422 	case OBJT_SWAP:
423 		flags = OBJ_COLORED;
424 		break;
425 	case OBJT_DEVICE:
426 	case OBJT_SG:
427 		flags = OBJ_FICTITIOUS | OBJ_UNMANAGED;
428 		break;
429 	case OBJT_MGTDEVICE:
430 		flags = OBJ_FICTITIOUS;
431 		break;
432 	case OBJT_PHYS:
433 		flags = OBJ_UNMANAGED;
434 		break;
435 	case OBJT_VNODE:
436 		flags = 0;
437 		break;
438 	default:
439 		panic("vm_object_allocate: type %d is undefined", type);
440 	}
441 	object = (vm_object_t)uma_zalloc(obj_zone, M_WAITOK);
442 	_vm_object_allocate(type, size, flags, object, NULL);
443 
444 	return (object);
445 }
446 
447 /*
448  *	vm_object_allocate_anon:
449  *
450  *	Returns a new default object of the given size and marked as
451  *	anonymous memory for special split/collapse handling.  Color
452  *	to be initialized by the caller.
453  */
454 vm_object_t
455 vm_object_allocate_anon(vm_pindex_t size, vm_object_t backing_object,
456     struct ucred *cred, vm_size_t charge)
457 {
458 	vm_object_t handle, object;
459 
460 	if (backing_object == NULL)
461 		handle = NULL;
462 	else if ((backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0)
463 		handle = backing_object->handle;
464 	else
465 		handle = backing_object;
466 	object = uma_zalloc(obj_zone, M_WAITOK);
467 	_vm_object_allocate(OBJT_DEFAULT, size, OBJ_ANON | OBJ_ONEMAPPING,
468 	    object, handle);
469 	object->cred = cred;
470 	object->charge = cred != NULL ? charge : 0;
471 	return (object);
472 }
473 
474 static void
475 vm_object_reference_vnode(vm_object_t object)
476 {
477 	u_int old;
478 
479 	/*
480 	 * vnode objects need the lock for the first reference
481 	 * to serialize with vnode_object_deallocate().
482 	 */
483 	if (!refcount_acquire_if_gt(&object->ref_count, 0)) {
484 		VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(object);
485 		old = refcount_acquire(&object->ref_count);
486 		if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE && old == 0)
487 			vref(object->handle);
488 		VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
489 	}
490 }
491 
492 /*
493  *	vm_object_reference:
494  *
495  *	Acquires a reference to the given object.
496  */
497 void
498 vm_object_reference(vm_object_t object)
499 {
500 
501 	if (object == NULL)
502 		return;
503 
504 	if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE)
505 		vm_object_reference_vnode(object);
506 	else
507 		refcount_acquire(&object->ref_count);
508 	KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_DEAD) == 0,
509 	    ("vm_object_reference: Referenced dead object."));
510 }
511 
512 /*
513  *	vm_object_reference_locked:
514  *
515  *	Gets another reference to the given object.
516  *
517  *	The object must be locked.
518  */
519 void
520 vm_object_reference_locked(vm_object_t object)
521 {
522 	u_int old;
523 
524 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(object);
525 	old = refcount_acquire(&object->ref_count);
526 	if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE && old == 0)
527 		vref(object->handle);
528 	KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_DEAD) == 0,
529 	    ("vm_object_reference: Referenced dead object."));
530 }
531 
532 /*
533  * Handle deallocating an object of type OBJT_VNODE.
534  */
535 static void
536 vm_object_deallocate_vnode(vm_object_t object)
537 {
538 	struct vnode *vp = (struct vnode *) object->handle;
539 	bool last;
540 
541 	KASSERT(object->type == OBJT_VNODE,
542 	    ("vm_object_deallocate_vnode: not a vnode object"));
543 	KASSERT(vp != NULL, ("vm_object_deallocate_vnode: missing vp"));
544 
545 	/* Object lock to protect handle lookup. */
546 	last = refcount_release(&object->ref_count);
547 	VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
548 
549 	if (!last)
550 		return;
551 
552 	if (!umtx_shm_vnobj_persistent)
553 		umtx_shm_object_terminated(object);
554 
555 	/* vrele may need the vnode lock. */
556 	vrele(vp);
557 }
558 
559 
560 /*
561  * We dropped a reference on an object and discovered that it had a
562  * single remaining shadow.  This is a sibling of the reference we
563  * dropped.  Attempt to collapse the sibling and backing object.
564  */
565 static vm_object_t
566 vm_object_deallocate_anon(vm_object_t backing_object)
567 {
568 	vm_object_t object;
569 
570 	/* Fetch the final shadow.  */
571 	object = LIST_FIRST(&backing_object->shadow_head);
572 	KASSERT(object != NULL && backing_object->shadow_count == 1,
573 	    ("vm_object_anon_deallocate: ref_count: %d, shadow_count: %d",
574 	    backing_object->ref_count, backing_object->shadow_count));
575 	KASSERT((object->flags & (OBJ_TMPFS_NODE | OBJ_ANON)) == OBJ_ANON,
576 	    ("invalid shadow object %p", object));
577 
578 	if (!VM_OBJECT_TRYWLOCK(object)) {
579 		/*
580 		 * Prevent object from disappearing since we do not have a
581 		 * reference.
582 		 */
583 		vm_object_pip_add(object, 1);
584 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
585 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
586 		vm_object_pip_wakeup(object);
587 	} else
588 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
589 
590 	/*
591 	 * Check for a collapse/terminate race with the last reference holder.
592 	 */
593 	if ((object->flags & (OBJ_DEAD | OBJ_COLLAPSING)) != 0 ||
594 	    !refcount_acquire_if_not_zero(&object->ref_count)) {
595 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
596 		return (NULL);
597 	}
598 	backing_object = object->backing_object;
599 	if (backing_object != NULL && (backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0)
600 		vm_object_collapse(object);
601 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
602 
603 	return (object);
604 }
605 
606 /*
607  *	vm_object_deallocate:
608  *
609  *	Release a reference to the specified object,
610  *	gained either through a vm_object_allocate
611  *	or a vm_object_reference call.  When all references
612  *	are gone, storage associated with this object
613  *	may be relinquished.
614  *
615  *	No object may be locked.
616  */
617 void
618 vm_object_deallocate(vm_object_t object)
619 {
620 	vm_object_t temp;
621 	bool released;
622 
623 	while (object != NULL) {
624 		/*
625 		 * If the reference count goes to 0 we start calling
626 		 * vm_object_terminate() on the object chain.  A ref count
627 		 * of 1 may be a special case depending on the shadow count
628 		 * being 0 or 1.  These cases require a write lock on the
629 		 * object.
630 		 */
631 		if ((object->flags & OBJ_ANON) == 0)
632 			released = refcount_release_if_gt(&object->ref_count, 1);
633 		else
634 			released = refcount_release_if_gt(&object->ref_count, 2);
635 		if (released)
636 			return;
637 
638 		if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE) {
639 			VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(object);
640 			if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE) {
641 				vm_object_deallocate_vnode(object);
642 				return;
643 			}
644 			VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
645 		}
646 
647 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
648 		KASSERT(object->ref_count > 0,
649 		    ("vm_object_deallocate: object deallocated too many times: %d",
650 		    object->type));
651 
652 		/*
653 		 * If this is not the final reference to an anonymous
654 		 * object we may need to collapse the shadow chain.
655 		 */
656 		if (!refcount_release(&object->ref_count)) {
657 			if (object->ref_count > 1 ||
658 			    object->shadow_count == 0) {
659 				if ((object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0 &&
660 				    object->ref_count == 1)
661 					vm_object_set_flag(object,
662 					    OBJ_ONEMAPPING);
663 				VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
664 				return;
665 			}
666 
667 			/* Handle collapsing last ref on anonymous objects. */
668 			object = vm_object_deallocate_anon(object);
669 			continue;
670 		}
671 
672 		/*
673 		 * Handle the final reference to an object.  We restart
674 		 * the loop with the backing object to avoid recursion.
675 		 */
676 		umtx_shm_object_terminated(object);
677 		temp = object->backing_object;
678 		if (temp != NULL) {
679 			KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_TMPFS_NODE) == 0,
680 			    ("shadowed tmpfs v_object 2 %p", object));
681 			vm_object_backing_remove(object);
682 		}
683 
684 		KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_DEAD) == 0,
685 		    ("vm_object_deallocate: Terminating dead object."));
686 		vm_object_set_flag(object, OBJ_DEAD);
687 		vm_object_terminate(object);
688 		object = temp;
689 	}
690 }
691 
692 /*
693  *	vm_object_destroy removes the object from the global object list
694  *      and frees the space for the object.
695  */
696 void
697 vm_object_destroy(vm_object_t object)
698 {
699 
700 	/*
701 	 * Release the allocation charge.
702 	 */
703 	if (object->cred != NULL) {
704 		swap_release_by_cred(object->charge, object->cred);
705 		object->charge = 0;
706 		crfree(object->cred);
707 		object->cred = NULL;
708 	}
709 
710 	/*
711 	 * Free the space for the object.
712 	 */
713 	uma_zfree(obj_zone, object);
714 }
715 
716 static void
717 vm_object_backing_remove_locked(vm_object_t object)
718 {
719 	vm_object_t backing_object;
720 
721 	backing_object = object->backing_object;
722 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
723 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(backing_object);
724 
725 	KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_COLLAPSING) == 0,
726 	    ("vm_object_backing_remove: Removing collapsing object."));
727 
728 	if ((object->flags & OBJ_SHADOWLIST) != 0) {
729 		LIST_REMOVE(object, shadow_list);
730 		backing_object->shadow_count--;
731 		object->flags &= ~OBJ_SHADOWLIST;
732 	}
733 	object->backing_object = NULL;
734 }
735 
736 static void
737 vm_object_backing_remove(vm_object_t object)
738 {
739 	vm_object_t backing_object;
740 
741 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
742 
743 	if ((object->flags & OBJ_SHADOWLIST) != 0) {
744 		backing_object = object->backing_object;
745 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(backing_object);
746 		vm_object_backing_remove_locked(object);
747 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
748 	} else
749 		object->backing_object = NULL;
750 }
751 
752 static void
753 vm_object_backing_insert_locked(vm_object_t object, vm_object_t backing_object)
754 {
755 
756 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
757 
758 	if ((backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0) {
759 		VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(backing_object);
760 		LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&backing_object->shadow_head, object,
761 		    shadow_list);
762 		backing_object->shadow_count++;
763 		object->flags |= OBJ_SHADOWLIST;
764 	}
765 	object->backing_object = backing_object;
766 }
767 
768 static void
769 vm_object_backing_insert(vm_object_t object, vm_object_t backing_object)
770 {
771 
772 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
773 
774 	if ((backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0) {
775 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(backing_object);
776 		vm_object_backing_insert_locked(object, backing_object);
777 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
778 	} else
779 		object->backing_object = backing_object;
780 }
781 
782 /*
783  * Insert an object into a backing_object's shadow list with an additional
784  * reference to the backing_object added.
785  */
786 static void
787 vm_object_backing_insert_ref(vm_object_t object, vm_object_t backing_object)
788 {
789 
790 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
791 
792 	if ((backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0) {
793 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(backing_object);
794 		KASSERT((backing_object->flags & OBJ_DEAD) == 0,
795 		    ("shadowing dead anonymous object"));
796 		vm_object_reference_locked(backing_object);
797 		vm_object_backing_insert_locked(object, backing_object);
798 		vm_object_clear_flag(backing_object, OBJ_ONEMAPPING);
799 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
800 	} else {
801 		vm_object_reference(backing_object);
802 		object->backing_object = backing_object;
803 	}
804 }
805 
806 /*
807  * Transfer a backing reference from backing_object to object.
808  */
809 static void
810 vm_object_backing_transfer(vm_object_t object, vm_object_t backing_object)
811 {
812 	vm_object_t new_backing_object;
813 
814 	/*
815 	 * Note that the reference to backing_object->backing_object
816 	 * moves from within backing_object to within object.
817 	 */
818 	vm_object_backing_remove_locked(object);
819 	new_backing_object = backing_object->backing_object;
820 	if (new_backing_object == NULL)
821 		return;
822 	if ((new_backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0) {
823 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(new_backing_object);
824 		vm_object_backing_remove_locked(backing_object);
825 		vm_object_backing_insert_locked(object, new_backing_object);
826 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(new_backing_object);
827 	} else {
828 		object->backing_object = new_backing_object;
829 		backing_object->backing_object = NULL;
830 	}
831 }
832 
833 /*
834  * Wait for a concurrent collapse to settle.
835  */
836 static void
837 vm_object_collapse_wait(vm_object_t object)
838 {
839 
840 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
841 
842 	while ((object->flags & OBJ_COLLAPSING) != 0) {
843 		vm_object_pip_wait(object, "vmcolwait");
844 		counter_u64_add(object_collapse_waits, 1);
845 	}
846 }
847 
848 /*
849  * Waits for a backing object to clear a pending collapse and returns
850  * it locked if it is an ANON object.
851  */
852 static vm_object_t
853 vm_object_backing_collapse_wait(vm_object_t object)
854 {
855 	vm_object_t backing_object;
856 
857 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
858 
859 	for (;;) {
860 		backing_object = object->backing_object;
861 		if (backing_object == NULL ||
862 		    (backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) == 0)
863 			return (NULL);
864 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(backing_object);
865 		if ((backing_object->flags & (OBJ_DEAD | OBJ_COLLAPSING)) == 0)
866 			break;
867 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
868 		vm_object_pip_sleep(backing_object, "vmbckwait");
869 		counter_u64_add(object_collapse_waits, 1);
870 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
871 	}
872 	return (backing_object);
873 }
874 
875 /*
876  *	vm_object_terminate_pages removes any remaining pageable pages
877  *	from the object and resets the object to an empty state.
878  */
879 static void
880 vm_object_terminate_pages(vm_object_t object)
881 {
882 	vm_page_t p, p_next;
883 
884 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
885 
886 	/*
887 	 * Free any remaining pageable pages.  This also removes them from the
888 	 * paging queues.  However, don't free wired pages, just remove them
889 	 * from the object.  Rather than incrementally removing each page from
890 	 * the object, the page and object are reset to any empty state.
891 	 */
892 	TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(p, &object->memq, listq, p_next) {
893 		vm_page_assert_unbusied(p);
894 		KASSERT(p->object == object &&
895 		    (p->ref_count & VPRC_OBJREF) != 0,
896 		    ("vm_object_terminate_pages: page %p is inconsistent", p));
897 
898 		p->object = NULL;
899 		if (vm_page_drop(p, VPRC_OBJREF) == VPRC_OBJREF) {
900 			VM_CNT_INC(v_pfree);
901 			vm_page_free(p);
902 		}
903 	}
904 
905 	/*
906 	 * If the object contained any pages, then reset it to an empty state.
907 	 * None of the object's fields, including "resident_page_count", were
908 	 * modified by the preceding loop.
909 	 */
910 	if (object->resident_page_count != 0) {
911 		vm_radix_reclaim_allnodes(&object->rtree);
912 		TAILQ_INIT(&object->memq);
913 		object->resident_page_count = 0;
914 		if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE)
915 			vdrop(object->handle);
916 	}
917 }
918 
919 /*
920  *	vm_object_terminate actually destroys the specified object, freeing
921  *	up all previously used resources.
922  *
923  *	The object must be locked.
924  *	This routine may block.
925  */
926 void
927 vm_object_terminate(vm_object_t object)
928 {
929 
930 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
931 	KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_DEAD) != 0,
932 	    ("terminating non-dead obj %p", object));
933 	KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_COLLAPSING) == 0,
934 	    ("terminating collapsing obj %p", object));
935 	KASSERT(object->backing_object == NULL,
936 	    ("terminating shadow obj %p", object));
937 
938 	/*
939 	 * Wait for the pageout daemon and other current users to be
940 	 * done with the object.  Note that new paging_in_progress
941 	 * users can come after this wait, but they must check
942 	 * OBJ_DEAD flag set (without unlocking the object), and avoid
943 	 * the object being terminated.
944 	 */
945 	vm_object_pip_wait(object, "objtrm");
946 
947 	KASSERT(object->ref_count == 0,
948 	    ("vm_object_terminate: object with references, ref_count=%d",
949 	    object->ref_count));
950 
951 	if ((object->flags & OBJ_PG_DTOR) == 0)
952 		vm_object_terminate_pages(object);
953 
954 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
955 	if (__predict_false(!LIST_EMPTY(&object->rvq)))
956 		vm_reserv_break_all(object);
957 #endif
958 
959 	KASSERT(object->cred == NULL || object->type == OBJT_DEFAULT ||
960 	    object->type == OBJT_SWAP,
961 	    ("%s: non-swap obj %p has cred", __func__, object));
962 
963 	/*
964 	 * Let the pager know object is dead.
965 	 */
966 	vm_pager_deallocate(object);
967 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
968 
969 	vm_object_destroy(object);
970 }
971 
972 /*
973  * Make the page read-only so that we can clear the object flags.  However, if
974  * this is a nosync mmap then the object is likely to stay dirty so do not
975  * mess with the page and do not clear the object flags.  Returns TRUE if the
976  * page should be flushed, and FALSE otherwise.
977  */
978 static boolean_t
979 vm_object_page_remove_write(vm_page_t p, int flags, boolean_t *allclean)
980 {
981 
982 	vm_page_assert_busied(p);
983 
984 	/*
985 	 * If we have been asked to skip nosync pages and this is a
986 	 * nosync page, skip it.  Note that the object flags were not
987 	 * cleared in this case so we do not have to set them.
988 	 */
989 	if ((flags & OBJPC_NOSYNC) != 0 && (p->a.flags & PGA_NOSYNC) != 0) {
990 		*allclean = FALSE;
991 		return (FALSE);
992 	} else {
993 		pmap_remove_write(p);
994 		return (p->dirty != 0);
995 	}
996 }
997 
998 /*
999  *	vm_object_page_clean
1000  *
1001  *	Clean all dirty pages in the specified range of object.  Leaves page
1002  * 	on whatever queue it is currently on.   If NOSYNC is set then do not
1003  *	write out pages with PGA_NOSYNC set (originally comes from MAP_NOSYNC),
1004  *	leaving the object dirty.
1005  *
1006  *	For swap objects backing tmpfs regular files, do not flush anything,
1007  *	but remove write protection on the mapped pages to update mtime through
1008  *	mmaped writes.
1009  *
1010  *	When stuffing pages asynchronously, allow clustering.  XXX we need a
1011  *	synchronous clustering mode implementation.
1012  *
1013  *	Odd semantics: if start == end, we clean everything.
1014  *
1015  *	The object must be locked.
1016  *
1017  *	Returns FALSE if some page from the range was not written, as
1018  *	reported by the pager, and TRUE otherwise.
1019  */
1020 boolean_t
1021 vm_object_page_clean(vm_object_t object, vm_ooffset_t start, vm_ooffset_t end,
1022     int flags)
1023 {
1024 	vm_page_t np, p;
1025 	vm_pindex_t pi, tend, tstart;
1026 	int curgeneration, n, pagerflags;
1027 	boolean_t eio, res, allclean;
1028 
1029 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
1030 
1031 	if (!vm_object_mightbedirty(object) || object->resident_page_count == 0)
1032 		return (TRUE);
1033 
1034 	pagerflags = (flags & (OBJPC_SYNC | OBJPC_INVAL)) != 0 ?
1035 	    VM_PAGER_PUT_SYNC : VM_PAGER_CLUSTER_OK;
1036 	pagerflags |= (flags & OBJPC_INVAL) != 0 ? VM_PAGER_PUT_INVAL : 0;
1037 
1038 	tstart = OFF_TO_IDX(start);
1039 	tend = (end == 0) ? object->size : OFF_TO_IDX(end + PAGE_MASK);
1040 	allclean = tstart == 0 && tend >= object->size;
1041 	res = TRUE;
1042 
1043 rescan:
1044 	curgeneration = object->generation;
1045 
1046 	for (p = vm_page_find_least(object, tstart); p != NULL; p = np) {
1047 		pi = p->pindex;
1048 		if (pi >= tend)
1049 			break;
1050 		np = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
1051 		if (vm_page_none_valid(p))
1052 			continue;
1053 		if (vm_page_busy_acquire(p, VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL) == 0) {
1054 			if (object->generation != curgeneration &&
1055 			    (flags & OBJPC_SYNC) != 0)
1056 				goto rescan;
1057 			np = vm_page_find_least(object, pi);
1058 			continue;
1059 		}
1060 		if (!vm_object_page_remove_write(p, flags, &allclean)) {
1061 			vm_page_xunbusy(p);
1062 			continue;
1063 		}
1064 		if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE) {
1065 			n = vm_object_page_collect_flush(object, p, pagerflags,
1066 			    flags, &allclean, &eio);
1067 			if (eio) {
1068 				res = FALSE;
1069 				allclean = FALSE;
1070 			}
1071 			if (object->generation != curgeneration &&
1072 			    (flags & OBJPC_SYNC) != 0)
1073 				goto rescan;
1074 
1075 			/*
1076 			 * If the VOP_PUTPAGES() did a truncated write, so
1077 			 * that even the first page of the run is not fully
1078 			 * written, vm_pageout_flush() returns 0 as the run
1079 			 * length.  Since the condition that caused truncated
1080 			 * write may be permanent, e.g. exhausted free space,
1081 			 * accepting n == 0 would cause an infinite loop.
1082 			 *
1083 			 * Forwarding the iterator leaves the unwritten page
1084 			 * behind, but there is not much we can do there if
1085 			 * filesystem refuses to write it.
1086 			 */
1087 			if (n == 0) {
1088 				n = 1;
1089 				allclean = FALSE;
1090 			}
1091 		} else {
1092 			n = 1;
1093 			vm_page_xunbusy(p);
1094 		}
1095 		np = vm_page_find_least(object, pi + n);
1096 	}
1097 #if 0
1098 	VOP_FSYNC(vp, (pagerflags & VM_PAGER_PUT_SYNC) ? MNT_WAIT : 0);
1099 #endif
1100 
1101 	/*
1102 	 * Leave updating cleangeneration for tmpfs objects to tmpfs
1103 	 * scan.  It needs to update mtime, which happens for other
1104 	 * filesystems during page writeouts.
1105 	 */
1106 	if (allclean && object->type == OBJT_VNODE)
1107 		object->cleangeneration = curgeneration;
1108 	return (res);
1109 }
1110 
1111 static int
1112 vm_object_page_collect_flush(vm_object_t object, vm_page_t p, int pagerflags,
1113     int flags, boolean_t *allclean, boolean_t *eio)
1114 {
1115 	vm_page_t ma[vm_pageout_page_count], p_first, tp;
1116 	int count, i, mreq, runlen;
1117 
1118 	vm_page_lock_assert(p, MA_NOTOWNED);
1119 	vm_page_assert_xbusied(p);
1120 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
1121 
1122 	count = 1;
1123 	mreq = 0;
1124 
1125 	for (tp = p; count < vm_pageout_page_count; count++) {
1126 		tp = vm_page_next(tp);
1127 		if (tp == NULL || vm_page_tryxbusy(tp) == 0)
1128 			break;
1129 		if (!vm_object_page_remove_write(tp, flags, allclean)) {
1130 			vm_page_xunbusy(tp);
1131 			break;
1132 		}
1133 	}
1134 
1135 	for (p_first = p; count < vm_pageout_page_count; count++) {
1136 		tp = vm_page_prev(p_first);
1137 		if (tp == NULL || vm_page_tryxbusy(tp) == 0)
1138 			break;
1139 		if (!vm_object_page_remove_write(tp, flags, allclean)) {
1140 			vm_page_xunbusy(tp);
1141 			break;
1142 		}
1143 		p_first = tp;
1144 		mreq++;
1145 	}
1146 
1147 	for (tp = p_first, i = 0; i < count; tp = TAILQ_NEXT(tp, listq), i++)
1148 		ma[i] = tp;
1149 
1150 	vm_pageout_flush(ma, count, pagerflags, mreq, &runlen, eio);
1151 	return (runlen);
1152 }
1153 
1154 /*
1155  * Note that there is absolutely no sense in writing out
1156  * anonymous objects, so we track down the vnode object
1157  * to write out.
1158  * We invalidate (remove) all pages from the address space
1159  * for semantic correctness.
1160  *
1161  * If the backing object is a device object with unmanaged pages, then any
1162  * mappings to the specified range of pages must be removed before this
1163  * function is called.
1164  *
1165  * Note: certain anonymous maps, such as MAP_NOSYNC maps,
1166  * may start out with a NULL object.
1167  */
1168 boolean_t
1169 vm_object_sync(vm_object_t object, vm_ooffset_t offset, vm_size_t size,
1170     boolean_t syncio, boolean_t invalidate)
1171 {
1172 	vm_object_t backing_object;
1173 	struct vnode *vp;
1174 	struct mount *mp;
1175 	int error, flags, fsync_after;
1176 	boolean_t res;
1177 
1178 	if (object == NULL)
1179 		return (TRUE);
1180 	res = TRUE;
1181 	error = 0;
1182 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
1183 	while ((backing_object = object->backing_object) != NULL) {
1184 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(backing_object);
1185 		offset += object->backing_object_offset;
1186 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1187 		object = backing_object;
1188 		if (object->size < OFF_TO_IDX(offset + size))
1189 			size = IDX_TO_OFF(object->size) - offset;
1190 	}
1191 	/*
1192 	 * Flush pages if writing is allowed, invalidate them
1193 	 * if invalidation requested.  Pages undergoing I/O
1194 	 * will be ignored by vm_object_page_remove().
1195 	 *
1196 	 * We cannot lock the vnode and then wait for paging
1197 	 * to complete without deadlocking against vm_fault.
1198 	 * Instead we simply call vm_object_page_remove() and
1199 	 * allow it to block internally on a page-by-page
1200 	 * basis when it encounters pages undergoing async
1201 	 * I/O.
1202 	 */
1203 	if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE &&
1204 	    vm_object_mightbedirty(object) != 0 &&
1205 	    ((vp = object->handle)->v_vflag & VV_NOSYNC) == 0) {
1206 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1207 		(void) vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT);
1208 		vn_lock(vp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
1209 		if (syncio && !invalidate && offset == 0 &&
1210 		    atop(size) == object->size) {
1211 			/*
1212 			 * If syncing the whole mapping of the file,
1213 			 * it is faster to schedule all the writes in
1214 			 * async mode, also allowing the clustering,
1215 			 * and then wait for i/o to complete.
1216 			 */
1217 			flags = 0;
1218 			fsync_after = TRUE;
1219 		} else {
1220 			flags = (syncio || invalidate) ? OBJPC_SYNC : 0;
1221 			flags |= invalidate ? (OBJPC_SYNC | OBJPC_INVAL) : 0;
1222 			fsync_after = FALSE;
1223 		}
1224 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
1225 		res = vm_object_page_clean(object, offset, offset + size,
1226 		    flags);
1227 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1228 		if (fsync_after)
1229 			error = VOP_FSYNC(vp, MNT_WAIT, curthread);
1230 		VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
1231 		vn_finished_write(mp);
1232 		if (error != 0)
1233 			res = FALSE;
1234 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
1235 	}
1236 	if ((object->type == OBJT_VNODE ||
1237 	     object->type == OBJT_DEVICE) && invalidate) {
1238 		if (object->type == OBJT_DEVICE)
1239 			/*
1240 			 * The option OBJPR_NOTMAPPED must be passed here
1241 			 * because vm_object_page_remove() cannot remove
1242 			 * unmanaged mappings.
1243 			 */
1244 			flags = OBJPR_NOTMAPPED;
1245 		else if (old_msync)
1246 			flags = 0;
1247 		else
1248 			flags = OBJPR_CLEANONLY;
1249 		vm_object_page_remove(object, OFF_TO_IDX(offset),
1250 		    OFF_TO_IDX(offset + size + PAGE_MASK), flags);
1251 	}
1252 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1253 	return (res);
1254 }
1255 
1256 /*
1257  * Determine whether the given advice can be applied to the object.  Advice is
1258  * not applied to unmanaged pages since they never belong to page queues, and
1259  * since MADV_FREE is destructive, it can apply only to anonymous pages that
1260  * have been mapped at most once.
1261  */
1262 static bool
1263 vm_object_advice_applies(vm_object_t object, int advice)
1264 {
1265 
1266 	if ((object->flags & OBJ_UNMANAGED) != 0)
1267 		return (false);
1268 	if (advice != MADV_FREE)
1269 		return (true);
1270 	return ((object->flags & (OBJ_ONEMAPPING | OBJ_ANON)) ==
1271 	    (OBJ_ONEMAPPING | OBJ_ANON));
1272 }
1273 
1274 static void
1275 vm_object_madvise_freespace(vm_object_t object, int advice, vm_pindex_t pindex,
1276     vm_size_t size)
1277 {
1278 
1279 	if (advice == MADV_FREE && object->type == OBJT_SWAP)
1280 		swap_pager_freespace(object, pindex, size);
1281 }
1282 
1283 /*
1284  *	vm_object_madvise:
1285  *
1286  *	Implements the madvise function at the object/page level.
1287  *
1288  *	MADV_WILLNEED	(any object)
1289  *
1290  *	    Activate the specified pages if they are resident.
1291  *
1292  *	MADV_DONTNEED	(any object)
1293  *
1294  *	    Deactivate the specified pages if they are resident.
1295  *
1296  *	MADV_FREE	(OBJT_DEFAULT/OBJT_SWAP objects,
1297  *			 OBJ_ONEMAPPING only)
1298  *
1299  *	    Deactivate and clean the specified pages if they are
1300  *	    resident.  This permits the process to reuse the pages
1301  *	    without faulting or the kernel to reclaim the pages
1302  *	    without I/O.
1303  */
1304 void
1305 vm_object_madvise(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, vm_pindex_t end,
1306     int advice)
1307 {
1308 	vm_pindex_t tpindex;
1309 	vm_object_t backing_object, tobject;
1310 	vm_page_t m, tm;
1311 
1312 	if (object == NULL)
1313 		return;
1314 
1315 relookup:
1316 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
1317 	if (!vm_object_advice_applies(object, advice)) {
1318 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1319 		return;
1320 	}
1321 	for (m = vm_page_find_least(object, pindex); pindex < end; pindex++) {
1322 		tobject = object;
1323 
1324 		/*
1325 		 * If the next page isn't resident in the top-level object, we
1326 		 * need to search the shadow chain.  When applying MADV_FREE, we
1327 		 * take care to release any swap space used to store
1328 		 * non-resident pages.
1329 		 */
1330 		if (m == NULL || pindex < m->pindex) {
1331 			/*
1332 			 * Optimize a common case: if the top-level object has
1333 			 * no backing object, we can skip over the non-resident
1334 			 * range in constant time.
1335 			 */
1336 			if (object->backing_object == NULL) {
1337 				tpindex = (m != NULL && m->pindex < end) ?
1338 				    m->pindex : end;
1339 				vm_object_madvise_freespace(object, advice,
1340 				    pindex, tpindex - pindex);
1341 				if ((pindex = tpindex) == end)
1342 					break;
1343 				goto next_page;
1344 			}
1345 
1346 			tpindex = pindex;
1347 			do {
1348 				vm_object_madvise_freespace(tobject, advice,
1349 				    tpindex, 1);
1350 				/*
1351 				 * Prepare to search the next object in the
1352 				 * chain.
1353 				 */
1354 				backing_object = tobject->backing_object;
1355 				if (backing_object == NULL)
1356 					goto next_pindex;
1357 				VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(backing_object);
1358 				tpindex +=
1359 				    OFF_TO_IDX(tobject->backing_object_offset);
1360 				if (tobject != object)
1361 					VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(tobject);
1362 				tobject = backing_object;
1363 				if (!vm_object_advice_applies(tobject, advice))
1364 					goto next_pindex;
1365 			} while ((tm = vm_page_lookup(tobject, tpindex)) ==
1366 			    NULL);
1367 		} else {
1368 next_page:
1369 			tm = m;
1370 			m = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
1371 		}
1372 
1373 		/*
1374 		 * If the page is not in a normal state, skip it.  The page
1375 		 * can not be invalidated while the object lock is held.
1376 		 */
1377 		if (!vm_page_all_valid(tm) || vm_page_wired(tm))
1378 			goto next_pindex;
1379 		KASSERT((tm->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0,
1380 		    ("vm_object_madvise: page %p is fictitious", tm));
1381 		KASSERT((tm->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
1382 		    ("vm_object_madvise: page %p is not managed", tm));
1383 		if (vm_page_tryxbusy(tm) == 0) {
1384 			if (object != tobject)
1385 				VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1386 			if (advice == MADV_WILLNEED) {
1387 				/*
1388 				 * Reference the page before unlocking and
1389 				 * sleeping so that the page daemon is less
1390 				 * likely to reclaim it.
1391 				 */
1392 				vm_page_aflag_set(tm, PGA_REFERENCED);
1393 			}
1394 			vm_page_busy_sleep(tm, "madvpo", false);
1395   			goto relookup;
1396 		}
1397 		vm_page_advise(tm, advice);
1398 		vm_page_xunbusy(tm);
1399 		vm_object_madvise_freespace(tobject, advice, tm->pindex, 1);
1400 next_pindex:
1401 		if (tobject != object)
1402 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(tobject);
1403 	}
1404 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1405 }
1406 
1407 /*
1408  *	vm_object_shadow:
1409  *
1410  *	Create a new object which is backed by the
1411  *	specified existing object range.  The source
1412  *	object reference is deallocated.
1413  *
1414  *	The new object and offset into that object
1415  *	are returned in the source parameters.
1416  */
1417 void
1418 vm_object_shadow(vm_object_t *object, vm_ooffset_t *offset, vm_size_t length,
1419     struct ucred *cred, bool shared)
1420 {
1421 	vm_object_t source;
1422 	vm_object_t result;
1423 
1424 	source = *object;
1425 
1426 	/*
1427 	 * Don't create the new object if the old object isn't shared.
1428 	 *
1429 	 * If we hold the only reference we can guarantee that it won't
1430 	 * increase while we have the map locked.  Otherwise the race is
1431 	 * harmless and we will end up with an extra shadow object that
1432 	 * will be collapsed later.
1433 	 */
1434 	if (source != NULL && source->ref_count == 1 &&
1435 	    (source->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0)
1436 		return;
1437 
1438 	/*
1439 	 * Allocate a new object with the given length.
1440 	 */
1441 	result = vm_object_allocate_anon(atop(length), source, cred, length);
1442 
1443 	/*
1444 	 * Store the offset into the source object, and fix up the offset into
1445 	 * the new object.
1446 	 */
1447 	result->backing_object_offset = *offset;
1448 
1449 	if (shared || source != NULL) {
1450 		VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(result);
1451 
1452 		/*
1453 		 * The new object shadows the source object, adding a
1454 		 * reference to it.  Our caller changes his reference
1455 		 * to point to the new object, removing a reference to
1456 		 * the source object.  Net result: no change of
1457 		 * reference count, unless the caller needs to add one
1458 		 * more reference due to forking a shared map entry.
1459 		 */
1460 		if (shared) {
1461 			vm_object_reference_locked(result);
1462 			vm_object_clear_flag(result, OBJ_ONEMAPPING);
1463 		}
1464 
1465 		/*
1466 		 * Try to optimize the result object's page color when
1467 		 * shadowing in order to maintain page coloring
1468 		 * consistency in the combined shadowed object.
1469 		 */
1470 		if (source != NULL) {
1471 			vm_object_backing_insert(result, source);
1472 			result->domain = source->domain;
1473 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
1474 			result->flags |= source->flags & OBJ_COLORED;
1475 			result->pg_color = (source->pg_color +
1476 			    OFF_TO_IDX(*offset)) & ((1 << (VM_NFREEORDER -
1477 			    1)) - 1);
1478 #endif
1479 		}
1480 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(result);
1481 	}
1482 
1483 	/*
1484 	 * Return the new things
1485 	 */
1486 	*offset = 0;
1487 	*object = result;
1488 }
1489 
1490 /*
1491  *	vm_object_split:
1492  *
1493  * Split the pages in a map entry into a new object.  This affords
1494  * easier removal of unused pages, and keeps object inheritance from
1495  * being a negative impact on memory usage.
1496  */
1497 void
1498 vm_object_split(vm_map_entry_t entry)
1499 {
1500 	vm_page_t m, m_next;
1501 	vm_object_t orig_object, new_object, backing_object;
1502 	vm_pindex_t idx, offidxstart;
1503 	vm_size_t size;
1504 
1505 	orig_object = entry->object.vm_object;
1506 	KASSERT((orig_object->flags & OBJ_ONEMAPPING) != 0,
1507 	    ("vm_object_split:  Splitting object with multiple mappings."));
1508 	if ((orig_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) == 0)
1509 		return;
1510 	if (orig_object->ref_count <= 1)
1511 		return;
1512 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(orig_object);
1513 
1514 	offidxstart = OFF_TO_IDX(entry->offset);
1515 	size = atop(entry->end - entry->start);
1516 
1517 	/*
1518 	 * If swap_pager_copy() is later called, it will convert new_object
1519 	 * into a swap object.
1520 	 */
1521 	new_object = vm_object_allocate_anon(size, orig_object,
1522 	    orig_object->cred, ptoa(size));
1523 
1524 	/*
1525 	 * We must wait for the orig_object to complete any in-progress
1526 	 * collapse so that the swap blocks are stable below.  The
1527 	 * additional reference on backing_object by new object will
1528 	 * prevent further collapse operations until split completes.
1529 	 */
1530 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(orig_object);
1531 	vm_object_collapse_wait(orig_object);
1532 
1533 	/*
1534 	 * At this point, the new object is still private, so the order in
1535 	 * which the original and new objects are locked does not matter.
1536 	 */
1537 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(new_object);
1538 	new_object->domain = orig_object->domain;
1539 	backing_object = orig_object->backing_object;
1540 	if (backing_object != NULL) {
1541 		vm_object_backing_insert_ref(new_object, backing_object);
1542 		new_object->backing_object_offset =
1543 		    orig_object->backing_object_offset + entry->offset;
1544 	}
1545 	if (orig_object->cred != NULL) {
1546 		crhold(orig_object->cred);
1547 		KASSERT(orig_object->charge >= ptoa(size),
1548 		    ("orig_object->charge < 0"));
1549 		orig_object->charge -= ptoa(size);
1550 	}
1551 
1552 	/*
1553 	 * Mark the split operation so that swap_pager_getpages() knows
1554 	 * that the object is in transition.
1555 	 */
1556 	vm_object_set_flag(orig_object, OBJ_SPLIT);
1557 retry:
1558 	m = vm_page_find_least(orig_object, offidxstart);
1559 	for (; m != NULL && (idx = m->pindex - offidxstart) < size;
1560 	    m = m_next) {
1561 		m_next = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
1562 
1563 		/*
1564 		 * We must wait for pending I/O to complete before we can
1565 		 * rename the page.
1566 		 *
1567 		 * We do not have to VM_PROT_NONE the page as mappings should
1568 		 * not be changed by this operation.
1569 		 */
1570 		if (vm_page_tryxbusy(m) == 0) {
1571 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(new_object);
1572 			vm_page_sleep_if_busy(m, "spltwt");
1573 			VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(new_object);
1574 			goto retry;
1575 		}
1576 
1577 		/*
1578 		 * The page was left invalid.  Likely placed there by
1579 		 * an incomplete fault.  Just remove and ignore.
1580 		 */
1581 		if (vm_page_none_valid(m)) {
1582 			if (vm_page_remove(m))
1583 				vm_page_free(m);
1584 			continue;
1585 		}
1586 
1587 		/* vm_page_rename() will dirty the page. */
1588 		if (vm_page_rename(m, new_object, idx)) {
1589 			vm_page_xunbusy(m);
1590 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(new_object);
1591 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(orig_object);
1592 			vm_radix_wait();
1593 			VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(orig_object);
1594 			VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(new_object);
1595 			goto retry;
1596 		}
1597 
1598 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
1599 		/*
1600 		 * If some of the reservation's allocated pages remain with
1601 		 * the original object, then transferring the reservation to
1602 		 * the new object is neither particularly beneficial nor
1603 		 * particularly harmful as compared to leaving the reservation
1604 		 * with the original object.  If, however, all of the
1605 		 * reservation's allocated pages are transferred to the new
1606 		 * object, then transferring the reservation is typically
1607 		 * beneficial.  Determining which of these two cases applies
1608 		 * would be more costly than unconditionally renaming the
1609 		 * reservation.
1610 		 */
1611 		vm_reserv_rename(m, new_object, orig_object, offidxstart);
1612 #endif
1613 		if (orig_object->type != OBJT_SWAP)
1614 			vm_page_xunbusy(m);
1615 	}
1616 	if (orig_object->type == OBJT_SWAP) {
1617 		/*
1618 		 * swap_pager_copy() can sleep, in which case the orig_object's
1619 		 * and new_object's locks are released and reacquired.
1620 		 */
1621 		swap_pager_copy(orig_object, new_object, offidxstart, 0);
1622 		TAILQ_FOREACH(m, &new_object->memq, listq)
1623 			vm_page_xunbusy(m);
1624 	}
1625 	vm_object_clear_flag(orig_object, OBJ_SPLIT);
1626 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(orig_object);
1627 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(new_object);
1628 	entry->object.vm_object = new_object;
1629 	entry->offset = 0LL;
1630 	vm_object_deallocate(orig_object);
1631 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(new_object);
1632 }
1633 
1634 static vm_page_t
1635 vm_object_collapse_scan_wait(vm_object_t object, vm_page_t p)
1636 {
1637 	vm_object_t backing_object;
1638 
1639 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
1640 	backing_object = object->backing_object;
1641 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(backing_object);
1642 
1643 	KASSERT(p == NULL || p->object == object || p->object == backing_object,
1644 	    ("invalid ownership %p %p %p", p, object, backing_object));
1645 	/* The page is only NULL when rename fails. */
1646 	if (p == NULL) {
1647 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1648 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
1649 		vm_radix_wait();
1650 	} else {
1651 		if (p->object == object)
1652 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
1653 		else
1654 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1655 		vm_page_busy_sleep(p, "vmocol", false);
1656 	}
1657 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
1658 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(backing_object);
1659 	return (TAILQ_FIRST(&backing_object->memq));
1660 }
1661 
1662 static bool
1663 vm_object_scan_all_shadowed(vm_object_t object)
1664 {
1665 	vm_object_t backing_object;
1666 	vm_page_t p, pp;
1667 	vm_pindex_t backing_offset_index, new_pindex, pi, ps;
1668 
1669 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
1670 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object->backing_object);
1671 
1672 	backing_object = object->backing_object;
1673 
1674 	if ((backing_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) == 0)
1675 		return (false);
1676 
1677 	pi = backing_offset_index = OFF_TO_IDX(object->backing_object_offset);
1678 	p = vm_page_find_least(backing_object, pi);
1679 	ps = swap_pager_find_least(backing_object, pi);
1680 
1681 	/*
1682 	 * Only check pages inside the parent object's range and
1683 	 * inside the parent object's mapping of the backing object.
1684 	 */
1685 	for (;; pi++) {
1686 		if (p != NULL && p->pindex < pi)
1687 			p = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
1688 		if (ps < pi)
1689 			ps = swap_pager_find_least(backing_object, pi);
1690 		if (p == NULL && ps >= backing_object->size)
1691 			break;
1692 		else if (p == NULL)
1693 			pi = ps;
1694 		else
1695 			pi = MIN(p->pindex, ps);
1696 
1697 		new_pindex = pi - backing_offset_index;
1698 		if (new_pindex >= object->size)
1699 			break;
1700 
1701 		if (p != NULL) {
1702 			/*
1703 			 * If the backing object page is busy a
1704 			 * grandparent or older page may still be
1705 			 * undergoing CoW.  It is not safe to collapse
1706 			 * the backing object until it is quiesced.
1707 			 */
1708 			if (vm_page_tryxbusy(p) == 0)
1709 				return (false);
1710 
1711 			/*
1712 			 * We raced with the fault handler that left
1713 			 * newly allocated invalid page on the object
1714 			 * queue and retried.
1715 			 */
1716 			if (!vm_page_all_valid(p))
1717 				goto unbusy_ret;
1718 		}
1719 
1720 		/*
1721 		 * See if the parent has the page or if the parent's object
1722 		 * pager has the page.  If the parent has the page but the page
1723 		 * is not valid, the parent's object pager must have the page.
1724 		 *
1725 		 * If this fails, the parent does not completely shadow the
1726 		 * object and we might as well give up now.
1727 		 */
1728 		pp = vm_page_lookup(object, new_pindex);
1729 
1730 		/*
1731 		 * The valid check here is stable due to object lock
1732 		 * being required to clear valid and initiate paging.
1733 		 * Busy of p disallows fault handler to validate pp.
1734 		 */
1735 		if ((pp == NULL || vm_page_none_valid(pp)) &&
1736 		    !vm_pager_has_page(object, new_pindex, NULL, NULL))
1737 			goto unbusy_ret;
1738 		if (p != NULL)
1739 			vm_page_xunbusy(p);
1740 	}
1741 	return (true);
1742 
1743 unbusy_ret:
1744 	if (p != NULL)
1745 		vm_page_xunbusy(p);
1746 	return (false);
1747 }
1748 
1749 static void
1750 vm_object_collapse_scan(vm_object_t object)
1751 {
1752 	vm_object_t backing_object;
1753 	vm_page_t next, p, pp;
1754 	vm_pindex_t backing_offset_index, new_pindex;
1755 
1756 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
1757 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object->backing_object);
1758 
1759 	backing_object = object->backing_object;
1760 	backing_offset_index = OFF_TO_IDX(object->backing_object_offset);
1761 
1762 	/*
1763 	 * Our scan
1764 	 */
1765 	for (p = TAILQ_FIRST(&backing_object->memq); p != NULL; p = next) {
1766 		next = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
1767 		new_pindex = p->pindex - backing_offset_index;
1768 
1769 		/*
1770 		 * Check for busy page
1771 		 */
1772 		if (vm_page_tryxbusy(p) == 0) {
1773 			next = vm_object_collapse_scan_wait(object, p);
1774 			continue;
1775 		}
1776 
1777 		KASSERT(object->backing_object == backing_object,
1778 		    ("vm_object_collapse_scan: backing object mismatch %p != %p",
1779 		    object->backing_object, backing_object));
1780 		KASSERT(p->object == backing_object,
1781 		    ("vm_object_collapse_scan: object mismatch %p != %p",
1782 		    p->object, backing_object));
1783 
1784 		if (p->pindex < backing_offset_index ||
1785 		    new_pindex >= object->size) {
1786 			if (backing_object->type == OBJT_SWAP)
1787 				swap_pager_freespace(backing_object, p->pindex,
1788 				    1);
1789 
1790 			KASSERT(!pmap_page_is_mapped(p),
1791 			    ("freeing mapped page %p", p));
1792 			if (vm_page_remove(p))
1793 				vm_page_free(p);
1794 			continue;
1795 		}
1796 
1797 		if (!vm_page_all_valid(p)) {
1798 			KASSERT(!pmap_page_is_mapped(p),
1799 			    ("freeing mapped page %p", p));
1800 			if (vm_page_remove(p))
1801 				vm_page_free(p);
1802 			continue;
1803 		}
1804 
1805 		pp = vm_page_lookup(object, new_pindex);
1806 		if (pp != NULL && vm_page_tryxbusy(pp) == 0) {
1807 			vm_page_xunbusy(p);
1808 			/*
1809 			 * The page in the parent is busy and possibly not
1810 			 * (yet) valid.  Until its state is finalized by the
1811 			 * busy bit owner, we can't tell whether it shadows the
1812 			 * original page.
1813 			 */
1814 			next = vm_object_collapse_scan_wait(object, pp);
1815 			continue;
1816 		}
1817 
1818 		if (pp != NULL && vm_page_none_valid(pp)) {
1819 			/*
1820 			 * The page was invalid in the parent.  Likely placed
1821 			 * there by an incomplete fault.  Just remove and
1822 			 * ignore.  p can replace it.
1823 			 */
1824 			if (vm_page_remove(pp))
1825 				vm_page_free(pp);
1826 			pp = NULL;
1827 		}
1828 
1829 		if (pp != NULL || vm_pager_has_page(object, new_pindex, NULL,
1830 			NULL)) {
1831 			/*
1832 			 * The page already exists in the parent OR swap exists
1833 			 * for this location in the parent.  Leave the parent's
1834 			 * page alone.  Destroy the original page from the
1835 			 * backing object.
1836 			 */
1837 			if (backing_object->type == OBJT_SWAP)
1838 				swap_pager_freespace(backing_object, p->pindex,
1839 				    1);
1840 			KASSERT(!pmap_page_is_mapped(p),
1841 			    ("freeing mapped page %p", p));
1842 			if (vm_page_remove(p))
1843 				vm_page_free(p);
1844 			if (pp != NULL)
1845 				vm_page_xunbusy(pp);
1846 			continue;
1847 		}
1848 
1849 		/*
1850 		 * Page does not exist in parent, rename the page from the
1851 		 * backing object to the main object.
1852 		 *
1853 		 * If the page was mapped to a process, it can remain mapped
1854 		 * through the rename.  vm_page_rename() will dirty the page.
1855 		 */
1856 		if (vm_page_rename(p, object, new_pindex)) {
1857 			vm_page_xunbusy(p);
1858 			next = vm_object_collapse_scan_wait(object, NULL);
1859 			continue;
1860 		}
1861 
1862 		/* Use the old pindex to free the right page. */
1863 		if (backing_object->type == OBJT_SWAP)
1864 			swap_pager_freespace(backing_object,
1865 			    new_pindex + backing_offset_index, 1);
1866 
1867 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
1868 		/*
1869 		 * Rename the reservation.
1870 		 */
1871 		vm_reserv_rename(p, object, backing_object,
1872 		    backing_offset_index);
1873 #endif
1874 		vm_page_xunbusy(p);
1875 	}
1876 	return;
1877 }
1878 
1879 /*
1880  *	vm_object_collapse:
1881  *
1882  *	Collapse an object with the object backing it.
1883  *	Pages in the backing object are moved into the
1884  *	parent, and the backing object is deallocated.
1885  */
1886 void
1887 vm_object_collapse(vm_object_t object)
1888 {
1889 	vm_object_t backing_object, new_backing_object;
1890 
1891 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
1892 
1893 	while (TRUE) {
1894 		KASSERT((object->flags & (OBJ_DEAD | OBJ_ANON)) == OBJ_ANON,
1895 		    ("collapsing invalid object"));
1896 
1897 		/*
1898 		 * Wait for the backing_object to finish any pending
1899 		 * collapse so that the caller sees the shortest possible
1900 		 * shadow chain.
1901 		 */
1902 		backing_object = vm_object_backing_collapse_wait(object);
1903 		if (backing_object == NULL)
1904 			return;
1905 
1906 		KASSERT(object->ref_count > 0 &&
1907 		    object->ref_count > object->shadow_count,
1908 		    ("collapse with invalid ref %d or shadow %d count.",
1909 		    object->ref_count, object->shadow_count));
1910 		KASSERT((backing_object->flags &
1911 		    (OBJ_COLLAPSING | OBJ_DEAD)) == 0,
1912 		    ("vm_object_collapse: Backing object already collapsing."));
1913 		KASSERT((object->flags & (OBJ_COLLAPSING | OBJ_DEAD)) == 0,
1914 		    ("vm_object_collapse: object is already collapsing."));
1915 
1916 		/*
1917 		 * We know that we can either collapse the backing object if
1918 		 * the parent is the only reference to it, or (perhaps) have
1919 		 * the parent bypass the object if the parent happens to shadow
1920 		 * all the resident pages in the entire backing object.
1921 		 */
1922 		if (backing_object->ref_count == 1) {
1923 			KASSERT(backing_object->shadow_count == 1,
1924 			    ("vm_object_collapse: shadow_count: %d",
1925 			    backing_object->shadow_count));
1926 			vm_object_pip_add(object, 1);
1927 			vm_object_set_flag(object, OBJ_COLLAPSING);
1928 			vm_object_pip_add(backing_object, 1);
1929 			vm_object_set_flag(backing_object, OBJ_DEAD);
1930 
1931 			/*
1932 			 * If there is exactly one reference to the backing
1933 			 * object, we can collapse it into the parent.
1934 			 */
1935 			vm_object_collapse_scan(object);
1936 
1937 #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
1938 			/*
1939 			 * Break any reservations from backing_object.
1940 			 */
1941 			if (__predict_false(!LIST_EMPTY(&backing_object->rvq)))
1942 				vm_reserv_break_all(backing_object);
1943 #endif
1944 
1945 			/*
1946 			 * Move the pager from backing_object to object.
1947 			 */
1948 			if (backing_object->type == OBJT_SWAP) {
1949 				/*
1950 				 * swap_pager_copy() can sleep, in which case
1951 				 * the backing_object's and object's locks are
1952 				 * released and reacquired.
1953 				 * Since swap_pager_copy() is being asked to
1954 				 * destroy backing_object, it will change the
1955 				 * type to OBJT_DEFAULT.
1956 				 */
1957 				swap_pager_copy(
1958 				    backing_object,
1959 				    object,
1960 				    OFF_TO_IDX(object->backing_object_offset), TRUE);
1961 			}
1962 
1963 			/*
1964 			 * Object now shadows whatever backing_object did.
1965 			 */
1966 			vm_object_clear_flag(object, OBJ_COLLAPSING);
1967 			vm_object_backing_transfer(object, backing_object);
1968 			object->backing_object_offset +=
1969 			    backing_object->backing_object_offset;
1970 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
1971 			vm_object_pip_wakeup(object);
1972 
1973 			/*
1974 			 * Discard backing_object.
1975 			 *
1976 			 * Since the backing object has no pages, no pager left,
1977 			 * and no object references within it, all that is
1978 			 * necessary is to dispose of it.
1979 			 */
1980 			KASSERT(backing_object->ref_count == 1, (
1981 "backing_object %p was somehow re-referenced during collapse!",
1982 			    backing_object));
1983 			vm_object_pip_wakeup(backing_object);
1984 			(void)refcount_release(&backing_object->ref_count);
1985 			vm_object_terminate(backing_object);
1986 			counter_u64_add(object_collapses, 1);
1987 			VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
1988 		} else {
1989 			/*
1990 			 * If we do not entirely shadow the backing object,
1991 			 * there is nothing we can do so we give up.
1992 			 *
1993 			 * The object lock and backing_object lock must not
1994 			 * be dropped during this sequence.
1995 			 */
1996 			if (!vm_object_scan_all_shadowed(object)) {
1997 				VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
1998 				break;
1999 			}
2000 
2001 			/*
2002 			 * Make the parent shadow the next object in the
2003 			 * chain.  Deallocating backing_object will not remove
2004 			 * it, since its reference count is at least 2.
2005 			 */
2006 			vm_object_backing_remove_locked(object);
2007 			new_backing_object = backing_object->backing_object;
2008 			if (new_backing_object != NULL) {
2009 				vm_object_backing_insert_ref(object,
2010 				    new_backing_object);
2011 				object->backing_object_offset +=
2012 				    backing_object->backing_object_offset;
2013 			}
2014 
2015 			/*
2016 			 * Drop the reference count on backing_object. Since
2017 			 * its ref_count was at least 2, it will not vanish.
2018 			 */
2019 			(void)refcount_release(&backing_object->ref_count);
2020 			KASSERT(backing_object->ref_count >= 1, (
2021 "backing_object %p was somehow dereferenced during collapse!",
2022 			    backing_object));
2023 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(backing_object);
2024 			counter_u64_add(object_bypasses, 1);
2025 		}
2026 
2027 		/*
2028 		 * Try again with this object's new backing object.
2029 		 */
2030 	}
2031 }
2032 
2033 /*
2034  *	vm_object_page_remove:
2035  *
2036  *	For the given object, either frees or invalidates each of the
2037  *	specified pages.  In general, a page is freed.  However, if a page is
2038  *	wired for any reason other than the existence of a managed, wired
2039  *	mapping, then it may be invalidated but not removed from the object.
2040  *	Pages are specified by the given range ["start", "end") and the option
2041  *	OBJPR_CLEANONLY.  As a special case, if "end" is zero, then the range
2042  *	extends from "start" to the end of the object.  If the option
2043  *	OBJPR_CLEANONLY is specified, then only the non-dirty pages within the
2044  *	specified range are affected.  If the option OBJPR_NOTMAPPED is
2045  *	specified, then the pages within the specified range must have no
2046  *	mappings.  Otherwise, if this option is not specified, any mappings to
2047  *	the specified pages are removed before the pages are freed or
2048  *	invalidated.
2049  *
2050  *	In general, this operation should only be performed on objects that
2051  *	contain managed pages.  There are, however, two exceptions.  First, it
2052  *	is performed on the kernel and kmem objects by vm_map_entry_delete().
2053  *	Second, it is used by msync(..., MS_INVALIDATE) to invalidate device-
2054  *	backed pages.  In both of these cases, the option OBJPR_CLEANONLY must
2055  *	not be specified and the option OBJPR_NOTMAPPED must be specified.
2056  *
2057  *	The object must be locked.
2058  */
2059 void
2060 vm_object_page_remove(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t start, vm_pindex_t end,
2061     int options)
2062 {
2063 	vm_page_t p, next;
2064 
2065 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
2066 	KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_UNMANAGED) == 0 ||
2067 	    (options & (OBJPR_CLEANONLY | OBJPR_NOTMAPPED)) == OBJPR_NOTMAPPED,
2068 	    ("vm_object_page_remove: illegal options for object %p", object));
2069 	if (object->resident_page_count == 0)
2070 		return;
2071 	vm_object_pip_add(object, 1);
2072 again:
2073 	p = vm_page_find_least(object, start);
2074 
2075 	/*
2076 	 * Here, the variable "p" is either (1) the page with the least pindex
2077 	 * greater than or equal to the parameter "start" or (2) NULL.
2078 	 */
2079 	for (; p != NULL && (p->pindex < end || end == 0); p = next) {
2080 		next = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
2081 
2082 		/*
2083 		 * If the page is wired for any reason besides the existence
2084 		 * of managed, wired mappings, then it cannot be freed.  For
2085 		 * example, fictitious pages, which represent device memory,
2086 		 * are inherently wired and cannot be freed.  They can,
2087 		 * however, be invalidated if the option OBJPR_CLEANONLY is
2088 		 * not specified.
2089 		 */
2090 		if (vm_page_tryxbusy(p) == 0) {
2091 			vm_page_sleep_if_busy(p, "vmopar");
2092 			goto again;
2093 		}
2094 		if (vm_page_wired(p)) {
2095 wired:
2096 			if ((options & OBJPR_NOTMAPPED) == 0 &&
2097 			    object->ref_count != 0)
2098 				pmap_remove_all(p);
2099 			if ((options & OBJPR_CLEANONLY) == 0) {
2100 				vm_page_invalid(p);
2101 				vm_page_undirty(p);
2102 			}
2103 			vm_page_xunbusy(p);
2104 			continue;
2105 		}
2106 		KASSERT((p->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0,
2107 		    ("vm_object_page_remove: page %p is fictitious", p));
2108 		if ((options & OBJPR_CLEANONLY) != 0 &&
2109 		    !vm_page_none_valid(p)) {
2110 			if ((options & OBJPR_NOTMAPPED) == 0 &&
2111 			    object->ref_count != 0 &&
2112 			    !vm_page_try_remove_write(p))
2113 				goto wired;
2114 			if (p->dirty != 0) {
2115 				vm_page_xunbusy(p);
2116 				continue;
2117 			}
2118 		}
2119 		if ((options & OBJPR_NOTMAPPED) == 0 &&
2120 		    object->ref_count != 0 && !vm_page_try_remove_all(p))
2121 			goto wired;
2122 		vm_page_free(p);
2123 	}
2124 	vm_object_pip_wakeup(object);
2125 
2126 	if (object->type == OBJT_SWAP) {
2127 		if (end == 0)
2128 			end = object->size;
2129 		swap_pager_freespace(object, start, end - start);
2130 	}
2131 }
2132 
2133 /*
2134  *	vm_object_page_noreuse:
2135  *
2136  *	For the given object, attempt to move the specified pages to
2137  *	the head of the inactive queue.  This bypasses regular LRU
2138  *	operation and allows the pages to be reused quickly under memory
2139  *	pressure.  If a page is wired for any reason, then it will not
2140  *	be queued.  Pages are specified by the range ["start", "end").
2141  *	As a special case, if "end" is zero, then the range extends from
2142  *	"start" to the end of the object.
2143  *
2144  *	This operation should only be performed on objects that
2145  *	contain non-fictitious, managed pages.
2146  *
2147  *	The object must be locked.
2148  */
2149 void
2150 vm_object_page_noreuse(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t start, vm_pindex_t end)
2151 {
2152 	vm_page_t p, next;
2153 
2154 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(object);
2155 	KASSERT((object->flags & (OBJ_FICTITIOUS | OBJ_UNMANAGED)) == 0,
2156 	    ("vm_object_page_noreuse: illegal object %p", object));
2157 	if (object->resident_page_count == 0)
2158 		return;
2159 	p = vm_page_find_least(object, start);
2160 
2161 	/*
2162 	 * Here, the variable "p" is either (1) the page with the least pindex
2163 	 * greater than or equal to the parameter "start" or (2) NULL.
2164 	 */
2165 	for (; p != NULL && (p->pindex < end || end == 0); p = next) {
2166 		next = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
2167 		vm_page_deactivate_noreuse(p);
2168 	}
2169 }
2170 
2171 /*
2172  *	Populate the specified range of the object with valid pages.  Returns
2173  *	TRUE if the range is successfully populated and FALSE otherwise.
2174  *
2175  *	Note: This function should be optimized to pass a larger array of
2176  *	pages to vm_pager_get_pages() before it is applied to a non-
2177  *	OBJT_DEVICE object.
2178  *
2179  *	The object must be locked.
2180  */
2181 boolean_t
2182 vm_object_populate(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t start, vm_pindex_t end)
2183 {
2184 	vm_page_t m;
2185 	vm_pindex_t pindex;
2186 	int rv;
2187 
2188 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
2189 	for (pindex = start; pindex < end; pindex++) {
2190 		rv = vm_page_grab_valid(&m, object, pindex, VM_ALLOC_NORMAL);
2191 		if (rv != VM_PAGER_OK)
2192 			break;
2193 
2194 		/*
2195 		 * Keep "m" busy because a subsequent iteration may unlock
2196 		 * the object.
2197 		 */
2198 	}
2199 	if (pindex > start) {
2200 		m = vm_page_lookup(object, start);
2201 		while (m != NULL && m->pindex < pindex) {
2202 			vm_page_xunbusy(m);
2203 			m = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
2204 		}
2205 	}
2206 	return (pindex == end);
2207 }
2208 
2209 /*
2210  *	Routine:	vm_object_coalesce
2211  *	Function:	Coalesces two objects backing up adjoining
2212  *			regions of memory into a single object.
2213  *
2214  *	returns TRUE if objects were combined.
2215  *
2216  *	NOTE:	Only works at the moment if the second object is NULL -
2217  *		if it's not, which object do we lock first?
2218  *
2219  *	Parameters:
2220  *		prev_object	First object to coalesce
2221  *		prev_offset	Offset into prev_object
2222  *		prev_size	Size of reference to prev_object
2223  *		next_size	Size of reference to the second object
2224  *		reserved	Indicator that extension region has
2225  *				swap accounted for
2226  *
2227  *	Conditions:
2228  *	The object must *not* be locked.
2229  */
2230 boolean_t
2231 vm_object_coalesce(vm_object_t prev_object, vm_ooffset_t prev_offset,
2232     vm_size_t prev_size, vm_size_t next_size, boolean_t reserved)
2233 {
2234 	vm_pindex_t next_pindex;
2235 
2236 	if (prev_object == NULL)
2237 		return (TRUE);
2238 	if ((prev_object->flags & OBJ_ANON) == 0)
2239 		return (FALSE);
2240 
2241 	VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(prev_object);
2242 	/*
2243 	 * Try to collapse the object first.
2244 	 */
2245 	vm_object_collapse(prev_object);
2246 
2247 	/*
2248 	 * Can't coalesce if: . more than one reference . paged out . shadows
2249 	 * another object . has a copy elsewhere (any of which mean that the
2250 	 * pages not mapped to prev_entry may be in use anyway)
2251 	 */
2252 	if (prev_object->backing_object != NULL) {
2253 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(prev_object);
2254 		return (FALSE);
2255 	}
2256 
2257 	prev_size >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
2258 	next_size >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
2259 	next_pindex = OFF_TO_IDX(prev_offset) + prev_size;
2260 
2261 	if (prev_object->ref_count > 1 &&
2262 	    prev_object->size != next_pindex &&
2263 	    (prev_object->flags & OBJ_ONEMAPPING) == 0) {
2264 		VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(prev_object);
2265 		return (FALSE);
2266 	}
2267 
2268 	/*
2269 	 * Account for the charge.
2270 	 */
2271 	if (prev_object->cred != NULL) {
2272 
2273 		/*
2274 		 * If prev_object was charged, then this mapping,
2275 		 * although not charged now, may become writable
2276 		 * later. Non-NULL cred in the object would prevent
2277 		 * swap reservation during enabling of the write
2278 		 * access, so reserve swap now. Failed reservation
2279 		 * cause allocation of the separate object for the map
2280 		 * entry, and swap reservation for this entry is
2281 		 * managed in appropriate time.
2282 		 */
2283 		if (!reserved && !swap_reserve_by_cred(ptoa(next_size),
2284 		    prev_object->cred)) {
2285 			VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(prev_object);
2286 			return (FALSE);
2287 		}
2288 		prev_object->charge += ptoa(next_size);
2289 	}
2290 
2291 	/*
2292 	 * Remove any pages that may still be in the object from a previous
2293 	 * deallocation.
2294 	 */
2295 	if (next_pindex < prev_object->size) {
2296 		vm_object_page_remove(prev_object, next_pindex, next_pindex +
2297 		    next_size, 0);
2298 #if 0
2299 		if (prev_object->cred != NULL) {
2300 			KASSERT(prev_object->charge >=
2301 			    ptoa(prev_object->size - next_pindex),
2302 			    ("object %p overcharged 1 %jx %jx", prev_object,
2303 				(uintmax_t)next_pindex, (uintmax_t)next_size));
2304 			prev_object->charge -= ptoa(prev_object->size -
2305 			    next_pindex);
2306 		}
2307 #endif
2308 	}
2309 
2310 	/*
2311 	 * Extend the object if necessary.
2312 	 */
2313 	if (next_pindex + next_size > prev_object->size)
2314 		prev_object->size = next_pindex + next_size;
2315 
2316 	VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(prev_object);
2317 	return (TRUE);
2318 }
2319 
2320 void
2321 vm_object_set_writeable_dirty(vm_object_t object)
2322 {
2323 
2324 	/* Only set for vnodes & tmpfs */
2325 	if (object->type != OBJT_VNODE &&
2326 	    (object->flags & OBJ_TMPFS_NODE) == 0)
2327 		return;
2328 	atomic_add_int(&object->generation, 1);
2329 }
2330 
2331 /*
2332  *	vm_object_unwire:
2333  *
2334  *	For each page offset within the specified range of the given object,
2335  *	find the highest-level page in the shadow chain and unwire it.  A page
2336  *	must exist at every page offset, and the highest-level page must be
2337  *	wired.
2338  */
2339 void
2340 vm_object_unwire(vm_object_t object, vm_ooffset_t offset, vm_size_t length,
2341     uint8_t queue)
2342 {
2343 	vm_object_t tobject, t1object;
2344 	vm_page_t m, tm;
2345 	vm_pindex_t end_pindex, pindex, tpindex;
2346 	int depth, locked_depth;
2347 
2348 	KASSERT((offset & PAGE_MASK) == 0,
2349 	    ("vm_object_unwire: offset is not page aligned"));
2350 	KASSERT((length & PAGE_MASK) == 0,
2351 	    ("vm_object_unwire: length is not a multiple of PAGE_SIZE"));
2352 	/* The wired count of a fictitious page never changes. */
2353 	if ((object->flags & OBJ_FICTITIOUS) != 0)
2354 		return;
2355 	pindex = OFF_TO_IDX(offset);
2356 	end_pindex = pindex + atop(length);
2357 again:
2358 	locked_depth = 1;
2359 	VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(object);
2360 	m = vm_page_find_least(object, pindex);
2361 	while (pindex < end_pindex) {
2362 		if (m == NULL || pindex < m->pindex) {
2363 			/*
2364 			 * The first object in the shadow chain doesn't
2365 			 * contain a page at the current index.  Therefore,
2366 			 * the page must exist in a backing object.
2367 			 */
2368 			tobject = object;
2369 			tpindex = pindex;
2370 			depth = 0;
2371 			do {
2372 				tpindex +=
2373 				    OFF_TO_IDX(tobject->backing_object_offset);
2374 				tobject = tobject->backing_object;
2375 				KASSERT(tobject != NULL,
2376 				    ("vm_object_unwire: missing page"));
2377 				if ((tobject->flags & OBJ_FICTITIOUS) != 0)
2378 					goto next_page;
2379 				depth++;
2380 				if (depth == locked_depth) {
2381 					locked_depth++;
2382 					VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(tobject);
2383 				}
2384 			} while ((tm = vm_page_lookup(tobject, tpindex)) ==
2385 			    NULL);
2386 		} else {
2387 			tm = m;
2388 			m = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
2389 		}
2390 		if (vm_page_trysbusy(tm) == 0) {
2391 			for (tobject = object; locked_depth >= 1;
2392 			    locked_depth--) {
2393 				t1object = tobject->backing_object;
2394 				if (tm->object != tobject)
2395 					VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(tobject);
2396 				tobject = t1object;
2397 			}
2398 			vm_page_busy_sleep(tm, "unwbo", true);
2399 			goto again;
2400 		}
2401 		vm_page_unwire(tm, queue);
2402 		vm_page_sunbusy(tm);
2403 next_page:
2404 		pindex++;
2405 	}
2406 	/* Release the accumulated object locks. */
2407 	for (tobject = object; locked_depth >= 1; locked_depth--) {
2408 		t1object = tobject->backing_object;
2409 		VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(tobject);
2410 		tobject = t1object;
2411 	}
2412 }
2413 
2414 /*
2415  * Return the vnode for the given object, or NULL if none exists.
2416  * For tmpfs objects, the function may return NULL if there is
2417  * no vnode allocated at the time of the call.
2418  */
2419 struct vnode *
2420 vm_object_vnode(vm_object_t object)
2421 {
2422 	struct vnode *vp;
2423 
2424 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(object);
2425 	if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE) {
2426 		vp = object->handle;
2427 		KASSERT(vp != NULL, ("%s: OBJT_VNODE has no vnode", __func__));
2428 	} else if (object->type == OBJT_SWAP &&
2429 	    (object->flags & OBJ_TMPFS) != 0) {
2430 		vp = object->un_pager.swp.swp_tmpfs;
2431 		KASSERT(vp != NULL, ("%s: OBJT_TMPFS has no vnode", __func__));
2432 	} else {
2433 		vp = NULL;
2434 	}
2435 	return (vp);
2436 }
2437 
2438 
2439 /*
2440  * Busy the vm object.  This prevents new pages belonging to the object from
2441  * becoming busy.  Existing pages persist as busy.  Callers are responsible
2442  * for checking page state before proceeding.
2443  */
2444 void
2445 vm_object_busy(vm_object_t obj)
2446 {
2447 
2448 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(obj);
2449 
2450 	blockcount_acquire(&obj->busy, 1);
2451 	/* The fence is required to order loads of page busy. */
2452 	atomic_thread_fence_acq_rel();
2453 }
2454 
2455 void
2456 vm_object_unbusy(vm_object_t obj)
2457 {
2458 
2459 	blockcount_release(&obj->busy, 1);
2460 }
2461 
2462 void
2463 vm_object_busy_wait(vm_object_t obj, const char *wmesg)
2464 {
2465 
2466 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_UNLOCKED(obj);
2467 
2468 	(void)blockcount_sleep(&obj->busy, NULL, wmesg, PVM);
2469 }
2470 
2471 /*
2472  * Return the kvme type of the given object.
2473  * If vpp is not NULL, set it to the object's vm_object_vnode() or NULL.
2474  */
2475 int
2476 vm_object_kvme_type(vm_object_t object, struct vnode **vpp)
2477 {
2478 
2479 	VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(object);
2480 	if (vpp != NULL)
2481 		*vpp = vm_object_vnode(object);
2482 	switch (object->type) {
2483 	case OBJT_DEFAULT:
2484 		return (KVME_TYPE_DEFAULT);
2485 	case OBJT_VNODE:
2486 		return (KVME_TYPE_VNODE);
2487 	case OBJT_SWAP:
2488 		if ((object->flags & OBJ_TMPFS_NODE) != 0)
2489 			return (KVME_TYPE_VNODE);
2490 		return (KVME_TYPE_SWAP);
2491 	case OBJT_DEVICE:
2492 		return (KVME_TYPE_DEVICE);
2493 	case OBJT_PHYS:
2494 		return (KVME_TYPE_PHYS);
2495 	case OBJT_DEAD:
2496 		return (KVME_TYPE_DEAD);
2497 	case OBJT_SG:
2498 		return (KVME_TYPE_SG);
2499 	case OBJT_MGTDEVICE:
2500 		return (KVME_TYPE_MGTDEVICE);
2501 	default:
2502 		return (KVME_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
2503 	}
2504 }
2505 
2506 static int
2507 sysctl_vm_object_list(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
2508 {
2509 	struct kinfo_vmobject *kvo;
2510 	char *fullpath, *freepath;
2511 	struct vnode *vp;
2512 	struct vattr va;
2513 	vm_object_t obj;
2514 	vm_page_t m;
2515 	int count, error;
2516 
2517 	if (req->oldptr == NULL) {
2518 		/*
2519 		 * If an old buffer has not been provided, generate an
2520 		 * estimate of the space needed for a subsequent call.
2521 		 */
2522 		mtx_lock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
2523 		count = 0;
2524 		TAILQ_FOREACH(obj, &vm_object_list, object_list) {
2525 			if (obj->type == OBJT_DEAD)
2526 				continue;
2527 			count++;
2528 		}
2529 		mtx_unlock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
2530 		return (SYSCTL_OUT(req, NULL, sizeof(struct kinfo_vmobject) *
2531 		    count * 11 / 10));
2532 	}
2533 
2534 	kvo = malloc(sizeof(*kvo), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
2535 	error = 0;
2536 
2537 	/*
2538 	 * VM objects are type stable and are never removed from the
2539 	 * list once added.  This allows us to safely read obj->object_list
2540 	 * after reacquiring the VM object lock.
2541 	 */
2542 	mtx_lock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
2543 	TAILQ_FOREACH(obj, &vm_object_list, object_list) {
2544 		if (obj->type == OBJT_DEAD)
2545 			continue;
2546 		VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(obj);
2547 		if (obj->type == OBJT_DEAD) {
2548 			VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(obj);
2549 			continue;
2550 		}
2551 		mtx_unlock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
2552 		kvo->kvo_size = ptoa(obj->size);
2553 		kvo->kvo_resident = obj->resident_page_count;
2554 		kvo->kvo_ref_count = obj->ref_count;
2555 		kvo->kvo_shadow_count = obj->shadow_count;
2556 		kvo->kvo_memattr = obj->memattr;
2557 		kvo->kvo_active = 0;
2558 		kvo->kvo_inactive = 0;
2559 		TAILQ_FOREACH(m, &obj->memq, listq) {
2560 			/*
2561 			 * A page may belong to the object but be
2562 			 * dequeued and set to PQ_NONE while the
2563 			 * object lock is not held.  This makes the
2564 			 * reads of m->queue below racy, and we do not
2565 			 * count pages set to PQ_NONE.  However, this
2566 			 * sysctl is only meant to give an
2567 			 * approximation of the system anyway.
2568 			 */
2569 			if (m->a.queue == PQ_ACTIVE)
2570 				kvo->kvo_active++;
2571 			else if (m->a.queue == PQ_INACTIVE)
2572 				kvo->kvo_inactive++;
2573 		}
2574 
2575 		kvo->kvo_vn_fileid = 0;
2576 		kvo->kvo_vn_fsid = 0;
2577 		kvo->kvo_vn_fsid_freebsd11 = 0;
2578 		freepath = NULL;
2579 		fullpath = "";
2580 		kvo->kvo_type = vm_object_kvme_type(obj, &vp);
2581 		if (vp != NULL)
2582 			vref(vp);
2583 		VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(obj);
2584 		if (vp != NULL) {
2585 			vn_fullpath(curthread, vp, &fullpath, &freepath);
2586 			vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
2587 			if (VOP_GETATTR(vp, &va, curthread->td_ucred) == 0) {
2588 				kvo->kvo_vn_fileid = va.va_fileid;
2589 				kvo->kvo_vn_fsid = va.va_fsid;
2590 				kvo->kvo_vn_fsid_freebsd11 = va.va_fsid;
2591 								/* truncate */
2592 			}
2593 			vput(vp);
2594 		}
2595 
2596 		strlcpy(kvo->kvo_path, fullpath, sizeof(kvo->kvo_path));
2597 		if (freepath != NULL)
2598 			free(freepath, M_TEMP);
2599 
2600 		/* Pack record size down */
2601 		kvo->kvo_structsize = offsetof(struct kinfo_vmobject, kvo_path)
2602 		    + strlen(kvo->kvo_path) + 1;
2603 		kvo->kvo_structsize = roundup(kvo->kvo_structsize,
2604 		    sizeof(uint64_t));
2605 		error = SYSCTL_OUT(req, kvo, kvo->kvo_structsize);
2606 		mtx_lock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
2607 		if (error)
2608 			break;
2609 	}
2610 	mtx_unlock(&vm_object_list_mtx);
2611 	free(kvo, M_TEMP);
2612 	return (error);
2613 }
2614 SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, objects, CTLTYPE_STRUCT | CTLFLAG_RW | CTLFLAG_SKIP |
2615     CTLFLAG_MPSAFE, NULL, 0, sysctl_vm_object_list, "S,kinfo_vmobject",
2616     "List of VM objects");
2617 
2618 #include "opt_ddb.h"
2619 #ifdef DDB
2620 #include <sys/kernel.h>
2621 
2622 #include <sys/cons.h>
2623 
2624 #include <ddb/ddb.h>
2625 
2626 static int
2627 _vm_object_in_map(vm_map_t map, vm_object_t object, vm_map_entry_t entry)
2628 {
2629 	vm_map_t tmpm;
2630 	vm_map_entry_t tmpe;
2631 	vm_object_t obj;
2632 
2633 	if (map == 0)
2634 		return 0;
2635 
2636 	if (entry == 0) {
2637 		VM_MAP_ENTRY_FOREACH(tmpe, map) {
2638 			if (_vm_object_in_map(map, object, tmpe)) {
2639 				return 1;
2640 			}
2641 		}
2642 	} else if (entry->eflags & MAP_ENTRY_IS_SUB_MAP) {
2643 		tmpm = entry->object.sub_map;
2644 		VM_MAP_ENTRY_FOREACH(tmpe, tmpm) {
2645 			if (_vm_object_in_map(tmpm, object, tmpe)) {
2646 				return 1;
2647 			}
2648 		}
2649 	} else if ((obj = entry->object.vm_object) != NULL) {
2650 		for (; obj; obj = obj->backing_object)
2651 			if (obj == object) {
2652 				return 1;
2653 			}
2654 	}
2655 	return 0;
2656 }
2657 
2658 static int
2659 vm_object_in_map(vm_object_t object)
2660 {
2661 	struct proc *p;
2662 
2663 	/* sx_slock(&allproc_lock); */
2664 	FOREACH_PROC_IN_SYSTEM(p) {
2665 		if (!p->p_vmspace /* || (p->p_flag & (P_SYSTEM|P_WEXIT)) */)
2666 			continue;
2667 		if (_vm_object_in_map(&p->p_vmspace->vm_map, object, 0)) {
2668 			/* sx_sunlock(&allproc_lock); */
2669 			return 1;
2670 		}
2671 	}
2672 	/* sx_sunlock(&allproc_lock); */
2673 	if (_vm_object_in_map(kernel_map, object, 0))
2674 		return 1;
2675 	return 0;
2676 }
2677 
2678 DB_SHOW_COMMAND(vmochk, vm_object_check)
2679 {
2680 	vm_object_t object;
2681 
2682 	/*
2683 	 * make sure that internal objs are in a map somewhere
2684 	 * and none have zero ref counts.
2685 	 */
2686 	TAILQ_FOREACH(object, &vm_object_list, object_list) {
2687 		if ((object->flags & OBJ_ANON) != 0) {
2688 			if (object->ref_count == 0) {
2689 				db_printf("vmochk: internal obj has zero ref count: %ld\n",
2690 					(long)object->size);
2691 			}
2692 			if (!vm_object_in_map(object)) {
2693 				db_printf(
2694 			"vmochk: internal obj is not in a map: "
2695 			"ref: %d, size: %lu: 0x%lx, backing_object: %p\n",
2696 				    object->ref_count, (u_long)object->size,
2697 				    (u_long)object->size,
2698 				    (void *)object->backing_object);
2699 			}
2700 		}
2701 		if (db_pager_quit)
2702 			return;
2703 	}
2704 }
2705 
2706 /*
2707  *	vm_object_print:	[ debug ]
2708  */
2709 DB_SHOW_COMMAND(object, vm_object_print_static)
2710 {
2711 	/* XXX convert args. */
2712 	vm_object_t object = (vm_object_t)addr;
2713 	boolean_t full = have_addr;
2714 
2715 	vm_page_t p;
2716 
2717 	/* XXX count is an (unused) arg.  Avoid shadowing it. */
2718 #define	count	was_count
2719 
2720 	int count;
2721 
2722 	if (object == NULL)
2723 		return;
2724 
2725 	db_iprintf(
2726 	    "Object %p: type=%d, size=0x%jx, res=%d, ref=%d, flags=0x%x ruid %d charge %jx\n",
2727 	    object, (int)object->type, (uintmax_t)object->size,
2728 	    object->resident_page_count, object->ref_count, object->flags,
2729 	    object->cred ? object->cred->cr_ruid : -1, (uintmax_t)object->charge);
2730 	db_iprintf(" sref=%d, backing_object(%d)=(%p)+0x%jx\n",
2731 	    object->shadow_count,
2732 	    object->backing_object ? object->backing_object->ref_count : 0,
2733 	    object->backing_object, (uintmax_t)object->backing_object_offset);
2734 
2735 	if (!full)
2736 		return;
2737 
2738 	db_indent += 2;
2739 	count = 0;
2740 	TAILQ_FOREACH(p, &object->memq, listq) {
2741 		if (count == 0)
2742 			db_iprintf("memory:=");
2743 		else if (count == 6) {
2744 			db_printf("\n");
2745 			db_iprintf(" ...");
2746 			count = 0;
2747 		} else
2748 			db_printf(",");
2749 		count++;
2750 
2751 		db_printf("(off=0x%jx,page=0x%jx)",
2752 		    (uintmax_t)p->pindex, (uintmax_t)VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(p));
2753 
2754 		if (db_pager_quit)
2755 			break;
2756 	}
2757 	if (count != 0)
2758 		db_printf("\n");
2759 	db_indent -= 2;
2760 }
2761 
2762 /* XXX. */
2763 #undef count
2764 
2765 /* XXX need this non-static entry for calling from vm_map_print. */
2766 void
2767 vm_object_print(
2768         /* db_expr_t */ long addr,
2769 	boolean_t have_addr,
2770 	/* db_expr_t */ long count,
2771 	char *modif)
2772 {
2773 	vm_object_print_static(addr, have_addr, count, modif);
2774 }
2775 
2776 DB_SHOW_COMMAND(vmopag, vm_object_print_pages)
2777 {
2778 	vm_object_t object;
2779 	vm_pindex_t fidx;
2780 	vm_paddr_t pa;
2781 	vm_page_t m, prev_m;
2782 	int rcount, nl, c;
2783 
2784 	nl = 0;
2785 	TAILQ_FOREACH(object, &vm_object_list, object_list) {
2786 		db_printf("new object: %p\n", (void *)object);
2787 		if (nl > 18) {
2788 			c = cngetc();
2789 			if (c != ' ')
2790 				return;
2791 			nl = 0;
2792 		}
2793 		nl++;
2794 		rcount = 0;
2795 		fidx = 0;
2796 		pa = -1;
2797 		TAILQ_FOREACH(m, &object->memq, listq) {
2798 			if (m->pindex > 128)
2799 				break;
2800 			if ((prev_m = TAILQ_PREV(m, pglist, listq)) != NULL &&
2801 			    prev_m->pindex + 1 != m->pindex) {
2802 				if (rcount) {
2803 					db_printf(" index(%ld)run(%d)pa(0x%lx)\n",
2804 						(long)fidx, rcount, (long)pa);
2805 					if (nl > 18) {
2806 						c = cngetc();
2807 						if (c != ' ')
2808 							return;
2809 						nl = 0;
2810 					}
2811 					nl++;
2812 					rcount = 0;
2813 				}
2814 			}
2815 			if (rcount &&
2816 				(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) == pa + rcount * PAGE_SIZE)) {
2817 				++rcount;
2818 				continue;
2819 			}
2820 			if (rcount) {
2821 				db_printf(" index(%ld)run(%d)pa(0x%lx)\n",
2822 					(long)fidx, rcount, (long)pa);
2823 				if (nl > 18) {
2824 					c = cngetc();
2825 					if (c != ' ')
2826 						return;
2827 					nl = 0;
2828 				}
2829 				nl++;
2830 			}
2831 			fidx = m->pindex;
2832 			pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
2833 			rcount = 1;
2834 		}
2835 		if (rcount) {
2836 			db_printf(" index(%ld)run(%d)pa(0x%lx)\n",
2837 				(long)fidx, rcount, (long)pa);
2838 			if (nl > 18) {
2839 				c = cngetc();
2840 				if (c != ' ')
2841 					return;
2842 				nl = 0;
2843 			}
2844 			nl++;
2845 		}
2846 	}
2847 }
2848 #endif /* DDB */
2849