xref: /freebsd/sys/netinet/tcp_output.c (revision bd79708dbffde195226ade494aa72c345328e745)

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1995
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)tcp_output.c	8.4 (Berkeley) 5/24/95
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");

#include "opt_inet.h"
#include "opt_inet6.h"
#include "opt_ipsec.h"
#include "opt_tcpdebug.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/domain.h>
#ifdef TCP_HHOOK
#include <sys/hhook.h>
#endif
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <sys/mbuf.h>
#include <sys/mutex.h>
#include <sys/protosw.h>
#include <sys/sdt.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/socketvar.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>

#include <net/if.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#include <net/vnet.h>

#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/in_kdtrace.h>
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/in_pcb.h>
#include <netinet/ip_var.h>
#include <netinet/ip_options.h>
#ifdef INET6
#include <netinet6/in6_pcb.h>
#include <netinet/ip6.h>
#include <netinet6/ip6_var.h>
#endif
#ifdef TCP_RFC7413
#include <netinet/tcp_fastopen.h>
#endif
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#define	TCPOUTFLAGS
#include <netinet/tcp_fsm.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_seq.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_timer.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_var.h>
#include <netinet/tcpip.h>
#include <netinet/cc/cc.h>
#ifdef TCPPCAP
#include <netinet/tcp_pcap.h>
#endif
#ifdef TCPDEBUG
#include <netinet/tcp_debug.h>
#endif
#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
#include <netinet/tcp_offload.h>
#endif

#ifdef IPSEC
#include <netipsec/ipsec.h>
#endif /*IPSEC*/

#include <machine/in_cksum.h>

#include <security/mac/mac_framework.h>

VNET_DEFINE(int, path_mtu_discovery) = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, path_mtu_discovery, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
	&VNET_NAME(path_mtu_discovery), 1,
	"Enable Path MTU Discovery");

VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_do_tso) = 1;
#define	V_tcp_do_tso		VNET(tcp_do_tso)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, tso, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
	&VNET_NAME(tcp_do_tso), 0,
	"Enable TCP Segmentation Offload");

VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_sendspace) = 1024*32;
#define	V_tcp_sendspace	VNET(tcp_sendspace)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, TCPCTL_SENDSPACE, sendspace, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
	&VNET_NAME(tcp_sendspace), 0, "Initial send socket buffer size");

VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_do_autosndbuf) = 1;
#define	V_tcp_do_autosndbuf	VNET(tcp_do_autosndbuf)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, sendbuf_auto, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
	&VNET_NAME(tcp_do_autosndbuf), 0,
	"Enable automatic send buffer sizing");

VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_autosndbuf_inc) = 8*1024;
#define	V_tcp_autosndbuf_inc	VNET(tcp_autosndbuf_inc)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, sendbuf_inc, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
	&VNET_NAME(tcp_autosndbuf_inc), 0,
	"Incrementor step size of automatic send buffer");

VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_autosndbuf_max) = 2*1024*1024;
#define	V_tcp_autosndbuf_max	VNET(tcp_autosndbuf_max)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, sendbuf_max, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
	&VNET_NAME(tcp_autosndbuf_max), 0,
	"Max size of automatic send buffer");

/*
 * Make sure that either retransmit or persist timer is set for SYN, FIN and
 * non-ACK.
 */
#define TCP_XMIT_TIMER_ASSERT(tp, len, th_flags)			\
	KASSERT(((len) == 0 && ((th_flags) & (TH_SYN | TH_FIN)) == 0) ||\
	    tcp_timer_active((tp), TT_REXMT) ||				\
	    tcp_timer_active((tp), TT_PERSIST),				\
	    ("neither rexmt nor persist timer is set"))

#ifdef TCP_HHOOK
static void inline	hhook_run_tcp_est_out(struct tcpcb *tp,
			    struct tcphdr *th, struct tcpopt *to,
			    uint32_t len, int tso);
#endif
static void inline	cc_after_idle(struct tcpcb *tp);

#ifdef TCP_HHOOK
/*
 * Wrapper for the TCP established output helper hook.
 */
static void inline
hhook_run_tcp_est_out(struct tcpcb *tp, struct tcphdr *th,
    struct tcpopt *to, uint32_t len, int tso)
{
	struct tcp_hhook_data hhook_data;

	if (V_tcp_hhh[HHOOK_TCP_EST_OUT]->hhh_nhooks > 0) {
		hhook_data.tp = tp;
		hhook_data.th = th;
		hhook_data.to = to;
		hhook_data.len = len;
		hhook_data.tso = tso;

		hhook_run_hooks(V_tcp_hhh[HHOOK_TCP_EST_OUT], &hhook_data,
		    tp->osd);
	}
}
#endif

/*
 * CC wrapper hook functions
 */
static void inline
cc_after_idle(struct tcpcb *tp)
{
	INP_WLOCK_ASSERT(tp->t_inpcb);

	if (CC_ALGO(tp)->after_idle != NULL)
		CC_ALGO(tp)->after_idle(tp->ccv);
}

/*
 * Tcp output routine: figure out what should be sent and send it.
 */
int
tcp_output(struct tcpcb *tp)
{
	struct socket *so = tp->t_inpcb->inp_socket;
	int32_t len;
	uint32_t recwin, sendwin;
	int off, flags, error = 0;	/* Keep compiler happy */
	struct mbuf *m;
	struct ip *ip = NULL;
	struct ipovly *ipov = NULL;
	struct tcphdr *th;
	u_char opt[TCP_MAXOLEN];
	unsigned ipoptlen, optlen, hdrlen;
#ifdef IPSEC
	unsigned ipsec_optlen = 0;
#endif
	int idle, sendalot;
	int sack_rxmit, sack_bytes_rxmt;
	struct sackhole *p;
	int tso, mtu;
	struct tcpopt to;
#if 0
	int maxburst = TCP_MAXBURST;
#endif
#ifdef INET6
	struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = NULL;
	int isipv6;

	isipv6 = (tp->t_inpcb->inp_vflag & INP_IPV6) != 0;
#endif

	INP_WLOCK_ASSERT(tp->t_inpcb);

#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
	if (tp->t_flags & TF_TOE)
		return (tcp_offload_output(tp));
#endif

#ifdef TCP_RFC7413
	/*
	 * For TFO connections in SYN_RECEIVED, only allow the initial
	 * SYN|ACK and those sent by the retransmit timer.
	 */
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_FASTOPEN) &&
	    (tp->t_state == TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED) &&
	    SEQ_GT(tp->snd_max, tp->snd_una) &&    /* initial SYN|ACK sent */
	    (tp->snd_nxt != tp->snd_una))          /* not a retransmit */
		return (0);
#endif
	/*
	 * Determine length of data that should be transmitted,
	 * and flags that will be used.
	 * If there is some data or critical controls (SYN, RST)
	 * to send, then transmit; otherwise, investigate further.
	 */
	idle = (tp->t_flags & TF_LASTIDLE) || (tp->snd_max == tp->snd_una);
	if (idle && ticks - tp->t_rcvtime >= tp->t_rxtcur)
		cc_after_idle(tp);
	tp->t_flags &= ~TF_LASTIDLE;
	if (idle) {
		if (tp->t_flags & TF_MORETOCOME) {
			tp->t_flags |= TF_LASTIDLE;
			idle = 0;
		}
	}
again:
	/*
	 * If we've recently taken a timeout, snd_max will be greater than
	 * snd_nxt.  There may be SACK information that allows us to avoid
	 * resending already delivered data.  Adjust snd_nxt accordingly.
	 */
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_SACK_PERMIT) &&
	    SEQ_LT(tp->snd_nxt, tp->snd_max))
		tcp_sack_adjust(tp);
	sendalot = 0;
	tso = 0;
	mtu = 0;
	off = tp->snd_nxt - tp->snd_una;
	sendwin = min(tp->snd_wnd, tp->snd_cwnd);

	flags = tcp_outflags[tp->t_state];
	/*
	 * Send any SACK-generated retransmissions.  If we're explicitly trying
	 * to send out new data (when sendalot is 1), bypass this function.
	 * If we retransmit in fast recovery mode, decrement snd_cwnd, since
	 * we're replacing a (future) new transmission with a retransmission
	 * now, and we previously incremented snd_cwnd in tcp_input().
	 */
	/*
	 * Still in sack recovery , reset rxmit flag to zero.
	 */
	sack_rxmit = 0;
	sack_bytes_rxmt = 0;
	len = 0;
	p = NULL;
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_SACK_PERMIT) && IN_FASTRECOVERY(tp->t_flags) &&
	    (p = tcp_sack_output(tp, &sack_bytes_rxmt))) {
		uint32_t cwin;

		cwin =
		    imax(min(tp->snd_wnd, tp->snd_cwnd) - sack_bytes_rxmt, 0);
		/* Do not retransmit SACK segments beyond snd_recover */
		if (SEQ_GT(p->end, tp->snd_recover)) {
			/*
			 * (At least) part of sack hole extends beyond
			 * snd_recover. Check to see if we can rexmit data
			 * for this hole.
			 */
			if (SEQ_GEQ(p->rxmit, tp->snd_recover)) {
				/*
				 * Can't rexmit any more data for this hole.
				 * That data will be rexmitted in the next
				 * sack recovery episode, when snd_recover
				 * moves past p->rxmit.
				 */
				p = NULL;
				goto after_sack_rexmit;
			} else
				/* Can rexmit part of the current hole */
				len = ((int32_t)ulmin(cwin,
						   tp->snd_recover - p->rxmit));
		} else
			len = ((int32_t)ulmin(cwin, p->end - p->rxmit));
		off = p->rxmit - tp->snd_una;
		KASSERT(off >= 0,("%s: sack block to the left of una : %d",
		    __func__, off));
		if (len > 0) {
			sack_rxmit = 1;
			sendalot = 1;
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sack_rexmits);
			TCPSTAT_ADD(tcps_sack_rexmit_bytes,
			    min(len, tp->t_maxseg));
		}
	}
after_sack_rexmit:
	/*
	 * Get standard flags, and add SYN or FIN if requested by 'hidden'
	 * state flags.
	 */
	if (tp->t_flags & TF_NEEDFIN)
		flags |= TH_FIN;
	if (tp->t_flags & TF_NEEDSYN)
		flags |= TH_SYN;

	SOCKBUF_LOCK(&so->so_snd);
	/*
	 * If in persist timeout with window of 0, send 1 byte.
	 * Otherwise, if window is small but nonzero
	 * and timer expired, we will send what we can
	 * and go to transmit state.
	 */
	if (tp->t_flags & TF_FORCEDATA) {
		if (sendwin == 0) {
			/*
			 * If we still have some data to send, then
			 * clear the FIN bit.  Usually this would
			 * happen below when it realizes that we
			 * aren't sending all the data.  However,
			 * if we have exactly 1 byte of unsent data,
			 * then it won't clear the FIN bit below,
			 * and if we are in persist state, we wind
			 * up sending the packet without recording
			 * that we sent the FIN bit.
			 *
			 * We can't just blindly clear the FIN bit,
			 * because if we don't have any more data
			 * to send then the probe will be the FIN
			 * itself.
			 */
			if (off < sbused(&so->so_snd))
				flags &= ~TH_FIN;
			sendwin = 1;
		} else {
			tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_PERSIST, 0);
			tp->t_rxtshift = 0;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If snd_nxt == snd_max and we have transmitted a FIN, the
	 * offset will be > 0 even if so_snd.sb_cc is 0, resulting in
	 * a negative length.  This can also occur when TCP opens up
	 * its congestion window while receiving additional duplicate
	 * acks after fast-retransmit because TCP will reset snd_nxt
	 * to snd_max after the fast-retransmit.
	 *
	 * In the normal retransmit-FIN-only case, however, snd_nxt will
	 * be set to snd_una, the offset will be 0, and the length may
	 * wind up 0.
	 *
	 * If sack_rxmit is true we are retransmitting from the scoreboard
	 * in which case len is already set.
	 */
	if (sack_rxmit == 0) {
		if (sack_bytes_rxmt == 0)
			len = ((int32_t)ulmin(sbavail(&so->so_snd), sendwin) -
			    off);
		else {
			int32_t cwin;

                        /*
			 * We are inside of a SACK recovery episode and are
			 * sending new data, having retransmitted all the
			 * data possible in the scoreboard.
			 */
			len = ((int32_t)min(sbavail(&so->so_snd), tp->snd_wnd) -
			    off);
			/*
			 * Don't remove this (len > 0) check !
			 * We explicitly check for len > 0 here (although it
			 * isn't really necessary), to work around a gcc
			 * optimization issue - to force gcc to compute
			 * len above. Without this check, the computation
			 * of len is bungled by the optimizer.
			 */
			if (len > 0) {
				cwin = tp->snd_cwnd -
					(tp->snd_nxt - tp->sack_newdata) -
					sack_bytes_rxmt;
				if (cwin < 0)
					cwin = 0;
				len = imin(len, cwin);
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Lop off SYN bit if it has already been sent.  However, if this
	 * is SYN-SENT state and if segment contains data and if we don't
	 * know that foreign host supports TAO, suppress sending segment.
	 */
	if ((flags & TH_SYN) && SEQ_GT(tp->snd_nxt, tp->snd_una)) {
		if (tp->t_state != TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED)
			flags &= ~TH_SYN;
#ifdef TCP_RFC7413
		/*
		 * When sending additional segments following a TFO SYN|ACK,
		 * do not include the SYN bit.
		 */
		if ((tp->t_flags & TF_FASTOPEN) &&
		    (tp->t_state == TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED))
			flags &= ~TH_SYN;
#endif
		off--, len++;
	}

	/*
	 * Be careful not to send data and/or FIN on SYN segments.
	 * This measure is needed to prevent interoperability problems
	 * with not fully conformant TCP implementations.
	 */
	if ((flags & TH_SYN) && (tp->t_flags & TF_NOOPT)) {
		len = 0;
		flags &= ~TH_FIN;
	}

#ifdef TCP_RFC7413
	/*
	 * When retransmitting SYN|ACK on a passively-created TFO socket,
	 * don't include data, as the presence of data may have caused the
	 * original SYN|ACK to have been dropped by a middlebox.
	 */
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_FASTOPEN) &&
	    (((tp->t_state == TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED) && (tp->t_rxtshift > 0)) ||
	     (flags & TH_RST)))
		len = 0;
#endif
	if (len <= 0) {
		/*
		 * If FIN has been sent but not acked,
		 * but we haven't been called to retransmit,
		 * len will be < 0.  Otherwise, window shrank
		 * after we sent into it.  If window shrank to 0,
		 * cancel pending retransmit, pull snd_nxt back
		 * to (closed) window, and set the persist timer
		 * if it isn't already going.  If the window didn't
		 * close completely, just wait for an ACK.
		 *
		 * We also do a general check here to ensure that
		 * we will set the persist timer when we have data
		 * to send, but a 0-byte window. This makes sure
		 * the persist timer is set even if the packet
		 * hits one of the "goto send" lines below.
		 */
		len = 0;
		if ((sendwin == 0) && (TCPS_HAVEESTABLISHED(tp->t_state)) &&
			(off < (int) sbavail(&so->so_snd))) {
			tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_REXMT, 0);
			tp->t_rxtshift = 0;
			tp->snd_nxt = tp->snd_una;
			if (!tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST))
				tcp_setpersist(tp);
		}
	}

	/* len will be >= 0 after this point. */
	KASSERT(len >= 0, ("[%s:%d]: len < 0", __func__, __LINE__));

	/*
	 * Automatic sizing of send socket buffer.  Often the send buffer
	 * size is not optimally adjusted to the actual network conditions
	 * at hand (delay bandwidth product).  Setting the buffer size too
	 * small limits throughput on links with high bandwidth and high
	 * delay (eg. trans-continental/oceanic links).  Setting the
	 * buffer size too big consumes too much real kernel memory,
	 * especially with many connections on busy servers.
	 *
	 * The criteria to step up the send buffer one notch are:
	 *  1. receive window of remote host is larger than send buffer
	 *     (with a fudge factor of 5/4th);
	 *  2. send buffer is filled to 7/8th with data (so we actually
	 *     have data to make use of it);
	 *  3. send buffer fill has not hit maximal automatic size;
	 *  4. our send window (slow start and cogestion controlled) is
	 *     larger than sent but unacknowledged data in send buffer.
	 *
	 * The remote host receive window scaling factor may limit the
	 * growing of the send buffer before it reaches its allowed
	 * maximum.
	 *
	 * It scales directly with slow start or congestion window
	 * and does at most one step per received ACK.  This fast
	 * scaling has the drawback of growing the send buffer beyond
	 * what is strictly necessary to make full use of a given
	 * delay*bandwidth product.  However testing has shown this not
	 * to be much of an problem.  At worst we are trading wasting
	 * of available bandwidth (the non-use of it) for wasting some
	 * socket buffer memory.
	 *
	 * TODO: Shrink send buffer during idle periods together
	 * with congestion window.  Requires another timer.  Has to
	 * wait for upcoming tcp timer rewrite.
	 *
	 * XXXGL: should there be used sbused() or sbavail()?
	 */
	if (V_tcp_do_autosndbuf && so->so_snd.sb_flags & SB_AUTOSIZE) {
		if ((tp->snd_wnd / 4 * 5) >= so->so_snd.sb_hiwat &&
		    sbused(&so->so_snd) >= (so->so_snd.sb_hiwat / 8 * 7) &&
		    sbused(&so->so_snd) < V_tcp_autosndbuf_max &&
		    sendwin >= (sbused(&so->so_snd) -
		    (tp->snd_nxt - tp->snd_una))) {
			if (!sbreserve_locked(&so->so_snd,
			    min(so->so_snd.sb_hiwat + V_tcp_autosndbuf_inc,
			     V_tcp_autosndbuf_max), so, curthread))
				so->so_snd.sb_flags &= ~SB_AUTOSIZE;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Decide if we can use TCP Segmentation Offloading (if supported by
	 * hardware).
	 *
	 * TSO may only be used if we are in a pure bulk sending state.  The
	 * presence of TCP-MD5, SACK retransmits, SACK advertizements and
	 * IP options prevent using TSO.  With TSO the TCP header is the same
	 * (except for the sequence number) for all generated packets.  This
	 * makes it impossible to transmit any options which vary per generated
	 * segment or packet.
	 */
#ifdef IPSEC
	/*
	 * Pre-calculate here as we save another lookup into the darknesses
	 * of IPsec that way and can actually decide if TSO is ok.
	 */
	ipsec_optlen = ipsec_hdrsiz_tcp(tp);
#endif
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_TSO) && V_tcp_do_tso && len > tp->t_maxseg &&
	    ((tp->t_flags & TF_SIGNATURE) == 0) &&
	    tp->rcv_numsacks == 0 && sack_rxmit == 0 &&
#ifdef IPSEC
	    ipsec_optlen == 0 &&
#endif
	    tp->t_inpcb->inp_options == NULL &&
	    tp->t_inpcb->in6p_options == NULL)
		tso = 1;

	if (sack_rxmit) {
		if (SEQ_LT(p->rxmit + len, tp->snd_una + sbused(&so->so_snd)))
			flags &= ~TH_FIN;
	} else {
		if (SEQ_LT(tp->snd_nxt + len, tp->snd_una +
		    sbused(&so->so_snd)))
			flags &= ~TH_FIN;
	}

	recwin = lmin(lmax(sbspace(&so->so_rcv), 0),
	    (long)TCP_MAXWIN << tp->rcv_scale);

	/*
	 * Sender silly window avoidance.   We transmit under the following
	 * conditions when len is non-zero:
	 *
	 *	- We have a full segment (or more with TSO)
	 *	- This is the last buffer in a write()/send() and we are
	 *	  either idle or running NODELAY
	 *	- we've timed out (e.g. persist timer)
	 *	- we have more then 1/2 the maximum send window's worth of
	 *	  data (receiver may be limited the window size)
	 *	- we need to retransmit
	 */
	if (len) {
		if (len >= tp->t_maxseg)
			goto send;
		/*
		 * NOTE! on localhost connections an 'ack' from the remote
		 * end may occur synchronously with the output and cause
		 * us to flush a buffer queued with moretocome.  XXX
		 *
		 * note: the len + off check is almost certainly unnecessary.
		 */
		if (!(tp->t_flags & TF_MORETOCOME) &&	/* normal case */
		    (idle || (tp->t_flags & TF_NODELAY)) &&
		    (uint32_t)len + (uint32_t)off >= sbavail(&so->so_snd) &&
		    (tp->t_flags & TF_NOPUSH) == 0) {
			goto send;
		}
		if (tp->t_flags & TF_FORCEDATA)		/* typ. timeout case */
			goto send;
		if (len >= tp->max_sndwnd / 2 && tp->max_sndwnd > 0)
			goto send;
		if (SEQ_LT(tp->snd_nxt, tp->snd_max))	/* retransmit case */
			goto send;
		if (sack_rxmit)
			goto send;
	}

	/*
	 * Sending of standalone window updates.
	 *
	 * Window updates are important when we close our window due to a
	 * full socket buffer and are opening it again after the application
	 * reads data from it.  Once the window has opened again and the
	 * remote end starts to send again the ACK clock takes over and
	 * provides the most current window information.
	 *
	 * We must avoid the silly window syndrome whereas every read
	 * from the receive buffer, no matter how small, causes a window
	 * update to be sent.  We also should avoid sending a flurry of
	 * window updates when the socket buffer had queued a lot of data
	 * and the application is doing small reads.
	 *
	 * Prevent a flurry of pointless window updates by only sending
	 * an update when we can increase the advertized window by more
	 * than 1/4th of the socket buffer capacity.  When the buffer is
	 * getting full or is very small be more aggressive and send an
	 * update whenever we can increase by two mss sized segments.
	 * In all other situations the ACK's to new incoming data will
	 * carry further window increases.
	 *
	 * Don't send an independent window update if a delayed
	 * ACK is pending (it will get piggy-backed on it) or the
	 * remote side already has done a half-close and won't send
	 * more data.  Skip this if the connection is in T/TCP
	 * half-open state.
	 */
	if (recwin > 0 && !(tp->t_flags & TF_NEEDSYN) &&
	    !(tp->t_flags & TF_DELACK) &&
	    !TCPS_HAVERCVDFIN(tp->t_state)) {
		/*
		 * "adv" is the amount we could increase the window,
		 * taking into account that we are limited by
		 * TCP_MAXWIN << tp->rcv_scale.
		 */
		int32_t adv;
		int oldwin;

		adv = recwin;
		if (SEQ_GT(tp->rcv_adv, tp->rcv_nxt)) {
			oldwin = (tp->rcv_adv - tp->rcv_nxt);
			adv -= oldwin;
		} else
			oldwin = 0;

		/*
		 * If the new window size ends up being the same as or less
		 * than the old size when it is scaled, then don't force
		 * a window update.
		 */
		if (oldwin >> tp->rcv_scale >= (adv + oldwin) >> tp->rcv_scale)
			goto dontupdate;

		if (adv >= (int32_t)(2 * tp->t_maxseg) &&
		    (adv >= (int32_t)(so->so_rcv.sb_hiwat / 4) ||
		     recwin <= (so->so_rcv.sb_hiwat / 8) ||
		     so->so_rcv.sb_hiwat <= 8 * tp->t_maxseg))
			goto send;
	}
dontupdate:

	/*
	 * Send if we owe the peer an ACK, RST, SYN, or urgent data.  ACKNOW
	 * is also a catch-all for the retransmit timer timeout case.
	 */
	if (tp->t_flags & TF_ACKNOW)
		goto send;
	if ((flags & TH_RST) ||
	    ((flags & TH_SYN) && (tp->t_flags & TF_NEEDSYN) == 0))
		goto send;
	if (SEQ_GT(tp->snd_up, tp->snd_una))
		goto send;
	/*
	 * If our state indicates that FIN should be sent
	 * and we have not yet done so, then we need to send.
	 */
	if (flags & TH_FIN &&
	    ((tp->t_flags & TF_SENTFIN) == 0 || tp->snd_nxt == tp->snd_una))
		goto send;
	/*
	 * In SACK, it is possible for tcp_output to fail to send a segment
	 * after the retransmission timer has been turned off.  Make sure
	 * that the retransmission timer is set.
	 */
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_SACK_PERMIT) &&
	    SEQ_GT(tp->snd_max, tp->snd_una) &&
	    !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_REXMT) &&
	    !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST)) {
		tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_REXMT, tp->t_rxtcur);
		goto just_return;
	}
	/*
	 * TCP window updates are not reliable, rather a polling protocol
	 * using ``persist'' packets is used to insure receipt of window
	 * updates.  The three ``states'' for the output side are:
	 *	idle			not doing retransmits or persists
	 *	persisting		to move a small or zero window
	 *	(re)transmitting	and thereby not persisting
	 *
	 * tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST)
	 *	is true when we are in persist state.
	 * (tp->t_flags & TF_FORCEDATA)
	 *	is set when we are called to send a persist packet.
	 * tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_REXMT)
	 *	is set when we are retransmitting
	 * The output side is idle when both timers are zero.
	 *
	 * If send window is too small, there is data to transmit, and no
	 * retransmit or persist is pending, then go to persist state.
	 * If nothing happens soon, send when timer expires:
	 * if window is nonzero, transmit what we can,
	 * otherwise force out a byte.
	 */
	if (sbavail(&so->so_snd) && !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_REXMT) &&
	    !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST)) {
		tp->t_rxtshift = 0;
		tcp_setpersist(tp);
	}

	/*
	 * No reason to send a segment, just return.
	 */
just_return:
	SOCKBUF_UNLOCK(&so->so_snd);
	return (0);

send:
	SOCKBUF_LOCK_ASSERT(&so->so_snd);
	if (len > 0) {
		if (len >= tp->t_maxseg)
			tp->t_flags2 |= TF2_PLPMTU_MAXSEGSNT;
		else
			tp->t_flags2 &= ~TF2_PLPMTU_MAXSEGSNT;
	}
	/*
	 * Before ESTABLISHED, force sending of initial options
	 * unless TCP set not to do any options.
	 * NOTE: we assume that the IP/TCP header plus TCP options
	 * always fit in a single mbuf, leaving room for a maximum
	 * link header, i.e.
	 *	max_linkhdr + sizeof (struct tcpiphdr) + optlen <= MCLBYTES
	 */
	optlen = 0;
#ifdef INET6
	if (isipv6)
		hdrlen = sizeof (struct ip6_hdr) + sizeof (struct tcphdr);
	else
#endif
		hdrlen = sizeof (struct tcpiphdr);

	/*
	 * Compute options for segment.
	 * We only have to care about SYN and established connection
	 * segments.  Options for SYN-ACK segments are handled in TCP
	 * syncache.
	 */
	to.to_flags = 0;
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_NOOPT) == 0) {
		/* Maximum segment size. */
		if (flags & TH_SYN) {
			tp->snd_nxt = tp->iss;
			to.to_mss = tcp_mssopt(&tp->t_inpcb->inp_inc);
			to.to_flags |= TOF_MSS;
#ifdef TCP_RFC7413
			/*
			 * Only include the TFO option on the first
			 * transmission of the SYN|ACK on a
			 * passively-created TFO socket, as the presence of
			 * the TFO option may have caused the original
			 * SYN|ACK to have been dropped by a middlebox.
			 */
			if ((tp->t_flags & TF_FASTOPEN) &&
			    (tp->t_state == TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED) &&
			    (tp->t_rxtshift == 0)) {
				to.to_tfo_len = TCP_FASTOPEN_COOKIE_LEN;
				to.to_tfo_cookie = (u_char *)&tp->t_tfo_cookie;
				to.to_flags |= TOF_FASTOPEN;
			}
#endif
		}
		/* Window scaling. */
		if ((flags & TH_SYN) && (tp->t_flags & TF_REQ_SCALE)) {
			to.to_wscale = tp->request_r_scale;
			to.to_flags |= TOF_SCALE;
		}
		/* Timestamps. */
		if ((tp->t_flags & TF_RCVD_TSTMP) ||
		    ((flags & TH_SYN) && (tp->t_flags & TF_REQ_TSTMP))) {
			to.to_tsval = tcp_ts_getticks() + tp->ts_offset;
			to.to_tsecr = tp->ts_recent;
			to.to_flags |= TOF_TS;
			/* Set receive buffer autosizing timestamp. */
			if (tp->rfbuf_ts == 0 &&
			    (so->so_rcv.sb_flags & SB_AUTOSIZE))
				tp->rfbuf_ts = tcp_ts_getticks();
		}
		/* Selective ACK's. */
		if (tp->t_flags & TF_SACK_PERMIT) {
			if (flags & TH_SYN)
				to.to_flags |= TOF_SACKPERM;
			else if (TCPS_HAVEESTABLISHED(tp->t_state) &&
			    (tp->t_flags & TF_SACK_PERMIT) &&
			    tp->rcv_numsacks > 0) {
				to.to_flags |= TOF_SACK;
				to.to_nsacks = tp->rcv_numsacks;
				to.to_sacks = (u_char *)tp->sackblks;
			}
		}
#ifdef TCP_SIGNATURE
		/* TCP-MD5 (RFC2385). */
		if (tp->t_flags & TF_SIGNATURE)
			to.to_flags |= TOF_SIGNATURE;
#endif /* TCP_SIGNATURE */

		/* Processing the options. */
		hdrlen += optlen = tcp_addoptions(&to, opt);
	}

#ifdef INET6
	if (isipv6)
		ipoptlen = ip6_optlen(tp->t_inpcb);
	else
#endif
	if (tp->t_inpcb->inp_options)
		ipoptlen = tp->t_inpcb->inp_options->m_len -
				offsetof(struct ipoption, ipopt_list);
	else
		ipoptlen = 0;
#ifdef IPSEC
	ipoptlen += ipsec_optlen;
#endif

	/*
	 * Adjust data length if insertion of options will
	 * bump the packet length beyond the t_maxseg length.
	 * Clear the FIN bit because we cut off the tail of
	 * the segment.
	 */
	if (len + optlen + ipoptlen > tp->t_maxseg) {
		flags &= ~TH_FIN;

		if (tso) {
			u_int if_hw_tsomax;
			u_int if_hw_tsomaxsegcount;
			u_int if_hw_tsomaxsegsize;
			struct mbuf *mb;
			u_int moff;
			int max_len;

			/* extract TSO information */
			if_hw_tsomax = tp->t_tsomax;
			if_hw_tsomaxsegcount = tp->t_tsomaxsegcount;
			if_hw_tsomaxsegsize = tp->t_tsomaxsegsize;

			/*
			 * Limit a TSO burst to prevent it from
			 * overflowing or exceeding the maximum length
			 * allowed by the network interface:
			 */
			KASSERT(ipoptlen == 0,
			    ("%s: TSO can't do IP options", __func__));

			/*
			 * Check if we should limit by maximum payload
			 * length:
			 */
			if (if_hw_tsomax != 0) {
				/* compute maximum TSO length */
				max_len = (if_hw_tsomax - hdrlen -
				    max_linkhdr);
				if (max_len <= 0) {
					len = 0;
				} else if (len > max_len) {
					sendalot = 1;
					len = max_len;
				}
			}

			/*
			 * Check if we should limit by maximum segment
			 * size and count:
			 */
			if (if_hw_tsomaxsegcount != 0 &&
			    if_hw_tsomaxsegsize != 0) {
				/*
				 * Subtract one segment for the LINK
				 * and TCP/IP headers mbuf that will
				 * be prepended to this mbuf chain
				 * after the code in this section
				 * limits the number of mbufs in the
				 * chain to if_hw_tsomaxsegcount.
				 */
				if_hw_tsomaxsegcount -= 1;
				max_len = 0;
				mb = sbsndmbuf(&so->so_snd, off, &moff);

				while (mb != NULL && max_len < len) {
					u_int mlen;
					u_int frags;

					/*
					 * Get length of mbuf fragment
					 * and how many hardware frags,
					 * rounded up, it would use:
					 */
					mlen = (mb->m_len - moff);
					frags = howmany(mlen,
					    if_hw_tsomaxsegsize);

					/* Handle special case: Zero Length Mbuf */
					if (frags == 0)
						frags = 1;

					/*
					 * Check if the fragment limit
					 * will be reached or exceeded:
					 */
					if (frags >= if_hw_tsomaxsegcount) {
						max_len += min(mlen,
						    if_hw_tsomaxsegcount *
						    if_hw_tsomaxsegsize);
						break;
					}
					max_len += mlen;
					if_hw_tsomaxsegcount -= frags;
					moff = 0;
					mb = mb->m_next;
				}
				if (max_len <= 0) {
					len = 0;
				} else if (len > max_len) {
					sendalot = 1;
					len = max_len;
				}
			}

			/*
			 * Prevent the last segment from being
			 * fractional unless the send sockbuf can be
			 * emptied:
			 */
			max_len = (tp->t_maxseg - optlen);
			if (((uint32_t)off + (uint32_t)len) <
			    sbavail(&so->so_snd)) {
				moff = len % max_len;
				if (moff != 0) {
					len -= moff;
					sendalot = 1;
				}
			}

			/*
			 * In case there are too many small fragments
			 * don't use TSO:
			 */
			if (len <= max_len) {
				len = max_len;
				sendalot = 1;
				tso = 0;
			}

			/*
			 * Send the FIN in a separate segment
			 * after the bulk sending is done.
			 * We don't trust the TSO implementations
			 * to clear the FIN flag on all but the
			 * last segment.
			 */
			if (tp->t_flags & TF_NEEDFIN)
				sendalot = 1;

		} else {
			len = tp->t_maxseg - optlen - ipoptlen;
			sendalot = 1;
		}
	} else
		tso = 0;

	KASSERT(len + hdrlen + ipoptlen <= IP_MAXPACKET,
	    ("%s: len > IP_MAXPACKET", __func__));

/*#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC*/
#ifdef INET6
	if (max_linkhdr + hdrlen > MCLBYTES)
#else
	if (max_linkhdr + hdrlen > MHLEN)
#endif
		panic("tcphdr too big");
/*#endif*/

	/*
	 * This KASSERT is here to catch edge cases at a well defined place.
	 * Before, those had triggered (random) panic conditions further down.
	 */
	KASSERT(len >= 0, ("[%s:%d]: len < 0", __func__, __LINE__));

	/*
	 * Grab a header mbuf, attaching a copy of data to
	 * be transmitted, and initialize the header from
	 * the template for sends on this connection.
	 */
	if (len) {
		struct mbuf *mb;
		u_int moff;

		if ((tp->t_flags & TF_FORCEDATA) && len == 1)
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndprobe);
		else if (SEQ_LT(tp->snd_nxt, tp->snd_max) || sack_rxmit) {
			tp->t_sndrexmitpack++;
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndrexmitpack);
			TCPSTAT_ADD(tcps_sndrexmitbyte, len);
		} else {
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndpack);
			TCPSTAT_ADD(tcps_sndbyte, len);
		}
#ifdef INET6
		if (MHLEN < hdrlen + max_linkhdr)
			m = m_getcl(M_NOWAIT, MT_DATA, M_PKTHDR);
		else
#endif
			m = m_gethdr(M_NOWAIT, MT_DATA);

		if (m == NULL) {
			SOCKBUF_UNLOCK(&so->so_snd);
			error = ENOBUFS;
			sack_rxmit = 0;
			goto out;
		}

		m->m_data += max_linkhdr;
		m->m_len = hdrlen;

		/*
		 * Start the m_copy functions from the closest mbuf
		 * to the offset in the socket buffer chain.
		 */
		mb = sbsndptr(&so->so_snd, off, len, &moff);

		if (len <= MHLEN - hdrlen - max_linkhdr) {
			m_copydata(mb, moff, len,
			    mtod(m, caddr_t) + hdrlen);
			m->m_len += len;
		} else {
			m->m_next = m_copym(mb, moff, len, M_NOWAIT);
			if (m->m_next == NULL) {
				SOCKBUF_UNLOCK(&so->so_snd);
				(void) m_free(m);
				error = ENOBUFS;
				sack_rxmit = 0;
				goto out;
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If we're sending everything we've got, set PUSH.
		 * (This will keep happy those implementations which only
		 * give data to the user when a buffer fills or
		 * a PUSH comes in.)
		 */
		if (((uint32_t)off + (uint32_t)len == sbused(&so->so_snd)) &&
		    !(flags & TH_SYN))
			flags |= TH_PUSH;
		SOCKBUF_UNLOCK(&so->so_snd);
	} else {
		SOCKBUF_UNLOCK(&so->so_snd);
		if (tp->t_flags & TF_ACKNOW)
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndacks);
		else if (flags & (TH_SYN|TH_FIN|TH_RST))
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndctrl);
		else if (SEQ_GT(tp->snd_up, tp->snd_una))
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndurg);
		else
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndwinup);

		m = m_gethdr(M_NOWAIT, MT_DATA);
		if (m == NULL) {
			error = ENOBUFS;
			sack_rxmit = 0;
			goto out;
		}
#ifdef INET6
		if (isipv6 && (MHLEN < hdrlen + max_linkhdr) &&
		    MHLEN >= hdrlen) {
			M_ALIGN(m, hdrlen);
		} else
#endif
		m->m_data += max_linkhdr;
		m->m_len = hdrlen;
	}
	SOCKBUF_UNLOCK_ASSERT(&so->so_snd);
	m->m_pkthdr.rcvif = (struct ifnet *)0;
#ifdef MAC
	mac_inpcb_create_mbuf(tp->t_inpcb, m);
#endif
#ifdef INET6
	if (isipv6) {
		ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);
		th = (struct tcphdr *)(ip6 + 1);
		tcpip_fillheaders(tp->t_inpcb, ip6, th);
	} else
#endif /* INET6 */
	{
		ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
		ipov = (struct ipovly *)ip;
		th = (struct tcphdr *)(ip + 1);
		tcpip_fillheaders(tp->t_inpcb, ip, th);
	}

	/*
	 * Fill in fields, remembering maximum advertised
	 * window for use in delaying messages about window sizes.
	 * If resending a FIN, be sure not to use a new sequence number.
	 */
	if (flags & TH_FIN && tp->t_flags & TF_SENTFIN &&
	    tp->snd_nxt == tp->snd_max)
		tp->snd_nxt--;
	/*
	 * If we are starting a connection, send ECN setup
	 * SYN packet. If we are on a retransmit, we may
	 * resend those bits a number of times as per
	 * RFC 3168.
	 */
	if (tp->t_state == TCPS_SYN_SENT && V_tcp_do_ecn == 1) {
		if (tp->t_rxtshift >= 1) {
			if (tp->t_rxtshift <= V_tcp_ecn_maxretries)
				flags |= TH_ECE|TH_CWR;
		} else
			flags |= TH_ECE|TH_CWR;
	}

	if (tp->t_state == TCPS_ESTABLISHED &&
	    (tp->t_flags & TF_ECN_PERMIT)) {
		/*
		 * If the peer has ECN, mark data packets with
		 * ECN capable transmission (ECT).
		 * Ignore pure ack packets, retransmissions and window probes.
		 */
		if (len > 0 && SEQ_GEQ(tp->snd_nxt, tp->snd_max) &&
		    !((tp->t_flags & TF_FORCEDATA) && len == 1)) {
#ifdef INET6
			if (isipv6)
				ip6->ip6_flow |= htonl(IPTOS_ECN_ECT0 << 20);
			else
#endif
				ip->ip_tos |= IPTOS_ECN_ECT0;
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_ecn_ect0);
		}

		/*
		 * Reply with proper ECN notifications.
		 */
		if (tp->t_flags & TF_ECN_SND_CWR) {
			flags |= TH_CWR;
			tp->t_flags &= ~TF_ECN_SND_CWR;
		}
		if (tp->t_flags & TF_ECN_SND_ECE)
			flags |= TH_ECE;
	}

	/*
	 * If we are doing retransmissions, then snd_nxt will
	 * not reflect the first unsent octet.  For ACK only
	 * packets, we do not want the sequence number of the
	 * retransmitted packet, we want the sequence number
	 * of the next unsent octet.  So, if there is no data
	 * (and no SYN or FIN), use snd_max instead of snd_nxt
	 * when filling in ti_seq.  But if we are in persist
	 * state, snd_max might reflect one byte beyond the
	 * right edge of the window, so use snd_nxt in that
	 * case, since we know we aren't doing a retransmission.
	 * (retransmit and persist are mutually exclusive...)
	 */
	if (sack_rxmit == 0) {
		if (len || (flags & (TH_SYN|TH_FIN)) ||
		    tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST))
			th->th_seq = htonl(tp->snd_nxt);
		else
			th->th_seq = htonl(tp->snd_max);
	} else {
		th->th_seq = htonl(p->rxmit);
		p->rxmit += len;
		tp->sackhint.sack_bytes_rexmit += len;
	}
	th->th_ack = htonl(tp->rcv_nxt);
	if (optlen) {
		bcopy(opt, th + 1, optlen);
		th->th_off = (sizeof (struct tcphdr) + optlen) >> 2;
	}
	th->th_flags = flags;
	/*
	 * Calculate receive window.  Don't shrink window,
	 * but avoid silly window syndrome.
	 */
	if (recwin < (so->so_rcv.sb_hiwat / 4) &&
	    recwin < tp->t_maxseg)
		recwin = 0;
	if (SEQ_GT(tp->rcv_adv, tp->rcv_nxt) &&
	    recwin < (tp->rcv_adv - tp->rcv_nxt))
		recwin = (tp->rcv_adv - tp->rcv_nxt);

	/*
	 * According to RFC1323 the window field in a SYN (i.e., a <SYN>
	 * or <SYN,ACK>) segment itself is never scaled.  The <SYN,ACK>
	 * case is handled in syncache.
	 */
	if (flags & TH_SYN)
		th->th_win = htons((u_short)
				(min(sbspace(&so->so_rcv), TCP_MAXWIN)));
	else
		th->th_win = htons((u_short)(recwin >> tp->rcv_scale));

	/*
	 * Adjust the RXWIN0SENT flag - indicate that we have advertised
	 * a 0 window.  This may cause the remote transmitter to stall.  This
	 * flag tells soreceive() to disable delayed acknowledgements when
	 * draining the buffer.  This can occur if the receiver is attempting
	 * to read more data than can be buffered prior to transmitting on
	 * the connection.
	 */
	if (th->th_win == 0) {
		tp->t_sndzerowin++;
		tp->t_flags |= TF_RXWIN0SENT;
	} else
		tp->t_flags &= ~TF_RXWIN0SENT;
	if (SEQ_GT(tp->snd_up, tp->snd_nxt)) {
		th->th_urp = htons((u_short)(tp->snd_up - tp->snd_nxt));
		th->th_flags |= TH_URG;
	} else
		/*
		 * If no urgent pointer to send, then we pull
		 * the urgent pointer to the left edge of the send window
		 * so that it doesn't drift into the send window on sequence
		 * number wraparound.
		 */
		tp->snd_up = tp->snd_una;		/* drag it along */

#ifdef TCP_SIGNATURE
	if (to.to_flags & TOF_SIGNATURE) {
		int sigoff = to.to_signature - opt;
		tcp_signature_compute(m, 0, len, optlen,
		    (u_char *)(th + 1) + sigoff, IPSEC_DIR_OUTBOUND);
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * Put TCP length in extended header, and then
	 * checksum extended header and data.
	 */
	m->m_pkthdr.len = hdrlen + len; /* in6_cksum() need this */
	m->m_pkthdr.csum_data = offsetof(struct tcphdr, th_sum);
#ifdef INET6
	if (isipv6) {
		/*
		 * ip6_plen is not need to be filled now, and will be filled
		 * in ip6_output.
		 */
		m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags = CSUM_TCP_IPV6;
		th->th_sum = in6_cksum_pseudo(ip6, sizeof(struct tcphdr) +
		    optlen + len, IPPROTO_TCP, 0);
	}
#endif
#if defined(INET6) && defined(INET)
	else
#endif
#ifdef INET
	{
		m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags = CSUM_TCP;
		th->th_sum = in_pseudo(ip->ip_src.s_addr, ip->ip_dst.s_addr,
		    htons(sizeof(struct tcphdr) + IPPROTO_TCP + len + optlen));

		/* IP version must be set here for ipv4/ipv6 checking later */
		KASSERT(ip->ip_v == IPVERSION,
		    ("%s: IP version incorrect: %d", __func__, ip->ip_v));
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * Enable TSO and specify the size of the segments.
	 * The TCP pseudo header checksum is always provided.
	 */
	if (tso) {
		KASSERT(len > tp->t_maxseg - optlen,
		    ("%s: len <= tso_segsz", __func__));
		m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= CSUM_TSO;
		m->m_pkthdr.tso_segsz = tp->t_maxseg - optlen;
	}

#ifdef IPSEC
	KASSERT(len + hdrlen + ipoptlen - ipsec_optlen == m_length(m, NULL),
	    ("%s: mbuf chain shorter than expected: %d + %u + %u - %u != %u",
	    __func__, len, hdrlen, ipoptlen, ipsec_optlen, m_length(m, NULL)));
#else
	KASSERT(len + hdrlen + ipoptlen == m_length(m, NULL),
	    ("%s: mbuf chain shorter than expected: %d + %u + %u != %u",
	    __func__, len, hdrlen, ipoptlen, m_length(m, NULL)));
#endif

#ifdef TCP_HHOOK
	/* Run HHOOK_TCP_ESTABLISHED_OUT helper hooks. */
	hhook_run_tcp_est_out(tp, th, &to, len, tso);
#endif

#ifdef TCPDEBUG
	/*
	 * Trace.
	 */
	if (so->so_options & SO_DEBUG) {
		u_short save = 0;
#ifdef INET6
		if (!isipv6)
#endif
		{
			save = ipov->ih_len;
			ipov->ih_len = htons(m->m_pkthdr.len /* - hdrlen + (th->th_off << 2) */);
		}
		tcp_trace(TA_OUTPUT, tp->t_state, tp, mtod(m, void *), th, 0);
#ifdef INET6
		if (!isipv6)
#endif
		ipov->ih_len = save;
	}
#endif /* TCPDEBUG */
	TCP_PROBE3(debug__output, tp, th, mtod(m, const char *));

	/*
	 * Fill in IP length and desired time to live and
	 * send to IP level.  There should be a better way
	 * to handle ttl and tos; we could keep them in
	 * the template, but need a way to checksum without them.
	 */
	/*
	 * m->m_pkthdr.len should have been set before checksum calculation,
	 * because in6_cksum() need it.
	 */
#ifdef INET6
	if (isipv6) {
		struct route_in6 ro;

		bzero(&ro, sizeof(ro));
		/*
		 * we separately set hoplimit for every segment, since the
		 * user might want to change the value via setsockopt.
		 * Also, desired default hop limit might be changed via
		 * Neighbor Discovery.
		 */
		ip6->ip6_hlim = in6_selecthlim(tp->t_inpcb, NULL);

		/*
		 * Set the packet size here for the benefit of DTrace probes.
		 * ip6_output() will set it properly; it's supposed to include
		 * the option header lengths as well.
		 */
		ip6->ip6_plen = htons(m->m_pkthdr.len - sizeof(*ip6));

		if (V_path_mtu_discovery && tp->t_maxseg > V_tcp_minmss)
			tp->t_flags2 |= TF2_PLPMTU_PMTUD;
		else
			tp->t_flags2 &= ~TF2_PLPMTU_PMTUD;

		if (tp->t_state == TCPS_SYN_SENT)
			TCP_PROBE5(connect__request, NULL, tp, ip6, tp, th);

		TCP_PROBE5(send, NULL, tp, ip6, tp, th);

#ifdef TCPPCAP
		/* Save packet, if requested. */
		tcp_pcap_add(th, m, &(tp->t_outpkts));
#endif

		/* TODO: IPv6 IP6TOS_ECT bit on */
		error = ip6_output(m, tp->t_inpcb->in6p_outputopts, &ro,
		    ((so->so_options & SO_DONTROUTE) ?  IP_ROUTETOIF : 0),
		    NULL, NULL, tp->t_inpcb);

		if (error == EMSGSIZE && ro.ro_rt != NULL)
			mtu = ro.ro_rt->rt_mtu;
		RO_RTFREE(&ro);
	}
#endif /* INET6 */
#if defined(INET) && defined(INET6)
	else
#endif
#ifdef INET
    {
	ip->ip_len = htons(m->m_pkthdr.len);
#ifdef INET6
	if (tp->t_inpcb->inp_vflag & INP_IPV6PROTO)
		ip->ip_ttl = in6_selecthlim(tp->t_inpcb, NULL);
#endif /* INET6 */
	/*
	 * If we do path MTU discovery, then we set DF on every packet.
	 * This might not be the best thing to do according to RFC3390
	 * Section 2. However the tcp hostcache migitates the problem
	 * so it affects only the first tcp connection with a host.
	 *
	 * NB: Don't set DF on small MTU/MSS to have a safe fallback.
	 */
	if (V_path_mtu_discovery && tp->t_maxseg > V_tcp_minmss) {
		ip->ip_off |= htons(IP_DF);
		tp->t_flags2 |= TF2_PLPMTU_PMTUD;
	} else {
		tp->t_flags2 &= ~TF2_PLPMTU_PMTUD;
	}

	if (tp->t_state == TCPS_SYN_SENT)
		TCP_PROBE5(connect__request, NULL, tp, ip, tp, th);

	TCP_PROBE5(send, NULL, tp, ip, tp, th);

#ifdef TCPPCAP
	/* Save packet, if requested. */
	tcp_pcap_add(th, m, &(tp->t_outpkts));
#endif

	error = ip_output(m, tp->t_inpcb->inp_options, &tp->t_inpcb->inp_route,
	    ((so->so_options & SO_DONTROUTE) ? IP_ROUTETOIF : 0), 0,
	    tp->t_inpcb);

	if (error == EMSGSIZE && tp->t_inpcb->inp_route.ro_rt != NULL)
		mtu = tp->t_inpcb->inp_route.ro_rt->rt_mtu;
    }
#endif /* INET */

out:
	/*
	 * In transmit state, time the transmission and arrange for
	 * the retransmit.  In persist state, just set snd_max.
	 */
	if ((tp->t_flags & TF_FORCEDATA) == 0 ||
	    !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST)) {
		tcp_seq startseq = tp->snd_nxt;

		/*
		 * Advance snd_nxt over sequence space of this segment.
		 */
		if (flags & (TH_SYN|TH_FIN)) {
			if (flags & TH_SYN)
				tp->snd_nxt++;
			if (flags & TH_FIN) {
				tp->snd_nxt++;
				tp->t_flags |= TF_SENTFIN;
			}
		}
		if (sack_rxmit)
			goto timer;
		tp->snd_nxt += len;
		if (SEQ_GT(tp->snd_nxt, tp->snd_max)) {
			tp->snd_max = tp->snd_nxt;
			/*
			 * Time this transmission if not a retransmission and
			 * not currently timing anything.
			 */
			if (tp->t_rtttime == 0) {
				tp->t_rtttime = ticks;
				tp->t_rtseq = startseq;
				TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_segstimed);
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Set retransmit timer if not currently set,
		 * and not doing a pure ack or a keep-alive probe.
		 * Initial value for retransmit timer is smoothed
		 * round-trip time + 2 * round-trip time variance.
		 * Initialize shift counter which is used for backoff
		 * of retransmit time.
		 */
timer:
		if (!tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_REXMT) &&
		    ((sack_rxmit && tp->snd_nxt != tp->snd_max) ||
		     (tp->snd_nxt != tp->snd_una))) {
			if (tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST)) {
				tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_PERSIST, 0);
				tp->t_rxtshift = 0;
			}
			tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_REXMT, tp->t_rxtcur);
		} else if (len == 0 && sbavail(&so->so_snd) &&
		    !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_REXMT) &&
		    !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST)) {
			/*
			 * Avoid a situation where we do not set persist timer
			 * after a zero window condition. For example:
			 * 1) A -> B: packet with enough data to fill the window
			 * 2) B -> A: ACK for #1 + new data (0 window
			 *    advertisement)
			 * 3) A -> B: ACK for #2, 0 len packet
			 *
			 * In this case, A will not activate the persist timer,
			 * because it chose to send a packet. Unless tcp_output
			 * is called for some other reason (delayed ack timer,
			 * another input packet from B, socket syscall), A will
			 * not send zero window probes.
			 *
			 * So, if you send a 0-length packet, but there is data
			 * in the socket buffer, and neither the rexmt or
			 * persist timer is already set, then activate the
			 * persist timer.
			 */
			tp->t_rxtshift = 0;
			tcp_setpersist(tp);
		}
	} else {
		/*
		 * Persist case, update snd_max but since we are in
		 * persist mode (no window) we do not update snd_nxt.
		 */
		int xlen = len;
		if (flags & TH_SYN)
			++xlen;
		if (flags & TH_FIN) {
			++xlen;
			tp->t_flags |= TF_SENTFIN;
		}
		if (SEQ_GT(tp->snd_nxt + xlen, tp->snd_max))
			tp->snd_max = tp->snd_nxt + xlen;
	}

	if (error) {

		/*
		 * We know that the packet was lost, so back out the
		 * sequence number advance, if any.
		 *
		 * If the error is EPERM the packet got blocked by the
		 * local firewall.  Normally we should terminate the
		 * connection but the blocking may have been spurious
		 * due to a firewall reconfiguration cycle.  So we treat
		 * it like a packet loss and let the retransmit timer and
		 * timeouts do their work over time.
		 * XXX: It is a POLA question whether calling tcp_drop right
		 * away would be the really correct behavior instead.
		 */
		if (((tp->t_flags & TF_FORCEDATA) == 0 ||
		    !tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_PERSIST)) &&
		    ((flags & TH_SYN) == 0) &&
		    (error != EPERM)) {
			if (sack_rxmit) {
				p->rxmit -= len;
				tp->sackhint.sack_bytes_rexmit -= len;
				KASSERT(tp->sackhint.sack_bytes_rexmit >= 0,
				    ("sackhint bytes rtx >= 0"));
			} else
				tp->snd_nxt -= len;
		}
		SOCKBUF_UNLOCK_ASSERT(&so->so_snd);	/* Check gotos. */
		switch (error) {
		case EPERM:
			tp->t_softerror = error;
			return (error);
		case ENOBUFS:
			TCP_XMIT_TIMER_ASSERT(tp, len, flags);
			tp->snd_cwnd = tp->t_maxseg;
			return (0);
		case EMSGSIZE:
			/*
			 * For some reason the interface we used initially
			 * to send segments changed to another or lowered
			 * its MTU.
			 * If TSO was active we either got an interface
			 * without TSO capabilits or TSO was turned off.
			 * If we obtained mtu from ip_output() then update
			 * it and try again.
			 */
			if (tso)
				tp->t_flags &= ~TF_TSO;
			if (mtu != 0) {
				tcp_mss_update(tp, -1, mtu, NULL, NULL);
				goto again;
			}
			return (error);
		case EHOSTDOWN:
		case EHOSTUNREACH:
		case ENETDOWN:
		case ENETUNREACH:
			if (TCPS_HAVERCVDSYN(tp->t_state)) {
				tp->t_softerror = error;
				return (0);
			}
			/* FALLTHROUGH */
		default:
			return (error);
		}
	}
	TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndtotal);

	/*
	 * Data sent (as far as we can tell).
	 * If this advertises a larger window than any other segment,
	 * then remember the size of the advertised window.
	 * Any pending ACK has now been sent.
	 */
	if (SEQ_GT(tp->rcv_nxt + recwin, tp->rcv_adv))
		tp->rcv_adv = tp->rcv_nxt + recwin;
	tp->last_ack_sent = tp->rcv_nxt;
	tp->t_flags &= ~(TF_ACKNOW | TF_DELACK);
	if (tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_DELACK))
		tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_DELACK, 0);
#if 0
	/*
	 * This completely breaks TCP if newreno is turned on.  What happens
	 * is that if delayed-acks are turned on on the receiver, this code
	 * on the transmitter effectively destroys the TCP window, forcing
	 * it to four packets (1.5Kx4 = 6K window).
	 */
	if (sendalot && --maxburst)
		goto again;
#endif
	if (sendalot)
		goto again;
	return (0);
}

void
tcp_setpersist(struct tcpcb *tp)
{
	int t = ((tp->t_srtt >> 2) + tp->t_rttvar) >> 1;
	int tt;

	tp->t_flags &= ~TF_PREVVALID;
	if (tcp_timer_active(tp, TT_REXMT))
		panic("tcp_setpersist: retransmit pending");
	/*
	 * Start/restart persistence timer.
	 */
	TCPT_RANGESET(tt, t * tcp_backoff[tp->t_rxtshift],
		      tcp_persmin, tcp_persmax);
	tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_PERSIST, tt);
	if (tp->t_rxtshift < TCP_MAXRXTSHIFT)
		tp->t_rxtshift++;
}

/*
 * Insert TCP options according to the supplied parameters to the place
 * optp in a consistent way.  Can handle unaligned destinations.
 *
 * The order of the option processing is crucial for optimal packing and
 * alignment for the scarce option space.
 *
 * The optimal order for a SYN/SYN-ACK segment is:
 *   MSS (4) + NOP (1) + Window scale (3) + SACK permitted (2) +
 *   Timestamp (10) + Signature (18) = 38 bytes out of a maximum of 40.
 *
 * The SACK options should be last.  SACK blocks consume 8*n+2 bytes.
 * So a full size SACK blocks option is 34 bytes (with 4 SACK blocks).
 * At minimum we need 10 bytes (to generate 1 SACK block).  If both
 * TCP Timestamps (12 bytes) and TCP Signatures (18 bytes) are present,
 * we only have 10 bytes for SACK options (40 - (12 + 18)).
 */
int
tcp_addoptions(struct tcpopt *to, u_char *optp)
{
	u_int32_t mask, optlen = 0;

	for (mask = 1; mask < TOF_MAXOPT; mask <<= 1) {
		if ((to->to_flags & mask) != mask)
			continue;
		if (optlen == TCP_MAXOLEN)
			break;
		switch (to->to_flags & mask) {
		case TOF_MSS:
			while (optlen % 4) {
				optlen += TCPOLEN_NOP;
				*optp++ = TCPOPT_NOP;
			}
			if (TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen < TCPOLEN_MAXSEG)
				continue;
			optlen += TCPOLEN_MAXSEG;
			*optp++ = TCPOPT_MAXSEG;
			*optp++ = TCPOLEN_MAXSEG;
			to->to_mss = htons(to->to_mss);
			bcopy((u_char *)&to->to_mss, optp, sizeof(to->to_mss));
			optp += sizeof(to->to_mss);
			break;
		case TOF_SCALE:
			while (!optlen || optlen % 2 != 1) {
				optlen += TCPOLEN_NOP;
				*optp++ = TCPOPT_NOP;
			}
			if (TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen < TCPOLEN_WINDOW)
				continue;
			optlen += TCPOLEN_WINDOW;
			*optp++ = TCPOPT_WINDOW;
			*optp++ = TCPOLEN_WINDOW;
			*optp++ = to->to_wscale;
			break;
		case TOF_SACKPERM:
			while (optlen % 2) {
				optlen += TCPOLEN_NOP;
				*optp++ = TCPOPT_NOP;
			}
			if (TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen < TCPOLEN_SACK_PERMITTED)
				continue;
			optlen += TCPOLEN_SACK_PERMITTED;
			*optp++ = TCPOPT_SACK_PERMITTED;
			*optp++ = TCPOLEN_SACK_PERMITTED;
			break;
		case TOF_TS:
			while (!optlen || optlen % 4 != 2) {
				optlen += TCPOLEN_NOP;
				*optp++ = TCPOPT_NOP;
			}
			if (TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen < TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP)
				continue;
			optlen += TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP;
			*optp++ = TCPOPT_TIMESTAMP;
			*optp++ = TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP;
			to->to_tsval = htonl(to->to_tsval);
			to->to_tsecr = htonl(to->to_tsecr);
			bcopy((u_char *)&to->to_tsval, optp, sizeof(to->to_tsval));
			optp += sizeof(to->to_tsval);
			bcopy((u_char *)&to->to_tsecr, optp, sizeof(to->to_tsecr));
			optp += sizeof(to->to_tsecr);
			break;
#ifdef TCP_SIGNATURE
		case TOF_SIGNATURE:
			{
			int siglen = TCPOLEN_SIGNATURE - 2;

			while (!optlen || optlen % 4 != 2) {
				optlen += TCPOLEN_NOP;
				*optp++ = TCPOPT_NOP;
			}
			if (TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen < TCPOLEN_SIGNATURE)
				continue;
			optlen += TCPOLEN_SIGNATURE;
			*optp++ = TCPOPT_SIGNATURE;
			*optp++ = TCPOLEN_SIGNATURE;
			to->to_signature = optp;
			while (siglen--)
				 *optp++ = 0;
			break;
			}
#endif
		case TOF_SACK:
			{
			int sackblks = 0;
			struct sackblk *sack = (struct sackblk *)to->to_sacks;
			tcp_seq sack_seq;

			while (!optlen || optlen % 4 != 2) {
				optlen += TCPOLEN_NOP;
				*optp++ = TCPOPT_NOP;
			}
			if (TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen < TCPOLEN_SACKHDR + TCPOLEN_SACK)
				continue;
			optlen += TCPOLEN_SACKHDR;
			*optp++ = TCPOPT_SACK;
			sackblks = min(to->to_nsacks,
					(TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen) / TCPOLEN_SACK);
			*optp++ = TCPOLEN_SACKHDR + sackblks * TCPOLEN_SACK;
			while (sackblks--) {
				sack_seq = htonl(sack->start);
				bcopy((u_char *)&sack_seq, optp, sizeof(sack_seq));
				optp += sizeof(sack_seq);
				sack_seq = htonl(sack->end);
				bcopy((u_char *)&sack_seq, optp, sizeof(sack_seq));
				optp += sizeof(sack_seq);
				optlen += TCPOLEN_SACK;
				sack++;
			}
			TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sack_send_blocks);
			break;
			}
#ifdef TCP_RFC7413
		case TOF_FASTOPEN:
			{
			int total_len;

			/* XXX is there any point to aligning this option? */
			total_len = TCPOLEN_FAST_OPEN_EMPTY + to->to_tfo_len;
			if (TCP_MAXOLEN - optlen < total_len)
				continue;
			*optp++ = TCPOPT_FAST_OPEN;
			*optp++ = total_len;
			if (to->to_tfo_len > 0) {
				bcopy(to->to_tfo_cookie, optp, to->to_tfo_len);
				optp += to->to_tfo_len;
			}
			optlen += total_len;
			break;
			}
#endif
		default:
			panic("%s: unknown TCP option type", __func__);
			break;
		}
	}

	/* Terminate and pad TCP options to a 4 byte boundary. */
	if (optlen % 4) {
		optlen += TCPOLEN_EOL;
		*optp++ = TCPOPT_EOL;
	}
	/*
	 * According to RFC 793 (STD0007):
	 *   "The content of the header beyond the End-of-Option option
	 *    must be header padding (i.e., zero)."
	 *   and later: "The padding is composed of zeros."
	 */
	while (optlen % 4) {
		optlen += TCPOLEN_PAD;
		*optp++ = TCPOPT_PAD;
	}

	KASSERT(optlen <= TCP_MAXOLEN, ("%s: TCP options too long", __func__));
	return (optlen);
}