xref: /freebsd/sys/kern/uipc_mbuf.c (revision 122a814af56893b9dc5ab0c63c11dc666d1928d4)

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *	This product includes software developed by the University of
 *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)uipc_mbuf.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/4/94
 * $FreeBSD$
 */

#include "opt_param.h"
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/mbuf.h>
#include <sys/mutex.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/domain.h>
#include <sys/protosw.h>
#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_extern.h>

static void mbinit(void *);
SYSINIT(mbuf, SI_SUB_MBUF, SI_ORDER_FIRST, mbinit, NULL)

struct mbuf *mbutl;
struct mbstat mbstat;
u_long	mbtypes[MT_NTYPES];
int	max_linkhdr;
int	max_protohdr;
int	max_hdr;
int	max_datalen;
int	nmbclusters;
int	nmbufs;
int	nmbcnt;
u_long	m_mballoc_wid = 0;
u_long	m_clalloc_wid = 0;

/*
 * freelist header structures...
 * mbffree_lst, mclfree_lst, mcntfree_lst
 */
struct mbffree_lst mmbfree;
struct mclfree_lst mclfree;
struct mcntfree_lst mcntfree;

/*
 * sysctl(8) exported objects
 */
SYSCTL_DECL(_kern_ipc);
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, KIPC_MAX_LINKHDR, max_linkhdr, CTLFLAG_RW,
	   &max_linkhdr, 0, "");
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, KIPC_MAX_PROTOHDR, max_protohdr, CTLFLAG_RW,
	   &max_protohdr, 0, "");
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, KIPC_MAX_HDR, max_hdr, CTLFLAG_RW, &max_hdr, 0, "");
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, KIPC_MAX_DATALEN, max_datalen, CTLFLAG_RW,
	   &max_datalen, 0, "");
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, OID_AUTO, mbuf_wait, CTLFLAG_RW,
	   &mbuf_wait, 0, "");
SYSCTL_STRUCT(_kern_ipc, KIPC_MBSTAT, mbstat, CTLFLAG_RD, &mbstat, mbstat, "");
SYSCTL_OPAQUE(_kern_ipc, OID_AUTO, mbtypes, CTLFLAG_RD, mbtypes,
	   sizeof(mbtypes), "LU", "");
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, KIPC_NMBCLUSTERS, nmbclusters, CTLFLAG_RD,
	   &nmbclusters, 0, "Maximum number of mbuf clusters available");
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, OID_AUTO, nmbufs, CTLFLAG_RD, &nmbufs, 0,
	   "Maximum number of mbufs available");
SYSCTL_INT(_kern_ipc, OID_AUTO, nmbcnt, CTLFLAG_RD, &nmbcnt, 0,
	   "Maximum number of ext_buf counters available");
#ifndef NMBCLUSTERS
#define NMBCLUSTERS	(512 + MAXUSERS * 16)
#endif
TUNABLE_INT_DECL("kern.ipc.nmbclusters", NMBCLUSTERS, nmbclusters);
TUNABLE_INT_DECL("kern.ipc.nmbufs", NMBCLUSTERS * 4, nmbufs);
TUNABLE_INT_DECL("kern.ipc.nmbcnt", EXT_COUNTERS, nmbcnt);

static void	m_reclaim(void);

/* Initial allocation numbers */
#define NCL_INIT	2
#define NMB_INIT	16
#define REF_INIT	NMBCLUSTERS

/*
 * Full mbuf subsystem initialization done here.
 *
 * XXX: If ever we have system specific map setups to do, then move them to
 *      machdep.c - for now, there is no reason for this stuff to go there.
 */
static void
mbinit(void *dummy)
{
	vm_offset_t maxaddr, mb_map_size;

	/*
	 * Setup the mb_map, allocate requested VM space.
	 */
	mb_map_size = nmbufs * MSIZE + nmbclusters * MCLBYTES + nmbcnt
	    * sizeof(union mext_refcnt);
	mb_map_size = roundup2(mb_map_size, PAGE_SIZE);
	mb_map = kmem_suballoc(kmem_map, (vm_offset_t *)&mbutl, &maxaddr,
	    mb_map_size);
	/* XXX XXX XXX: mb_map->system_map = 1; */

	/*
	 * Initialize the free list headers, and setup locks for lists.
	 */
	mmbfree.m_head = NULL;
	mclfree.m_head = NULL;
	mcntfree.m_head = NULL;
	mtx_init(&mmbfree.m_mtx, "mbuf free list lock", MTX_DEF);
	mtx_init(&mclfree.m_mtx, "mcluster free list lock", MTX_DEF);
	mtx_init(&mcntfree.m_mtx, "m_ext counter free list lock", MTX_DEF);

	/*
	 * Initialize mbuf subsystem (sysctl exported) statistics structure.
	 */
	mbstat.m_msize = MSIZE;
	mbstat.m_mclbytes = MCLBYTES;
	mbstat.m_minclsize = MINCLSIZE;
	mbstat.m_mlen = MLEN;
	mbstat.m_mhlen = MHLEN;

	/*
	 * Perform some initial allocations.
	 */
	mtx_lock(&mcntfree.m_mtx);
	if (m_alloc_ref(REF_INIT, M_DONTWAIT) == 0)
		goto bad;
	mtx_unlock(&mcntfree.m_mtx);

	mtx_lock(&mmbfree.m_mtx);
	if (m_mballoc(NMB_INIT, M_DONTWAIT) == 0)
		goto bad;
	mtx_unlock(&mmbfree.m_mtx);

	mtx_lock(&mclfree.m_mtx);
	if (m_clalloc(NCL_INIT, M_DONTWAIT) == 0)
		goto bad;
	mtx_unlock(&mclfree.m_mtx);

	return;
bad:
	panic("mbinit: failed to initialize mbuf subsystem!");
}

/*
 * Allocate at least nmb reference count structs and place them
 * on the ref cnt free list.
 *
 * Must be called with the mcntfree lock held.
 */
int
m_alloc_ref(u_int nmb, int how)
{
	caddr_t p;
	u_int nbytes;
	int i;

	/*
	 * We don't cap the amount of memory that can be used
	 * by the reference counters, like we do for mbufs and
	 * mbuf clusters. In fact, we're absolutely sure that we
	 * won't ever be going over our allocated space. We keep enough
	 * space in mb_map to accomodate maximum values of allocatable
	 * external buffers including, but not limited to, clusters.
	 * (That's also why we won't have to have wait routines for
	 * counters).
	 *
	 * If we're in here, we're absolutely certain to be returning
	 * succesfully, as long as there is physical memory to accomodate
	 * us. And if there isn't, but we're willing to wait, then
	 * kmem_malloc() will do the only waiting needed.
	 */

	nbytes = round_page(nmb * sizeof(union mext_refcnt));
	mtx_unlock(&mcntfree.m_mtx);
	if ((p = (caddr_t)kmem_malloc(mb_map, nbytes, how == M_TRYWAIT ?
	    M_WAITOK : M_NOWAIT)) == NULL) {
		mtx_lock(&mcntfree.m_mtx);
		return (0);
	}
	nmb = nbytes / sizeof(union mext_refcnt);

	/*
	 * We don't let go of the mutex in order to avoid a race.
	 * It is up to the caller to let go of the mutex.
	 */
	mtx_lock(&mcntfree.m_mtx);
	for (i = 0; i < nmb; i++) {
		((union mext_refcnt *)p)->next_ref = mcntfree.m_head;
		mcntfree.m_head = (union mext_refcnt *)p;
		p += sizeof(union mext_refcnt);
		mbstat.m_refree++;
	}
	mbstat.m_refcnt += nmb;

	return (1);
}

/*
 * Allocate at least nmb mbufs and place on mbuf free list.
 *
 * Must be called with the mmbfree lock held.
 */
int
m_mballoc(int nmb, int how)
{
	caddr_t p;
	int i;
	int nbytes;

	/*
	 * If we've hit the mbuf limit, stop allocating from mb_map.
	 * Also, once we run out of map space, it will be impossible to
	 * get any more (nothing is ever freed back to the map).
	 */
	if (mb_map_full || ((nmb + mbstat.m_mbufs) > nmbufs)) {
		/*
		 * Needs to be atomic as we may be incrementing it
		 * while holding another mutex, like mclfree. In other
		 * words, m_drops is not reserved solely for mbufs,
		 * but is also available for clusters.
		 */
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_drops, 1);
		return (0);
	}

	nbytes = round_page(nmb * MSIZE);

	mtx_unlock(&mmbfree.m_mtx);
	p = (caddr_t)kmem_malloc(mb_map, nbytes, M_NOWAIT);
	if (p == NULL && how == M_TRYWAIT) {
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_wait, 1);
		p = (caddr_t)kmem_malloc(mb_map, nbytes, M_WAITOK);
	}
	mtx_lock(&mmbfree.m_mtx);

	/*
	 * Either the map is now full, or `how' is M_DONTWAIT and there
	 * are no pages left.
	 */
	if (p == NULL)
		return (0);

	nmb = nbytes / MSIZE;

	/*
	 * We don't let go of the mutex in order to avoid a race.
	 * It is up to the caller to let go of the mutex when done
	 * with grabbing the mbuf from the free list.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < nmb; i++) {
		((struct mbuf *)p)->m_next = mmbfree.m_head;
		mmbfree.m_head = (struct mbuf *)p;
		p += MSIZE;
	}
	mbstat.m_mbufs += nmb;
	mbtypes[MT_FREE] += nmb;
	return (1);
}

/*
 * Once the mb_map has been exhausted and if the call to the allocation macros
 * (or, in some cases, functions) is with M_TRYWAIT, then it is necessary to
 * rely solely on reclaimed mbufs.
 *
 * Here we request for the protocols to free up some resources and, if we
 * still cannot get anything, then we wait for an mbuf to be freed for a
 * designated (mbuf_wait) time.
 *
 * Must be called with the mmbfree mutex held.
 */
struct mbuf *
m_mballoc_wait(void)
{
	struct mbuf *p = NULL;

	/*
	 * See if we can drain some resources out of the protocols.
	 * We drop the mmbfree mutex to avoid recursing into it in some of
	 * the drain routines. Clearly, we're faced with a race here because
	 * once something is freed during the drain, it may be grabbed right
	 * from under us by some other thread. But we accept this possibility
	 * in order to avoid a potentially large lock recursion and, more
	 * importantly, to avoid a potential lock order reversal which may
	 * result in deadlock (See comment above m_reclaim()).
	 */
	mtx_unlock(&mmbfree.m_mtx);
	m_reclaim();

	mtx_lock(&mmbfree.m_mtx);
	_MGET(p, M_DONTWAIT);

	if (p == NULL) {
		m_mballoc_wid++;
		msleep(&m_mballoc_wid, &mmbfree.m_mtx, PVM, "mballc",
		    mbuf_wait);
		m_mballoc_wid--;

		/*
		 * Try again (one last time).
		 *
		 * We retry to fetch _even_ if the sleep timed out. This
		 * is left this way, purposely, in the [unlikely] case
		 * that an mbuf was freed but the sleep was not awoken
		 * in time.
		 *
		 * If the sleep didn't time out (i.e. we got woken up) then
		 * we have the lock so we just grab an mbuf, hopefully.
		 */
		_MGET(p, M_DONTWAIT);
	}

	/* If we waited and got something... */
	if (p != NULL) {
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_wait, 1);
		if (mmbfree.m_head != NULL)
			MBWAKEUP(m_mballoc_wid);
	} else
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_drops, 1);

	return (p);
}

/*
 * Allocate some number of mbuf clusters
 * and place on cluster free list.
 *
 * Must be called with the mclfree lock held.
 */
int
m_clalloc(int ncl, int how)
{
	caddr_t p;
	int i;
	int npg;

	/*
	 * If the map is now full (nothing will ever be freed to it).
	 * If we've hit the mcluster number limit, stop allocating from
	 * mb_map.
	 */
	if (mb_map_full || ((ncl + mbstat.m_clusters) > nmbclusters)) {
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_drops, 1);
		return (0);
	}

	npg = ncl;
	mtx_unlock(&mclfree.m_mtx);
	p = (caddr_t)kmem_malloc(mb_map, ctob(npg),
				 how == M_TRYWAIT ? M_WAITOK : M_NOWAIT);
	ncl = ncl * PAGE_SIZE / MCLBYTES;
	mtx_lock(&mclfree.m_mtx);

	/*
	 * Either the map is now full, or `how' is M_DONTWAIT and there
	 * are no pages left.
	 */
	if (p == NULL) {
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_drops, 1);
		return (0);
	}

	/*
	 * We don't let go of the mutex in order to avoid a race.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < ncl; i++) {
		((union mcluster *)p)->mcl_next = mclfree.m_head;
		mclfree.m_head = (union mcluster *)p;
		p += MCLBYTES;
		mbstat.m_clfree++;
	}
	mbstat.m_clusters += ncl;
	return (1);
}

/*
 * Once the mb_map submap has been exhausted and the allocation is called with
 * M_TRYWAIT, we rely on the mclfree list. If nothing is free, we will
 * sleep for a designated amount of time (mbuf_wait) or until we're woken up
 * due to sudden mcluster availability.
 *
 * Must be called with the mclfree lock held.
 */
caddr_t
m_clalloc_wait(void)
{
	caddr_t p = NULL;

	m_clalloc_wid++;
	msleep(&m_clalloc_wid, &mclfree.m_mtx, PVM, "mclalc", mbuf_wait);
	m_clalloc_wid--;

	/*
	 * Now that we (think) that we've got something, try again.
	 */
	_MCLALLOC(p, M_DONTWAIT);

	/* If we waited and got something ... */
	if (p != NULL) {
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_wait, 1);
		if (mclfree.m_head != NULL)
			MBWAKEUP(m_clalloc_wid);
	} else
		atomic_add_long(&mbstat.m_drops, 1);

	return (p);
}

/*
 * m_reclaim: drain protocols in hopes to free up some resources...
 *
 * XXX: No locks should be held going in here. The drain routines have
 * to presently acquire some locks which raises the possibility of lock
 * order violation if we're holding any mutex if that mutex is acquired in
 * reverse order relative to one of the locks in the drain routines.
 */
static void
m_reclaim(void)
{
	struct domain *dp;
	struct protosw *pr;

#ifdef WITNESS
	KASSERT(witness_list(CURPROC) == 0,
	    ("m_reclaim called with locks held"));
#endif

	for (dp = domains; dp; dp = dp->dom_next)
		for (pr = dp->dom_protosw; pr < dp->dom_protoswNPROTOSW; pr++)
			if (pr->pr_drain)
				(*pr->pr_drain)();
	mbstat.m_drain++;
}

/*
 * Space allocation routines.
 * These are also available as macros
 * for critical paths.
 */
struct mbuf *
m_get(int how, int type)
{
	struct mbuf *m;

	MGET(m, how, type);
	return (m);
}

struct mbuf *
m_gethdr(int how, int type)
{
	struct mbuf *m;

	MGETHDR(m, how, type);
	return (m);
}

struct mbuf *
m_getclr(int how, int type)
{
	struct mbuf *m;

	MGET(m, how, type);
	if (m == NULL)
		return (NULL);
	bzero(mtod(m, caddr_t), MLEN);
	return (m);
}

struct mbuf *
m_free(struct mbuf *m)
{
	struct mbuf *n;

	MFREE(m, n);
	return (n);
}

void
m_freem(struct mbuf *m)
{
	struct mbuf *n;

	if (m == NULL)
		return;
	do {
		/*
		 * we do need to check non-first mbuf, since some of existing
		 * code does not call M_PREPEND properly.
		 * (example: call to bpf_mtap from drivers)
		 */
		if ((m->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) != 0 && m->m_pkthdr.aux) {
			m_freem(m->m_pkthdr.aux);
			m->m_pkthdr.aux = NULL;
		}
		MFREE(m, n);
		m = n;
	} while (m);
}

/*
 * Lesser-used path for M_PREPEND:
 * allocate new mbuf to prepend to chain,
 * copy junk along.
 */
struct mbuf *
m_prepend(struct mbuf *m, int len, int how)
{
	struct mbuf *mn;

	MGET(mn, how, m->m_type);
	if (mn == NULL) {
		m_freem(m);
		return (NULL);
	}
	if (m->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) {
		M_COPY_PKTHDR(mn, m);
		m->m_flags &= ~M_PKTHDR;
	}
	mn->m_next = m;
	m = mn;
	if (len < MHLEN)
		MH_ALIGN(m, len);
	m->m_len = len;
	return (m);
}

/*
 * Make a copy of an mbuf chain starting "off0" bytes from the beginning,
 * continuing for "len" bytes.  If len is M_COPYALL, copy to end of mbuf.
 * The wait parameter is a choice of M_TRYWAIT/M_DONTWAIT from caller.
 * Note that the copy is read-only, because clusters are not copied,
 * only their reference counts are incremented.
 */
#define MCFail (mbstat.m_mcfail)

struct mbuf *
m_copym(struct mbuf *m, int off0, int len, int wait)
{
	struct mbuf *n, **np;
	int off = off0;
	struct mbuf *top;
	int copyhdr = 0;

	KASSERT(off >= 0, ("m_copym, negative off %d", off));
	KASSERT(len >= 0, ("m_copym, negative len %d", len));
	if (off == 0 && m->m_flags & M_PKTHDR)
		copyhdr = 1;
	while (off > 0) {
		KASSERT(m != NULL, ("m_copym, offset > size of mbuf chain"));
		if (off < m->m_len)
			break;
		off -= m->m_len;
		m = m->m_next;
	}
	np = &top;
	top = 0;
	while (len > 0) {
		if (m == NULL) {
			KASSERT(len == M_COPYALL,
			    ("m_copym, length > size of mbuf chain"));
			break;
		}
		MGET(n, wait, m->m_type);
		*np = n;
		if (n == NULL)
			goto nospace;
		if (copyhdr) {
			M_COPY_PKTHDR(n, m);
			if (len == M_COPYALL)
				n->m_pkthdr.len -= off0;
			else
				n->m_pkthdr.len = len;
			copyhdr = 0;
		}
		n->m_len = min(len, m->m_len - off);
		if (m->m_flags & M_EXT) {
			n->m_data = m->m_data + off;
			n->m_ext = m->m_ext;
			n->m_flags |= M_EXT;
			MEXT_ADD_REF(m);
		} else
			bcopy(mtod(m, caddr_t)+off, mtod(n, caddr_t),
			    (unsigned)n->m_len);
		if (len != M_COPYALL)
			len -= n->m_len;
		off = 0;
		m = m->m_next;
		np = &n->m_next;
	}
	if (top == NULL)
		atomic_add_long(&MCFail, 1);
	return (top);
nospace:
	m_freem(top);
	atomic_add_long(&MCFail, 1);
	return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Copy an entire packet, including header (which must be present).
 * An optimization of the common case `m_copym(m, 0, M_COPYALL, how)'.
 * Note that the copy is read-only, because clusters are not copied,
 * only their reference counts are incremented.
 */
struct mbuf *
m_copypacket(struct mbuf *m, int how)
{
	struct mbuf *top, *n, *o;

	MGET(n, how, m->m_type);
	top = n;
	if (n == NULL)
		goto nospace;

	M_COPY_PKTHDR(n, m);
	n->m_len = m->m_len;
	if (m->m_flags & M_EXT) {
		n->m_data = m->m_data;
		n->m_ext = m->m_ext;
		n->m_flags |= M_EXT;
		MEXT_ADD_REF(m);
	} else {
		bcopy(mtod(m, char *), mtod(n, char *), n->m_len);
	}

	m = m->m_next;
	while (m) {
		MGET(o, how, m->m_type);
		if (o == NULL)
			goto nospace;

		n->m_next = o;
		n = n->m_next;

		n->m_len = m->m_len;
		if (m->m_flags & M_EXT) {
			n->m_data = m->m_data;
			n->m_ext = m->m_ext;
			n->m_flags |= M_EXT;
			MEXT_ADD_REF(m);
		} else {
			bcopy(mtod(m, char *), mtod(n, char *), n->m_len);
		}

		m = m->m_next;
	}
	return top;
nospace:
	m_freem(top);
	atomic_add_long(&MCFail, 1);
	return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Copy data from an mbuf chain starting "off" bytes from the beginning,
 * continuing for "len" bytes, into the indicated buffer.
 */
void
m_copydata(struct mbuf *m, int off, int len, caddr_t cp)
{
	unsigned count;

	KASSERT(off >= 0, ("m_copydata, negative off %d", off));
	KASSERT(len >= 0, ("m_copydata, negative len %d", len));
	while (off > 0) {
		KASSERT(m != NULL, ("m_copydata, offset > size of mbuf chain"));
		if (off < m->m_len)
			break;
		off -= m->m_len;
		m = m->m_next;
	}
	while (len > 0) {
		KASSERT(m != NULL, ("m_copydata, length > size of mbuf chain"));
		count = min(m->m_len - off, len);
		bcopy(mtod(m, caddr_t) + off, cp, count);
		len -= count;
		cp += count;
		off = 0;
		m = m->m_next;
	}
}

/*
 * Copy a packet header mbuf chain into a completely new chain, including
 * copying any mbuf clusters.  Use this instead of m_copypacket() when
 * you need a writable copy of an mbuf chain.
 */
struct mbuf *
m_dup(struct mbuf *m, int how)
{
	struct mbuf **p, *top = NULL;
	int remain, moff, nsize;

	/* Sanity check */
	if (m == NULL)
		return (NULL);
	KASSERT((m->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) != 0, ("%s: !PKTHDR", __FUNCTION__));

	/* While there's more data, get a new mbuf, tack it on, and fill it */
	remain = m->m_pkthdr.len;
	moff = 0;
	p = &top;
	while (remain > 0 || top == NULL) {	/* allow m->m_pkthdr.len == 0 */
		struct mbuf *n;

		/* Get the next new mbuf */
		MGET(n, how, m->m_type);
		if (n == NULL)
			goto nospace;
		if (top == NULL) {		/* first one, must be PKTHDR */
			M_COPY_PKTHDR(n, m);
			nsize = MHLEN;
		} else				/* not the first one */
			nsize = MLEN;
		if (remain >= MINCLSIZE) {
			MCLGET(n, how);
			if ((n->m_flags & M_EXT) == 0) {
				(void)m_free(n);
				goto nospace;
			}
			nsize = MCLBYTES;
		}
		n->m_len = 0;

		/* Link it into the new chain */
		*p = n;
		p = &n->m_next;

		/* Copy data from original mbuf(s) into new mbuf */
		while (n->m_len < nsize && m != NULL) {
			int chunk = min(nsize - n->m_len, m->m_len - moff);

			bcopy(m->m_data + moff, n->m_data + n->m_len, chunk);
			moff += chunk;
			n->m_len += chunk;
			remain -= chunk;
			if (moff == m->m_len) {
				m = m->m_next;
				moff = 0;
			}
		}

		/* Check correct total mbuf length */
		KASSERT((remain > 0 && m != NULL) || (remain == 0 && m == NULL),
		    	("%s: bogus m_pkthdr.len", __FUNCTION__));
	}
	return (top);

nospace:
	m_freem(top);
	atomic_add_long(&MCFail, 1);
	return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Concatenate mbuf chain n to m.
 * Both chains must be of the same type (e.g. MT_DATA).
 * Any m_pkthdr is not updated.
 */
void
m_cat(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *n)
{
	while (m->m_next)
		m = m->m_next;
	while (n) {
		if (m->m_flags & M_EXT ||
		    m->m_data + m->m_len + n->m_len >= &m->m_dat[MLEN]) {
			/* just join the two chains */
			m->m_next = n;
			return;
		}
		/* splat the data from one into the other */
		bcopy(mtod(n, caddr_t), mtod(m, caddr_t) + m->m_len,
		    (u_int)n->m_len);
		m->m_len += n->m_len;
		n = m_free(n);
	}
}

void
m_adj(struct mbuf *mp, int req_len)
{
	int len = req_len;
	struct mbuf *m;
	int count;

	if ((m = mp) == NULL)
		return;
	if (len >= 0) {
		/*
		 * Trim from head.
		 */
		while (m != NULL && len > 0) {
			if (m->m_len <= len) {
				len -= m->m_len;
				m->m_len = 0;
				m = m->m_next;
			} else {
				m->m_len -= len;
				m->m_data += len;
				len = 0;
			}
		}
		m = mp;
		if (mp->m_flags & M_PKTHDR)
			m->m_pkthdr.len -= (req_len - len);
	} else {
		/*
		 * Trim from tail.  Scan the mbuf chain,
		 * calculating its length and finding the last mbuf.
		 * If the adjustment only affects this mbuf, then just
		 * adjust and return.  Otherwise, rescan and truncate
		 * after the remaining size.
		 */
		len = -len;
		count = 0;
		for (;;) {
			count += m->m_len;
			if (m->m_next == (struct mbuf *)0)
				break;
			m = m->m_next;
		}
		if (m->m_len >= len) {
			m->m_len -= len;
			if (mp->m_flags & M_PKTHDR)
				mp->m_pkthdr.len -= len;
			return;
		}
		count -= len;
		if (count < 0)
			count = 0;
		/*
		 * Correct length for chain is "count".
		 * Find the mbuf with last data, adjust its length,
		 * and toss data from remaining mbufs on chain.
		 */
		m = mp;
		if (m->m_flags & M_PKTHDR)
			m->m_pkthdr.len = count;
		for (; m; m = m->m_next) {
			if (m->m_len >= count) {
				m->m_len = count;
				break;
			}
			count -= m->m_len;
		}
		while (m->m_next)
			(m = m->m_next) ->m_len = 0;
	}
}

/*
 * Rearange an mbuf chain so that len bytes are contiguous
 * and in the data area of an mbuf (so that mtod and dtom
 * will work for a structure of size len).  Returns the resulting
 * mbuf chain on success, frees it and returns null on failure.
 * If there is room, it will add up to max_protohdr-len extra bytes to the
 * contiguous region in an attempt to avoid being called next time.
 */
#define MPFail (mbstat.m_mpfail)

struct mbuf *
m_pullup(struct mbuf *n, int len)
{
	struct mbuf *m;
	int count;
	int space;

	/*
	 * If first mbuf has no cluster, and has room for len bytes
	 * without shifting current data, pullup into it,
	 * otherwise allocate a new mbuf to prepend to the chain.
	 */
	if ((n->m_flags & M_EXT) == 0 &&
	    n->m_data + len < &n->m_dat[MLEN] && n->m_next) {
		if (n->m_len >= len)
			return (n);
		m = n;
		n = n->m_next;
		len -= m->m_len;
	} else {
		if (len > MHLEN)
			goto bad;
		MGET(m, M_DONTWAIT, n->m_type);
		if (m == NULL)
			goto bad;
		m->m_len = 0;
		if (n->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) {
			M_COPY_PKTHDR(m, n);
			n->m_flags &= ~M_PKTHDR;
		}
	}
	space = &m->m_dat[MLEN] - (m->m_data + m->m_len);
	do {
		count = min(min(max(len, max_protohdr), space), n->m_len);
		bcopy(mtod(n, caddr_t), mtod(m, caddr_t) + m->m_len,
		  (unsigned)count);
		len -= count;
		m->m_len += count;
		n->m_len -= count;
		space -= count;
		if (n->m_len)
			n->m_data += count;
		else
			n = m_free(n);
	} while (len > 0 && n);
	if (len > 0) {
		(void) m_free(m);
		goto bad;
	}
	m->m_next = n;
	return (m);
bad:
	m_freem(n);
	atomic_add_long(&MPFail, 1);
	return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Partition an mbuf chain in two pieces, returning the tail --
 * all but the first len0 bytes.  In case of failure, it returns NULL and
 * attempts to restore the chain to its original state.
 */
struct mbuf *
m_split(struct mbuf *m0, int len0, int wait)
{
	struct mbuf *m, *n;
	unsigned len = len0, remain;

	for (m = m0; m && len > m->m_len; m = m->m_next)
		len -= m->m_len;
	if (m == NULL)
		return (NULL);
	remain = m->m_len - len;
	if (m0->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) {
		MGETHDR(n, wait, m0->m_type);
		if (n == NULL)
			return (NULL);
		n->m_pkthdr.rcvif = m0->m_pkthdr.rcvif;
		n->m_pkthdr.len = m0->m_pkthdr.len - len0;
		m0->m_pkthdr.len = len0;
		if (m->m_flags & M_EXT)
			goto extpacket;
		if (remain > MHLEN) {
			/* m can't be the lead packet */
			MH_ALIGN(n, 0);
			n->m_next = m_split(m, len, wait);
			if (n->m_next == NULL) {
				(void) m_free(n);
				return (NULL);
			} else
				return (n);
		} else
			MH_ALIGN(n, remain);
	} else if (remain == 0) {
		n = m->m_next;
		m->m_next = NULL;
		return (n);
	} else {
		MGET(n, wait, m->m_type);
		if (n == NULL)
			return (NULL);
		M_ALIGN(n, remain);
	}
extpacket:
	if (m->m_flags & M_EXT) {
		n->m_flags |= M_EXT;
		n->m_ext = m->m_ext;
		MEXT_ADD_REF(m);
		m->m_ext.ext_size = 0; /* For Accounting XXXXXX danger */
		n->m_data = m->m_data + len;
	} else {
		bcopy(mtod(m, caddr_t) + len, mtod(n, caddr_t), remain);
	}
	n->m_len = remain;
	m->m_len = len;
	n->m_next = m->m_next;
	m->m_next = NULL;
	return (n);
}
/*
 * Routine to copy from device local memory into mbufs.
 */
struct mbuf *
m_devget(char *buf, int totlen, int off0, struct ifnet *ifp,
	 void (*copy)(char *from, caddr_t to, u_int len))
{
	struct mbuf *m;
	struct mbuf *top = 0, **mp = &top;
	int off = off0, len;
	char *cp;
	char *epkt;

	cp = buf;
	epkt = cp + totlen;
	if (off) {
		cp += off + 2 * sizeof(u_short);
		totlen -= 2 * sizeof(u_short);
	}
	MGETHDR(m, M_DONTWAIT, MT_DATA);
	if (m == NULL)
		return (NULL);
	m->m_pkthdr.rcvif = ifp;
	m->m_pkthdr.len = totlen;
	m->m_len = MHLEN;

	while (totlen > 0) {
		if (top) {
			MGET(m, M_DONTWAIT, MT_DATA);
			if (m == NULL) {
				m_freem(top);
				return (NULL);
			}
			m->m_len = MLEN;
		}
		len = min(totlen, epkt - cp);
		if (len >= MINCLSIZE) {
			MCLGET(m, M_DONTWAIT);
			if (m->m_flags & M_EXT)
				m->m_len = len = min(len, MCLBYTES);
			else
				len = m->m_len;
		} else {
			/*
			 * Place initial small packet/header at end of mbuf.
			 */
			if (len < m->m_len) {
				if (top == NULL && len +
				    max_linkhdr <= m->m_len)
					m->m_data += max_linkhdr;
				m->m_len = len;
			} else
				len = m->m_len;
		}
		if (copy)
			copy(cp, mtod(m, caddr_t), (unsigned)len);
		else
			bcopy(cp, mtod(m, caddr_t), (unsigned)len);
		cp += len;
		*mp = m;
		mp = &m->m_next;
		totlen -= len;
		if (cp == epkt)
			cp = buf;
	}
	return (top);
}

/*
 * Copy data from a buffer back into the indicated mbuf chain,
 * starting "off" bytes from the beginning, extending the mbuf
 * chain if necessary.
 */
void
m_copyback(struct mbuf *m0, int off, int len, caddr_t cp)
{
	int mlen;
	struct mbuf *m = m0, *n;
	int totlen = 0;

	if (m0 == NULL)
		return;
	while (off > (mlen = m->m_len)) {
		off -= mlen;
		totlen += mlen;
		if (m->m_next == NULL) {
			n = m_getclr(M_DONTWAIT, m->m_type);
			if (n == NULL)
				goto out;
			n->m_len = min(MLEN, len + off);
			m->m_next = n;
		}
		m = m->m_next;
	}
	while (len > 0) {
		mlen = min (m->m_len - off, len);
		bcopy(cp, off + mtod(m, caddr_t), (unsigned)mlen);
		cp += mlen;
		len -= mlen;
		mlen += off;
		off = 0;
		totlen += mlen;
		if (len == 0)
			break;
		if (m->m_next == NULL) {
			n = m_get(M_DONTWAIT, m->m_type);
			if (n == NULL)
				break;
			n->m_len = min(MLEN, len);
			m->m_next = n;
		}
		m = m->m_next;
	}
out:	if (((m = m0)->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) && (m->m_pkthdr.len < totlen))
		m->m_pkthdr.len = totlen;
}

void
m_print(const struct mbuf *m)
{
	int len;
	const struct mbuf *m2;

	len = m->m_pkthdr.len;
	m2 = m;
	while (len) {
		printf("%p %*D\n", m2, m2->m_len, (u_char *)m2->m_data, "-");
		len -= m2->m_len;
		m2 = m2->m_next;
	}
	return;
}