xref: /freebsd/sys/dev/xen/blkback/blkback.c (revision 2e3507c25e42292b45a5482e116d278f5515d04d)

/*-
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2012 Spectra Logic Corporation
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer,
 *    without modification.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce at minimum a disclaimer
 *    substantially similar to the "NO WARRANTY" disclaimer below
 *    ("Disclaimer") and any redistribution must be conditioned upon
 *    including a substantially similar Disclaimer requirement for further
 *    binary redistribution.
 *
 * NO WARRANTY
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
 * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
 * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
 *
 * Authors: Justin T. Gibbs     (Spectra Logic Corporation)
 *          Ken Merry           (Spectra Logic Corporation)
 */
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
/**
 * \file blkback.c
 *
 * \brief Device driver supporting the vending of block storage from
 *        a FreeBSD domain to other domains.
 */

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>

#include <sys/bio.h>
#include <sys/bus.h>
#include <sys/conf.h>
#include <sys/devicestat.h>
#include <sys/disk.h>
#include <sys/fcntl.h>
#include <sys/filedesc.h>
#include <sys/kdb.h>
#include <sys/module.h>
#include <sys/namei.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/rman.h>
#include <sys/taskqueue.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/vnode.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/bitstring.h>
#include <sys/sdt.h>

#include <geom/geom.h>

#include <machine/_inttypes.h>

#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <vm/vm_extern.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>

#include <xen/xen-os.h>
#include <xen/blkif.h>
#include <xen/gnttab.h>
#include <xen/xen_intr.h>

#include <contrib/xen/event_channel.h>
#include <contrib/xen/grant_table.h>

#include <xen/xenbus/xenbusvar.h>

/*--------------------------- Compile-time Tunables --------------------------*/
/**
 * The maximum number of shared memory ring pages we will allow in a
 * negotiated block-front/back communication channel.  Allow enough
 * ring space for all requests to be XBB_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE'd.
 */
#define	XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES		32

/**
 * The maximum number of outstanding request blocks (request headers plus
 * additional segment blocks) we will allow in a negotiated block-front/back
 * communication channel.
 */
#define	XBB_MAX_REQUESTS 					\
	__CONST_RING_SIZE(blkif, PAGE_SIZE * XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES)

/**
 * \brief Define to enable rudimentary request logging to the console.
 */
#undef XBB_DEBUG

/*---------------------------------- Macros ----------------------------------*/
/**
 * Custom malloc type for all driver allocations.
 */
static MALLOC_DEFINE(M_XENBLOCKBACK, "xbbd", "Xen Block Back Driver Data");

#ifdef XBB_DEBUG
#define DPRINTF(fmt, args...)					\
    printf("xbb(%s:%d): " fmt, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, ##args)
#else
#define DPRINTF(fmt, args...) do {} while(0)
#endif

/**
 * The maximum mapped region size per request we will allow in a negotiated
 * block-front/back communication channel.
 * Use old default of MAXPHYS == 128K.
 */
#define	XBB_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE					\
	MIN(128 * 1024, BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST * PAGE_SIZE)

/**
 * The maximum number of segments (within a request header and accompanying
 * segment blocks) per request we will allow in a negotiated block-front/back
 * communication channel.
 */
#define	XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST				\
	(MIN(UIO_MAXIOV,					\
	     MIN(BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST,		\
		 (XBB_MAX_REQUEST_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE) + 1)))

/**
 * The maximum number of ring pages that we can allow per request list.
 * We limit this to the maximum number of segments per request, because
 * that is already a reasonable number of segments to aggregate.  This
 * number should never be smaller than XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST,
 * because that would leave situations where we can't dispatch even one
 * large request.
 */
#define	XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST

/*--------------------------- Forward Declarations ---------------------------*/
struct xbb_softc;
struct xbb_xen_req;

static void xbb_attach_failed(struct xbb_softc *xbb, int err, const char *fmt,
			      ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 3, 4)));
static int  xbb_shutdown(struct xbb_softc *xbb);

/*------------------------------ Data Structures -----------------------------*/

STAILQ_HEAD(xbb_xen_req_list, xbb_xen_req);

typedef enum {
	XBB_REQLIST_NONE	= 0x00,
	XBB_REQLIST_MAPPED	= 0x01
} xbb_reqlist_flags;

struct xbb_xen_reqlist {
	/**
	 * Back reference to the parent block back instance for this
	 * request.  Used during bio_done handling.
	 */
	struct xbb_softc        *xbb;

	/**
	 * BLKIF_OP code for this request.
	 */
	int			 operation;

	/**
	 * Set to BLKIF_RSP_* to indicate request status.
	 *
	 * This field allows an error status to be recorded even if the
	 * delivery of this status must be deferred.  Deferred reporting
	 * is necessary, for example, when an error is detected during
	 * completion processing of one bio when other bios for this
	 * request are still outstanding.
	 */
	int			 status;

	/**
	 * Number of 512 byte sectors not transferred.
	 */
	int			 residual_512b_sectors;

	/**
	 * Starting sector number of the first request in the list.
	 */
	off_t			 starting_sector_number;

	/**
	 * If we're going to coalesce, the next contiguous sector would be
	 * this one.
	 */
	off_t			 next_contig_sector;

	/**
	 * Number of child requests in the list.
	 */
	int			 num_children;

	/**
	 * Number of I/O requests still pending on the backend.
	 */
	int			 pendcnt;

	/**
	 * Total number of segments for requests in the list.
	 */
	int			 nr_segments;

	/**
	 * Flags for this particular request list.
	 */
	xbb_reqlist_flags	 flags;

	/**
	 * Kernel virtual address space reserved for this request
	 * list structure and used to map the remote domain's pages for
	 * this I/O, into our domain's address space.
	 */
	uint8_t			*kva;

	/**
	 * Base, pseudo-physical address, corresponding to the start
	 * of this request's kva region.
	 */
	uint64_t	 	 gnt_base;

	/**
	 * Array of grant handles (one per page) used to map this request.
	 */
	grant_handle_t		*gnt_handles;

	/**
	 * Device statistics request ordering type (ordered or simple).
	 */
	devstat_tag_type	 ds_tag_type;

	/**
	 * Device statistics request type (read, write, no_data).
	 */
	devstat_trans_flags	 ds_trans_type;

	/**
	 * The start time for this request.
	 */
	struct bintime		 ds_t0;

	/**
	 * Linked list of contiguous requests with the same operation type.
	 */
	struct xbb_xen_req_list	 contig_req_list;

	/**
	 * Linked list links used to aggregate idle requests in the
	 * request list free pool (xbb->reqlist_free_stailq) and pending
	 * requests waiting for execution (xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq).
	 */
	STAILQ_ENTRY(xbb_xen_reqlist) links;
};

STAILQ_HEAD(xbb_xen_reqlist_list, xbb_xen_reqlist);

/**
 * \brief Object tracking an in-flight I/O from a Xen VBD consumer.
 */
struct xbb_xen_req {
	/**
	 * Linked list links used to aggregate requests into a reqlist
	 * and to store them in the request free pool.
	 */
	STAILQ_ENTRY(xbb_xen_req) links;

	/**
	 * The remote domain's identifier for this I/O request.
	 */
	uint64_t		  id;

	/**
	 * The number of pages currently mapped for this request.
	 */
	int			  nr_pages;

	/**
	 * The number of 512 byte sectors comprising this requests.
	 */
	int			  nr_512b_sectors;

	/**
	 * BLKIF_OP code for this request.
	 */
	int			  operation;

	/**
	 * Storage used for non-native ring requests.
	 */
	blkif_request_t		 ring_req_storage;

	/**
	 * Pointer to the Xen request in the ring.
	 */
	blkif_request_t		*ring_req;

	/**
	 * Consumer index for this request.
	 */
	RING_IDX		 req_ring_idx;

	/**
	 * The start time for this request.
	 */
	struct bintime		 ds_t0;

	/**
	 * Pointer back to our parent request list.
	 */
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist  *reqlist;
};
SLIST_HEAD(xbb_xen_req_slist, xbb_xen_req);

/**
 * \brief Configuration data for the shared memory request ring
 *        used to communicate with the front-end client of this
 *        this driver.
 */
struct xbb_ring_config {
	/** KVA address where ring memory is mapped. */
	vm_offset_t	va;

	/** The pseudo-physical address where ring memory is mapped.*/
	uint64_t	gnt_addr;

	/**
	 * Grant table handles, one per-ring page, returned by the
	 * hyperpervisor upon mapping of the ring and required to
	 * unmap it when a connection is torn down.
	 */
	grant_handle_t	handle[XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES];

	/**
	 * The device bus address returned by the hypervisor when
	 * mapping the ring and required to unmap it when a connection
	 * is torn down.
	 */
	uint64_t	bus_addr[XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES];

	/** The number of ring pages mapped for the current connection. */
	u_int		ring_pages;

	/**
	 * The grant references, one per-ring page, supplied by the
	 * front-end, allowing us to reference the ring pages in the
	 * front-end's domain and to map these pages into our own domain.
	 */
	grant_ref_t	ring_ref[XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES];

	/** The interrupt driven even channel used to signal ring events. */
	evtchn_port_t   evtchn;
};

/**
 * Per-instance connection state flags.
 */
typedef enum
{
	/**
	 * The front-end requested a read-only mount of the
	 * back-end device/file.
	 */
	XBBF_READ_ONLY         = 0x01,

	/** Communication with the front-end has been established. */
	XBBF_RING_CONNECTED    = 0x02,

	/**
	 * Front-end requests exist in the ring and are waiting for
	 * xbb_xen_req objects to free up.
	 */
	XBBF_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE = 0x04,

	/** Connection teardown in progress. */
	XBBF_SHUTDOWN          = 0x08,

	/** A thread is already performing shutdown processing. */
	XBBF_IN_SHUTDOWN       = 0x10
} xbb_flag_t;

/** Backend device type.  */
typedef enum {
	/** Backend type unknown. */
	XBB_TYPE_NONE		= 0x00,

	/**
	 * Backend type disk (access via cdev switch
	 * strategy routine).
	 */
	XBB_TYPE_DISK		= 0x01,

	/** Backend type file (access vnode operations.). */
	XBB_TYPE_FILE		= 0x02
} xbb_type;

/**
 * \brief Structure used to memoize information about a per-request
 *        scatter-gather list.
 *
 * The chief benefit of using this data structure is it avoids having
 * to reparse the possibly discontiguous S/G list in the original
 * request.  Due to the way that the mapping of the memory backing an
 * I/O transaction is handled by Xen, a second pass is unavoidable.
 * At least this way the second walk is a simple array traversal.
 *
 * \note A single Scatter/Gather element in the block interface covers
 *       at most 1 machine page.  In this context a sector (blkif
 *       nomenclature, not what I'd choose) is a 512b aligned unit
 *       of mapping within the machine page referenced by an S/G
 *       element.
 */
struct xbb_sg {
	/** The number of 512b data chunks mapped in this S/G element. */
	int16_t nsect;

	/**
	 * The index (0 based) of the first 512b data chunk mapped
	 * in this S/G element.
	 */
	uint8_t first_sect;

	/**
	 * The index (0 based) of the last 512b data chunk mapped
	 * in this S/G element.
	 */
	uint8_t last_sect;
};

/**
 * Character device backend specific configuration data.
 */
struct xbb_dev_data {
	/** Cdev used for device backend access.  */
	struct cdev   *cdev;

	/** Cdev switch used for device backend access.  */
	struct cdevsw *csw;

	/** Used to hold a reference on opened cdev backend devices. */
	int	       dev_ref;
};

/**
 * File backend specific configuration data.
 */
struct xbb_file_data {
	/** Credentials to use for vnode backed (file based) I/O. */
	struct ucred   *cred;

	/**
	 * \brief Array of io vectors used to process file based I/O.
	 *
	 * Only a single file based request is outstanding per-xbb instance,
	 * so we only need one of these.
	 */
	struct iovec	xiovecs[XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST];
};

/**
 * Collection of backend type specific data.
 */
union xbb_backend_data {
	struct xbb_dev_data  dev;
	struct xbb_file_data file;
};

/**
 * Function signature of backend specific I/O handlers.
 */
typedef int (*xbb_dispatch_t)(struct xbb_softc *xbb,
			      struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist, int operation,
			      int flags);

/**
 * Per-instance configuration data.
 */
struct xbb_softc {
	/**
	 * Task-queue used to process I/O requests.
	 */
	struct taskqueue	 *io_taskqueue;

	/**
	 * Single "run the request queue" task enqueued
	 * on io_taskqueue.
	 */
	struct task		  io_task;

	/** Device type for this instance. */
	xbb_type		  device_type;

	/** NewBus device corresponding to this instance. */
	device_t		  dev;

	/** Backend specific dispatch routine for this instance. */
	xbb_dispatch_t		  dispatch_io;

	/** The number of requests outstanding on the backend device/file. */
	int			  active_request_count;

	/** Free pool of request tracking structures. */
	struct xbb_xen_req_list   request_free_stailq;

	/** Array, sized at connection time, of request tracking structures. */
	struct xbb_xen_req	 *requests;

	/** Free pool of request list structures. */
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist_list reqlist_free_stailq;

	/** List of pending request lists awaiting execution. */
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist_list reqlist_pending_stailq;

	/** Array, sized at connection time, of request list structures. */
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist	 *request_lists;

	/**
	 * Global pool of kva used for mapping remote domain ring
	 * and I/O transaction data.
	 */
	vm_offset_t		  kva;

	/** Pseudo-physical address corresponding to kva. */
	uint64_t		  gnt_base_addr;

	/** The size of the global kva pool. */
	int			  kva_size;

	/** The size of the KVA area used for request lists. */
	int			  reqlist_kva_size;

	/** The number of pages of KVA used for request lists */
	int			  reqlist_kva_pages;

	/** Bitmap of free KVA pages */
	bitstr_t		 *kva_free;

	/**
	 * \brief Cached value of the front-end's domain id.
	 *
	 * This value is used at once for each mapped page in
	 * a transaction.  We cache it to avoid incuring the
	 * cost of an ivar access every time this is needed.
	 */
	domid_t			  otherend_id;

	/**
	 * \brief The blkif protocol abi in effect.
	 *
	 * There are situations where the back and front ends can
	 * have a different, native abi (e.g. intel x86_64 and
	 * 32bit x86 domains on the same machine).  The back-end
	 * always accommodates the front-end's native abi.  That
	 * value is pulled from the XenStore and recorded here.
	 */
	int			  abi;

	/**
	 * \brief The maximum number of requests and request lists allowed
	 *        to be in flight at a time.
	 *
	 * This value is negotiated via the XenStore.
	 */
	u_int			  max_requests;

	/**
	 * \brief The maximum number of segments (1 page per segment)
	 *	  that can be mapped by a request.
	 *
	 * This value is negotiated via the XenStore.
	 */
	u_int			  max_request_segments;

	/**
	 * \brief Maximum number of segments per request list.
	 *
	 * This value is derived from and will generally be larger than
	 * max_request_segments.
	 */
	u_int			  max_reqlist_segments;

	/**
	 * The maximum size of any request to this back-end
	 * device.
	 *
	 * This value is negotiated via the XenStore.
	 */
	u_int			  max_request_size;

	/**
	 * The maximum size of any request list.  This is derived directly
	 * from max_reqlist_segments.
	 */
	u_int			  max_reqlist_size;

	/** Various configuration and state bit flags. */
	xbb_flag_t		  flags;

	/** Ring mapping and interrupt configuration data. */
	struct xbb_ring_config	  ring_config;

	/** Runtime, cross-abi safe, structures for ring access. */
	blkif_back_rings_t	  rings;

	/** IRQ mapping for the communication ring event channel. */
	xen_intr_handle_t	  xen_intr_handle;

	/**
	 * \brief Backend access mode flags (e.g. write, or read-only).
	 *
	 * This value is passed to us by the front-end via the XenStore.
	 */
	char			 *dev_mode;

	/**
	 * \brief Backend device type (e.g. "disk", "cdrom", "floppy").
	 *
	 * This value is passed to us by the front-end via the XenStore.
	 * Currently unused.
	 */
	char			 *dev_type;

	/**
	 * \brief Backend device/file identifier.
	 *
	 * This value is passed to us by the front-end via the XenStore.
	 * We expect this to be a POSIX path indicating the file or
	 * device to open.
	 */
	char			 *dev_name;

	/**
	 * Vnode corresponding to the backend device node or file
	 * we are acessing.
	 */
	struct vnode		 *vn;

	union xbb_backend_data	  backend;

	/** The native sector size of the backend. */
	u_int			  sector_size;

	/** log2 of sector_size.  */
	u_int			  sector_size_shift;

	/** Size in bytes of the backend device or file.  */
	off_t			  media_size;

	/**
	 * \brief media_size expressed in terms of the backend native
	 *	  sector size.
	 *
	 * (e.g. xbb->media_size >> xbb->sector_size_shift).
	 */
	uint64_t		  media_num_sectors;

	/**
	 * \brief Array of memoized scatter gather data computed during the
	 *	  conversion of blkif ring requests to internal xbb_xen_req
	 *	  structures.
	 *
	 * Ring processing is serialized so we only need one of these.
	 */
	struct xbb_sg		  xbb_sgs[XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST];

	/**
	 * Temporary grant table map used in xbb_dispatch_io().  When
	 * XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST gets large, keeping this on the
	 * stack could cause a stack overflow.
	 */
	struct gnttab_map_grant_ref   maps[XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST];

	/** Mutex protecting per-instance data. */
	struct mtx		  lock;

	/**
	 * Resource representing allocated physical address space
	 * associated with our per-instance kva region.
	 */
	struct resource		 *pseudo_phys_res;

	/** Resource id for allocated physical address space. */
	int			  pseudo_phys_res_id;

	/**
	 * I/O statistics from BlockBack dispatch down.  These are
	 * coalesced requests, and we start them right before execution.
	 */
	struct devstat		 *xbb_stats;

	/**
	 * I/O statistics coming into BlockBack.  These are the requests as
	 * we get them from BlockFront.  They are started as soon as we
	 * receive a request, and completed when the I/O is complete.
	 */
	struct devstat		 *xbb_stats_in;

	/** Disable sending flush to the backend */
	int			  disable_flush;

	/** Send a real flush for every N flush requests */
	int			  flush_interval;

	/** Count of flush requests in the interval */
	int			  flush_count;

	/** Don't coalesce requests if this is set */
	int			  no_coalesce_reqs;

	/** Number of requests we have received */
	uint64_t		  reqs_received;

	/** Number of requests we have completed*/
	uint64_t		  reqs_completed;

	/** Number of requests we queued but not pushed*/
	uint64_t		  reqs_queued_for_completion;

	/** Number of requests we completed with an error status*/
	uint64_t		  reqs_completed_with_error;

	/** How many forced dispatches (i.e. without coalescing) have happened */
	uint64_t		  forced_dispatch;

	/** How many normal dispatches have happened */
	uint64_t		  normal_dispatch;

	/** How many total dispatches have happened */
	uint64_t		  total_dispatch;

	/** How many times we have run out of KVA */
	uint64_t		  kva_shortages;

	/** How many times we have run out of request structures */
	uint64_t		  request_shortages;

	/** Watch to wait for hotplug script execution */
	struct xs_watch		  hotplug_watch;

	/** Got the needed data from hotplug scripts? */
	bool			  hotplug_done;
};

/*---------------------------- Request Processing ----------------------------*/
/**
 * Allocate an internal transaction tracking structure from the free pool.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 *
 * \return  On success, a pointer to the allocated xbb_xen_req structure.
 *          Otherwise NULL.
 */
static inline struct xbb_xen_req *
xbb_get_req(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct xbb_xen_req *req;

	req = NULL;

	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	if ((req = STAILQ_FIRST(&xbb->request_free_stailq)) != NULL) {
		STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&xbb->request_free_stailq, links);
		xbb->active_request_count++;
	}

	return (req);
}

/**
 * Return an allocated transaction tracking structure to the free pool.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param req  The request structure to free.
 */
static inline void
xbb_release_req(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_req *req)
{
	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	STAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&xbb->request_free_stailq, req, links);
	xbb->active_request_count--;

	KASSERT(xbb->active_request_count >= 0,
		("xbb_release_req: negative active count"));
}

/**
 * Return an xbb_xen_req_list of allocated xbb_xen_reqs to the free pool.
 *
 * \param xbb	    Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param req_list  The list of requests to free.
 * \param nreqs	    The number of items in the list.
 */
static inline void
xbb_release_reqs(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_req_list *req_list,
		 int nreqs)
{
	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	STAILQ_CONCAT(&xbb->request_free_stailq, req_list);
	xbb->active_request_count -= nreqs;

	KASSERT(xbb->active_request_count >= 0,
		("xbb_release_reqs: negative active count"));
}

/**
 * Given a page index and 512b sector offset within that page,
 * calculate an offset into a request's kva region.
 *
 * \param reqlist The request structure whose kva region will be accessed.
 * \param pagenr  The page index used to compute the kva offset.
 * \param sector  The 512b sector index used to compute the page relative
 *                kva offset.
 *
 * \return  The computed global KVA offset.
 */
static inline uint8_t *
xbb_reqlist_vaddr(struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist, int pagenr, int sector)
{
	return (reqlist->kva + (PAGE_SIZE * pagenr) + (sector << 9));
}

/**
 * Given a page number and 512b sector offset within that page,
 * calculate an offset into the request's memory region that the
 * underlying backend device/file should use for I/O.
 *
 * \param reqlist The request structure whose I/O region will be accessed.
 * \param pagenr  The page index used to compute the I/O offset.
 * \param sector  The 512b sector index used to compute the page relative
 *                I/O offset.
 *
 * \return  The computed global I/O address.
 *
 * Depending on configuration, this will either be a local bounce buffer
 * or a pointer to the memory mapped in from the front-end domain for
 * this request.
 */
static inline uint8_t *
xbb_reqlist_ioaddr(struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist, int pagenr, int sector)
{
	return (xbb_reqlist_vaddr(reqlist, pagenr, sector));
}

/**
 * Given a page index and 512b sector offset within that page, calculate
 * an offset into the local pseudo-physical address space used to map a
 * front-end's request data into a request.
 *
 * \param reqlist The request list structure whose pseudo-physical region
 *                will be accessed.
 * \param pagenr  The page index used to compute the pseudo-physical offset.
 * \param sector  The 512b sector index used to compute the page relative
 *                pseudo-physical offset.
 *
 * \return  The computed global pseudo-phsyical address.
 *
 * Depending on configuration, this will either be a local bounce buffer
 * or a pointer to the memory mapped in from the front-end domain for
 * this request.
 */
static inline uintptr_t
xbb_get_gntaddr(struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist, int pagenr, int sector)
{
	struct xbb_softc *xbb;

	xbb = reqlist->xbb;

	return ((uintptr_t)(xbb->gnt_base_addr +
		(uintptr_t)(reqlist->kva - xbb->kva) +
		(PAGE_SIZE * pagenr) + (sector << 9)));
}

/**
 * Get Kernel Virtual Address space for mapping requests.
 *
 * \param xbb         Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param nr_pages    Number of pages needed.
 * \param check_only  If set, check for free KVA but don't allocate it.
 * \param have_lock   If set, xbb lock is already held.
 *
 * \return  On success, a pointer to the allocated KVA region.  Otherwise NULL.
 *
 * Note:  This should be unnecessary once we have either chaining or
 * scatter/gather support for struct bio.  At that point we'll be able to
 * put multiple addresses and lengths in one bio/bio chain and won't need
 * to map everything into one virtual segment.
 */
static uint8_t *
xbb_get_kva(struct xbb_softc *xbb, int nr_pages)
{
	int first_clear;
	int num_clear;
	uint8_t *free_kva;
	int      i;

	KASSERT(nr_pages != 0, ("xbb_get_kva of zero length"));

	first_clear = 0;
	free_kva = NULL;

	mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);

	/*
	 * Look for the first available page.  If there are none, we're done.
	 */
	bit_ffc(xbb->kva_free, xbb->reqlist_kva_pages, &first_clear);

	if (first_clear == -1)
		goto bailout;

	/*
	 * Starting at the first available page, look for consecutive free
	 * pages that will satisfy the user's request.
	 */
	for (i = first_clear, num_clear = 0; i < xbb->reqlist_kva_pages; i++) {
		/*
		 * If this is true, the page is used, so we have to reset
		 * the number of clear pages and the first clear page
		 * (since it pointed to a region with an insufficient number
		 * of clear pages).
		 */
		if (bit_test(xbb->kva_free, i)) {
			num_clear = 0;
			first_clear = -1;
			continue;
		}

		if (first_clear == -1)
			first_clear = i;

		/*
		 * If this is true, we've found a large enough free region
		 * to satisfy the request.
		 */
		if (++num_clear == nr_pages) {
			bit_nset(xbb->kva_free, first_clear,
				 first_clear + nr_pages - 1);

			free_kva = xbb->kva +
				(uint8_t *)((intptr_t)first_clear * PAGE_SIZE);

			KASSERT(free_kva >= (uint8_t *)xbb->kva &&
				free_kva + (nr_pages * PAGE_SIZE) <=
				(uint8_t *)xbb->ring_config.va,
				("Free KVA %p len %d out of range, "
				 "kva = %#jx, ring VA = %#jx\n", free_kva,
				 nr_pages * PAGE_SIZE, (uintmax_t)xbb->kva,
				 (uintmax_t)xbb->ring_config.va));
			break;
		}
	}

bailout:

	if (free_kva == NULL) {
		xbb->flags |= XBBF_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
		xbb->kva_shortages++;
	}

	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);

	return (free_kva);
}

/**
 * Free allocated KVA.
 *
 * \param xbb	    Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param kva_ptr   Pointer to allocated KVA region.
 * \param nr_pages  Number of pages in the KVA region.
 */
static void
xbb_free_kva(struct xbb_softc *xbb, uint8_t *kva_ptr, int nr_pages)
{
	intptr_t start_page;

	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	start_page = (intptr_t)(kva_ptr - xbb->kva) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	bit_nclear(xbb->kva_free, start_page, start_page + nr_pages - 1);

}

/**
 * Unmap the front-end pages associated with this I/O request.
 *
 * \param req  The request structure to unmap.
 */
static void
xbb_unmap_reqlist(struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist)
{
	struct gnttab_unmap_grant_ref unmap[XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST];
	u_int			      i;
	u_int			      invcount;
	int			      error __diagused;

	invcount = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < reqlist->nr_segments; i++) {
		if (reqlist->gnt_handles[i] == GRANT_REF_INVALID)
			continue;

		unmap[invcount].host_addr    = xbb_get_gntaddr(reqlist, i, 0);
		unmap[invcount].dev_bus_addr = 0;
		unmap[invcount].handle       = reqlist->gnt_handles[i];
		reqlist->gnt_handles[i]	     = GRANT_REF_INVALID;
		invcount++;
	}

	error = HYPERVISOR_grant_table_op(GNTTABOP_unmap_grant_ref,
					  unmap, invcount);
	KASSERT(error == 0, ("Grant table operation failed"));
}

/**
 * Allocate an internal transaction tracking structure from the free pool.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 *
 * \return  On success, a pointer to the allocated xbb_xen_reqlist structure.
 *          Otherwise NULL.
 */
static inline struct xbb_xen_reqlist *
xbb_get_reqlist(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist;

	reqlist = NULL;

	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	if ((reqlist = STAILQ_FIRST(&xbb->reqlist_free_stailq)) != NULL) {
		STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&xbb->reqlist_free_stailq, links);
		reqlist->flags = XBB_REQLIST_NONE;
		reqlist->kva = NULL;
		reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_OKAY;
		reqlist->residual_512b_sectors = 0;
		reqlist->num_children = 0;
		reqlist->nr_segments = 0;
		STAILQ_INIT(&reqlist->contig_req_list);
	}

	return (reqlist);
}

/**
 * Return an allocated transaction tracking structure to the free pool.
 *
 * \param xbb        Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param req        The request list structure to free.
 * \param wakeup     If set, wakeup the work thread if freeing this reqlist
 *                   during a resource shortage condition.
 */
static inline void
xbb_release_reqlist(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist,
		    int wakeup)
{

	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	if (wakeup) {
		wakeup = xbb->flags & XBBF_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
		xbb->flags &= ~XBBF_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
	}

	if (reqlist->kva != NULL)
		xbb_free_kva(xbb, reqlist->kva, reqlist->nr_segments);

	xbb_release_reqs(xbb, &reqlist->contig_req_list, reqlist->num_children);

	STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&xbb->reqlist_free_stailq, reqlist, links);

	if ((xbb->flags & XBBF_SHUTDOWN) != 0) {
		/*
		 * Shutdown is in progress.  See if we can
		 * progress further now that one more request
		 * has completed and been returned to the
		 * free pool.
		 */
		xbb_shutdown(xbb);
	}

	if (wakeup != 0)
		taskqueue_enqueue(xbb->io_taskqueue, &xbb->io_task);
}

/**
 * Request resources and do basic request setup.
 *
 * \param xbb          Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param reqlist      Pointer to reqlist pointer.
 * \param ring_req     Pointer to a block ring request.
 * \param ring_index   The ring index of this request.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, non-zero for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_get_resources(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_reqlist **reqlist,
		  blkif_request_t *ring_req, RING_IDX ring_idx)
{
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist *nreqlist;
	struct xbb_xen_req     *nreq;

	nreqlist = NULL;
	nreq     = NULL;

	mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);

	/*
	 * We don't allow new resources to be allocated if we're in the
	 * process of shutting down.
	 */
	if ((xbb->flags & XBBF_SHUTDOWN) != 0) {
		mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);
		return (1);
	}

	/*
	 * Allocate a reqlist if the caller doesn't have one already.
	 */
	if (*reqlist == NULL) {
		nreqlist = xbb_get_reqlist(xbb);
		if (nreqlist == NULL)
			goto bailout_error;
	}

	/* We always allocate a request. */
	nreq = xbb_get_req(xbb);
	if (nreq == NULL)
		goto bailout_error;

	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);

	if (*reqlist == NULL) {
		*reqlist = nreqlist;
		nreqlist->operation = ring_req->operation;
		nreqlist->starting_sector_number = ring_req->sector_number;
		STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq, nreqlist,
				   links);
	}

	nreq->reqlist = *reqlist;
	nreq->req_ring_idx = ring_idx;
	nreq->id = ring_req->id;
	nreq->operation = ring_req->operation;

	if (xbb->abi != BLKIF_PROTOCOL_NATIVE) {
		bcopy(ring_req, &nreq->ring_req_storage, sizeof(*ring_req));
		nreq->ring_req = &nreq->ring_req_storage;
	} else {
		nreq->ring_req = ring_req;
	}

	binuptime(&nreq->ds_t0);
	devstat_start_transaction(xbb->xbb_stats_in, &nreq->ds_t0);
	STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&(*reqlist)->contig_req_list, nreq, links);
	(*reqlist)->num_children++;
	(*reqlist)->nr_segments += ring_req->nr_segments;

	return (0);

bailout_error:

	/*
	 * We're out of resources, so set the shortage flag.  The next time
	 * a request is released, we'll try waking up the work thread to
	 * see if we can allocate more resources.
	 */
	xbb->flags |= XBBF_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
	xbb->request_shortages++;

	if (nreq != NULL)
		xbb_release_req(xbb, nreq);

	if (nreqlist != NULL)
		xbb_release_reqlist(xbb, nreqlist, /*wakeup*/ 0);

	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);

	return (1);
}

/**
 * Create and queue a response to a blkif request.
 *
 * \param xbb     Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param req     The request structure to which to respond.
 * \param status  The status code to report.  See BLKIF_RSP_*
 *                in sys/contrib/xen/io/blkif.h.
 */
static void
xbb_queue_response(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_req *req, int status)
{
	blkif_response_t *resp;

	/*
	 * The mutex is required here, and should be held across this call
	 * until after the subsequent call to xbb_push_responses().  This
	 * is to guarantee that another context won't queue responses and
	 * push them while we're active.
	 *
	 * That could lead to the other end being notified of responses
	 * before the resources have been freed on this end.  The other end
	 * would then be able to queue additional I/O, and we may run out
 	 * of resources because we haven't freed them all yet.
	 */
	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	/*
	 * Place on the response ring for the relevant domain.
	 * For now, only the spacing between entries is different
	 * in the different ABIs, not the response entry layout.
	 */
	switch (xbb->abi) {
	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_NATIVE:
		resp = RING_GET_RESPONSE(&xbb->rings.native,
					 xbb->rings.native.rsp_prod_pvt);
		break;
	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_32:
		resp = (blkif_response_t *)
		    RING_GET_RESPONSE(&xbb->rings.x86_32,
				      xbb->rings.x86_32.rsp_prod_pvt);
		break;
	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_64:
		resp = (blkif_response_t *)
		    RING_GET_RESPONSE(&xbb->rings.x86_64,
				      xbb->rings.x86_64.rsp_prod_pvt);
		break;
	default:
		panic("Unexpected blkif protocol ABI.");
	}

	resp->id        = req->id;
	resp->operation = req->operation;
	resp->status    = status;

	if (status != BLKIF_RSP_OKAY)
		xbb->reqs_completed_with_error++;

	xbb->rings.common.rsp_prod_pvt++;

	xbb->reqs_queued_for_completion++;

}

/**
 * Send queued responses to blkif requests.
 *
 * \param xbb            Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param run_taskqueue  Flag that is set to 1 if the taskqueue
 *			 should be run, 0 if it does not need to be run.
 * \param notify	 Flag that is set to 1 if the other end should be
 * 			 notified via irq, 0 if the other end should not be
 *			 notified.
 */
static void
xbb_push_responses(struct xbb_softc *xbb, int *run_taskqueue, int *notify)
{
	int more_to_do;

	/*
	 * The mutex is required here.
	 */
	mtx_assert(&xbb->lock, MA_OWNED);

	more_to_do = 0;

	RING_PUSH_RESPONSES_AND_CHECK_NOTIFY(&xbb->rings.common, *notify);

	if (xbb->rings.common.rsp_prod_pvt == xbb->rings.common.req_cons) {
		/*
		 * Tail check for pending requests. Allows frontend to avoid
		 * notifications if requests are already in flight (lower
		 * overheads and promotes batching).
		 */
		RING_FINAL_CHECK_FOR_REQUESTS(&xbb->rings.common, more_to_do);
	} else if (RING_HAS_UNCONSUMED_REQUESTS(&xbb->rings.common)) {
		more_to_do = 1;
	}

	xbb->reqs_completed += xbb->reqs_queued_for_completion;
	xbb->reqs_queued_for_completion = 0;

	*run_taskqueue = more_to_do;
}

/**
 * Complete a request list.
 *
 * \param xbb        Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param reqlist    Allocated internal request list structure.
 */
static void
xbb_complete_reqlist(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist)
{
	struct xbb_xen_req *nreq;
	off_t		    sectors_sent;
	int		    notify, run_taskqueue;

	sectors_sent = 0;

	if (reqlist->flags & XBB_REQLIST_MAPPED)
		xbb_unmap_reqlist(reqlist);

	mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);

	/*
	 * All I/O is done, send the response. A lock is not necessary
	 * to protect the request list, because all requests have
	 * completed.  Therefore this is the only context accessing this
	 * reqlist right now.  However, in order to make sure that no one
	 * else queues responses onto the queue or pushes them to the other
	 * side while we're active, we need to hold the lock across the
	 * calls to xbb_queue_response() and xbb_push_responses().
	 */
	STAILQ_FOREACH(nreq, &reqlist->contig_req_list, links) {
		off_t cur_sectors_sent;

		/* Put this response on the ring, but don't push yet */
		xbb_queue_response(xbb, nreq, reqlist->status);

		/* We don't report bytes sent if there is an error. */
		if (reqlist->status == BLKIF_RSP_OKAY)
			cur_sectors_sent = nreq->nr_512b_sectors;
		else
			cur_sectors_sent = 0;

		sectors_sent += cur_sectors_sent;

		devstat_end_transaction(xbb->xbb_stats_in,
					/*bytes*/cur_sectors_sent << 9,
					reqlist->ds_tag_type,
					reqlist->ds_trans_type,
					/*now*/NULL,
					/*then*/&nreq->ds_t0);
	}

	/*
	 * Take out any sectors not sent.  If we wind up negative (which
	 * might happen if an error is reported as well as a residual), just
	 * report 0 sectors sent.
	 */
	sectors_sent -= reqlist->residual_512b_sectors;
	if (sectors_sent < 0)
		sectors_sent = 0;

	devstat_end_transaction(xbb->xbb_stats,
				/*bytes*/ sectors_sent << 9,
				reqlist->ds_tag_type,
				reqlist->ds_trans_type,
				/*now*/NULL,
				/*then*/&reqlist->ds_t0);

	xbb_release_reqlist(xbb, reqlist, /*wakeup*/ 1);

	xbb_push_responses(xbb, &run_taskqueue, &notify);

	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);

	if (run_taskqueue)
		taskqueue_enqueue(xbb->io_taskqueue, &xbb->io_task);

	if (notify)
		xen_intr_signal(xbb->xen_intr_handle);
}

/**
 * Completion handler for buffer I/O requests issued by the device
 * backend driver.
 *
 * \param bio  The buffer I/O request on which to perform completion
 *             processing.
 */
static void
xbb_bio_done(struct bio *bio)
{
	struct xbb_softc       *xbb;
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist;

	reqlist = bio->bio_caller1;
	xbb     = reqlist->xbb;

	reqlist->residual_512b_sectors += bio->bio_resid >> 9;

	/*
	 * This is a bit imprecise.  With aggregated I/O a single
	 * request list can contain multiple front-end requests and
	 * a multiple bios may point to a single request.  By carefully
	 * walking the request list, we could map residuals and errors
	 * back to the original front-end request, but the interface
	 * isn't sufficiently rich for us to properly report the error.
	 * So, we just treat the entire request list as having failed if an
	 * error occurs on any part.  And, if an error occurs, we treat
	 * the amount of data transferred as 0.
	 *
	 * For residuals, we report it on the overall aggregated device,
	 * but not on the individual requests, since we don't currently
	 * do the work to determine which front-end request to which the
	 * residual applies.
	 */
	if (bio->bio_error) {
		DPRINTF("BIO returned error %d for operation on device %s\n",
			bio->bio_error, xbb->dev_name);
		reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;

		if (bio->bio_error == ENXIO
		 && xenbus_get_state(xbb->dev) == XenbusStateConnected) {
			/*
			 * Backend device has disappeared.  Signal the
			 * front-end that we (the device proxy) want to
			 * go away.
			 */
			xenbus_set_state(xbb->dev, XenbusStateClosing);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Decrement the pending count for the request list.  When we're
	 * done with the requests, send status back for all of them.
	 */
	if (atomic_fetchadd_int(&reqlist->pendcnt, -1) == 1)
		xbb_complete_reqlist(xbb, reqlist);

	g_destroy_bio(bio);
}

/**
 * Parse a blkif request into an internal request structure and send
 * it to the backend for processing.
 *
 * \param xbb       Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param reqlist   Allocated internal request list structure.
 *
 * \return          On success, 0.  For resource shortages, non-zero.
 *
 * This routine performs the backend common aspects of request parsing
 * including compiling an internal request structure, parsing the S/G
 * list and any secondary ring requests in which they may reside, and
 * the mapping of front-end I/O pages into our domain.
 */
static int
xbb_dispatch_io(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist)
{
	struct xbb_sg                *xbb_sg;
	struct gnttab_map_grant_ref  *map;
	struct blkif_request_segment *sg;
	struct blkif_request_segment *last_block_sg;
	struct xbb_xen_req	     *nreq;
	u_int			      nseg;
	u_int			      seg_idx;
	u_int			      block_segs;
	int			      nr_sects;
	int			      total_sects;
	int			      operation;
	uint8_t			      bio_flags;
	int			      error;

	reqlist->ds_tag_type = DEVSTAT_TAG_SIMPLE;
	bio_flags            = 0;
	total_sects	     = 0;
	nr_sects	     = 0;

	/*
	 * First determine whether we have enough free KVA to satisfy this
	 * request list.  If not, tell xbb_run_queue() so it can go to
	 * sleep until we have more KVA.
	 */
	reqlist->kva = NULL;
	if (reqlist->nr_segments != 0) {
		reqlist->kva = xbb_get_kva(xbb, reqlist->nr_segments);
		if (reqlist->kva == NULL) {
			/*
			 * If we're out of KVA, return ENOMEM.
			 */
			return (ENOMEM);
		}
	}

	binuptime(&reqlist->ds_t0);
	devstat_start_transaction(xbb->xbb_stats, &reqlist->ds_t0);

	switch (reqlist->operation) {
	case BLKIF_OP_WRITE_BARRIER:
		bio_flags       |= BIO_ORDERED;
		reqlist->ds_tag_type = DEVSTAT_TAG_ORDERED;
		/* FALLTHROUGH */
	case BLKIF_OP_WRITE:
		operation = BIO_WRITE;
		reqlist->ds_trans_type = DEVSTAT_WRITE;
		if ((xbb->flags & XBBF_READ_ONLY) != 0) {
			DPRINTF("Attempt to write to read only device %s\n",
				xbb->dev_name);
			reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
			goto send_response;
		}
		break;
	case BLKIF_OP_READ:
		operation = BIO_READ;
		reqlist->ds_trans_type = DEVSTAT_READ;
		break;
	case BLKIF_OP_FLUSH_DISKCACHE:
		/*
		 * If this is true, the user has requested that we disable
		 * flush support.  So we just complete the requests
		 * successfully.
		 */
		if (xbb->disable_flush != 0) {
			goto send_response;
		}

		/*
		 * The user has requested that we only send a real flush
		 * for every N flush requests.  So keep count, and either
		 * complete the request immediately or queue it for the
		 * backend.
		 */
		if (xbb->flush_interval != 0) {
		 	if (++(xbb->flush_count) < xbb->flush_interval) {
				goto send_response;
			} else
				xbb->flush_count = 0;
		}

		operation = BIO_FLUSH;
		reqlist->ds_tag_type = DEVSTAT_TAG_ORDERED;
		reqlist->ds_trans_type = DEVSTAT_NO_DATA;
		goto do_dispatch;
		/*NOTREACHED*/
	default:
		DPRINTF("error: unknown block io operation [%d]\n",
			reqlist->operation);
		reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
		goto send_response;
	}

	reqlist->xbb  = xbb;
	xbb_sg        = xbb->xbb_sgs;
	map	      = xbb->maps;
	seg_idx	      = 0;

	STAILQ_FOREACH(nreq, &reqlist->contig_req_list, links) {
		blkif_request_t		*ring_req;

		ring_req	      = nreq->ring_req;
		nr_sects              = 0;
		nseg                  = ring_req->nr_segments;
		nreq->nr_pages        = nseg;
		nreq->nr_512b_sectors = 0;
		sg	              = NULL;

		/* Check that number of segments is sane. */
		if (__predict_false(nseg == 0)
		 || __predict_false(nseg > xbb->max_request_segments)) {
			DPRINTF("Bad number of segments in request (%d)\n",
				nseg);
			reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
			goto send_response;
		}

		block_segs    = nseg;
		sg            = ring_req->seg;
		last_block_sg = sg + block_segs;

		while (sg < last_block_sg) {
			KASSERT(seg_idx <
				XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST,
				("seg_idx %d is too large, max "
				"segs %d\n", seg_idx,
				XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST));

			xbb_sg->first_sect = sg->first_sect;
			xbb_sg->last_sect  = sg->last_sect;
			xbb_sg->nsect =
			    (int8_t)(sg->last_sect -
			    sg->first_sect + 1);

			if ((sg->last_sect >= (PAGE_SIZE >> 9))
			 || (xbb_sg->nsect <= 0)) {
				reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
				goto send_response;
			}

			nr_sects += xbb_sg->nsect;
			map->host_addr = xbb_get_gntaddr(reqlist,
						seg_idx, /*sector*/0);
			KASSERT(map->host_addr + PAGE_SIZE <=
				xbb->ring_config.gnt_addr,
				("Host address %#jx len %d overlaps "
				 "ring address %#jx\n",
				(uintmax_t)map->host_addr, PAGE_SIZE,
				(uintmax_t)xbb->ring_config.gnt_addr));

			map->flags     = GNTMAP_host_map;
			map->ref       = sg->gref;
			map->dom       = xbb->otherend_id;
			if (operation == BIO_WRITE)
				map->flags |= GNTMAP_readonly;
			sg++;
			map++;
			xbb_sg++;
			seg_idx++;
		}

		/* Convert to the disk's sector size */
		nreq->nr_512b_sectors = nr_sects;
		nr_sects = (nr_sects << 9) >> xbb->sector_size_shift;
		total_sects += nr_sects;

		if ((nreq->nr_512b_sectors &
		    ((xbb->sector_size >> 9) - 1)) != 0) {
			device_printf(xbb->dev, "%s: I/O size (%d) is not "
				      "a multiple of the backing store sector "
				      "size (%d)\n", __func__,
				      nreq->nr_512b_sectors << 9,
				      xbb->sector_size);
			reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
			goto send_response;
		}
	}

	error = HYPERVISOR_grant_table_op(GNTTABOP_map_grant_ref,
					  xbb->maps, reqlist->nr_segments);
	if (error != 0)
		panic("Grant table operation failed (%d)", error);

	reqlist->flags |= XBB_REQLIST_MAPPED;

	for (seg_idx = 0, map = xbb->maps; seg_idx < reqlist->nr_segments;
	     seg_idx++, map++){
		if (__predict_false(map->status != 0)) {
			DPRINTF("invalid buffer -- could not remap "
			        "it (%d)\n", map->status);
			DPRINTF("Mapping(%d): Host Addr 0x%"PRIx64", flags "
			        "0x%x ref 0x%x, dom %d\n", seg_idx,
				map->host_addr, map->flags, map->ref,
				map->dom);
			reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
			goto send_response;
		}

		reqlist->gnt_handles[seg_idx] = map->handle;
	}
	if (reqlist->starting_sector_number + total_sects >
	    xbb->media_num_sectors) {
		DPRINTF("%s of [%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 "] "
			"extends past end of device %s\n",
			operation == BIO_READ ? "read" : "write",
			reqlist->starting_sector_number,
			reqlist->starting_sector_number + total_sects,
			xbb->dev_name);
		reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
		goto send_response;
	}

do_dispatch:

	error = xbb->dispatch_io(xbb,
				 reqlist,
				 operation,
				 bio_flags);

	if (error != 0) {
		reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;
		goto send_response;
	}

	return (0);

send_response:

	xbb_complete_reqlist(xbb, reqlist);

	return (0);
}

static __inline int
xbb_count_sects(blkif_request_t *ring_req)
{
	int i;
	int cur_size = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < ring_req->nr_segments; i++) {
		int nsect;

		nsect = (int8_t)(ring_req->seg[i].last_sect -
			ring_req->seg[i].first_sect + 1);
		if (nsect <= 0)
			break;

		cur_size += nsect;
	}

	return (cur_size);
}

/**
 * Process incoming requests from the shared communication ring in response
 * to a signal on the ring's event channel.
 *
 * \param context  Callback argument registerd during task initialization -
 *                 the xbb_softc for this instance.
 * \param pending  The number of taskqueue_enqueue events that have
 *                 occurred since this handler was last run.
 */
static void
xbb_run_queue(void *context, int pending)
{
	struct xbb_softc       *xbb;
	blkif_back_rings_t     *rings;
	RING_IDX		rp;
	uint64_t		cur_sector;
	int			cur_operation;
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist;

	xbb   = (struct xbb_softc *)context;
	rings = &xbb->rings;

	/*
	 * Work gather and dispatch loop.  Note that we have a bias here
	 * towards gathering I/O sent by blockfront.  We first gather up
	 * everything in the ring, as long as we have resources.  Then we
	 * dispatch one request, and then attempt to gather up any
	 * additional requests that have come in while we were dispatching
	 * the request.
	 *
	 * This allows us to get a clearer picture (via devstat) of how
	 * many requests blockfront is queueing to us at any given time.
	 */
	for (;;) {
		int retval;

		/*
		 * Initialize reqlist to the last element in the pending
		 * queue, if there is one.  This allows us to add more
		 * requests to that request list, if we have room.
		 */
		reqlist = STAILQ_LAST(&xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq,
				      xbb_xen_reqlist, links);
		if (reqlist != NULL) {
			cur_sector = reqlist->next_contig_sector;
			cur_operation = reqlist->operation;
		} else {
			cur_operation = 0;
			cur_sector    = 0;
		}

		/*
		 * Cache req_prod to avoid accessing a cache line shared
		 * with the frontend.
		 */
		rp = rings->common.sring->req_prod;

		/* Ensure we see queued requests up to 'rp'. */
		rmb();

		/**
		 * Run so long as there is work to consume and the generation
		 * of a response will not overflow the ring.
		 *
		 * @note There's a 1 to 1 relationship between requests and
		 *       responses, so an overflow should never occur.  This
		 *       test is to protect our domain from digesting bogus
		 *       data.  Shouldn't we log this?
		 */
		while (rings->common.req_cons != rp
		    && RING_REQUEST_CONS_OVERFLOW(&rings->common,
						  rings->common.req_cons) == 0){
			blkif_request_t	        ring_req_storage;
			blkif_request_t	       *ring_req;
			int			cur_size;

			switch (xbb->abi) {
			case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_NATIVE:
				ring_req = RING_GET_REQUEST(&xbb->rings.native,
				    rings->common.req_cons);
				break;
			case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_32:
			{
				struct blkif_x86_32_request *ring_req32;

				ring_req32 = RING_GET_REQUEST(
				    &xbb->rings.x86_32, rings->common.req_cons);
				blkif_get_x86_32_req(&ring_req_storage,
						     ring_req32);
				ring_req = &ring_req_storage;
				break;
			}
			case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_64:
			{
				struct blkif_x86_64_request *ring_req64;

				ring_req64 =RING_GET_REQUEST(&xbb->rings.x86_64,
				    rings->common.req_cons);
				blkif_get_x86_64_req(&ring_req_storage,
						     ring_req64);
				ring_req = &ring_req_storage;
				break;
			}
			default:
				panic("Unexpected blkif protocol ABI.");
				/* NOTREACHED */
			}

			/*
			 * Check for situations that would require closing
			 * off this I/O for further coalescing:
			 *  - Coalescing is turned off.
			 *  - Current I/O is out of sequence with the previous
			 *    I/O.
			 *  - Coalesced I/O would be too large.
			 */
			if ((reqlist != NULL)
			 && ((xbb->no_coalesce_reqs != 0)
			  || ((xbb->no_coalesce_reqs == 0)
			   && ((ring_req->sector_number != cur_sector)
			    || (ring_req->operation != cur_operation)
			    || ((ring_req->nr_segments + reqlist->nr_segments) >
			         xbb->max_reqlist_segments))))) {
				reqlist = NULL;
			}

			/*
			 * Grab and check for all resources in one shot.
			 * If we can't get all of the resources we need,
			 * the shortage is noted and the thread will get
			 * woken up when more resources are available.
			 */
			retval = xbb_get_resources(xbb, &reqlist, ring_req,
						   xbb->rings.common.req_cons);

			if (retval != 0) {
				/*
				 * Resource shortage has been recorded.
				 * We'll be scheduled to run once a request
				 * object frees up due to a completion.
				 */
				break;
			}

			/*
			 * Signify that	we can overwrite this request with
			 * a response by incrementing our consumer index.
			 * The response won't be generated until after
			 * we've already consumed all necessary data out
			 * of the version of the request in the ring buffer
			 * (for native mode).  We must update the consumer
			 * index  before issuing back-end I/O so there is
			 * no possibility that it will complete and a
			 * response be generated before we make room in
			 * the queue for that response.
			 */
			xbb->rings.common.req_cons++;
			xbb->reqs_received++;

			cur_size = xbb_count_sects(ring_req);
			cur_sector = ring_req->sector_number + cur_size;
			reqlist->next_contig_sector = cur_sector;
			cur_operation = ring_req->operation;
		}

		/* Check for I/O to dispatch */
		reqlist = STAILQ_FIRST(&xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq);
		if (reqlist == NULL) {
			/*
			 * We're out of work to do, put the task queue to
			 * sleep.
			 */
			break;
		}

		/*
		 * Grab the first request off the queue and attempt
		 * to dispatch it.
		 */
		STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq, links);

		retval = xbb_dispatch_io(xbb, reqlist);
		if (retval != 0) {
			/*
			 * xbb_dispatch_io() returns non-zero only when
			 * there is a resource shortage.  If that's the
			 * case, re-queue this request on the head of the
			 * queue, and go to sleep until we have more
			 * resources.
			 */
			STAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq,
					   reqlist, links);
			break;
		} else {
			/*
			 * If we still have anything on the queue after
			 * removing the head entry, that is because we
			 * met one of the criteria to create a new
			 * request list (outlined above), and we'll call
			 * that a forced dispatch for statistical purposes.
			 *
			 * Otherwise, if there is only one element on the
			 * queue, we coalesced everything available on
			 * the ring and we'll call that a normal dispatch.
			 */
			reqlist = STAILQ_FIRST(&xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq);

			if (reqlist != NULL)
				xbb->forced_dispatch++;
			else
				xbb->normal_dispatch++;

			xbb->total_dispatch++;
		}
	}
}

/**
 * Interrupt handler bound to the shared ring's event channel.
 *
 * \param arg  Callback argument registerd during event channel
 *             binding - the xbb_softc for this instance.
 */
static int
xbb_filter(void *arg)
{
	struct xbb_softc *xbb;

	/* Defer to taskqueue thread. */
	xbb = (struct xbb_softc *)arg;
	taskqueue_enqueue(xbb->io_taskqueue, &xbb->io_task);

	return (FILTER_HANDLED);
}

SDT_PROVIDER_DEFINE(xbb);
SDT_PROBE_DEFINE1(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_dev, flush, "int");
SDT_PROBE_DEFINE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_dev, read, "int", "uint64_t",
		  "uint64_t");
SDT_PROBE_DEFINE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_dev, write, "int",
		  "uint64_t", "uint64_t");

/*----------------------------- Backend Handlers -----------------------------*/
/**
 * Backend handler for character device access.
 *
 * \param xbb        Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param reqlist    Allocated internal request list structure.
 * \param operation  BIO_* I/O operation code.
 * \param bio_flags  Additional bio_flag data to pass to any generated
 *                   bios (e.g. BIO_ORDERED)..
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_dispatch_dev(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist,
		 int operation, int bio_flags)
{
	struct xbb_dev_data *dev_data;
	struct bio          *bios[XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST];
	off_t                bio_offset;
	struct bio          *bio;
	struct xbb_sg       *xbb_sg;
	u_int	             nbio;
	u_int                bio_idx;
	u_int		     nseg;
	u_int                seg_idx;
	int                  error;

	dev_data   = &xbb->backend.dev;
	bio_offset = (off_t)reqlist->starting_sector_number
		   << xbb->sector_size_shift;
	error      = 0;
	nbio       = 0;
	bio_idx    = 0;

	if (operation == BIO_FLUSH) {
		bio = g_new_bio();
		if (__predict_false(bio == NULL)) {
			DPRINTF("Unable to allocate bio for BIO_FLUSH\n");
			error = ENOMEM;
			return (error);
		}

		bio->bio_cmd	 = BIO_FLUSH;
		bio->bio_flags	|= BIO_ORDERED;
		bio->bio_dev	 = dev_data->cdev;
		bio->bio_offset	 = 0;
		bio->bio_data	 = 0;
		bio->bio_done	 = xbb_bio_done;
		bio->bio_caller1 = reqlist;
		bio->bio_pblkno	 = 0;

		reqlist->pendcnt = 1;

		SDT_PROBE1(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_dev, flush,
			   device_get_unit(xbb->dev));

		(*dev_data->csw->d_strategy)(bio);

		return (0);
	}

	xbb_sg = xbb->xbb_sgs;
	bio    = NULL;
	nseg = reqlist->nr_segments;

	for (seg_idx = 0; seg_idx < nseg; seg_idx++, xbb_sg++) {
		/*
		 * KVA will not be contiguous, so any additional
		 * I/O will need to be represented in a new bio.
		 */
		if ((bio != NULL)
		 && (xbb_sg->first_sect != 0)) {
			if ((bio->bio_length & (xbb->sector_size - 1)) != 0) {
				printf("%s: Discontiguous I/O request "
				       "from domain %d ends on "
				       "non-sector boundary\n",
				       __func__, xbb->otherend_id);
				error = EINVAL;
				goto fail_free_bios;
			}
			bio = NULL;
		}

		if (bio == NULL) {
			/*
			 * Make sure that the start of this bio is
			 * aligned to a device sector.
			 */
			if ((bio_offset & (xbb->sector_size - 1)) != 0){
				printf("%s: Misaligned I/O request "
				       "from domain %d\n", __func__,
				       xbb->otherend_id);
				error = EINVAL;
				goto fail_free_bios;
			}

			bio = bios[nbio++] = g_new_bio();
			if (__predict_false(bio == NULL)) {
				error = ENOMEM;
				goto fail_free_bios;
			}
			bio->bio_cmd     = operation;
			bio->bio_flags  |= bio_flags;
			bio->bio_dev     = dev_data->cdev;
			bio->bio_offset  = bio_offset;
			bio->bio_data    = xbb_reqlist_ioaddr(reqlist, seg_idx,
						xbb_sg->first_sect);
			bio->bio_done    = xbb_bio_done;
			bio->bio_caller1 = reqlist;
			bio->bio_pblkno  = bio_offset >> xbb->sector_size_shift;
		}

		bio->bio_length += xbb_sg->nsect << 9;
		bio->bio_bcount  = bio->bio_length;
		bio_offset      += xbb_sg->nsect << 9;

		if (xbb_sg->last_sect != (PAGE_SIZE - 512) >> 9) {
			if ((bio->bio_length & (xbb->sector_size - 1)) != 0) {
				printf("%s: Discontiguous I/O request "
				       "from domain %d ends on "
				       "non-sector boundary\n",
				       __func__, xbb->otherend_id);
				error = EINVAL;
				goto fail_free_bios;
			}
			/*
			 * KVA will not be contiguous, so any additional
			 * I/O will need to be represented in a new bio.
			 */
			bio = NULL;
		}
	}

	reqlist->pendcnt = nbio;

	for (bio_idx = 0; bio_idx < nbio; bio_idx++)
	{
		if (operation == BIO_READ) {
			SDT_PROBE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_dev, read,
				   device_get_unit(xbb->dev),
				   bios[bio_idx]->bio_offset,
				   bios[bio_idx]->bio_length);
		} else if (operation == BIO_WRITE) {
			SDT_PROBE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_dev, write,
				   device_get_unit(xbb->dev),
				   bios[bio_idx]->bio_offset,
				   bios[bio_idx]->bio_length);
		}
		(*dev_data->csw->d_strategy)(bios[bio_idx]);
	}

	return (error);

fail_free_bios:
	for (bio_idx = 0; bio_idx < (nbio-1); bio_idx++)
		g_destroy_bio(bios[bio_idx]);

	return (error);
}

SDT_PROBE_DEFINE1(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_file, flush, "int");
SDT_PROBE_DEFINE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_file, read, "int", "uint64_t",
		  "uint64_t");
SDT_PROBE_DEFINE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_file, write, "int",
		  "uint64_t", "uint64_t");

/**
 * Backend handler for file access.
 *
 * \param xbb        Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param reqlist    Allocated internal request list.
 * \param operation  BIO_* I/O operation code.
 * \param flags      Additional bio_flag data to pass to any generated bios
 *                   (e.g. BIO_ORDERED)..
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_dispatch_file(struct xbb_softc *xbb, struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist,
		  int operation, int flags)
{
	struct xbb_file_data *file_data;
	u_int                 seg_idx;
	u_int		      nseg;
	struct uio            xuio;
	struct xbb_sg        *xbb_sg;
	struct iovec         *xiovec;
	int                   error;

	file_data = &xbb->backend.file;
	error = 0;
	bzero(&xuio, sizeof(xuio));

	switch (operation) {
	case BIO_READ:
		xuio.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
		break;
	case BIO_WRITE:
		xuio.uio_rw = UIO_WRITE;
		break;
	case BIO_FLUSH: {
		struct mount *mountpoint;

		SDT_PROBE1(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_file, flush,
			   device_get_unit(xbb->dev));

		(void) vn_start_write(xbb->vn, &mountpoint, V_WAIT);

		vn_lock(xbb->vn, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
		error = VOP_FSYNC(xbb->vn, MNT_WAIT, curthread);
		VOP_UNLOCK(xbb->vn);

		vn_finished_write(mountpoint);

		goto bailout_send_response;
		/* NOTREACHED */
	}
	default:
		panic("invalid operation %d", operation);
		/* NOTREACHED */
	}
	xuio.uio_offset = (vm_offset_t)reqlist->starting_sector_number
			<< xbb->sector_size_shift;
	xuio.uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
	xuio.uio_iov = file_data->xiovecs;
	xuio.uio_iovcnt = 0;
	xbb_sg = xbb->xbb_sgs;
	nseg = reqlist->nr_segments;

	for (xiovec = NULL, seg_idx = 0; seg_idx < nseg; seg_idx++, xbb_sg++) {
		/*
		 * If the first sector is not 0, the KVA will
		 * not be contiguous and we'll need to go on
		 * to another segment.
		 */
		if (xbb_sg->first_sect != 0)
			xiovec = NULL;

		if (xiovec == NULL) {
			xiovec = &file_data->xiovecs[xuio.uio_iovcnt];
			xiovec->iov_base = xbb_reqlist_ioaddr(reqlist,
			    seg_idx, xbb_sg->first_sect);
			xiovec->iov_len = 0;
			xuio.uio_iovcnt++;
		}

		xiovec->iov_len += xbb_sg->nsect << 9;

		xuio.uio_resid += xbb_sg->nsect << 9;

		/*
		 * If the last sector is not the full page
		 * size count, the next segment will not be
		 * contiguous in KVA and we need a new iovec.
		 */
		if (xbb_sg->last_sect != (PAGE_SIZE - 512) >> 9)
			xiovec = NULL;
	}

	xuio.uio_td = curthread;

	switch (operation) {
	case BIO_READ:

		SDT_PROBE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_file, read,
			   device_get_unit(xbb->dev), xuio.uio_offset,
			   xuio.uio_resid);

		vn_lock(xbb->vn, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);

		/*
		 * UFS pays attention to IO_DIRECT for reads.  If the
		 * DIRECTIO option is configured into the kernel, it calls
		 * ffs_rawread().  But that only works for single-segment
		 * uios with user space addresses.  In our case, with a
		 * kernel uio, it still reads into the buffer cache, but it
		 * will just try to release the buffer from the cache later
		 * on in ffs_read().
		 *
		 * ZFS does not pay attention to IO_DIRECT for reads.
		 *
		 * UFS does not pay attention to IO_SYNC for reads.
		 *
		 * ZFS pays attention to IO_SYNC (which translates into the
		 * Solaris define FRSYNC for zfs_read()) for reads.  It
		 * attempts to sync the file before reading.
		 *
		 * So, to attempt to provide some barrier semantics in the
		 * BIO_ORDERED case, set both IO_DIRECT and IO_SYNC.
		 */
		error = VOP_READ(xbb->vn, &xuio, (flags & BIO_ORDERED) ?
				 (IO_DIRECT|IO_SYNC) : 0, file_data->cred);

		VOP_UNLOCK(xbb->vn);
		break;
	case BIO_WRITE: {
		struct mount *mountpoint;

		SDT_PROBE3(xbb, kernel, xbb_dispatch_file, write,
			   device_get_unit(xbb->dev), xuio.uio_offset,
			   xuio.uio_resid);

		(void)vn_start_write(xbb->vn, &mountpoint, V_WAIT);

		vn_lock(xbb->vn, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);

		/*
		 * UFS pays attention to IO_DIRECT for writes.  The write
		 * is done asynchronously.  (Normally the write would just
		 * get put into cache.
		 *
		 * UFS pays attention to IO_SYNC for writes.  It will
		 * attempt to write the buffer out synchronously if that
		 * flag is set.
		 *
		 * ZFS does not pay attention to IO_DIRECT for writes.
		 *
		 * ZFS pays attention to IO_SYNC (a.k.a. FSYNC or FRSYNC)
		 * for writes.  It will flush the transaction from the
		 * cache before returning.
		 *
		 * So if we've got the BIO_ORDERED flag set, we want
		 * IO_SYNC in either the UFS or ZFS case.
		 */
		error = VOP_WRITE(xbb->vn, &xuio, (flags & BIO_ORDERED) ?
				  IO_SYNC : 0, file_data->cred);
		VOP_UNLOCK(xbb->vn);

		vn_finished_write(mountpoint);

		break;
	}
	default:
		panic("invalid operation %d", operation);
		/* NOTREACHED */
	}

bailout_send_response:

	if (error != 0)
		reqlist->status = BLKIF_RSP_ERROR;

	xbb_complete_reqlist(xbb, reqlist);

	return (0);
}

/*--------------------------- Backend Configuration --------------------------*/
/**
 * Close and cleanup any backend device/file specific state for this
 * block back instance.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static void
xbb_close_backend(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	DROP_GIANT();
	DPRINTF("closing dev=%s\n", xbb->dev_name);
	if (xbb->vn) {
		int flags = FREAD;

		if ((xbb->flags & XBBF_READ_ONLY) == 0)
			flags |= FWRITE;

		switch (xbb->device_type) {
		case XBB_TYPE_DISK:
			if (xbb->backend.dev.csw) {
				dev_relthread(xbb->backend.dev.cdev,
					      xbb->backend.dev.dev_ref);
				xbb->backend.dev.csw  = NULL;
				xbb->backend.dev.cdev = NULL;
			}
			break;
		case XBB_TYPE_FILE:
			break;
		case XBB_TYPE_NONE:
		default:
			panic("Unexpected backend type.");
			break;
		}

		(void)vn_close(xbb->vn, flags, NOCRED, curthread);
		xbb->vn = NULL;

		switch (xbb->device_type) {
		case XBB_TYPE_DISK:
			break;
		case XBB_TYPE_FILE:
			if (xbb->backend.file.cred != NULL) {
				crfree(xbb->backend.file.cred);
				xbb->backend.file.cred = NULL;
			}
			break;
		case XBB_TYPE_NONE:
		default:
			panic("Unexpected backend type.");
			break;
		}
	}
	PICKUP_GIANT();
}

/**
 * Open a character device to be used for backend I/O.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_open_dev(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct vattr   vattr;
	struct cdev   *dev;
	struct cdevsw *devsw;
	int	       error;

	xbb->device_type = XBB_TYPE_DISK;
	xbb->dispatch_io = xbb_dispatch_dev;
	xbb->backend.dev.cdev = xbb->vn->v_rdev;
	xbb->backend.dev.csw = dev_refthread(xbb->backend.dev.cdev,
					     &xbb->backend.dev.dev_ref);
	if (xbb->backend.dev.csw == NULL)
		panic("Unable to retrieve device switch");

	error = VOP_GETATTR(xbb->vn, &vattr, NOCRED);
	if (error) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error, "error getting "
				 "vnode attributes for device %s",
				 xbb->dev_name);
		return (error);
	}

	dev = xbb->vn->v_rdev;
	devsw = dev->si_devsw;
	if (!devsw->d_ioctl) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, ENODEV, "no d_ioctl for "
				 "device %s!", xbb->dev_name);
		return (ENODEV);
	}

	error = devsw->d_ioctl(dev, DIOCGSECTORSIZE,
			       (caddr_t)&xbb->sector_size, FREAD,
			       curthread);
	if (error) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
				 "error calling ioctl DIOCGSECTORSIZE "
				 "for device %s", xbb->dev_name);
		return (error);
	}

	error = devsw->d_ioctl(dev, DIOCGMEDIASIZE,
			       (caddr_t)&xbb->media_size, FREAD,
			       curthread);
	if (error) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
				 "error calling ioctl DIOCGMEDIASIZE "
				 "for device %s", xbb->dev_name);
		return (error);
	}

	return (0);
}

/**
 * Open a file to be used for backend I/O.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_open_file(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct xbb_file_data *file_data;
	struct vattr          vattr;
	int                   error;

	file_data = &xbb->backend.file;
	xbb->device_type = XBB_TYPE_FILE;
	xbb->dispatch_io = xbb_dispatch_file;
	error = VOP_GETATTR(xbb->vn, &vattr, curthread->td_ucred);
	if (error != 0) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
				 "error calling VOP_GETATTR()"
				 "for file %s", xbb->dev_name);
		return (error);
	}

	/*
	 * Verify that we have the ability to upgrade to exclusive
	 * access on this file so we can trap errors at open instead
	 * of reporting them during first access.
	 */
	if (VOP_ISLOCKED(xbb->vn) != LK_EXCLUSIVE) {
		vn_lock(xbb->vn, LK_UPGRADE | LK_RETRY);
		if (VN_IS_DOOMED(xbb->vn)) {
			error = EBADF;
			xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
					 "error locking file %s",
					 xbb->dev_name);

			return (error);
		}
	}

	file_data->cred = crhold(curthread->td_ucred);
	xbb->media_size = vattr.va_size;

	/*
	 * XXX KDM vattr.va_blocksize may be larger than 512 bytes here.
	 * With ZFS, it is 131072 bytes.  Block sizes that large don't work
	 * with disklabel and UFS on FreeBSD at least.  Large block sizes
	 * may not work with other OSes as well.  So just export a sector
	 * size of 512 bytes, which should work with any OS or
	 * application.  Since our backing is a file, any block size will
	 * work fine for the backing store.
	 */
#if 0
	xbb->sector_size = vattr.va_blocksize;
#endif
	xbb->sector_size = 512;

	/*
	 * Sanity check.  The media size has to be at least one
	 * sector long.
	 */
	if (xbb->media_size < xbb->sector_size) {
		error = EINVAL;
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
				 "file %s size %ju < block size %u",
				 xbb->dev_name,
				 (uintmax_t)xbb->media_size,
				 xbb->sector_size);
	}
	return (error);
}

/**
 * Open the backend provider for this connection.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_open_backend(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct nameidata nd;
	int		 flags;
	int		 error;

	flags = FREAD;
	error = 0;

	DPRINTF("opening dev=%s\n", xbb->dev_name);

	if (rootvnode == NULL) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, ENOENT,
				 "Root file system not mounted");
		return (ENOENT);
	}

	if ((xbb->flags & XBBF_READ_ONLY) == 0)
		flags |= FWRITE;

	pwd_ensure_dirs();

 again:
	NDINIT(&nd, LOOKUP, FOLLOW, UIO_SYSSPACE, xbb->dev_name);
	error = vn_open(&nd, &flags, 0, NULL);
	if (error) {
		/*
		 * This is the only reasonable guess we can make as far as
		 * path if the user doesn't give us a fully qualified path.
		 * If they want to specify a file, they need to specify the
		 * full path.
		 */
		if (xbb->dev_name[0] != '/') {
			char *dev_path = "/dev/";
			char *dev_name;

			/* Try adding device path at beginning of name */
			dev_name = malloc(strlen(xbb->dev_name)
					+ strlen(dev_path) + 1,
					  M_XENBLOCKBACK, M_NOWAIT);
			if (dev_name) {
				sprintf(dev_name, "%s%s", dev_path,
					xbb->dev_name);
				free(xbb->dev_name, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
				xbb->dev_name = dev_name;
				goto again;
			}
		}
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error, "error opening device %s",
				 xbb->dev_name);
		return (error);
	}

	NDFREE_PNBUF(&nd);

	xbb->vn = nd.ni_vp;

	/* We only support disks and files. */
	if (vn_isdisk_error(xbb->vn, &error)) {
		error = xbb_open_dev(xbb);
	} else if (xbb->vn->v_type == VREG) {
		error = xbb_open_file(xbb);
	} else {
		error = EINVAL;
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error, "%s is not a disk "
				 "or file", xbb->dev_name);
	}
	VOP_UNLOCK(xbb->vn);

	if (error != 0) {
		xbb_close_backend(xbb);
		return (error);
	}

	xbb->sector_size_shift = fls(xbb->sector_size) - 1;
	xbb->media_num_sectors = xbb->media_size >> xbb->sector_size_shift;

	DPRINTF("opened %s=%s sector_size=%u media_size=%" PRId64 "\n",
		(xbb->device_type == XBB_TYPE_DISK) ? "dev" : "file",
		xbb->dev_name, xbb->sector_size, xbb->media_size);

	return (0);
}

/*------------------------ Inter-Domain Communication ------------------------*/
/**
 * Free dynamically allocated KVA or pseudo-physical address allocations.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static void
xbb_free_communication_mem(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	if (xbb->kva != 0) {
		if (xbb->pseudo_phys_res != NULL) {
			xenmem_free(xbb->dev, xbb->pseudo_phys_res_id,
			    xbb->pseudo_phys_res);
			xbb->pseudo_phys_res = NULL;
		}
	}
	xbb->kva = 0;
	xbb->gnt_base_addr = 0;
	if (xbb->kva_free != NULL) {
		free(xbb->kva_free, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
		xbb->kva_free = NULL;
	}
}

/**
 * Cleanup all inter-domain communication mechanisms.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static int
xbb_disconnect(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	DPRINTF("\n");

	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);
	xen_intr_unbind(&xbb->xen_intr_handle);
	if (xbb->io_taskqueue != NULL)
		taskqueue_drain(xbb->io_taskqueue, &xbb->io_task);
	mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);

	/*
	 * No new interrupts can generate work, but we must wait
	 * for all currently active requests to drain.
	 */
	if (xbb->active_request_count != 0)
		return (EAGAIN);

	if (xbb->flags & XBBF_RING_CONNECTED) {
		struct gnttab_unmap_grant_ref  ops[XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES];
		struct gnttab_unmap_grant_ref *op;
		unsigned int ring_idx;
		int error;

		for (ring_idx = 0, op = ops;
		     ring_idx < xbb->ring_config.ring_pages;
		     ring_idx++, op++) {
			op->host_addr    = xbb->ring_config.gnt_addr
				         + (ring_idx * PAGE_SIZE);
			op->dev_bus_addr = xbb->ring_config.bus_addr[ring_idx];
			op->handle	 = xbb->ring_config.handle[ring_idx];
		}

		error = HYPERVISOR_grant_table_op(GNTTABOP_unmap_grant_ref, ops,
						  xbb->ring_config.ring_pages);
		if (error != 0)
			panic("Grant table op failed (%d)", error);

		xbb->flags &= ~XBBF_RING_CONNECTED;
	}

	xbb_free_communication_mem(xbb);

	if (xbb->requests != NULL) {
		free(xbb->requests, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
		xbb->requests = NULL;
	}

	if (xbb->request_lists != NULL) {
		struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist;
		int i;

		/* There is one request list for ever allocated request. */
		for (i = 0, reqlist = xbb->request_lists;
		     i < xbb->max_requests; i++, reqlist++){
			if (reqlist->gnt_handles != NULL) {
				free(reqlist->gnt_handles, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
				reqlist->gnt_handles = NULL;
			}
		}
		free(xbb->request_lists, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
		xbb->request_lists = NULL;
	}

	return (0);
}

/**
 * Map shared memory ring into domain local address space, initialize
 * ring control structures, and bind an interrupt to the event channel
 * used to notify us of ring changes.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static int
xbb_connect_ring(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct gnttab_map_grant_ref  gnts[XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES];
	struct gnttab_map_grant_ref *gnt;
	u_int			     ring_idx;
	int			     error;

	if ((xbb->flags & XBBF_RING_CONNECTED) != 0)
		return (0);

	/*
	 * Kva for our ring is at the tail of the region of kva allocated
	 * by xbb_alloc_communication_mem().
	 */
	xbb->ring_config.va = xbb->kva
			    + (xbb->kva_size
			     - (xbb->ring_config.ring_pages * PAGE_SIZE));
	xbb->ring_config.gnt_addr = xbb->gnt_base_addr
				  + (xbb->kva_size
				   - (xbb->ring_config.ring_pages * PAGE_SIZE));

	for (ring_idx = 0, gnt = gnts;
	     ring_idx < xbb->ring_config.ring_pages;
	     ring_idx++, gnt++) {
		gnt->host_addr = xbb->ring_config.gnt_addr
			       + (ring_idx * PAGE_SIZE);
		gnt->flags     = GNTMAP_host_map;
		gnt->ref       = xbb->ring_config.ring_ref[ring_idx];
		gnt->dom       = xbb->otherend_id;
	}

	error = HYPERVISOR_grant_table_op(GNTTABOP_map_grant_ref, gnts,
					  xbb->ring_config.ring_pages);
	if (error)
		panic("blkback: Ring page grant table op failed (%d)", error);

	for (ring_idx = 0, gnt = gnts;
	     ring_idx < xbb->ring_config.ring_pages;
	     ring_idx++, gnt++) {
		if (gnt->status != 0) {
			struct gnttab_unmap_grant_ref unmap[XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES];
			unsigned int i, j;

			xbb->ring_config.va = 0;
			xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, EACCES,
					 "Ring shared page mapping failed. "
					 "Status %d.", gnt->status);

			/* Unmap everything to avoid leaking grant table maps */
			for (i = 0, j = 0; i < xbb->ring_config.ring_pages;
			    i++) {
				if (gnts[i].status != GNTST_okay)
					continue;

				unmap[j].host_addr = gnts[i].host_addr;
				unmap[j].dev_bus_addr = gnts[i].dev_bus_addr;
				unmap[j++].handle = gnts[i].handle;
			}
			if (j != 0) {
				error = HYPERVISOR_grant_table_op(
				    GNTTABOP_unmap_grant_ref, unmap, j);
				if (error != 0)
					panic("Unable to unmap grants (%d)",
					    error);
			}
			return (EACCES);
		}
		xbb->ring_config.handle[ring_idx]   = gnt->handle;
		xbb->ring_config.bus_addr[ring_idx] = gnt->dev_bus_addr;
	}

	/* Initialize the ring based on ABI. */
	switch (xbb->abi) {
	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_NATIVE:
	{
		blkif_sring_t *sring;
		sring = (blkif_sring_t *)xbb->ring_config.va;
		BACK_RING_INIT(&xbb->rings.native, sring,
			       xbb->ring_config.ring_pages * PAGE_SIZE);
		break;
	}
	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_32:
	{
		blkif_x86_32_sring_t *sring_x86_32;
		sring_x86_32 = (blkif_x86_32_sring_t *)xbb->ring_config.va;
		BACK_RING_INIT(&xbb->rings.x86_32, sring_x86_32,
			       xbb->ring_config.ring_pages * PAGE_SIZE);
		break;
	}
	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_64:
	{
		blkif_x86_64_sring_t *sring_x86_64;
		sring_x86_64 = (blkif_x86_64_sring_t *)xbb->ring_config.va;
		BACK_RING_INIT(&xbb->rings.x86_64, sring_x86_64,
			       xbb->ring_config.ring_pages * PAGE_SIZE);
		break;
	}
	default:
		panic("Unexpected blkif protocol ABI.");
	}

	xbb->flags |= XBBF_RING_CONNECTED;

	error = xen_intr_bind_remote_port(xbb->dev,
					  xbb->otherend_id,
					  xbb->ring_config.evtchn,
					  xbb_filter,
					  /*ithread_handler*/NULL,
					  /*arg*/xbb,
					  INTR_TYPE_BIO | INTR_MPSAFE,
					  &xbb->xen_intr_handle);
	if (error) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error, "binding event channel");
		return (error);
	}

	DPRINTF("rings connected!\n");

	return 0;
}

/**
 * Size KVA and pseudo-physical address allocations based on negotiated
 * values for the size and number of I/O requests, and the size of our
 * communication ring.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 *
 * These address spaces are used to dynamically map pages in the
 * front-end's domain into our own.
 */
static int
xbb_alloc_communication_mem(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	xbb->reqlist_kva_pages = xbb->max_requests * xbb->max_request_segments;
	xbb->reqlist_kva_size = xbb->reqlist_kva_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
	xbb->kva_size = xbb->reqlist_kva_size +
			(xbb->ring_config.ring_pages * PAGE_SIZE);

	xbb->kva_free = bit_alloc(xbb->reqlist_kva_pages, M_XENBLOCKBACK, M_NOWAIT);
	if (xbb->kva_free == NULL)
		return (ENOMEM);

	DPRINTF("%s: kva_size = %d, reqlist_kva_size = %d\n",
		device_get_nameunit(xbb->dev), xbb->kva_size,
		xbb->reqlist_kva_size);
	/*
	 * Reserve a range of pseudo physical memory that we can map
	 * into kva.  These pages will only be backed by machine
	 * pages ("real memory") during the lifetime of front-end requests
	 * via grant table operations.
	 */
	xbb->pseudo_phys_res_id = 0;
	xbb->pseudo_phys_res = xenmem_alloc(xbb->dev, &xbb->pseudo_phys_res_id,
	    xbb->kva_size);
	if (xbb->pseudo_phys_res == NULL) {
		xbb->kva = 0;
		return (ENOMEM);
	}
	xbb->kva = (vm_offset_t)rman_get_virtual(xbb->pseudo_phys_res);
	xbb->gnt_base_addr = rman_get_start(xbb->pseudo_phys_res);

	DPRINTF("%s: kva: %#jx, gnt_base_addr: %#jx\n",
		device_get_nameunit(xbb->dev), (uintmax_t)xbb->kva,
		(uintmax_t)xbb->gnt_base_addr);
	return (0);
}

/**
 * Collect front-end information from the XenStore.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static int
xbb_collect_frontend_info(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	char	    protocol_abi[64];
	const char *otherend_path;
	int	    error;
	u_int	    ring_idx;
	u_int	    ring_page_order;
	size_t	    ring_size;

	otherend_path = xenbus_get_otherend_path(xbb->dev);

	/*
	 * Protocol defaults valid even if all negotiation fails.
	 */
	xbb->ring_config.ring_pages = 1;
	xbb->max_request_segments   = BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST;
	xbb->max_request_size	    = xbb->max_request_segments * PAGE_SIZE;

	/*
	 * Mandatory data (used in all versions of the protocol) first.
	 */
	error = xs_scanf(XST_NIL, otherend_path,
			 "event-channel", NULL, "%" PRIu32,
			 &xbb->ring_config.evtchn);
	if (error != 0) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
				 "Unable to retrieve event-channel information "
				 "from frontend %s.  Unable to connect.",
				 xenbus_get_otherend_path(xbb->dev));
		return (error);
	}

	/*
	 * These fields are initialized to legacy protocol defaults
	 * so we only need to fail if reading the updated value succeeds
	 * and the new value is outside of its allowed range.
	 *
	 * \note xs_gather() returns on the first encountered error, so
	 *       we must use independent calls in order to guarantee
	 *       we don't miss information in a sparsly populated front-end
	 *       tree.
	 *
	 * \note xs_scanf() does not update variables for unmatched
	 *       fields.
	 */
	ring_page_order = 0;
	xbb->max_requests = 32;

	(void)xs_scanf(XST_NIL, otherend_path,
		       "ring-page-order", NULL, "%u",
		       &ring_page_order);
	xbb->ring_config.ring_pages = 1 << ring_page_order;
	ring_size = PAGE_SIZE * xbb->ring_config.ring_pages;
	xbb->max_requests = BLKIF_MAX_RING_REQUESTS(ring_size);

	if (xbb->ring_config.ring_pages	> XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, EINVAL,
				 "Front-end specified ring-pages of %u "
				 "exceeds backend limit of %u.  "
				 "Unable to connect.",
				 xbb->ring_config.ring_pages,
				 XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES);
		return (EINVAL);
	}

	if (xbb->ring_config.ring_pages	== 1) {
		error = xs_gather(XST_NIL, otherend_path,
				  "ring-ref", "%" PRIu32,
				  &xbb->ring_config.ring_ref[0],
				  NULL);
		if (error != 0) {
			xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
					 "Unable to retrieve ring information "
					 "from frontend %s.  Unable to "
					 "connect.",
					 xenbus_get_otherend_path(xbb->dev));
			return (error);
		}
	} else {
		/* Multi-page ring format. */
		for (ring_idx = 0; ring_idx < xbb->ring_config.ring_pages;
		     ring_idx++) {
			char ring_ref_name[]= "ring_refXX";

			snprintf(ring_ref_name, sizeof(ring_ref_name),
				 "ring-ref%u", ring_idx);
			error = xs_scanf(XST_NIL, otherend_path,
					 ring_ref_name, NULL, "%" PRIu32,
					 &xbb->ring_config.ring_ref[ring_idx]);
			if (error != 0) {
				xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
						 "Failed to retriev grant "
						 "reference for page %u of "
						 "shared ring.  Unable "
						 "to connect.", ring_idx);
				return (error);
			}
		}
	}

	error = xs_gather(XST_NIL, otherend_path,
			  "protocol", "%63s", protocol_abi,
			  NULL);
	if (error != 0
	 || !strcmp(protocol_abi, XEN_IO_PROTO_ABI_NATIVE)) {
		/*
		 * Assume native if the frontend has not
		 * published ABI data or it has published and
		 * matches our own ABI.
		 */
		xbb->abi = BLKIF_PROTOCOL_NATIVE;
	} else if (!strcmp(protocol_abi, XEN_IO_PROTO_ABI_X86_32)) {
		xbb->abi = BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_32;
	} else if (!strcmp(protocol_abi, XEN_IO_PROTO_ABI_X86_64)) {
		xbb->abi = BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_64;
	} else {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, EINVAL,
				 "Unknown protocol ABI (%s) published by "
				 "frontend.  Unable to connect.", protocol_abi);
		return (EINVAL);
	}
	return (0);
}

/**
 * Allocate per-request data structures given request size and number
 * information negotiated with the front-end.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static int
xbb_alloc_requests(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct xbb_xen_req *req;
	struct xbb_xen_req *last_req;

	/*
	 * Allocate request book keeping datastructures.
	 */
	xbb->requests = malloc(xbb->max_requests * sizeof(*xbb->requests),
			       M_XENBLOCKBACK, M_NOWAIT|M_ZERO);
	if (xbb->requests == NULL) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, ENOMEM,
				  "Unable to allocate request structures");
		return (ENOMEM);
	}

	req      = xbb->requests;
	last_req = &xbb->requests[xbb->max_requests - 1];
	STAILQ_INIT(&xbb->request_free_stailq);
	while (req <= last_req) {
		STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&xbb->request_free_stailq, req, links);
		req++;
	}
	return (0);
}

static int
xbb_alloc_request_lists(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct xbb_xen_reqlist *reqlist;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * If no requests can be merged, we need 1 request list per
	 * in flight request.
	 */
	xbb->request_lists = malloc(xbb->max_requests *
		sizeof(*xbb->request_lists), M_XENBLOCKBACK, M_NOWAIT|M_ZERO);
	if (xbb->request_lists == NULL) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, ENOMEM,
				  "Unable to allocate request list structures");
		return (ENOMEM);
	}

	STAILQ_INIT(&xbb->reqlist_free_stailq);
	STAILQ_INIT(&xbb->reqlist_pending_stailq);
	for (i = 0; i < xbb->max_requests; i++) {
		int seg;

		reqlist      = &xbb->request_lists[i];

		reqlist->xbb = xbb;

		reqlist->gnt_handles = malloc(xbb->max_reqlist_segments *
					      sizeof(*reqlist->gnt_handles),
					      M_XENBLOCKBACK, M_NOWAIT|M_ZERO);
		if (reqlist->gnt_handles == NULL) {
			xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, ENOMEM,
					  "Unable to allocate request "
					  "grant references");
			return (ENOMEM);
		}

		for (seg = 0; seg < xbb->max_reqlist_segments; seg++)
			reqlist->gnt_handles[seg] = GRANT_REF_INVALID;

		STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&xbb->reqlist_free_stailq, reqlist, links);
	}
	return (0);
}

/**
 * Supply information about the physical device to the frontend
 * via XenBus.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static int
xbb_publish_backend_info(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct xs_transaction xst;
	const char	     *our_path;
	const char	     *leaf;
	int		      error;

	our_path = xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev);
	while (1) {
		error = xs_transaction_start(&xst);
		if (error != 0) {
			xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
					 "Error publishing backend info "
					 "(start transaction)");
			return (error);
		}

		leaf = "sectors";
		error = xs_printf(xst, our_path, leaf,
				  "%"PRIu64, xbb->media_num_sectors);
		if (error != 0)
			break;

		/* XXX Support all VBD attributes here. */
		leaf = "info";
		error = xs_printf(xst, our_path, leaf, "%u",
				  xbb->flags & XBBF_READ_ONLY
				? VDISK_READONLY : 0);
		if (error != 0)
			break;

		leaf = "sector-size";
		error = xs_printf(xst, our_path, leaf, "%u",
				  xbb->sector_size);
		if (error != 0)
			break;

		error = xs_transaction_end(xst, 0);
		if (error == 0) {
			return (0);
		} else if (error != EAGAIN) {
			xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error, "ending transaction");
			return (error);
		}
	}

	xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error, "writing %s/%s",
			our_path, leaf);
	xs_transaction_end(xst, 1);
	return (error);
}

/**
 * Connect to our blkfront peer now that it has completed publishing
 * its configuration into the XenStore.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 */
static void
xbb_connect(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	int error;

	if (!xbb->hotplug_done ||
	    (xenbus_get_state(xbb->dev) != XenbusStateInitWait) ||
	    (xbb_collect_frontend_info(xbb) != 0))
		return;

	xbb->flags &= ~XBBF_SHUTDOWN;

	/*
	 * We limit the maximum number of reqlist segments to the maximum
	 * number of segments in the ring, or our absolute maximum,
	 * whichever is smaller.
	 */
	xbb->max_reqlist_segments = MIN(xbb->max_request_segments *
		xbb->max_requests, XBB_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQLIST);

	/*
	 * The maximum size is simply a function of the number of segments
	 * we can handle.
	 */
	xbb->max_reqlist_size = xbb->max_reqlist_segments * PAGE_SIZE;

	/* Allocate resources whose size depends on front-end configuration. */
	error = xbb_alloc_communication_mem(xbb);
	if (error != 0) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
				 "Unable to allocate communication memory");
		return;
	}

	error = xbb_publish_backend_info(xbb);
	if (error != 0) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, error,
		    "Unable to publish device information");
		return;
	}

	error = xbb_alloc_requests(xbb);
	if (error != 0) {
		/* Specific errors are reported by xbb_alloc_requests(). */
		return;
	}

	error = xbb_alloc_request_lists(xbb);
	if (error != 0) {
		/* Specific errors are reported by xbb_alloc_request_lists(). */
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Connect communication channel.
	 */
	error = xbb_connect_ring(xbb);
	if (error != 0) {
		/* Specific errors are reported by xbb_connect_ring(). */
		return;
	}

	/* Ready for I/O. */
	xenbus_set_state(xbb->dev, XenbusStateConnected);
}

/*-------------------------- Device Teardown Support -------------------------*/
/**
 * Perform device shutdown functions.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 *
 * Mark this instance as shutting down, wait for any active I/O on the
 * backend device/file to drain, disconnect from the front-end, and notify
 * any waiters (e.g. a thread invoking our detach method) that detach can
 * now proceed.
 */
static int
xbb_shutdown(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	XenbusState frontState;
	int	    error;

	DPRINTF("\n");

	/*
	 * Due to the need to drop our mutex during some
	 * xenbus operations, it is possible for two threads
	 * to attempt to close out shutdown processing at
	 * the same time.  Tell the caller that hits this
	 * race to try back later.
	 */
	if ((xbb->flags & XBBF_IN_SHUTDOWN) != 0)
		return (EAGAIN);

	xbb->flags |= XBBF_IN_SHUTDOWN;
	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);

	if (xbb->hotplug_watch.node != NULL) {
		xs_unregister_watch(&xbb->hotplug_watch);
		free(xbb->hotplug_watch.node, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
		xbb->hotplug_watch.node = NULL;
	}

	if (xenbus_get_state(xbb->dev) < XenbusStateClosing)
		xenbus_set_state(xbb->dev, XenbusStateClosing);

	frontState = xenbus_get_otherend_state(xbb->dev);
	mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);
	xbb->flags &= ~XBBF_IN_SHUTDOWN;

	/* Wait for the frontend to disconnect (if it's connected). */
	if (frontState == XenbusStateConnected)
		return (EAGAIN);

	DPRINTF("\n");

	/* Indicate shutdown is in progress. */
	xbb->flags |= XBBF_SHUTDOWN;

	/* Disconnect from the front-end. */
	error = xbb_disconnect(xbb);
	if (error != 0) {
		/*
		 * Requests still outstanding.  We'll be called again
		 * once they complete.
		 */
		KASSERT(error == EAGAIN,
			("%s: Unexpected xbb_disconnect() failure %d",
			 __func__, error));

		return (error);
	}

	DPRINTF("\n");

	/* Indicate to xbb_detach() that is it safe to proceed. */
	wakeup(xbb);

	return (0);
}

/**
 * Report an attach time error to the console and Xen, and cleanup
 * this instance by forcing immediate detach processing.
 *
 * \param xbb  Per-instance xbb configuration structure.
 * \param err  Errno describing the error.
 * \param fmt  Printf style format and arguments
 */
static void
xbb_attach_failed(struct xbb_softc *xbb, int err, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;
	va_list ap_hotplug;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	va_copy(ap_hotplug, ap);
	xs_vprintf(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev),
		  "hotplug-error", fmt, ap_hotplug);
	va_end(ap_hotplug);
	xs_printf(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev),
		  "hotplug-status", "error");

	xenbus_dev_vfatal(xbb->dev, err, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);

	xs_printf(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev),
		  "online", "0");
	mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);
	xbb_shutdown(xbb);
	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);
}

/*---------------------------- NewBus Entrypoints ----------------------------*/
/**
 * Inspect a XenBus device and claim it if is of the appropriate type.
 *
 * \param dev  NewBus device object representing a candidate XenBus device.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_probe(device_t dev)
{

	if (strcmp(xenbus_get_type(dev), "vbd"))
		return (ENXIO);

	/* Only attach if Xen creates IOMMU entries for grant mapped pages. */
	if (!xen_has_iommu_maps()) {
		static bool warned;

		if (!warned) {
			warned = true;
			printf(
	"xen-blkback disabled due to grant maps lacking IOMMU entries\n");
		}
		return (ENXIO);
	}

	device_set_desc(dev, "Backend Virtual Block Device");
	device_quiet(dev);
	return (0);
}

/**
 * Setup sysctl variables to control various Block Back parameters.
 *
 * \param xbb  Xen Block Back softc.
 *
 */
static void
xbb_setup_sysctl(struct xbb_softc *xbb)
{
	struct sysctl_ctx_list *sysctl_ctx = NULL;
	struct sysctl_oid      *sysctl_tree = NULL;

	sysctl_ctx = device_get_sysctl_ctx(xbb->dev);
	if (sysctl_ctx == NULL)
		return;

	sysctl_tree = device_get_sysctl_tree(xbb->dev);
	if (sysctl_tree == NULL)
		return;

	SYSCTL_ADD_INT(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
		       "disable_flush", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->disable_flush, 0,
		       "fake the flush command");

	SYSCTL_ADD_INT(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
		       "flush_interval", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->flush_interval, 0,
		       "send a real flush for N flush requests");

	SYSCTL_ADD_INT(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
		       "no_coalesce_reqs", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->no_coalesce_reqs,0,
		       "Don't coalesce contiguous requests");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "reqs_received", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->reqs_received,
			 "how many I/O requests we have received");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "reqs_completed", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->reqs_completed,
			 "how many I/O requests have been completed");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "reqs_queued_for_completion", CTLFLAG_RW,
			 &xbb->reqs_queued_for_completion,
			 "how many I/O requests queued but not yet pushed");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "reqs_completed_with_error", CTLFLAG_RW,
			 &xbb->reqs_completed_with_error,
			 "how many I/O requests completed with error status");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "forced_dispatch", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->forced_dispatch,
			 "how many I/O dispatches were forced");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "normal_dispatch", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->normal_dispatch,
			 "how many I/O dispatches were normal");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "total_dispatch", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->total_dispatch,
			 "total number of I/O dispatches");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "kva_shortages", CTLFLAG_RW, &xbb->kva_shortages,
			 "how many times we have run out of KVA");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UQUAD(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
			 "request_shortages", CTLFLAG_RW,
			 &xbb->request_shortages,
			 "how many times we have run out of requests");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UINT(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
		        "max_requests", CTLFLAG_RD, &xbb->max_requests, 0,
		        "maximum outstanding requests (negotiated)");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UINT(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
		        "max_request_segments", CTLFLAG_RD,
		        &xbb->max_request_segments, 0,
		        "maximum number of pages per requests (negotiated)");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UINT(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
		        "max_request_size", CTLFLAG_RD,
		        &xbb->max_request_size, 0,
		        "maximum size in bytes of a request (negotiated)");

	SYSCTL_ADD_UINT(sysctl_ctx, SYSCTL_CHILDREN(sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
		        "ring_pages", CTLFLAG_RD,
		        &xbb->ring_config.ring_pages, 0,
		        "communication channel pages (negotiated)");
}

static void
xbb_attach_disk(device_t dev)
{
	struct xbb_softc	*xbb;
	int			 error;

	xbb = device_get_softc(dev);

	KASSERT(xbb->hotplug_done, ("Missing hotplug execution"));

	/* Parse fopen style mode flags. */
	if (strchr(xbb->dev_mode, 'w') == NULL)
		xbb->flags |= XBBF_READ_ONLY;

	/*
	 * Verify the physical device is present and can support
	 * the desired I/O mode.
	 */
	error = xbb_open_backend(xbb);
	if (error != 0) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "Unable to open %s",
				  xbb->dev_name);
		return;
	}

	/* Use devstat(9) for recording statistics. */
	xbb->xbb_stats = devstat_new_entry("xbb", device_get_unit(xbb->dev),
					   xbb->sector_size,
					   DEVSTAT_ALL_SUPPORTED,
					   DEVSTAT_TYPE_DIRECT
					 | DEVSTAT_TYPE_IF_OTHER,
					   DEVSTAT_PRIORITY_OTHER);

	xbb->xbb_stats_in = devstat_new_entry("xbbi", device_get_unit(xbb->dev),
					      xbb->sector_size,
					      DEVSTAT_ALL_SUPPORTED,
					      DEVSTAT_TYPE_DIRECT
					    | DEVSTAT_TYPE_IF_OTHER,
					      DEVSTAT_PRIORITY_OTHER);
	/*
	 * Setup sysctl variables.
	 */
	xbb_setup_sysctl(xbb);

	/*
	 * Create a taskqueue for doing work that must occur from a
	 * thread context.
	 */
	xbb->io_taskqueue = taskqueue_create_fast(device_get_nameunit(dev),
						  M_NOWAIT,
						  taskqueue_thread_enqueue,
						  /*contxt*/&xbb->io_taskqueue);
	if (xbb->io_taskqueue == NULL) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "Unable to create taskqueue");
		return;
	}

	taskqueue_start_threads(&xbb->io_taskqueue,
				/*num threads*/1,
				/*priority*/PWAIT,
				/*thread name*/
				"%s taskq", device_get_nameunit(dev));

	/* Update hot-plug status to satisfy xend. */
	error = xs_printf(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev),
			  "hotplug-status", "connected");
	if (error) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "writing %s/hotplug-status",
				  xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev));
		return;
	}

	/* The front end might be waiting for the backend, attach if so. */
	if (xenbus_get_otherend_state(xbb->dev) == XenbusStateInitialised)
		xbb_connect(xbb);
}

static void
xbb_attach_cb(struct xs_watch *watch, const char **vec, unsigned int len)
{
	device_t dev;
	struct xbb_softc *xbb;
	int error;

	dev = (device_t)watch->callback_data;
	xbb = device_get_softc(dev);

	error = xs_gather(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(dev), "physical-device-path",
	    NULL, &xbb->dev_name, NULL);
	if (error != 0)
		return;

	xs_unregister_watch(watch);
	free(watch->node, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
	watch->node = NULL;
	xbb->hotplug_done = true;

	/* Collect physical device information. */
	error = xs_gather(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_otherend_path(dev), "device-type",
	    NULL, &xbb->dev_type, NULL);
	if (error != 0)
		xbb->dev_type = NULL;

	error = xs_gather(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(dev), "mode", NULL,
	   &xbb->dev_mode, NULL);
	if (error != 0) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "reading backend fields at %s",
		    xenbus_get_node(dev));
		return;
	}

	xbb_attach_disk(dev);
}

/**
 * Attach to a XenBus device that has been claimed by our probe routine.
 *
 * \param dev  NewBus device object representing this Xen Block Back instance.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_attach(device_t dev)
{
	struct xbb_softc	*xbb;
	int			 error;
	u_int			 max_ring_page_order;
	struct sbuf		*watch_path;

	DPRINTF("Attaching to %s\n", xenbus_get_node(dev));

	/*
	 * Basic initialization.
	 * After this block it is safe to call xbb_detach()
	 * to clean up any allocated data for this instance.
	 */
	xbb = device_get_softc(dev);
	xbb->dev = dev;
	xbb->otherend_id = xenbus_get_otherend_id(dev);
	TASK_INIT(&xbb->io_task, /*priority*/0, xbb_run_queue, xbb);
	mtx_init(&xbb->lock, device_get_nameunit(dev), NULL, MTX_DEF);

	/*
	 * Publish protocol capabilities for consumption by the
	 * front-end.
	 */
	error = xs_printf(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev),
			  "feature-barrier", "1");
	if (error) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "writing %s/feature-barrier",
				  xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev));
		return (error);
	}

	error = xs_printf(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev),
			  "feature-flush-cache", "1");
	if (error) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "writing %s/feature-flush-cache",
				  xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev));
		return (error);
	}

	max_ring_page_order = flsl(XBB_MAX_RING_PAGES) - 1;
	error = xs_printf(XST_NIL, xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev),
			  "max-ring-page-order", "%u", max_ring_page_order);
	if (error) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "writing %s/max-ring-page-order",
				  xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev));
		return (error);
	}

	/* Tell the toolstack blkback has attached. */
	xenbus_set_state(dev, XenbusStateInitWait);

	if (xbb->hotplug_done) {
		xbb_attach_disk(dev);
		return (0);
	}

	/*
	 * We need to wait for hotplug script execution before
	 * moving forward.
	 */
	watch_path = xs_join(xenbus_get_node(xbb->dev), "physical-device-path");
	xbb->hotplug_watch.callback_data = (uintptr_t)dev;
	xbb->hotplug_watch.callback = xbb_attach_cb;
	KASSERT(xbb->hotplug_watch.node == NULL, ("watch node already setup"));
	xbb->hotplug_watch.node = strdup(sbuf_data(watch_path), M_XENBLOCKBACK);
	/*
	 * We don't care about the path updated, just about the value changes
	 * on that single node, hence there's no need to queue more that one
	 * event.
	 */
	xbb->hotplug_watch.max_pending = 1;
	sbuf_delete(watch_path);
	error = xs_register_watch(&xbb->hotplug_watch);
	if (error != 0) {
		xbb_attach_failed(xbb, error, "failed to create watch on %s",
		    xbb->hotplug_watch.node);
		free(xbb->hotplug_watch.node, M_XENBLOCKBACK);
		return (error);
	}

	return (0);
}

/**
 * Detach from a block back device instance.
 *
 * \param dev  NewBus device object representing this Xen Block Back instance.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 *
 * \note A block back device may be detached at any time in its life-cycle,
 *       including part way through the attach process.  For this reason,
 *       initialization order and the initialization state checks in this
 *       routine must be carefully coupled so that attach time failures
 *       are gracefully handled.
 */
static int
xbb_detach(device_t dev)
{
        struct xbb_softc *xbb;

	DPRINTF("\n");

        xbb = device_get_softc(dev);
	mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);
	while (xbb_shutdown(xbb) == EAGAIN) {
		msleep(xbb, &xbb->lock, /*wakeup prio unchanged*/0,
		       "xbb_shutdown", 0);
	}
	mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);

	DPRINTF("\n");

	if (xbb->io_taskqueue != NULL)
		taskqueue_free(xbb->io_taskqueue);

	if (xbb->xbb_stats != NULL)
		devstat_remove_entry(xbb->xbb_stats);

	if (xbb->xbb_stats_in != NULL)
		devstat_remove_entry(xbb->xbb_stats_in);

	xbb_close_backend(xbb);

	if (xbb->dev_mode != NULL) {
		free(xbb->dev_mode, M_XENSTORE);
		xbb->dev_mode = NULL;
	}

	if (xbb->dev_type != NULL) {
		free(xbb->dev_type, M_XENSTORE);
		xbb->dev_type = NULL;
	}

	if (xbb->dev_name != NULL) {
		free(xbb->dev_name, M_XENSTORE);
		xbb->dev_name = NULL;
	}

	mtx_destroy(&xbb->lock);
        return (0);
}

/**
 * Prepare this block back device for suspension of this VM.
 *
 * \param dev  NewBus device object representing this Xen Block Back instance.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_suspend(device_t dev)
{
#ifdef NOT_YET
        struct xbb_softc *sc = device_get_softc(dev);

        /* Prevent new requests being issued until we fix things up. */
        mtx_lock(&sc->xb_io_lock);
        sc->connected = BLKIF_STATE_SUSPENDED;
        mtx_unlock(&sc->xb_io_lock);
#endif

        return (0);
}

/**
 * Perform any processing required to recover from a suspended state.
 *
 * \param dev  NewBus device object representing this Xen Block Back instance.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static int
xbb_resume(device_t dev)
{
	return (0);
}

/**
 * Handle state changes expressed via the XenStore by our front-end peer.
 *
 * \param dev             NewBus device object representing this Xen
 *                        Block Back instance.
 * \param frontend_state  The new state of the front-end.
 *
 * \return  0 for success, errno codes for failure.
 */
static void
xbb_frontend_changed(device_t dev, XenbusState frontend_state)
{
	struct xbb_softc *xbb = device_get_softc(dev);

	DPRINTF("frontend_state=%s, xbb_state=%s\n",
	        xenbus_strstate(frontend_state),
		xenbus_strstate(xenbus_get_state(xbb->dev)));

	switch (frontend_state) {
	case XenbusStateInitialising:
		break;
	case XenbusStateInitialised:
	case XenbusStateConnected:
		xbb_connect(xbb);
		break;
	case XenbusStateClosing:
	case XenbusStateClosed:
		mtx_lock(&xbb->lock);
		xbb_shutdown(xbb);
		mtx_unlock(&xbb->lock);
		if (frontend_state == XenbusStateClosed)
			xenbus_set_state(xbb->dev, XenbusStateClosed);
		break;
	default:
		xenbus_dev_fatal(xbb->dev, EINVAL, "saw state %d at frontend",
				 frontend_state);
		break;
	}
}

/*---------------------------- NewBus Registration ---------------------------*/
static device_method_t xbb_methods[] = {
	/* Device interface */
	DEVMETHOD(device_probe,		xbb_probe),
	DEVMETHOD(device_attach,	xbb_attach),
	DEVMETHOD(device_detach,	xbb_detach),
	DEVMETHOD(device_shutdown,	bus_generic_shutdown),
	DEVMETHOD(device_suspend,	xbb_suspend),
	DEVMETHOD(device_resume,	xbb_resume),

	/* Xenbus interface */
	DEVMETHOD(xenbus_otherend_changed, xbb_frontend_changed),

	DEVMETHOD_END
};

static driver_t xbb_driver = {
        "xbbd",
        xbb_methods,
        sizeof(struct xbb_softc),
};

DRIVER_MODULE(xbbd, xenbusb_back, xbb_driver, 0, 0);