xref: /freebsd/sys/dev/netmap/netmap_monitor.c (revision d0b2dbfa0ecf2bbc9709efc5e20baf8e4b44bbbf)

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014-2016 Giuseppe Lettieri
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 *
 * Monitors
 *
 * netmap monitors can be used to do monitoring of network traffic
 * on another adapter, when the latter adapter is working in netmap mode.
 *
 * Monitors offer to userspace the same interface as any other netmap port,
 * with as many pairs of netmap rings as the monitored adapter.
 * However, only the rx rings are actually used. Each monitor rx ring receives
 * the traffic transiting on both the tx and rx corresponding rings in the
 * monitored adapter. During registration, the user can choose if she wants
 * to intercept tx only, rx only, or both tx and rx traffic.
 * The slots containing traffic intercepted in the tx direction will have
 * the NS_TXMON flag set.
 *
 * If the monitor is not able to cope with the stream of frames, excess traffic
 * will be dropped.
 *
 * If the monitored adapter leaves netmap mode, the monitor has to be restarted.
 *
 * Monitors can be either zero-copy or copy-based.
 *
 * Copy monitors see the frames before they are consumed:
 *
 *  - For tx traffic, this is when the application sends them, before they are
 *    passed down to the adapter.
 *
 *  - For rx traffic, this is when they are received by the adapter, before
 *    they are sent up to the application, if any (note that, if no
 *    application is reading from a monitored ring, the ring will eventually
 *    fill up and traffic will stop).
 *
 * Zero-copy monitors only see the frames after they have been consumed:
 *
 *  - For tx traffic, this is after the slots containing the frames have been
 *    marked as free. Note that this may happen at a considerably delay after
 *    frame transmission, since freeing of slots is often done lazily.
 *
 *  - For rx traffic, this is after the consumer on the monitored adapter
 *    has released them. In most cases, the consumer is a userspace
 *    application which may have modified the frame contents.
 *
 * Several copy or zero-copy monitors may be active on any ring.
 *
 */


#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
#include <sys/cdefs.h> /* prerequisite */

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/errno.h>
#include <sys/param.h>	/* defines used in kernel.h */
#include <sys/kernel.h>	/* types used in module initialization */
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/poll.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <sys/rwlock.h>
#include <sys/selinfo.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h> /* sockaddrs */
#include <net/if.h>
#include <net/if_var.h>
#include <machine/bus.h>	/* bus_dmamap_* */
#include <sys/refcount.h>


#elif defined(linux)

#include "bsd_glue.h"

#elif defined(__APPLE__)

#warning OSX support is only partial
#include "osx_glue.h"

#elif defined(_WIN32)
#include "win_glue.h"
#else

#error	Unsupported platform

#endif /* unsupported */

/*
 * common headers
 */

#include <net/netmap.h>
#include <dev/netmap/netmap_kern.h>
#include <dev/netmap/netmap_mem2.h>

#ifdef WITH_MONITOR

#define NM_MONITOR_MAXSLOTS 4096

/*
 ********************************************************************
 * functions common to both kind of monitors
 ********************************************************************
 */

static int netmap_zmon_reg(struct netmap_adapter *, int);
static int
nm_is_zmon(struct netmap_adapter *na)
{
	return na->nm_register == netmap_zmon_reg;
}

/* nm_sync callback for the monitor's own tx rings.
 * This makes no sense and always returns error
 */
static int
netmap_monitor_txsync(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	nm_prlim(1, "%s %x", kring->name, flags);
	return EIO;
}

/* nm_sync callback for the monitor's own rx rings.
 * Note that the lock in netmap_zmon_parent_sync only protects
 * writers among themselves. Synchronization between writers
 * (i.e., netmap_zmon_parent_txsync and netmap_zmon_parent_rxsync)
 * and readers (i.e., netmap_zmon_rxsync) relies on memory barriers.
 */
static int
netmap_monitor_rxsync(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	struct netmap_monitor_adapter *mna =
		(struct netmap_monitor_adapter *)kring->na;
	if (unlikely(mna->priv.np_na == NULL)) {
		/* parent left netmap mode */
		return EIO;
	}
	nm_prdis("%s %x", kring->name, flags);
	kring->nr_hwcur = kring->rhead;
	mb();
	return 0;
}

/* nm_krings_create callbacks for monitors.
 */
static int
netmap_monitor_krings_create(struct netmap_adapter *na)
{
	int error = netmap_krings_create(na, 0);
	enum txrx t;

	if (error)
		return error;
	/* override the host rings callbacks */
	for_rx_tx(t) {
		int i;
		u_int first = nma_get_nrings(na, t);
		for (i = 0; i < nma_get_host_nrings(na, t); i++) {
			struct netmap_kring *kring = NMR(na, t)[first + i];
			kring->nm_sync = t == NR_TX ? netmap_monitor_txsync :
						      netmap_monitor_rxsync;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

/* nm_krings_delete callback for monitors */
static void
netmap_monitor_krings_delete(struct netmap_adapter *na)
{
	netmap_krings_delete(na);
}


static u_int
nm_txrx2flag(enum txrx t)
{
	return (t == NR_RX ? NR_MONITOR_RX : NR_MONITOR_TX);
}

/* allocate the monitors array in the monitored kring */
static int
nm_monitor_alloc(struct netmap_kring *kring, u_int n)
{
	size_t old_len, len;
	struct netmap_kring **nm;

	if (n <= kring->max_monitors)
		/* we already have more entries that requested */
		return 0;

	old_len = sizeof(struct netmap_kring *)*kring->max_monitors;
	len = sizeof(struct netmap_kring *) * n;
	nm = nm_os_realloc(kring->monitors, len, old_len);
	if (nm == NULL)
		return ENOMEM;

	kring->monitors = nm;
	kring->max_monitors = n;

	return 0;
}

/* deallocate the parent array in the parent adapter */
static void
nm_monitor_dealloc(struct netmap_kring *kring)
{
	if (kring->monitors) {
		if (kring->n_monitors > 0) {
			nm_prerr("freeing not empty monitor array for %s (%d dangling monitors)!",
			    kring->name, kring->n_monitors);
		}
		nm_os_free(kring->monitors);
		kring->monitors = NULL;
		kring->max_monitors = 0;
		kring->n_monitors = 0;
	}
}

/* returns 1 iff kring has no monitors */
static inline int
nm_monitor_none(struct netmap_kring *kring)
{
	return kring->n_monitors == 0 &&
		kring->zmon_list[NR_TX].next == NULL &&
		kring->zmon_list[NR_RX].next == NULL;
}

/*
 * monitors work by replacing the nm_sync() and possibly the
 * nm_notify() callbacks in the monitored rings.
 */
static int netmap_zmon_parent_txsync(struct netmap_kring *, int);
static int netmap_zmon_parent_rxsync(struct netmap_kring *, int);
static int netmap_monitor_parent_txsync(struct netmap_kring *, int);
static int netmap_monitor_parent_rxsync(struct netmap_kring *, int);
static int netmap_monitor_parent_notify(struct netmap_kring *, int);

static int
nm_monitor_dummycb(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	(void)kring;
	(void)flags;
	return 0;
}

static void
nm_monitor_intercept_callbacks(struct netmap_kring *kring)
{
	nm_prdis("intercept callbacks on %s", kring->name);
	kring->mon_sync = kring->nm_sync != NULL ?
		kring->nm_sync : nm_monitor_dummycb;
	kring->mon_notify = kring->nm_notify;
	if (kring->tx == NR_TX) {
		kring->nm_sync = netmap_monitor_parent_txsync;
	} else {
		kring->nm_sync = netmap_monitor_parent_rxsync;
		kring->nm_notify = netmap_monitor_parent_notify;
		kring->mon_tail = kring->nr_hwtail;
	}
}

static void
nm_monitor_restore_callbacks(struct netmap_kring *kring)
{
	nm_prdis("restoring callbacks on %s", kring->name);
	kring->nm_sync = kring->mon_sync;
	kring->mon_sync = NULL;
	if (kring->tx == NR_RX) {
		kring->nm_notify = kring->mon_notify;
	}
	kring->mon_notify = NULL;
}

static struct netmap_kring *
nm_zmon_list_head(struct netmap_kring *mkring, enum txrx t)
{
	struct netmap_adapter *na = mkring->na;
	struct netmap_kring *kring = mkring;
	struct netmap_zmon_list *z = &kring->zmon_list[t];
	/* reach the head of the list */
	while (nm_is_zmon(na) && z->prev != NULL) {
		kring = z->prev;
		na = kring->na;
		z = &kring->zmon_list[t];
	}
	return nm_is_zmon(na) ? NULL : kring;
}

/* add the monitor mkring to the list of monitors of kring.
 * If this is the first monitor, intercept the callbacks
 */
static int
netmap_monitor_add(struct netmap_kring *mkring, struct netmap_kring *kring, int zmon)
{
	int error = NM_IRQ_COMPLETED;
	enum txrx t = kring->tx;
	struct netmap_zmon_list *z = &kring->zmon_list[t];
	struct netmap_zmon_list *mz = &mkring->zmon_list[t];
	struct netmap_kring *ikring = kring;

	/* a zero-copy monitor which is not the first in the list
	 * must monitor the previous monitor
	 */
	if (zmon && z->prev != NULL)
		ikring = z->prev; /* tail of the list */

	/* synchronize with concurrently running nm_sync()s */
	nm_kr_stop(kring, NM_KR_LOCKED);

	if (nm_monitor_none(ikring)) {
		/* this is the first monitor, intercept the callbacks */
		nm_prdis("%s: intercept callbacks on %s", mkring->name, ikring->name);
		nm_monitor_intercept_callbacks(ikring);
	}

	if (zmon) {
		/* append the zmon to the list */
		ikring->zmon_list[t].next = mkring;
		z->prev = mkring; /* new tail */
		mz->prev = ikring;
		mz->next = NULL;
		/* grab a reference to the previous netmap adapter
		 * in the chain (this may be the monitored port
		 * or another zero-copy monitor)
		 */
		netmap_adapter_get(ikring->na);
	} else {
		/* make sure the monitor array exists and is big enough */
		error = nm_monitor_alloc(kring, kring->n_monitors + 1);
		if (error)
			goto out;
		kring->monitors[kring->n_monitors] = mkring;
		mkring->mon_pos[kring->tx] = kring->n_monitors;
		kring->n_monitors++;
	}

out:
	nm_kr_start(kring);
	return error;
}

/* remove the monitor mkring from the list of monitors of kring.
 * If this is the last monitor, restore the original callbacks
 */
static void
netmap_monitor_del(struct netmap_kring *mkring, struct netmap_kring *kring, enum txrx t)
{
	int zmon = nm_is_zmon(mkring->na);
	struct netmap_zmon_list *mz = &mkring->zmon_list[t];
	struct netmap_kring *ikring = kring;


	if (zmon) {
		/* get to the head of the list */
		kring = nm_zmon_list_head(mkring, t);
		ikring = mz->prev;
	}

	/* synchronize with concurrently running nm_sync()s
	 * if kring is NULL (orphaned list) the monitored port
	 * has exited netmap mode, so there is nothing to stop
	 */
	if (kring != NULL)
		nm_kr_stop(kring, NM_KR_LOCKED);

	if (zmon) {
		/* remove the monitor from the list */
		if (mz->next != NULL) {
			mz->next->zmon_list[t].prev = mz->prev;
			/* we also need to let the next monitor drop the
			 * reference to us and grab the reference to the
			 * previous ring owner, instead
			 */
			if (mz->prev != NULL)
				netmap_adapter_get(mz->prev->na);
			netmap_adapter_put(mkring->na);
		} else if (kring != NULL) {
			/* in the monitored kring, prev is actually the
			 * pointer to the tail of the list
			 */
			kring->zmon_list[t].prev =
				(mz->prev != kring ? mz->prev : NULL);
		}
		if (mz->prev != NULL) {
			netmap_adapter_put(mz->prev->na);
			mz->prev->zmon_list[t].next = mz->next;
		}
		mz->prev = NULL;
		mz->next = NULL;
	} else {
		/* this is a copy monitor */
		uint32_t mon_pos = mkring->mon_pos[kring->tx];
		kring->n_monitors--;
		if (mon_pos != kring->n_monitors) {
			kring->monitors[mon_pos] =
				kring->monitors[kring->n_monitors];
			kring->monitors[mon_pos]->mon_pos[kring->tx] = mon_pos;
		}
		kring->monitors[kring->n_monitors] = NULL;
		if (kring->n_monitors == 0) {
			nm_monitor_dealloc(kring);
		}
	}

	if (ikring != NULL && nm_monitor_none(ikring)) {
		/* this was the last monitor, restore the callbacks */
		nm_monitor_restore_callbacks(ikring);
	}

	if (kring != NULL)
		nm_kr_start(kring);
}


/* This is called when the monitored adapter leaves netmap mode
 * (see netmap_do_unregif).
 * We need to notify the monitors that the monitored rings are gone.
 * We do this by setting their mna->priv.np_na to NULL.
 * Note that the rings are already stopped when this happens, so
 * no monitor ring callback can be active.
 */
void
netmap_monitor_stop(struct netmap_adapter *na)
{
	enum txrx t;

	for_rx_tx(t) {
		u_int i;

		for (i = 0; i < netmap_all_rings(na, t); i++) {
			struct netmap_kring *kring = NMR(na, t)[i];
			struct netmap_zmon_list *z = &kring->zmon_list[t];
			u_int j;

			if (nm_monitor_none(kring))
				continue;

			for (j = 0; j < kring->n_monitors; j++) {
				struct netmap_kring *mkring =
					kring->monitors[j];
				struct netmap_monitor_adapter *mna =
					(struct netmap_monitor_adapter *)mkring->na;
				/* forget about this adapter */
				if (mna->priv.np_na != NULL) {
					netmap_adapter_put(mna->priv.np_na);
					mna->priv.np_na = NULL;
				}
				kring->monitors[j] = NULL;
			}
			kring->n_monitors = 0;
			nm_monitor_dealloc(kring);

			if (!nm_is_zmon(na)) {
				/* we are the head of at most one list */
				struct netmap_kring *zkring;
				for (zkring = z->next; zkring != NULL;
						zkring = zkring->zmon_list[t].next)
				{
					struct netmap_monitor_adapter *next =
						(struct netmap_monitor_adapter *)zkring->na;
					/* let the monitor forget about us */
					netmap_adapter_put(next->priv.np_na); /* nop if null */
					next->priv.np_na = NULL;
					/* drop the additional ref taken in netmap_monitor_add() */
					netmap_adapter_put(zkring->zmon_list[t].prev->na);
				}
				/* orphan the zmon list */
				if (z->next != NULL)
					z->next->zmon_list[t].prev = NULL;
				z->next = NULL;
				z->prev = NULL;
			}

			nm_monitor_restore_callbacks(kring);
		}
	}
}


/* common functions for the nm_register() callbacks of both kind of
 * monitors.
 */
static int
netmap_monitor_reg_common(struct netmap_adapter *na, int onoff, int zmon)
{
	struct netmap_monitor_adapter *mna =
		(struct netmap_monitor_adapter *)na;
	struct netmap_priv_d *priv = &mna->priv;
	struct netmap_adapter *pna = priv->np_na;
	struct netmap_kring *kring, *mkring;
	int i;
	enum txrx t, s;

	nm_prdis("%p: onoff %d", na, onoff);
	if (onoff) {
		if (pna == NULL) {
			/* parent left netmap mode, fatal */
			nm_prerr("%s: parent left netmap mode", na->name);
			return ENXIO;
		}
		for_rx_tx(t) {
			for (i = 0; i < netmap_all_rings(na, t); i++) {
				mkring = NMR(na, t)[i];
				if (!nm_kring_pending_on(mkring))
					continue;
				mkring->nr_mode = NKR_NETMAP_ON;
				if (t == NR_TX)
					continue;
				for_rx_tx(s) {
					if (i > nma_get_nrings(pna, s))
						continue;
					if (mna->flags & nm_txrx2flag(s)) {
						kring = NMR(pna, s)[i];
						netmap_monitor_add(mkring, kring, zmon);
					}
				}
			}
		}
		na->na_flags |= NAF_NETMAP_ON;
	} else {
		if (na->active_fds == 0)
			na->na_flags &= ~NAF_NETMAP_ON;
		for_rx_tx(t) {
			for (i = 0; i < netmap_all_rings(na, t); i++) {
				mkring = NMR(na, t)[i];
				if (!nm_kring_pending_off(mkring))
					continue;
				mkring->nr_mode = NKR_NETMAP_OFF;
				if (t == NR_TX)
					continue;
				/* we cannot access the parent krings if the parent
				 * has left netmap mode. This is signaled by a NULL
				 * pna pointer
				 */
				if (pna == NULL)
					continue;
				for_rx_tx(s) {
					if (i > nma_get_nrings(pna, s))
						continue;
					if (mna->flags & nm_txrx2flag(s)) {
						kring = NMR(pna, s)[i];
						netmap_monitor_del(mkring, kring, s);
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 ****************************************************************
 * functions specific for zero-copy monitors
 ****************************************************************
 */

/*
 * Common function for both zero-copy tx and rx nm_sync()
 * callbacks
 */
static int
netmap_zmon_parent_sync(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags, enum txrx tx)
{
	struct netmap_kring *mkring = kring->zmon_list[tx].next;
	struct netmap_ring *ring = kring->ring, *mring;
	int error = 0;
	int rel_slots, free_slots, busy, sent = 0;
	u_int beg, end, i;
	u_int lim = kring->nkr_num_slots - 1,
	      mlim; // = mkring->nkr_num_slots - 1;
	uint16_t txmon = kring->tx == NR_TX ? NS_TXMON : 0;

	if (mkring == NULL) {
		nm_prlim(5, "NULL monitor on %s", kring->name);
		return 0;
	}
	mring = mkring->ring;
	mlim = mkring->nkr_num_slots - 1;

	/* get the released slots (rel_slots) */
	if (tx == NR_TX) {
		beg = kring->nr_hwtail + 1;
		error = kring->mon_sync(kring, flags);
		if (error)
			return error;
		end = kring->nr_hwtail + 1;
	} else { /* NR_RX */
		beg = kring->nr_hwcur;
		end = kring->rhead;
	}

	rel_slots = end - beg;
	if (rel_slots < 0)
		rel_slots += kring->nkr_num_slots;

	if (!rel_slots) {
		/* no released slots, but we still need
		 * to call rxsync if this is a rx ring
		 */
		goto out_rxsync;
	}

	/* we need to lock the monitor receive ring, since it
	 * is the target of bot tx and rx traffic from the monitored
	 * adapter
	 */
	mtx_lock(&mkring->q_lock);
	/* get the free slots available on the monitor ring */
	i = mkring->nr_hwtail;
	busy = i - mkring->nr_hwcur;
	if (busy < 0)
		busy += mkring->nkr_num_slots;
	free_slots = mlim - busy;

	if (!free_slots)
		goto out;

	/* swap min(free_slots, rel_slots) slots */
	if (free_slots < rel_slots) {
		beg += (rel_slots - free_slots);
		rel_slots = free_slots;
	}
	if (unlikely(beg >= kring->nkr_num_slots))
		beg -= kring->nkr_num_slots;

	sent = rel_slots;
	for ( ; rel_slots; rel_slots--) {
		struct netmap_slot *s = &ring->slot[beg];
		struct netmap_slot *ms = &mring->slot[i];
		uint32_t tmp;

		tmp = ms->buf_idx;
		ms->buf_idx = s->buf_idx;
		s->buf_idx = tmp;
		nm_prdis(5, "beg %d buf_idx %d", beg, tmp);

		tmp = ms->len;
		ms->len = s->len;
		s->len = tmp;

		ms->flags = (s->flags & ~NS_TXMON) | txmon;
		s->flags |= NS_BUF_CHANGED;

		beg = nm_next(beg, lim);
		i = nm_next(i, mlim);

	}
	mb();
	mkring->nr_hwtail = i;

out:
	mtx_unlock(&mkring->q_lock);

	if (sent) {
		/* notify the new frames to the monitor */
		mkring->nm_notify(mkring, 0);
	}

out_rxsync:
	if (tx == NR_RX)
		error = kring->mon_sync(kring, flags);

	return error;
}

/* callback used to replace the nm_sync callback in the monitored tx rings */
static int
netmap_zmon_parent_txsync(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	return netmap_zmon_parent_sync(kring, flags, NR_TX);
}

/* callback used to replace the nm_sync callback in the monitored rx rings */
static int
netmap_zmon_parent_rxsync(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	return netmap_zmon_parent_sync(kring, flags, NR_RX);
}

static int
netmap_zmon_reg(struct netmap_adapter *na, int onoff)
{
	return netmap_monitor_reg_common(na, onoff, 1 /* zcopy */);
}

/* nm_dtor callback for monitors */
static void
netmap_zmon_dtor(struct netmap_adapter *na)
{
	struct netmap_monitor_adapter *mna =
		(struct netmap_monitor_adapter *)na;
	struct netmap_priv_d *priv = &mna->priv;
	struct netmap_adapter *pna = priv->np_na;

	netmap_adapter_put(pna);
}

/*
 ****************************************************************
 * functions specific for copy monitors
 ****************************************************************
 */

static void
netmap_monitor_parent_sync(struct netmap_kring *kring, u_int first_new, int new_slots)
{
	u_int j;
	uint16_t txmon = kring->tx == NR_TX ? NS_TXMON : 0;

	for (j = 0; j < kring->n_monitors; j++) {
		struct netmap_kring *mkring = kring->monitors[j];
		u_int i, mlim, beg;
		int free_slots, busy, sent = 0, m;
		u_int lim = kring->nkr_num_slots - 1;
		struct netmap_ring *ring = kring->ring, *mring = mkring->ring;
		u_int max_len;
		mlim = mkring->nkr_num_slots - 1;

		/* we need to lock the monitor receive ring, since it
		 * is the target of bot tx and rx traffic from the monitored
		 * adapter
		 */
		mtx_lock(&mkring->q_lock);
		/* get the free slots available on the monitor ring */
		i = mkring->nr_hwtail;
		busy = i - mkring->nr_hwcur;
		if (busy < 0)
			busy += mkring->nkr_num_slots;
		free_slots = mlim - busy;

		if (!free_slots)
			goto out;

		/* copy min(free_slots, new_slots) slots */
		m = new_slots;
		beg = first_new;
		if (free_slots < m) {
			beg += (m - free_slots);
			if (beg >= kring->nkr_num_slots)
				beg -= kring->nkr_num_slots;
			m = free_slots;
		}

		for ( ; m; m--) {
			struct netmap_slot *s = &ring->slot[beg];
			struct netmap_slot *ms = &mring->slot[i];
			u_int copy_len = s->len;
			char *src = NMB_O(kring, s),
			     *dst = NMB_O(mkring, ms);

			max_len = NETMAP_BUF_SIZE(mkring->na) - nm_get_offset(mkring, ms);
			if (unlikely(copy_len > max_len)) {
				nm_prlim(5, "%s->%s: truncating %d to %d", kring->name,
						mkring->name, copy_len, max_len);
				copy_len = max_len;
			}

			memcpy(dst, src, copy_len);
			ms->len = copy_len;
			ms->flags = (s->flags & ~NS_TXMON) | txmon;
			sent++;

			beg = nm_next(beg, lim);
			i = nm_next(i, mlim);
		}
		mb();
		mkring->nr_hwtail = i;
	out:
		mtx_unlock(&mkring->q_lock);

		if (sent) {
			/* notify the new frames to the monitor */
			mkring->nm_notify(mkring, 0);
		}
	}
}

/* callback used to replace the nm_sync callback in the monitored tx rings */
static int
netmap_monitor_parent_txsync(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	u_int first_new;
	int new_slots;

	/* get the new slots */
	if (kring->n_monitors > 0) {
		first_new = kring->nr_hwcur;
		new_slots = kring->rhead - first_new;
		if (new_slots < 0)
			new_slots += kring->nkr_num_slots;
		if (new_slots)
			netmap_monitor_parent_sync(kring, first_new, new_slots);
	}
	if (kring->zmon_list[NR_TX].next != NULL) {
		return netmap_zmon_parent_txsync(kring, flags);
	}
	return kring->mon_sync(kring, flags);
}

/* callback used to replace the nm_sync callback in the monitored rx rings */
static int
netmap_monitor_parent_rxsync(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	u_int first_new;
	int new_slots, error;

	/* get the new slots */
	if (kring->zmon_list[NR_RX].next != NULL) {
		error = netmap_zmon_parent_rxsync(kring, flags);
	} else {
		error =  kring->mon_sync(kring, flags);
	}
	if (error)
		return error;
	if (kring->n_monitors > 0) {
		first_new = kring->mon_tail;
		new_slots = kring->nr_hwtail - first_new;
		if (new_slots < 0)
			new_slots += kring->nkr_num_slots;
		if (new_slots)
			netmap_monitor_parent_sync(kring, first_new, new_slots);
		kring->mon_tail = kring->nr_hwtail;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* callback used to replace the nm_notify() callback in the monitored rx rings */
static int
netmap_monitor_parent_notify(struct netmap_kring *kring, int flags)
{
	int (*notify)(struct netmap_kring*, int);
	nm_prdis(5, "%s %x", kring->name, flags);
	/* ?xsync callbacks have tryget called by their callers
	 * (NIOCREGIF and poll()), but here we have to call it
	 * by ourself
	 */
	if (nm_kr_tryget(kring, 0, NULL)) {
		/* in all cases, just skip the sync */
		return NM_IRQ_COMPLETED;
	}
	if (kring->n_monitors > 0) {
		netmap_monitor_parent_rxsync(kring, NAF_FORCE_READ);
	}
	if (nm_monitor_none(kring)) {
		/* we are no longer monitoring this ring, so both
		 * mon_sync and mon_notify are NULL
		 */
		notify = kring->nm_notify;
	} else {
		notify = kring->mon_notify;
	}
	nm_kr_put(kring);
	return notify(kring, flags);
}


static int
netmap_monitor_reg(struct netmap_adapter *na, int onoff)
{
	return netmap_monitor_reg_common(na, onoff, 0 /* no zcopy */);
}

static void
netmap_monitor_dtor(struct netmap_adapter *na)
{
	struct netmap_monitor_adapter *mna =
		(struct netmap_monitor_adapter *)na;
	struct netmap_priv_d *priv = &mna->priv;
	struct netmap_adapter *pna = priv->np_na;

	netmap_adapter_put(pna);
}


/* check if req is a request for a monitor adapter that we can satisfy */
int
netmap_get_monitor_na(struct nmreq_header *hdr, struct netmap_adapter **na,
			struct netmap_mem_d *nmd, int create)
{
	struct nmreq_register *req = (struct nmreq_register *)(uintptr_t)hdr->nr_body;
	struct nmreq_register preq;
	struct netmap_adapter *pna; /* parent adapter */
	struct netmap_monitor_adapter *mna;
	if_t ifp = NULL;
	int  error;
	int zcopy = (req->nr_flags & NR_ZCOPY_MON);

	if (zcopy) {
		req->nr_flags |= (NR_MONITOR_TX | NR_MONITOR_RX);
	}
	if ((req->nr_flags & (NR_MONITOR_TX | NR_MONITOR_RX)) == 0) {
		nm_prdis("not a monitor");
		return 0;
	}
	/* this is a request for a monitor adapter */

	nm_prdis("flags %lx", req->nr_flags);

	/* First, try to find the adapter that we want to monitor.
	 * We use the same req, after we have turned off the monitor flags.
	 * In this way we can potentially monitor everything netmap understands,
	 * except other monitors.
	 */
	memcpy(&preq, req, sizeof(preq));
	preq.nr_flags &= ~(NR_MONITOR_TX | NR_MONITOR_RX | NR_ZCOPY_MON);
	hdr->nr_body = (uintptr_t)&preq;
	error = netmap_get_na(hdr, &pna, &ifp, nmd, create);
	hdr->nr_body = (uintptr_t)req;
	if (error) {
		nm_prerr("parent lookup failed: %d", error);
		return error;
	}
	nm_prdis("found parent: %s", pna->name);

	if (!nm_netmap_on(pna)) {
		/* parent not in netmap mode */
		/* XXX we can wait for the parent to enter netmap mode,
		 * by intercepting its nm_register callback (2014-03-16)
		 */
		nm_prerr("%s not in netmap mode", pna->name);
		error = EINVAL;
		goto put_out;
	}

	mna = nm_os_malloc(sizeof(*mna));
	if (mna == NULL) {
		error = ENOMEM;
		goto put_out;
	}
	mna->priv.np_na = pna;

	/* grab all the rings we need in the parent */
	error = netmap_interp_ringid(&mna->priv, hdr);
	if (error) {
		nm_prerr("ringid error");
		goto free_out;
	}
	snprintf(mna->up.name, sizeof(mna->up.name), "%s/%s%s%s#%lu", pna->name,
			zcopy ? "z" : "",
			(req->nr_flags & NR_MONITOR_RX) ? "r" : "",
			(req->nr_flags & NR_MONITOR_TX) ? "t" : "",
			pna->monitor_id++);

	/* the monitor supports the host rings iff the parent does */
	mna->up.na_flags |= (pna->na_flags & NAF_HOST_RINGS) & ~NAF_OFFSETS;
	if (!zcopy)
		mna->up.na_flags |= NAF_OFFSETS;
	/* a do-nothing txsync: monitors cannot be used to inject packets */
	mna->up.nm_txsync = netmap_monitor_txsync;
	mna->up.nm_rxsync = netmap_monitor_rxsync;
	mna->up.nm_krings_create = netmap_monitor_krings_create;
	mna->up.nm_krings_delete = netmap_monitor_krings_delete;
	mna->up.num_tx_rings = 1; // XXX what should we do here with chained zmons?
	/* we set the number of our rx_rings to be max(num_rx_rings, num_rx_rings)
	 * in the parent
	 */
	mna->up.num_rx_rings = pna->num_rx_rings;
	if (pna->num_tx_rings > pna->num_rx_rings)
		mna->up.num_rx_rings = pna->num_tx_rings;
	/* by default, the number of slots is the same as in
	 * the parent rings, but the user may ask for a different
	 * number
	 */
	mna->up.num_tx_desc = req->nr_tx_slots;
	nm_bound_var(&mna->up.num_tx_desc, pna->num_tx_desc,
			1, NM_MONITOR_MAXSLOTS, NULL);
	mna->up.num_rx_desc = req->nr_rx_slots;
	nm_bound_var(&mna->up.num_rx_desc, pna->num_rx_desc,
			1, NM_MONITOR_MAXSLOTS, NULL);
	if (zcopy) {
		mna->up.nm_register = netmap_zmon_reg;
		mna->up.nm_dtor = netmap_zmon_dtor;
		/* to have zero copy, we need to use the same memory allocator
		 * as the monitored port
		 */
		mna->up.nm_mem = netmap_mem_get(pna->nm_mem);
		/* and the allocator cannot be changed */
		mna->up.na_flags |= NAF_MEM_OWNER;
	} else {
		mna->up.nm_register = netmap_monitor_reg;
		mna->up.nm_dtor = netmap_monitor_dtor;
		mna->up.nm_mem = netmap_mem_private_new(
				mna->up.num_tx_rings,
				mna->up.num_tx_desc,
				mna->up.num_rx_rings,
				mna->up.num_rx_desc,
				0, /* extra bufs */
				0, /* pipes */
				&error);
		if (mna->up.nm_mem == NULL)
			goto put_out;
	}

	error = netmap_attach_common(&mna->up);
	if (error) {
		nm_prerr("netmap_attach_common failed");
		goto mem_put_out;
	}

	/* remember the traffic directions we have to monitor */
	mna->flags = (req->nr_flags & (NR_MONITOR_TX | NR_MONITOR_RX | NR_ZCOPY_MON));

	*na = &mna->up;
	netmap_adapter_get(*na);

	/* keep the reference to the parent */
	nm_prdis("monitor ok");

	/* drop the reference to the ifp, if any */
	if (ifp)
		if_rele(ifp);

	return 0;

mem_put_out:
	netmap_mem_put(mna->up.nm_mem);
free_out:
	nm_os_free(mna);
put_out:
	netmap_unget_na(pna, ifp);
	return error;
}


#endif /* WITH_MONITOR */