xref: /freebsd/sys/dev/mmc/mmcsd.c (revision 640235e2c2ba32947f7c59d168437ffa1280f1e6)
1 /*-
2  * Copyright (c) 2006 Bernd Walter.  All rights reserved.
3  * Copyright (c) 2006 M. Warner Losh.  All rights reserved.
4  *
5  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7  * are met:
8  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13  *
14  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
15  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
16  * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
17  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
18  * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
19  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
20  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
21  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
22  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
23  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
24  *
25  * Portions of this software may have been developed with reference to
26  * the SD Simplified Specification.  The following disclaimer may apply:
27  *
28  * The following conditions apply to the release of the simplified
29  * specification ("Simplified Specification") by the SD Card Association and
30  * the SD Group. The Simplified Specification is a subset of the complete SD
31  * Specification which is owned by the SD Card Association and the SD
32  * Group. This Simplified Specification is provided on a non-confidential
33  * basis subject to the disclaimers below. Any implementation of the
34  * Simplified Specification may require a license from the SD Card
35  * Association, SD Group, SD-3C LLC or other third parties.
36  *
37  * Disclaimers:
38  *
39  * The information contained in the Simplified Specification is presented only
40  * as a standard specification for SD Cards and SD Host/Ancillary products and
41  * is provided "AS-IS" without any representations or warranties of any
42  * kind. No responsibility is assumed by the SD Group, SD-3C LLC or the SD
43  * Card Association for any damages, any infringements of patents or other
44  * right of the SD Group, SD-3C LLC, the SD Card Association or any third
45  * parties, which may result from its use. No license is granted by
46  * implication, estoppel or otherwise under any patent or other rights of the
47  * SD Group, SD-3C LLC, the SD Card Association or any third party. Nothing
48  * herein shall be construed as an obligation by the SD Group, the SD-3C LLC
49  * or the SD Card Association to disclose or distribute any technical
50  * information, know-how or other confidential information to any third party.
51  */
52 
53 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
54 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
55 
56 #include <sys/param.h>
57 #include <sys/systm.h>
58 #include <sys/bio.h>
59 #include <sys/bus.h>
60 #include <sys/conf.h>
61 #include <sys/kernel.h>
62 #include <sys/kthread.h>
63 #include <sys/lock.h>
64 #include <sys/malloc.h>
65 #include <sys/module.h>
66 #include <sys/mutex.h>
67 #include <sys/time.h>
68 #include <geom/geom.h>
69 #include <geom/geom_disk.h>
70 
71 #include <dev/mmc/mmcbrvar.h>
72 #include <dev/mmc/mmcreg.h>
73 #include <dev/mmc/mmcvar.h>
74 
75 #include "mmcbus_if.h"
76 
77 #if __FreeBSD_version < 800002
78 #define	kproc_create	kthread_create
79 #define	kproc_exit	kthread_exit
80 #endif
81 
82 struct mmcsd_softc {
83 	device_t dev;
84 	struct mtx sc_mtx;
85 	struct disk *disk;
86 	struct proc *p;
87 	struct bio_queue_head bio_queue;
88 	daddr_t eblock, eend;	/* Range remaining after the last erase. */
89 	int running;
90 	int suspend;
91 	int log_count;
92 	struct timeval log_time;
93 };
94 
95 static const char *errmsg[] =
96 {
97 	"None",
98 	"Timeout",
99 	"Bad CRC",
100 	"Fifo",
101 	"Failed",
102 	"Invalid",
103 	"NO MEMORY"
104 };
105 
106 #define	LOG_PPS		5 /* Log no more than 5 errors per second. */
107 
108 /* bus entry points */
109 static int mmcsd_attach(device_t dev);
110 static int mmcsd_detach(device_t dev);
111 static int mmcsd_probe(device_t dev);
112 
113 /* disk routines */
114 static int mmcsd_close(struct disk *dp);
115 static int mmcsd_dump(void *arg, void *virtual, vm_offset_t physical,
116 	off_t offset, size_t length);
117 static int mmcsd_open(struct disk *dp);
118 static void mmcsd_strategy(struct bio *bp);
119 static void mmcsd_task(void *arg);
120 
121 static int mmcsd_bus_bit_width(device_t dev);
122 static daddr_t mmcsd_delete(struct mmcsd_softc *sc, struct bio *bp);
123 static daddr_t mmcsd_rw(struct mmcsd_softc *sc, struct bio *bp);
124 
125 #define MMCSD_LOCK(_sc)		mtx_lock(&(_sc)->sc_mtx)
126 #define	MMCSD_UNLOCK(_sc)	mtx_unlock(&(_sc)->sc_mtx)
127 #define MMCSD_LOCK_INIT(_sc) \
128 	mtx_init(&_sc->sc_mtx, device_get_nameunit(_sc->dev), \
129 	    "mmcsd", MTX_DEF)
130 #define MMCSD_LOCK_DESTROY(_sc)	mtx_destroy(&_sc->sc_mtx);
131 #define MMCSD_ASSERT_LOCKED(_sc) mtx_assert(&_sc->sc_mtx, MA_OWNED);
132 #define MMCSD_ASSERT_UNLOCKED(_sc) mtx_assert(&_sc->sc_mtx, MA_NOTOWNED);
133 
134 static int
135 mmcsd_probe(device_t dev)
136 {
137 
138 	device_quiet(dev);
139 	device_set_desc(dev, "MMC/SD Memory Card");
140 	return (0);
141 }
142 
143 static int
144 mmcsd_attach(device_t dev)
145 {
146 	struct mmcsd_softc *sc;
147 	struct disk *d;
148 	intmax_t mb;
149 	uint32_t speed;
150 	uint32_t maxblocks;
151 	char unit;
152 
153 	sc = device_get_softc(dev);
154 	sc->dev = dev;
155 	MMCSD_LOCK_INIT(sc);
156 
157 	d = sc->disk = disk_alloc();
158 	d->d_open = mmcsd_open;
159 	d->d_close = mmcsd_close;
160 	d->d_strategy = mmcsd_strategy;
161 	d->d_dump = mmcsd_dump;
162 	d->d_name = "mmcsd";
163 	d->d_drv1 = sc;
164 	d->d_sectorsize = mmc_get_sector_size(dev);
165 	d->d_maxsize = mmc_get_max_data(dev) * d->d_sectorsize;
166 	d->d_mediasize = (off_t)mmc_get_media_size(dev) * d->d_sectorsize;
167 	d->d_stripesize = mmc_get_erase_sector(dev) * d->d_sectorsize;
168 	d->d_unit = device_get_unit(dev);
169 	d->d_flags = DISKFLAG_CANDELETE;
170 	d->d_delmaxsize = mmc_get_erase_sector(dev) * d->d_sectorsize;
171 	strlcpy(d->d_ident, mmc_get_card_sn_string(dev), sizeof(d->d_ident));
172 	strlcpy(d->d_descr, mmc_get_card_id_string(dev), sizeof(d->d_descr));
173 
174 	/*
175 	 * Display in most natural units.  There's no cards < 1MB.  The SD
176 	 * standard goes to 2GiB due to its reliance on FAT, but the data
177 	 * format supports up to 4GiB and some card makers push it up to this
178 	 * limit.  The SDHC standard only goes to 32GiB due to FAT32, but the
179 	 * data format supports up to 2TiB however. 2048GB isn't too ugly, so
180 	 * we note it in passing here and don't add the code to print
181 	 * TB). Since these cards are sold in terms of MB and GB not MiB and
182 	 * GiB, report them like that. We also round to the nearest unit, since
183 	 * many cards are a few percent short, even of the power of 10 size.
184 	 */
185 	mb = (d->d_mediasize + 1000000 / 2 - 1) / 1000000;
186 	unit = 'M';
187 	if (mb >= 1000) {
188 		unit = 'G';
189 		mb = (mb + 1000 / 2 - 1) / 1000;
190 	}
191 	/*
192 	 * Report the clock speed of the underlying hardware, which might be
193 	 * different than what the card reports due to hardware limitations.
194 	 * Report how many blocks the hardware transfers at once.
195 	 */
196 	speed = mmcbr_get_clock(device_get_parent(dev));
197 	maxblocks = mmc_get_max_data(dev);
198 	device_printf(dev, "%ju%cB <%s>%s at %s %d.%01dMHz/%dbit/%d-block\n",
199 	    mb, unit, d->d_descr,
200 	    mmc_get_read_only(dev) ? " (read-only)" : "",
201 	    device_get_nameunit(device_get_parent(dev)),
202 	    speed / 1000000, (speed / 100000) % 10,
203 	    mmcsd_bus_bit_width(dev), maxblocks);
204 	disk_create(d, DISK_VERSION);
205 	bioq_init(&sc->bio_queue);
206 
207 	sc->running = 1;
208 	sc->suspend = 0;
209 	sc->eblock = sc->eend = 0;
210 	kproc_create(&mmcsd_task, sc, &sc->p, 0, 0, "%s: mmc/sd card",
211 	    device_get_nameunit(dev));
212 
213 	return (0);
214 }
215 
216 static int
217 mmcsd_detach(device_t dev)
218 {
219 	struct mmcsd_softc *sc = device_get_softc(dev);
220 
221 	MMCSD_LOCK(sc);
222 	sc->suspend = 0;
223 	if (sc->running > 0) {
224 		/* kill thread */
225 		sc->running = 0;
226 		wakeup(sc);
227 		/* wait for thread to finish. */
228 		while (sc->running != -1)
229 			msleep(sc, &sc->sc_mtx, 0, "detach", 0);
230 	}
231 	MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
232 
233 	/* Flush the request queue. */
234 	bioq_flush(&sc->bio_queue, NULL, ENXIO);
235 	/* kill disk */
236 	disk_destroy(sc->disk);
237 
238 	MMCSD_LOCK_DESTROY(sc);
239 
240 	return (0);
241 }
242 
243 static int
244 mmcsd_suspend(device_t dev)
245 {
246 	struct mmcsd_softc *sc = device_get_softc(dev);
247 
248 	MMCSD_LOCK(sc);
249 	sc->suspend = 1;
250 	if (sc->running > 0) {
251 		/* kill thread */
252 		sc->running = 0;
253 		wakeup(sc);
254 		/* wait for thread to finish. */
255 		while (sc->running != -1)
256 			msleep(sc, &sc->sc_mtx, 0, "detach", 0);
257 	}
258 	MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
259 	return (0);
260 }
261 
262 static int
263 mmcsd_resume(device_t dev)
264 {
265 	struct mmcsd_softc *sc = device_get_softc(dev);
266 
267 	MMCSD_LOCK(sc);
268 	sc->suspend = 0;
269 	if (sc->running <= 0) {
270 		sc->running = 1;
271 		MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
272 		kproc_create(&mmcsd_task, sc, &sc->p, 0, 0, "%s: mmc/sd card",
273 		    device_get_nameunit(dev));
274 	} else
275 		MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
276 	return (0);
277 }
278 
279 static int
280 mmcsd_open(struct disk *dp)
281 {
282 
283 	return (0);
284 }
285 
286 static int
287 mmcsd_close(struct disk *dp)
288 {
289 
290 	return (0);
291 }
292 
293 static void
294 mmcsd_strategy(struct bio *bp)
295 {
296 	struct mmcsd_softc *sc;
297 
298 	sc = (struct mmcsd_softc *)bp->bio_disk->d_drv1;
299 	MMCSD_LOCK(sc);
300 	if (sc->running > 0 || sc->suspend > 0) {
301 		bioq_disksort(&sc->bio_queue, bp);
302 		MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
303 		wakeup(sc);
304 	} else {
305 		MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
306 		biofinish(bp, NULL, ENXIO);
307 	}
308 }
309 
310 static const char *
311 mmcsd_errmsg(int e)
312 {
313 	if (e < 0 || e > MMC_ERR_MAX)
314 		return "Bad error code";
315 	return errmsg[e];
316 }
317 
318 static daddr_t
319 mmcsd_rw(struct mmcsd_softc *sc, struct bio *bp)
320 {
321 	daddr_t block, end;
322 	struct mmc_command cmd;
323 	struct mmc_command stop;
324 	struct mmc_request req;
325 	struct mmc_data data;
326 	device_t dev = sc->dev;
327 	int sz = sc->disk->d_sectorsize;
328 	device_t mmcbr = device_get_parent(dev);
329 
330 	block = bp->bio_pblkno;
331 	end = bp->bio_pblkno + (bp->bio_bcount / sz);
332 	while (block < end) {
333 		char *vaddr = bp->bio_data +
334 		    (block - bp->bio_pblkno) * sz;
335 		int numblocks = min(end - block, mmc_get_max_data(dev));
336 		memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
337     		memset(&cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
338 		memset(&stop, 0, sizeof(stop));
339 		memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
340 		cmd.mrq = &req;
341 		req.cmd = &cmd;
342 		cmd.data = &data;
343 		if (bp->bio_cmd == BIO_READ) {
344 			if (numblocks > 1)
345 				cmd.opcode = MMC_READ_MULTIPLE_BLOCK;
346 			else
347 				cmd.opcode = MMC_READ_SINGLE_BLOCK;
348 		} else {
349 			if (numblocks > 1)
350 				cmd.opcode = MMC_WRITE_MULTIPLE_BLOCK;
351 			else
352 				cmd.opcode = MMC_WRITE_BLOCK;
353 		}
354 		cmd.arg = block;
355 		if (!mmc_get_high_cap(dev))
356 			cmd.arg <<= 9;
357 		cmd.flags = MMC_RSP_R1 | MMC_CMD_ADTC;
358 		data.data = vaddr;
359 		data.mrq = &req;
360 		if (bp->bio_cmd == BIO_READ)
361 			data.flags = MMC_DATA_READ;
362 		else
363 			data.flags = MMC_DATA_WRITE;
364 		data.len = numblocks * sz;
365 		if (numblocks > 1) {
366 			data.flags |= MMC_DATA_MULTI;
367 			stop.opcode = MMC_STOP_TRANSMISSION;
368 			stop.arg = 0;
369 			stop.flags = MMC_RSP_R1B | MMC_CMD_AC;
370 			stop.mrq = &req;
371 			req.stop = &stop;
372 		}
373 		MMCBUS_WAIT_FOR_REQUEST(mmcbr, dev, &req);
374 		if (req.cmd->error != MMC_ERR_NONE) {
375 			if (ppsratecheck(&sc->log_time, &sc->log_count, LOG_PPS)) {
376 				device_printf(dev, "Error indicated: %d %s\n",
377 				    req.cmd->error, mmcsd_errmsg(req.cmd->error));
378 			}
379 			break;
380 		}
381 		block += numblocks;
382 	}
383 	return (block);
384 }
385 
386 static daddr_t
387 mmcsd_delete(struct mmcsd_softc *sc, struct bio *bp)
388 {
389 	daddr_t block, end, start, stop;
390 	struct mmc_command cmd;
391 	struct mmc_request req;
392 	device_t dev = sc->dev;
393 	int sz = sc->disk->d_sectorsize;
394 	int erase_sector;
395 	device_t mmcbr = device_get_parent(dev);
396 
397 	block = bp->bio_pblkno;
398 	end = bp->bio_pblkno + (bp->bio_bcount / sz);
399 	/* Coalesce with part remaining from previous request. */
400 	if (block > sc->eblock && block <= sc->eend)
401 		block = sc->eblock;
402 	if (end >= sc->eblock && end < sc->eend)
403 		end = sc->eend;
404 	/* Safe round to the erase sector boundaries. */
405 	erase_sector = mmc_get_erase_sector(dev);
406 	start = block + erase_sector - 1;	 /* Round up. */
407 	start -= start % erase_sector;
408 	stop = end;				/* Round down. */
409 	stop -= end % erase_sector;
410 	/* We can't erase area smaller then sector, store it for later. */
411 	if (start >= stop) {
412 		sc->eblock = block;
413 		sc->eend = end;
414 		return (end);
415 	}
416 
417 	/* Set erase start position. */
418 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
419 	memset(&cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
420 	cmd.mrq = &req;
421 	req.cmd = &cmd;
422 	if (mmc_get_card_type(dev) == mode_sd)
423 		cmd.opcode = SD_ERASE_WR_BLK_START;
424 	else
425 		cmd.opcode = MMC_ERASE_GROUP_START;
426 	cmd.arg = start;
427 	if (!mmc_get_high_cap(dev))
428 		cmd.arg <<= 9;
429 	cmd.flags = MMC_RSP_R1 | MMC_CMD_AC;
430 	MMCBUS_WAIT_FOR_REQUEST(mmcbr, dev, &req);
431 	if (req.cmd->error != MMC_ERR_NONE) {
432 	    printf("erase err1: %d\n", req.cmd->error);
433 	    return (block);
434 	}
435 	/* Set erase stop position. */
436 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
437 	memset(&cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
438 	req.cmd = &cmd;
439 	if (mmc_get_card_type(dev) == mode_sd)
440 		cmd.opcode = SD_ERASE_WR_BLK_END;
441 	else
442 		cmd.opcode = MMC_ERASE_GROUP_END;
443 	cmd.arg = stop;
444 	if (!mmc_get_high_cap(dev))
445 		cmd.arg <<= 9;
446 	cmd.arg--;
447 	cmd.flags = MMC_RSP_R1 | MMC_CMD_AC;
448 	MMCBUS_WAIT_FOR_REQUEST(mmcbr, dev, &req);
449 	if (req.cmd->error != MMC_ERR_NONE) {
450 	    printf("erase err2: %d\n", req.cmd->error);
451 	    return (block);
452 	}
453 	/* Erase range. */
454 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
455 	memset(&cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
456 	req.cmd = &cmd;
457 	cmd.opcode = MMC_ERASE;
458 	cmd.arg = 0;
459 	cmd.flags = MMC_RSP_R1B | MMC_CMD_AC;
460 	MMCBUS_WAIT_FOR_REQUEST(mmcbr, dev, &req);
461 	if (req.cmd->error != MMC_ERR_NONE) {
462 	    printf("erase err3 %d\n", req.cmd->error);
463 	    return (block);
464 	}
465 	/* Store one of remaining parts for the next call. */
466 	if (bp->bio_pblkno >= sc->eblock || block == start) {
467 		sc->eblock = stop;	/* Predict next forward. */
468 		sc->eend = end;
469 	} else {
470 		sc->eblock = block;	/* Predict next backward. */
471 		sc->eend = start;
472 	}
473 	return (end);
474 }
475 
476 static int
477 mmcsd_dump(void *arg, void *virtual, vm_offset_t physical,
478 	off_t offset, size_t length)
479 {
480 	struct disk *disk = arg;
481 	struct mmcsd_softc *sc = (struct mmcsd_softc *)disk->d_drv1;
482 	device_t dev = sc->dev;
483 	struct bio bp;
484 	daddr_t block, end;
485 	device_t mmcbr = device_get_parent(dev);
486 
487 	/* length zero is special and really means flush buffers to media */
488 	if (!length)
489 		return (0);
490 
491 	g_reset_bio(&bp);
492 	bp.bio_disk = disk;
493 	bp.bio_pblkno = offset / disk->d_sectorsize;
494 	bp.bio_bcount = length;
495 	bp.bio_data = virtual;
496 	bp.bio_cmd = BIO_WRITE;
497 	end = bp.bio_pblkno + bp.bio_bcount / sc->disk->d_sectorsize;
498 	MMCBUS_ACQUIRE_BUS(mmcbr, dev);
499 	block = mmcsd_rw(sc, &bp);
500 	MMCBUS_RELEASE_BUS(mmcbr, dev);
501 	return ((end < block) ? EIO : 0);
502 }
503 
504 static void
505 mmcsd_task(void *arg)
506 {
507 	struct mmcsd_softc *sc = (struct mmcsd_softc*)arg;
508 	struct bio *bp;
509 	int sz;
510 	daddr_t block, end;
511 	device_t dev = sc->dev;
512 	device_t mmcbr = device_get_parent(sc->dev);
513 
514 	while (1) {
515 		MMCSD_LOCK(sc);
516 		do {
517 			if (sc->running == 0)
518 				goto out;
519 			bp = bioq_takefirst(&sc->bio_queue);
520 			if (bp == NULL)
521 				msleep(sc, &sc->sc_mtx, PRIBIO, "jobqueue", 0);
522 		} while (bp == NULL);
523 		MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
524 		if (bp->bio_cmd != BIO_READ && mmc_get_read_only(dev)) {
525 			bp->bio_error = EROFS;
526 			bp->bio_resid = bp->bio_bcount;
527 			bp->bio_flags |= BIO_ERROR;
528 			biodone(bp);
529 			continue;
530 		}
531 		MMCBUS_ACQUIRE_BUS(mmcbr, dev);
532 		sz = sc->disk->d_sectorsize;
533 		block = bp->bio_pblkno;
534 		end = bp->bio_pblkno + (bp->bio_bcount / sz);
535 		if (bp->bio_cmd == BIO_READ || bp->bio_cmd == BIO_WRITE) {
536 			/* Access to the remaining erase block obsoletes it. */
537 			if (block < sc->eend && end > sc->eblock)
538 				sc->eblock = sc->eend = 0;
539 			block = mmcsd_rw(sc, bp);
540 		} else if (bp->bio_cmd == BIO_DELETE) {
541 			block = mmcsd_delete(sc, bp);
542 		}
543 		MMCBUS_RELEASE_BUS(mmcbr, dev);
544 		if (block < end) {
545 			bp->bio_error = EIO;
546 			bp->bio_resid = (end - block) * sz;
547 			bp->bio_flags |= BIO_ERROR;
548 		}
549 		biodone(bp);
550 	}
551 out:
552 	/* tell parent we're done */
553 	sc->running = -1;
554 	MMCSD_UNLOCK(sc);
555 	wakeup(sc);
556 
557 	kproc_exit(0);
558 }
559 
560 static int
561 mmcsd_bus_bit_width(device_t dev)
562 {
563 
564 	if (mmc_get_bus_width(dev) == bus_width_1)
565 		return (1);
566 	if (mmc_get_bus_width(dev) == bus_width_4)
567 		return (4);
568 	return (8);
569 }
570 
571 static device_method_t mmcsd_methods[] = {
572 	DEVMETHOD(device_probe, mmcsd_probe),
573 	DEVMETHOD(device_attach, mmcsd_attach),
574 	DEVMETHOD(device_detach, mmcsd_detach),
575 	DEVMETHOD(device_suspend, mmcsd_suspend),
576 	DEVMETHOD(device_resume, mmcsd_resume),
577 	DEVMETHOD_END
578 };
579 
580 static driver_t mmcsd_driver = {
581 	"mmcsd",
582 	mmcsd_methods,
583 	sizeof(struct mmcsd_softc),
584 };
585 static devclass_t mmcsd_devclass;
586 
587 DRIVER_MODULE(mmcsd, mmc, mmcsd_driver, mmcsd_devclass, NULL, NULL);
588