module/zfs/spa_misc.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2011, 2019 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright 2015 Nexenta Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2014 Spectra Logic Corporation, All rights reserved.
 * Copyright 2013 Saso Kiselkov. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2017 Datto Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 2017, Intel Corporation.
 * Copyright (c) 2019, loli10K <ezomori.nozomu@gmail.com>. All rights reserved.
 */

#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/zio_checksum.h>
#include <sys/zio_compress.h>
#include <sys/dmu.h>
#include <sys/dmu_tx.h>
#include <sys/zap.h>
#include <sys/zil.h>
#include <sys/vdev_impl.h>
#include <sys/vdev_initialize.h>
#include <sys/vdev_trim.h>
#include <sys/vdev_file.h>
#include <sys/vdev_raidz.h>
#include <sys/metaslab.h>
#include <sys/uberblock_impl.h>
#include <sys/txg.h>
#include <sys/avl.h>
#include <sys/unique.h>
#include <sys/dsl_pool.h>
#include <sys/dsl_dir.h>
#include <sys/dsl_prop.h>
#include <sys/fm/util.h>
#include <sys/dsl_scan.h>
#include <sys/fs/zfs.h>
#include <sys/metaslab_impl.h>
#include <sys/arc.h>
#include <sys/ddt.h>
#include <sys/kstat.h>
#include "zfs_prop.h"
#include <sys/btree.h>
#include <sys/zfeature.h>
#include <sys/qat.h>
#include <sys/zstd/zstd.h>

/*
 * SPA locking
 *
 * There are three basic locks for managing spa_t structures:
 *
 * spa_namespace_lock (global mutex)
 *
 *	This lock must be acquired to do any of the following:
 *
 *		- Lookup a spa_t by name
 *		- Add or remove a spa_t from the namespace
 *		- Increase spa_refcount from non-zero
 *		- Check if spa_refcount is zero
 *		- Rename a spa_t
 *		- add/remove/attach/detach devices
 *		- Held for the duration of create/destroy/import/export
 *
 *	It does not need to handle recursion.  A create or destroy may
 *	reference objects (files or zvols) in other pools, but by
 *	definition they must have an existing reference, and will never need
 *	to lookup a spa_t by name.
 *
 * spa_refcount (per-spa zfs_refcount_t protected by mutex)
 *
 *	This reference count keep track of any active users of the spa_t.  The
 *	spa_t cannot be destroyed or freed while this is non-zero.  Internally,
 *	the refcount is never really 'zero' - opening a pool implicitly keeps
 *	some references in the DMU.  Internally we check against spa_minref, but
 *	present the image of a zero/non-zero value to consumers.
 *
 * spa_config_lock[] (per-spa array of rwlocks)
 *
 *	This protects the spa_t from config changes, and must be held in
 *	the following circumstances:
 *
 *		- RW_READER to perform I/O to the spa
 *		- RW_WRITER to change the vdev config
 *
 * The locking order is fairly straightforward:
 *
 *		spa_namespace_lock	->	spa_refcount
 *
 *	The namespace lock must be acquired to increase the refcount from 0
 *	or to check if it is zero.
 *
 *		spa_refcount		->	spa_config_lock[]
 *
 *	There must be at least one valid reference on the spa_t to acquire
 *	the config lock.
 *
 *		spa_namespace_lock	->	spa_config_lock[]
 *
 *	The namespace lock must always be taken before the config lock.
 *
 *
 * The spa_namespace_lock can be acquired directly and is globally visible.
 *
 * The namespace is manipulated using the following functions, all of which
 * require the spa_namespace_lock to be held.
 *
 *	spa_lookup()		Lookup a spa_t by name.
 *
 *	spa_add()		Create a new spa_t in the namespace.
 *
 *	spa_remove()		Remove a spa_t from the namespace.  This also
 *				frees up any memory associated with the spa_t.
 *
 *	spa_next()		Returns the next spa_t in the system, or the
 *				first if NULL is passed.
 *
 *	spa_evict_all()		Shutdown and remove all spa_t structures in
 *				the system.
 *
 *	spa_guid_exists()	Determine whether a pool/device guid exists.
 *
 * The spa_refcount is manipulated using the following functions:
 *
 *	spa_open_ref()		Adds a reference to the given spa_t.  Must be
 *				called with spa_namespace_lock held if the
 *				refcount is currently zero.
 *
 *	spa_close()		Remove a reference from the spa_t.  This will
 *				not free the spa_t or remove it from the
 *				namespace.  No locking is required.
 *
 *	spa_refcount_zero()	Returns true if the refcount is currently
 *				zero.  Must be called with spa_namespace_lock
 *				held.
 *
 * The spa_config_lock[] is an array of rwlocks, ordered as follows:
 * SCL_CONFIG > SCL_STATE > SCL_ALLOC > SCL_ZIO > SCL_FREE > SCL_VDEV.
 * spa_config_lock[] is manipulated with spa_config_{enter,exit,held}().
 *
 * To read the configuration, it suffices to hold one of these locks as reader.
 * To modify the configuration, you must hold all locks as writer.  To modify
 * vdev state without altering the vdev tree's topology (e.g. online/offline),
 * you must hold SCL_STATE and SCL_ZIO as writer.
 *
 * We use these distinct config locks to avoid recursive lock entry.
 * For example, spa_sync() (which holds SCL_CONFIG as reader) induces
 * block allocations (SCL_ALLOC), which may require reading space maps
 * from disk (dmu_read() -> zio_read() -> SCL_ZIO).
 *
 * The spa config locks cannot be normal rwlocks because we need the
 * ability to hand off ownership.  For example, SCL_ZIO is acquired
 * by the issuing thread and later released by an interrupt thread.
 * They do, however, obey the usual write-wanted semantics to prevent
 * writer (i.e. system administrator) starvation.
 *
 * The lock acquisition rules are as follows:
 *
 * SCL_CONFIG
 *	Protects changes to the vdev tree topology, such as vdev
 *	add/remove/attach/detach.  Protects the dirty config list
 *	(spa_config_dirty_list) and the set of spares and l2arc devices.
 *
 * SCL_STATE
 *	Protects changes to pool state and vdev state, such as vdev
 *	online/offline/fault/degrade/clear.  Protects the dirty state list
 *	(spa_state_dirty_list) and global pool state (spa_state).
 *
 * SCL_ALLOC
 *	Protects changes to metaslab groups and classes.
 *	Held as reader by metaslab_alloc() and metaslab_claim().
 *
 * SCL_ZIO
 *	Held by bp-level zios (those which have no io_vd upon entry)
 *	to prevent changes to the vdev tree.  The bp-level zio implicitly
 *	protects all of its vdev child zios, which do not hold SCL_ZIO.
 *
 * SCL_FREE
 *	Protects changes to metaslab groups and classes.
 *	Held as reader by metaslab_free().  SCL_FREE is distinct from
 *	SCL_ALLOC, and lower than SCL_ZIO, so that we can safely free
 *	blocks in zio_done() while another i/o that holds either
 *	SCL_ALLOC or SCL_ZIO is waiting for this i/o to complete.
 *
 * SCL_VDEV
 *	Held as reader to prevent changes to the vdev tree during trivial
 *	inquiries such as bp_get_dsize().  SCL_VDEV is distinct from the
 *	other locks, and lower than all of them, to ensure that it's safe
 *	to acquire regardless of caller context.
 *
 * In addition, the following rules apply:
 *
 * (a)	spa_props_lock protects pool properties, spa_config and spa_config_list.
 *	The lock ordering is SCL_CONFIG > spa_props_lock.
 *
 * (b)	I/O operations on leaf vdevs.  For any zio operation that takes
 *	an explicit vdev_t argument -- such as zio_ioctl(), zio_read_phys(),
 *	or zio_write_phys() -- the caller must ensure that the config cannot
 *	cannot change in the interim, and that the vdev cannot be reopened.
 *	SCL_STATE as reader suffices for both.
 *
 * The vdev configuration is protected by spa_vdev_enter() / spa_vdev_exit().
 *
 *	spa_vdev_enter()	Acquire the namespace lock and the config lock
 *				for writing.
 *
 *	spa_vdev_exit()		Release the config lock, wait for all I/O
 *				to complete, sync the updated configs to the
 *				cache, and release the namespace lock.
 *
 * vdev state is protected by spa_vdev_state_enter() / spa_vdev_state_exit().
 * Like spa_vdev_enter/exit, these are convenience wrappers -- the actual
 * locking is, always, based on spa_namespace_lock and spa_config_lock[].
 */

static avl_tree_t spa_namespace_avl;
kmutex_t spa_namespace_lock;
static kcondvar_t spa_namespace_cv;
int spa_max_replication_override = SPA_DVAS_PER_BP;

static kmutex_t spa_spare_lock;
static avl_tree_t spa_spare_avl;
static kmutex_t spa_l2cache_lock;
static avl_tree_t spa_l2cache_avl;

kmem_cache_t *spa_buffer_pool;
spa_mode_t spa_mode_global = SPA_MODE_UNINIT;

#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
/*
 * Everything except dprintf, set_error, spa, and indirect_remap is on
 * by default in debug builds.
 */
int zfs_flags = ~(ZFS_DEBUG_DPRINTF | ZFS_DEBUG_SET_ERROR |
    ZFS_DEBUG_INDIRECT_REMAP);
#else
int zfs_flags = 0;
#endif

/*
 * zfs_recover can be set to nonzero to attempt to recover from
 * otherwise-fatal errors, typically caused by on-disk corruption.  When
 * set, calls to zfs_panic_recover() will turn into warning messages.
 * This should only be used as a last resort, as it typically results
 * in leaked space, or worse.
 */
int zfs_recover = B_FALSE;

/*
 * If destroy encounters an EIO while reading metadata (e.g. indirect
 * blocks), space referenced by the missing metadata can not be freed.
 * Normally this causes the background destroy to become "stalled", as
 * it is unable to make forward progress.  While in this stalled state,
 * all remaining space to free from the error-encountering filesystem is
 * "temporarily leaked".  Set this flag to cause it to ignore the EIO,
 * permanently leak the space from indirect blocks that can not be read,
 * and continue to free everything else that it can.
 *
 * The default, "stalling" behavior is useful if the storage partially
 * fails (i.e. some but not all i/os fail), and then later recovers.  In
 * this case, we will be able to continue pool operations while it is
 * partially failed, and when it recovers, we can continue to free the
 * space, with no leaks.  However, note that this case is actually
 * fairly rare.
 *
 * Typically pools either (a) fail completely (but perhaps temporarily,
 * e.g. a top-level vdev going offline), or (b) have localized,
 * permanent errors (e.g. disk returns the wrong data due to bit flip or
 * firmware bug).  In case (a), this setting does not matter because the
 * pool will be suspended and the sync thread will not be able to make
 * forward progress regardless.  In case (b), because the error is
 * permanent, the best we can do is leak the minimum amount of space,
 * which is what setting this flag will do.  Therefore, it is reasonable
 * for this flag to normally be set, but we chose the more conservative
 * approach of not setting it, so that there is no possibility of
 * leaking space in the "partial temporary" failure case.
 */
int zfs_free_leak_on_eio = B_FALSE;

/*
 * Expiration time in milliseconds. This value has two meanings. First it is
 * used to determine when the spa_deadman() logic should fire. By default the
 * spa_deadman() will fire if spa_sync() has not completed in 600 seconds.
 * Secondly, the value determines if an I/O is considered "hung". Any I/O that
 * has not completed in zfs_deadman_synctime_ms is considered "hung" resulting
 * in one of three behaviors controlled by zfs_deadman_failmode.
 */
unsigned long zfs_deadman_synctime_ms = 600000UL;

/*
 * This value controls the maximum amount of time zio_wait() will block for an
 * outstanding IO.  By default this is 300 seconds at which point the "hung"
 * behavior will be applied as described for zfs_deadman_synctime_ms.
 */
unsigned long zfs_deadman_ziotime_ms = 300000UL;

/*
 * Check time in milliseconds. This defines the frequency at which we check
 * for hung I/O.
 */
unsigned long zfs_deadman_checktime_ms = 60000UL;

/*
 * By default the deadman is enabled.
 */
int zfs_deadman_enabled = 1;

/*
 * Controls the behavior of the deadman when it detects a "hung" I/O.
 * Valid values are zfs_deadman_failmode=<wait|continue|panic>.
 *
 * wait     - Wait for the "hung" I/O (default)
 * continue - Attempt to recover from a "hung" I/O
 * panic    - Panic the system
 */
char *zfs_deadman_failmode = "wait";

/*
 * The worst case is single-sector max-parity RAID-Z blocks, in which
 * case the space requirement is exactly (VDEV_RAIDZ_MAXPARITY + 1)
 * times the size; so just assume that.  Add to this the fact that
 * we can have up to 3 DVAs per bp, and one more factor of 2 because
 * the block may be dittoed with up to 3 DVAs by ddt_sync().  All together,
 * the worst case is:
 *     (VDEV_RAIDZ_MAXPARITY + 1) * SPA_DVAS_PER_BP * 2 == 24
 */
int spa_asize_inflation = 24;

/*
 * Normally, we don't allow the last 3.2% (1/(2^spa_slop_shift)) of space in
 * the pool to be consumed (bounded by spa_max_slop).  This ensures that we
 * don't run the pool completely out of space, due to unaccounted changes (e.g.
 * to the MOS).  It also limits the worst-case time to allocate space.  If we
 * have less than this amount of free space, most ZPL operations (e.g.  write,
 * create) will return ENOSPC.  The ZIL metaslabs (spa_embedded_log_class) are
 * also part of this 3.2% of space which can't be consumed by normal writes;
 * the slop space "proper" (spa_get_slop_space()) is decreased by the embedded
 * log space.
 *
 * Certain operations (e.g. file removal, most administrative actions) can
 * use half the slop space.  They will only return ENOSPC if less than half
 * the slop space is free.  Typically, once the pool has less than the slop
 * space free, the user will use these operations to free up space in the pool.
 * These are the operations that call dsl_pool_adjustedsize() with the netfree
 * argument set to TRUE.
 *
 * Operations that are almost guaranteed to free up space in the absence of
 * a pool checkpoint can use up to three quarters of the slop space
 * (e.g zfs destroy).
 *
 * A very restricted set of operations are always permitted, regardless of
 * the amount of free space.  These are the operations that call
 * dsl_sync_task(ZFS_SPACE_CHECK_NONE). If these operations result in a net
 * increase in the amount of space used, it is possible to run the pool
 * completely out of space, causing it to be permanently read-only.
 *
 * Note that on very small pools, the slop space will be larger than
 * 3.2%, in an effort to have it be at least spa_min_slop (128MB),
 * but we never allow it to be more than half the pool size.
 *
 * Further, on very large pools, the slop space will be smaller than
 * 3.2%, to avoid reserving much more space than we actually need; bounded
 * by spa_max_slop (128GB).
 *
 * See also the comments in zfs_space_check_t.
 */
int spa_slop_shift = 5;
uint64_t spa_min_slop = 128ULL * 1024 * 1024;
uint64_t spa_max_slop = 128ULL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
int spa_allocators = 4;


/*PRINTFLIKE2*/
void
spa_load_failed(spa_t *spa, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list adx;
	char buf[256];

	va_start(adx, fmt);
	(void) vsnprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), fmt, adx);
	va_end(adx);

	zfs_dbgmsg("spa_load(%s, config %s): FAILED: %s", spa->spa_name,
	    spa->spa_trust_config ? "trusted" : "untrusted", buf);
}

/*PRINTFLIKE2*/
void
spa_load_note(spa_t *spa, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list adx;
	char buf[256];

	va_start(adx, fmt);
	(void) vsnprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), fmt, adx);
	va_end(adx);

	zfs_dbgmsg("spa_load(%s, config %s): %s", spa->spa_name,
	    spa->spa_trust_config ? "trusted" : "untrusted", buf);
}

/*
 * By default dedup and user data indirects land in the special class
 */
int zfs_ddt_data_is_special = B_TRUE;
int zfs_user_indirect_is_special = B_TRUE;

/*
 * The percentage of special class final space reserved for metadata only.
 * Once we allocate 100 - zfs_special_class_metadata_reserve_pct we only
 * let metadata into the class.
 */
int zfs_special_class_metadata_reserve_pct = 25;

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * SPA config locking
 * ==========================================================================
 */
static void
spa_config_lock_init(spa_t *spa)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < SCL_LOCKS; i++) {
		spa_config_lock_t *scl = &spa->spa_config_lock[i];
		mutex_init(&scl->scl_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
		cv_init(&scl->scl_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
		scl->scl_writer = NULL;
		scl->scl_write_wanted = 0;
		scl->scl_count = 0;
	}
}

static void
spa_config_lock_destroy(spa_t *spa)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < SCL_LOCKS; i++) {
		spa_config_lock_t *scl = &spa->spa_config_lock[i];
		mutex_destroy(&scl->scl_lock);
		cv_destroy(&scl->scl_cv);
		ASSERT(scl->scl_writer == NULL);
		ASSERT(scl->scl_write_wanted == 0);
		ASSERT(scl->scl_count == 0);
	}
}

int
spa_config_tryenter(spa_t *spa, int locks, void *tag, krw_t rw)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < SCL_LOCKS; i++) {
		spa_config_lock_t *scl = &spa->spa_config_lock[i];
		if (!(locks & (1 << i)))
			continue;
		mutex_enter(&scl->scl_lock);
		if (rw == RW_READER) {
			if (scl->scl_writer || scl->scl_write_wanted) {
				mutex_exit(&scl->scl_lock);
				spa_config_exit(spa, locks & ((1 << i) - 1),
				    tag);
				return (0);
			}
		} else {
			ASSERT(scl->scl_writer != curthread);
			if (scl->scl_count != 0) {
				mutex_exit(&scl->scl_lock);
				spa_config_exit(spa, locks & ((1 << i) - 1),
				    tag);
				return (0);
			}
			scl->scl_writer = curthread;
		}
		scl->scl_count++;
		mutex_exit(&scl->scl_lock);
	}
	return (1);
}

void
spa_config_enter(spa_t *spa, int locks, const void *tag, krw_t rw)
{
	int wlocks_held = 0;

	ASSERT3U(SCL_LOCKS, <, sizeof (wlocks_held) * NBBY);

	for (int i = 0; i < SCL_LOCKS; i++) {
		spa_config_lock_t *scl = &spa->spa_config_lock[i];
		if (scl->scl_writer == curthread)
			wlocks_held |= (1 << i);
		if (!(locks & (1 << i)))
			continue;
		mutex_enter(&scl->scl_lock);
		if (rw == RW_READER) {
			while (scl->scl_writer || scl->scl_write_wanted) {
				cv_wait(&scl->scl_cv, &scl->scl_lock);
			}
		} else {
			ASSERT(scl->scl_writer != curthread);
			while (scl->scl_count != 0) {
				scl->scl_write_wanted++;
				cv_wait(&scl->scl_cv, &scl->scl_lock);
				scl->scl_write_wanted--;
			}
			scl->scl_writer = curthread;
		}
		scl->scl_count++;
		mutex_exit(&scl->scl_lock);
	}
	ASSERT3U(wlocks_held, <=, locks);
}

void
spa_config_exit(spa_t *spa, int locks, const void *tag)
{
	for (int i = SCL_LOCKS - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		spa_config_lock_t *scl = &spa->spa_config_lock[i];
		if (!(locks & (1 << i)))
			continue;
		mutex_enter(&scl->scl_lock);
		ASSERT(scl->scl_count > 0);
		if (--scl->scl_count == 0) {
			ASSERT(scl->scl_writer == NULL ||
			    scl->scl_writer == curthread);
			scl->scl_writer = NULL;	/* OK in either case */
			cv_broadcast(&scl->scl_cv);
		}
		mutex_exit(&scl->scl_lock);
	}
}

int
spa_config_held(spa_t *spa, int locks, krw_t rw)
{
	int locks_held = 0;

	for (int i = 0; i < SCL_LOCKS; i++) {
		spa_config_lock_t *scl = &spa->spa_config_lock[i];
		if (!(locks & (1 << i)))
			continue;
		if ((rw == RW_READER && scl->scl_count != 0) ||
		    (rw == RW_WRITER && scl->scl_writer == curthread))
			locks_held |= 1 << i;
	}

	return (locks_held);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * SPA namespace functions
 * ==========================================================================
 */

/*
 * Lookup the named spa_t in the AVL tree.  The spa_namespace_lock must be held.
 * Returns NULL if no matching spa_t is found.
 */
spa_t *
spa_lookup(const char *name)
{
	static spa_t search;	/* spa_t is large; don't allocate on stack */
	spa_t *spa;
	avl_index_t where;
	char *cp;

	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));

	(void) strlcpy(search.spa_name, name, sizeof (search.spa_name));

	/*
	 * If it's a full dataset name, figure out the pool name and
	 * just use that.
	 */
	cp = strpbrk(search.spa_name, "/@#");
	if (cp != NULL)
		*cp = '\0';

	spa = avl_find(&spa_namespace_avl, &search, &where);

	return (spa);
}

/*
 * Fires when spa_sync has not completed within zfs_deadman_synctime_ms.
 * If the zfs_deadman_enabled flag is set then it inspects all vdev queues
 * looking for potentially hung I/Os.
 */
void
spa_deadman(void *arg)
{
	spa_t *spa = arg;

	/* Disable the deadman if the pool is suspended. */
	if (spa_suspended(spa))
		return;

	zfs_dbgmsg("slow spa_sync: started %llu seconds ago, calls %llu",
	    (gethrtime() - spa->spa_sync_starttime) / NANOSEC,
	    (u_longlong_t)++spa->spa_deadman_calls);
	if (zfs_deadman_enabled)
		vdev_deadman(spa->spa_root_vdev, FTAG);

	spa->spa_deadman_tqid = taskq_dispatch_delay(system_delay_taskq,
	    spa_deadman, spa, TQ_SLEEP, ddi_get_lbolt() +
	    MSEC_TO_TICK(zfs_deadman_checktime_ms));
}

static int
spa_log_sm_sort_by_txg(const void *va, const void *vb)
{
	const spa_log_sm_t *a = va;
	const spa_log_sm_t *b = vb;

	return (TREE_CMP(a->sls_txg, b->sls_txg));
}

/*
 * Create an uninitialized spa_t with the given name.  Requires
 * spa_namespace_lock.  The caller must ensure that the spa_t doesn't already
 * exist by calling spa_lookup() first.
 */
spa_t *
spa_add(const char *name, nvlist_t *config, const char *altroot)
{
	spa_t *spa;
	spa_config_dirent_t *dp;

	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));

	spa = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (spa_t), KM_SLEEP);

	mutex_init(&spa->spa_async_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_errlist_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_errlog_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_history_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_proc_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_props_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_cksum_tmpls_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_scrub_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_suspend_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_vdev_top_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_feat_stats_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_flushed_ms_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa->spa_activities_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);

	cv_init(&spa->spa_async_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&spa->spa_evicting_os_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&spa->spa_proc_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&spa->spa_scrub_io_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&spa->spa_suspend_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&spa->spa_activities_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&spa->spa_waiters_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);

	for (int t = 0; t < TXG_SIZE; t++)
		bplist_create(&spa->spa_free_bplist[t]);

	(void) strlcpy(spa->spa_name, name, sizeof (spa->spa_name));
	spa->spa_state = POOL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED;
	spa->spa_freeze_txg = UINT64_MAX;
	spa->spa_final_txg = UINT64_MAX;
	spa->spa_load_max_txg = UINT64_MAX;
	spa->spa_proc = &p0;
	spa->spa_proc_state = SPA_PROC_NONE;
	spa->spa_trust_config = B_TRUE;
	spa->spa_hostid = zone_get_hostid(NULL);

	spa->spa_deadman_synctime = MSEC2NSEC(zfs_deadman_synctime_ms);
	spa->spa_deadman_ziotime = MSEC2NSEC(zfs_deadman_ziotime_ms);
	spa_set_deadman_failmode(spa, zfs_deadman_failmode);

	zfs_refcount_create(&spa->spa_refcount);
	spa_config_lock_init(spa);
	spa_stats_init(spa);

	avl_add(&spa_namespace_avl, spa);

	/*
	 * Set the alternate root, if there is one.
	 */
	if (altroot)
		spa->spa_root = spa_strdup(altroot);

	spa->spa_alloc_count = spa_allocators;
	spa->spa_allocs = kmem_zalloc(spa->spa_alloc_count *
	    sizeof (spa_alloc_t), KM_SLEEP);
	for (int i = 0; i < spa->spa_alloc_count; i++) {
		mutex_init(&spa->spa_allocs[i].spaa_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT,
		    NULL);
		avl_create(&spa->spa_allocs[i].spaa_tree, zio_bookmark_compare,
		    sizeof (zio_t), offsetof(zio_t, io_alloc_node));
	}
	avl_create(&spa->spa_metaslabs_by_flushed, metaslab_sort_by_flushed,
	    sizeof (metaslab_t), offsetof(metaslab_t, ms_spa_txg_node));
	avl_create(&spa->spa_sm_logs_by_txg, spa_log_sm_sort_by_txg,
	    sizeof (spa_log_sm_t), offsetof(spa_log_sm_t, sls_node));
	list_create(&spa->spa_log_summary, sizeof (log_summary_entry_t),
	    offsetof(log_summary_entry_t, lse_node));

	/*
	 * Every pool starts with the default cachefile
	 */
	list_create(&spa->spa_config_list, sizeof (spa_config_dirent_t),
	    offsetof(spa_config_dirent_t, scd_link));

	dp = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (spa_config_dirent_t), KM_SLEEP);
	dp->scd_path = altroot ? NULL : spa_strdup(spa_config_path);
	list_insert_head(&spa->spa_config_list, dp);

	VERIFY(nvlist_alloc(&spa->spa_load_info, NV_UNIQUE_NAME,
	    KM_SLEEP) == 0);

	if (config != NULL) {
		nvlist_t *features;

		if (nvlist_lookup_nvlist(config, ZPOOL_CONFIG_FEATURES_FOR_READ,
		    &features) == 0) {
			VERIFY(nvlist_dup(features, &spa->spa_label_features,
			    0) == 0);
		}

		VERIFY(nvlist_dup(config, &spa->spa_config, 0) == 0);
	}

	if (spa->spa_label_features == NULL) {
		VERIFY(nvlist_alloc(&spa->spa_label_features, NV_UNIQUE_NAME,
		    KM_SLEEP) == 0);
	}

	spa->spa_min_ashift = INT_MAX;
	spa->spa_max_ashift = 0;
	spa->spa_min_alloc = INT_MAX;

	/* Reset cached value */
	spa->spa_dedup_dspace = ~0ULL;

	/*
	 * As a pool is being created, treat all features as disabled by
	 * setting SPA_FEATURE_DISABLED for all entries in the feature
	 * refcount cache.
	 */
	for (int i = 0; i < SPA_FEATURES; i++) {
		spa->spa_feat_refcount_cache[i] = SPA_FEATURE_DISABLED;
	}

	list_create(&spa->spa_leaf_list, sizeof (vdev_t),
	    offsetof(vdev_t, vdev_leaf_node));

	return (spa);
}

/*
 * Removes a spa_t from the namespace, freeing up any memory used.  Requires
 * spa_namespace_lock.  This is called only after the spa_t has been closed and
 * deactivated.
 */
void
spa_remove(spa_t *spa)
{
	spa_config_dirent_t *dp;

	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));
	ASSERT(spa_state(spa) == POOL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED);
	ASSERT3U(zfs_refcount_count(&spa->spa_refcount), ==, 0);
	ASSERT0(spa->spa_waiters);

	nvlist_free(spa->spa_config_splitting);

	avl_remove(&spa_namespace_avl, spa);
	cv_broadcast(&spa_namespace_cv);

	if (spa->spa_root)
		spa_strfree(spa->spa_root);

	while ((dp = list_head(&spa->spa_config_list)) != NULL) {
		list_remove(&spa->spa_config_list, dp);
		if (dp->scd_path != NULL)
			spa_strfree(dp->scd_path);
		kmem_free(dp, sizeof (spa_config_dirent_t));
	}

	for (int i = 0; i < spa->spa_alloc_count; i++) {
		avl_destroy(&spa->spa_allocs[i].spaa_tree);
		mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_allocs[i].spaa_lock);
	}
	kmem_free(spa->spa_allocs, spa->spa_alloc_count *
	    sizeof (spa_alloc_t));

	avl_destroy(&spa->spa_metaslabs_by_flushed);
	avl_destroy(&spa->spa_sm_logs_by_txg);
	list_destroy(&spa->spa_log_summary);
	list_destroy(&spa->spa_config_list);
	list_destroy(&spa->spa_leaf_list);

	nvlist_free(spa->spa_label_features);
	nvlist_free(spa->spa_load_info);
	nvlist_free(spa->spa_feat_stats);
	spa_config_set(spa, NULL);

	zfs_refcount_destroy(&spa->spa_refcount);

	spa_stats_destroy(spa);
	spa_config_lock_destroy(spa);

	for (int t = 0; t < TXG_SIZE; t++)
		bplist_destroy(&spa->spa_free_bplist[t]);

	zio_checksum_templates_free(spa);

	cv_destroy(&spa->spa_async_cv);
	cv_destroy(&spa->spa_evicting_os_cv);
	cv_destroy(&spa->spa_proc_cv);
	cv_destroy(&spa->spa_scrub_io_cv);
	cv_destroy(&spa->spa_suspend_cv);
	cv_destroy(&spa->spa_activities_cv);
	cv_destroy(&spa->spa_waiters_cv);

	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_flushed_ms_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_async_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_errlist_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_errlog_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_history_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_proc_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_props_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_cksum_tmpls_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_scrub_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_suspend_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_vdev_top_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_feat_stats_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa->spa_activities_lock);

	kmem_free(spa, sizeof (spa_t));
}

/*
 * Given a pool, return the next pool in the namespace, or NULL if there is
 * none.  If 'prev' is NULL, return the first pool.
 */
spa_t *
spa_next(spa_t *prev)
{
	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));

	if (prev)
		return (AVL_NEXT(&spa_namespace_avl, prev));
	else
		return (avl_first(&spa_namespace_avl));
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * SPA refcount functions
 * ==========================================================================
 */

/*
 * Add a reference to the given spa_t.  Must have at least one reference, or
 * have the namespace lock held.
 */
void
spa_open_ref(spa_t *spa, void *tag)
{
	ASSERT(zfs_refcount_count(&spa->spa_refcount) >= spa->spa_minref ||
	    MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));
	(void) zfs_refcount_add(&spa->spa_refcount, tag);
}

/*
 * Remove a reference to the given spa_t.  Must have at least one reference, or
 * have the namespace lock held.
 */
void
spa_close(spa_t *spa, void *tag)
{
	ASSERT(zfs_refcount_count(&spa->spa_refcount) > spa->spa_minref ||
	    MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));
	(void) zfs_refcount_remove(&spa->spa_refcount, tag);
}

/*
 * Remove a reference to the given spa_t held by a dsl dir that is
 * being asynchronously released.  Async releases occur from a taskq
 * performing eviction of dsl datasets and dirs.  The namespace lock
 * isn't held and the hold by the object being evicted may contribute to
 * spa_minref (e.g. dataset or directory released during pool export),
 * so the asserts in spa_close() do not apply.
 */
void
spa_async_close(spa_t *spa, void *tag)
{
	(void) zfs_refcount_remove(&spa->spa_refcount, tag);
}

/*
 * Check to see if the spa refcount is zero.  Must be called with
 * spa_namespace_lock held.  We really compare against spa_minref, which is the
 * number of references acquired when opening a pool
 */
boolean_t
spa_refcount_zero(spa_t *spa)
{
	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));

	return (zfs_refcount_count(&spa->spa_refcount) == spa->spa_minref);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * SPA spare and l2cache tracking
 * ==========================================================================
 */

/*
 * Hot spares and cache devices are tracked using the same code below,
 * for 'auxiliary' devices.
 */

typedef struct spa_aux {
	uint64_t	aux_guid;
	uint64_t	aux_pool;
	avl_node_t	aux_avl;
	int		aux_count;
} spa_aux_t;

static inline int
spa_aux_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	const spa_aux_t *sa = (const spa_aux_t *)a;
	const spa_aux_t *sb = (const spa_aux_t *)b;

	return (TREE_CMP(sa->aux_guid, sb->aux_guid));
}

static void
spa_aux_add(vdev_t *vd, avl_tree_t *avl)
{
	avl_index_t where;
	spa_aux_t search;
	spa_aux_t *aux;

	search.aux_guid = vd->vdev_guid;
	if ((aux = avl_find(avl, &search, &where)) != NULL) {
		aux->aux_count++;
	} else {
		aux = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (spa_aux_t), KM_SLEEP);
		aux->aux_guid = vd->vdev_guid;
		aux->aux_count = 1;
		avl_insert(avl, aux, where);
	}
}

static void
spa_aux_remove(vdev_t *vd, avl_tree_t *avl)
{
	spa_aux_t search;
	spa_aux_t *aux;
	avl_index_t where;

	search.aux_guid = vd->vdev_guid;
	aux = avl_find(avl, &search, &where);

	ASSERT(aux != NULL);

	if (--aux->aux_count == 0) {
		avl_remove(avl, aux);
		kmem_free(aux, sizeof (spa_aux_t));
	} else if (aux->aux_pool == spa_guid(vd->vdev_spa)) {
		aux->aux_pool = 0ULL;
	}
}

static boolean_t
spa_aux_exists(uint64_t guid, uint64_t *pool, int *refcnt, avl_tree_t *avl)
{
	spa_aux_t search, *found;

	search.aux_guid = guid;
	found = avl_find(avl, &search, NULL);

	if (pool) {
		if (found)
			*pool = found->aux_pool;
		else
			*pool = 0ULL;
	}

	if (refcnt) {
		if (found)
			*refcnt = found->aux_count;
		else
			*refcnt = 0;
	}

	return (found != NULL);
}

static void
spa_aux_activate(vdev_t *vd, avl_tree_t *avl)
{
	spa_aux_t search, *found;
	avl_index_t where;

	search.aux_guid = vd->vdev_guid;
	found = avl_find(avl, &search, &where);
	ASSERT(found != NULL);
	ASSERT(found->aux_pool == 0ULL);

	found->aux_pool = spa_guid(vd->vdev_spa);
}

/*
 * Spares are tracked globally due to the following constraints:
 *
 *	- A spare may be part of multiple pools.
 *	- A spare may be added to a pool even if it's actively in use within
 *	  another pool.
 *	- A spare in use in any pool can only be the source of a replacement if
 *	  the target is a spare in the same pool.
 *
 * We keep track of all spares on the system through the use of a reference
 * counted AVL tree.  When a vdev is added as a spare, or used as a replacement
 * spare, then we bump the reference count in the AVL tree.  In addition, we set
 * the 'vdev_isspare' member to indicate that the device is a spare (active or
 * inactive).  When a spare is made active (used to replace a device in the
 * pool), we also keep track of which pool its been made a part of.
 *
 * The 'spa_spare_lock' protects the AVL tree.  These functions are normally
 * called under the spa_namespace lock as part of vdev reconfiguration.  The
 * separate spare lock exists for the status query path, which does not need to
 * be completely consistent with respect to other vdev configuration changes.
 */

static int
spa_spare_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	return (spa_aux_compare(a, b));
}

void
spa_spare_add(vdev_t *vd)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa_spare_lock);
	ASSERT(!vd->vdev_isspare);
	spa_aux_add(vd, &spa_spare_avl);
	vd->vdev_isspare = B_TRUE;
	mutex_exit(&spa_spare_lock);
}

void
spa_spare_remove(vdev_t *vd)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa_spare_lock);
	ASSERT(vd->vdev_isspare);
	spa_aux_remove(vd, &spa_spare_avl);
	vd->vdev_isspare = B_FALSE;
	mutex_exit(&spa_spare_lock);
}

boolean_t
spa_spare_exists(uint64_t guid, uint64_t *pool, int *refcnt)
{
	boolean_t found;

	mutex_enter(&spa_spare_lock);
	found = spa_aux_exists(guid, pool, refcnt, &spa_spare_avl);
	mutex_exit(&spa_spare_lock);

	return (found);
}

void
spa_spare_activate(vdev_t *vd)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa_spare_lock);
	ASSERT(vd->vdev_isspare);
	spa_aux_activate(vd, &spa_spare_avl);
	mutex_exit(&spa_spare_lock);
}

/*
 * Level 2 ARC devices are tracked globally for the same reasons as spares.
 * Cache devices currently only support one pool per cache device, and so
 * for these devices the aux reference count is currently unused beyond 1.
 */

static int
spa_l2cache_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	return (spa_aux_compare(a, b));
}

void
spa_l2cache_add(vdev_t *vd)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa_l2cache_lock);
	ASSERT(!vd->vdev_isl2cache);
	spa_aux_add(vd, &spa_l2cache_avl);
	vd->vdev_isl2cache = B_TRUE;
	mutex_exit(&spa_l2cache_lock);
}

void
spa_l2cache_remove(vdev_t *vd)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa_l2cache_lock);
	ASSERT(vd->vdev_isl2cache);
	spa_aux_remove(vd, &spa_l2cache_avl);
	vd->vdev_isl2cache = B_FALSE;
	mutex_exit(&spa_l2cache_lock);
}

boolean_t
spa_l2cache_exists(uint64_t guid, uint64_t *pool)
{
	boolean_t found;

	mutex_enter(&spa_l2cache_lock);
	found = spa_aux_exists(guid, pool, NULL, &spa_l2cache_avl);
	mutex_exit(&spa_l2cache_lock);

	return (found);
}

void
spa_l2cache_activate(vdev_t *vd)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa_l2cache_lock);
	ASSERT(vd->vdev_isl2cache);
	spa_aux_activate(vd, &spa_l2cache_avl);
	mutex_exit(&spa_l2cache_lock);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * SPA vdev locking
 * ==========================================================================
 */

/*
 * Lock the given spa_t for the purpose of adding or removing a vdev.
 * Grabs the global spa_namespace_lock plus the spa config lock for writing.
 * It returns the next transaction group for the spa_t.
 */
uint64_t
spa_vdev_enter(spa_t *spa)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_vdev_top_lock);
	mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);

	vdev_autotrim_stop_all(spa);

	return (spa_vdev_config_enter(spa));
}

/*
 * The same as spa_vdev_enter() above but additionally takes the guid of
 * the vdev being detached.  When there is a rebuild in process it will be
 * suspended while the vdev tree is modified then resumed by spa_vdev_exit().
 * The rebuild is canceled if only a single child remains after the detach.
 */
uint64_t
spa_vdev_detach_enter(spa_t *spa, uint64_t guid)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_vdev_top_lock);
	mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);

	vdev_autotrim_stop_all(spa);

	if (guid != 0) {
		vdev_t *vd = spa_lookup_by_guid(spa, guid, B_FALSE);
		if (vd) {
			vdev_rebuild_stop_wait(vd->vdev_top);
		}
	}

	return (spa_vdev_config_enter(spa));
}

/*
 * Internal implementation for spa_vdev_enter().  Used when a vdev
 * operation requires multiple syncs (i.e. removing a device) while
 * keeping the spa_namespace_lock held.
 */
uint64_t
spa_vdev_config_enter(spa_t *spa)
{
	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));

	spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_ALL, spa, RW_WRITER);

	return (spa_last_synced_txg(spa) + 1);
}

/*
 * Used in combination with spa_vdev_config_enter() to allow the syncing
 * of multiple transactions without releasing the spa_namespace_lock.
 */
void
spa_vdev_config_exit(spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg, int error, char *tag)
{
	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));

	int config_changed = B_FALSE;

	ASSERT(txg > spa_last_synced_txg(spa));

	spa->spa_pending_vdev = NULL;

	/*
	 * Reassess the DTLs.
	 */
	vdev_dtl_reassess(spa->spa_root_vdev, 0, 0, B_FALSE, B_FALSE);

	if (error == 0 && !list_is_empty(&spa->spa_config_dirty_list)) {
		config_changed = B_TRUE;
		spa->spa_config_generation++;
	}

	/*
	 * Verify the metaslab classes.
	 */
	ASSERT(metaslab_class_validate(spa_normal_class(spa)) == 0);
	ASSERT(metaslab_class_validate(spa_log_class(spa)) == 0);
	ASSERT(metaslab_class_validate(spa_embedded_log_class(spa)) == 0);
	ASSERT(metaslab_class_validate(spa_special_class(spa)) == 0);
	ASSERT(metaslab_class_validate(spa_dedup_class(spa)) == 0);

	spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_ALL, spa);

	/*
	 * Panic the system if the specified tag requires it.  This
	 * is useful for ensuring that configurations are updated
	 * transactionally.
	 */
	if (zio_injection_enabled)
		zio_handle_panic_injection(spa, tag, 0);

	/*
	 * Note: this txg_wait_synced() is important because it ensures
	 * that there won't be more than one config change per txg.
	 * This allows us to use the txg as the generation number.
	 */
	if (error == 0)
		txg_wait_synced(spa->spa_dsl_pool, txg);

	if (vd != NULL) {
		ASSERT(!vd->vdev_detached || vd->vdev_dtl_sm == NULL);
		if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
			mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_initialize_lock);
			vdev_initialize_stop(vd, VDEV_INITIALIZE_CANCELED,
			    NULL);
			mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_initialize_lock);

			mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_trim_lock);
			vdev_trim_stop(vd, VDEV_TRIM_CANCELED, NULL);
			mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_trim_lock);
		}

		/*
		 * The vdev may be both a leaf and top-level device.
		 */
		vdev_autotrim_stop_wait(vd);

		spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, spa, RW_WRITER);
		vdev_free(vd);
		spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, spa);
	}

	/*
	 * If the config changed, update the config cache.
	 */
	if (config_changed)
		spa_write_cachefile(spa, B_FALSE, B_TRUE);
}

/*
 * Unlock the spa_t after adding or removing a vdev.  Besides undoing the
 * locking of spa_vdev_enter(), we also want make sure the transactions have
 * synced to disk, and then update the global configuration cache with the new
 * information.
 */
int
spa_vdev_exit(spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg, int error)
{
	vdev_autotrim_restart(spa);
	vdev_rebuild_restart(spa);

	spa_vdev_config_exit(spa, vd, txg, error, FTAG);
	mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
	mutex_exit(&spa->spa_vdev_top_lock);

	return (error);
}

/*
 * Lock the given spa_t for the purpose of changing vdev state.
 */
void
spa_vdev_state_enter(spa_t *spa, int oplocks)
{
	int locks = SCL_STATE_ALL | oplocks;

	/*
	 * Root pools may need to read of the underlying devfs filesystem
	 * when opening up a vdev.  Unfortunately if we're holding the
	 * SCL_ZIO lock it will result in a deadlock when we try to issue
	 * the read from the root filesystem.  Instead we "prefetch"
	 * the associated vnodes that we need prior to opening the
	 * underlying devices and cache them so that we can prevent
	 * any I/O when we are doing the actual open.
	 */
	if (spa_is_root(spa)) {
		int low = locks & ~(SCL_ZIO - 1);
		int high = locks & ~low;

		spa_config_enter(spa, high, spa, RW_WRITER);
		vdev_hold(spa->spa_root_vdev);
		spa_config_enter(spa, low, spa, RW_WRITER);
	} else {
		spa_config_enter(spa, locks, spa, RW_WRITER);
	}
	spa->spa_vdev_locks = locks;
}

int
spa_vdev_state_exit(spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd, int error)
{
	boolean_t config_changed = B_FALSE;
	vdev_t *vdev_top;

	if (vd == NULL || vd == spa->spa_root_vdev) {
		vdev_top = spa->spa_root_vdev;
	} else {
		vdev_top = vd->vdev_top;
	}

	if (vd != NULL || error == 0)
		vdev_dtl_reassess(vdev_top, 0, 0, B_FALSE, B_FALSE);

	if (vd != NULL) {
		if (vd != spa->spa_root_vdev)
			vdev_state_dirty(vdev_top);

		config_changed = B_TRUE;
		spa->spa_config_generation++;
	}

	if (spa_is_root(spa))
		vdev_rele(spa->spa_root_vdev);

	ASSERT3U(spa->spa_vdev_locks, >=, SCL_STATE_ALL);
	spa_config_exit(spa, spa->spa_vdev_locks, spa);

	/*
	 * If anything changed, wait for it to sync.  This ensures that,
	 * from the system administrator's perspective, zpool(8) commands
	 * are synchronous.  This is important for things like zpool offline:
	 * when the command completes, you expect no further I/O from ZFS.
	 */
	if (vd != NULL)
		txg_wait_synced(spa->spa_dsl_pool, 0);

	/*
	 * If the config changed, update the config cache.
	 */
	if (config_changed) {
		mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);
		spa_write_cachefile(spa, B_FALSE, B_TRUE);
		mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
	}

	return (error);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Miscellaneous functions
 * ==========================================================================
 */

void
spa_activate_mos_feature(spa_t *spa, const char *feature, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	if (!nvlist_exists(spa->spa_label_features, feature)) {
		fnvlist_add_boolean(spa->spa_label_features, feature);
		/*
		 * When we are creating the pool (tx_txg==TXG_INITIAL), we can't
		 * dirty the vdev config because lock SCL_CONFIG is not held.
		 * Thankfully, in this case we don't need to dirty the config
		 * because it will be written out anyway when we finish
		 * creating the pool.
		 */
		if (tx->tx_txg != TXG_INITIAL)
			vdev_config_dirty(spa->spa_root_vdev);
	}
}

void
spa_deactivate_mos_feature(spa_t *spa, const char *feature)
{
	if (nvlist_remove_all(spa->spa_label_features, feature) == 0)
		vdev_config_dirty(spa->spa_root_vdev);
}

/*
 * Return the spa_t associated with given pool_guid, if it exists.  If
 * device_guid is non-zero, determine whether the pool exists *and* contains
 * a device with the specified device_guid.
 */
spa_t *
spa_by_guid(uint64_t pool_guid, uint64_t device_guid)
{
	spa_t *spa;
	avl_tree_t *t = &spa_namespace_avl;

	ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&spa_namespace_lock));

	for (spa = avl_first(t); spa != NULL; spa = AVL_NEXT(t, spa)) {
		if (spa->spa_state == POOL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED)
			continue;
		if (spa->spa_root_vdev == NULL)
			continue;
		if (spa_guid(spa) == pool_guid) {
			if (device_guid == 0)
				break;

			if (vdev_lookup_by_guid(spa->spa_root_vdev,
			    device_guid) != NULL)
				break;

			/*
			 * Check any devices we may be in the process of adding.
			 */
			if (spa->spa_pending_vdev) {
				if (vdev_lookup_by_guid(spa->spa_pending_vdev,
				    device_guid) != NULL)
					break;
			}
		}
	}

	return (spa);
}

/*
 * Determine whether a pool with the given pool_guid exists.
 */
boolean_t
spa_guid_exists(uint64_t pool_guid, uint64_t device_guid)
{
	return (spa_by_guid(pool_guid, device_guid) != NULL);
}

char *
spa_strdup(const char *s)
{
	size_t len;
	char *new;

	len = strlen(s);
	new = kmem_alloc(len + 1, KM_SLEEP);
	bcopy(s, new, len);
	new[len] = '\0';

	return (new);
}

void
spa_strfree(char *s)
{
	kmem_free(s, strlen(s) + 1);
}

uint64_t
spa_generate_guid(spa_t *spa)
{
	uint64_t guid;

	if (spa != NULL) {
		do {
			(void) random_get_pseudo_bytes((void *)&guid,
			    sizeof (guid));
		} while (guid == 0 || spa_guid_exists(spa_guid(spa), guid));
	} else {
		do {
			(void) random_get_pseudo_bytes((void *)&guid,
			    sizeof (guid));
		} while (guid == 0 || spa_guid_exists(guid, 0));
	}

	return (guid);
}

void
snprintf_blkptr(char *buf, size_t buflen, const blkptr_t *bp)
{
	char type[256];
	char *checksum = NULL;
	char *compress = NULL;

	if (bp != NULL) {
		if (BP_GET_TYPE(bp) & DMU_OT_NEWTYPE) {
			dmu_object_byteswap_t bswap =
			    DMU_OT_BYTESWAP(BP_GET_TYPE(bp));
			(void) snprintf(type, sizeof (type), "bswap %s %s",
			    DMU_OT_IS_METADATA(BP_GET_TYPE(bp)) ?
			    "metadata" : "data",
			    dmu_ot_byteswap[bswap].ob_name);
		} else {
			(void) strlcpy(type, dmu_ot[BP_GET_TYPE(bp)].ot_name,
			    sizeof (type));
		}
		if (!BP_IS_EMBEDDED(bp)) {
			checksum =
			    zio_checksum_table[BP_GET_CHECKSUM(bp)].ci_name;
		}
		compress = zio_compress_table[BP_GET_COMPRESS(bp)].ci_name;
	}

	SNPRINTF_BLKPTR(snprintf, ' ', buf, buflen, bp, type, checksum,
	    compress);
}

void
spa_freeze(spa_t *spa)
{
	uint64_t freeze_txg = 0;

	spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_ALL, FTAG, RW_WRITER);
	if (spa->spa_freeze_txg == UINT64_MAX) {
		freeze_txg = spa_last_synced_txg(spa) + TXG_SIZE;
		spa->spa_freeze_txg = freeze_txg;
	}
	spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_ALL, FTAG);
	if (freeze_txg != 0)
		txg_wait_synced(spa_get_dsl(spa), freeze_txg);
}

void
zfs_panic_recover(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list adx;

	va_start(adx, fmt);
	vcmn_err(zfs_recover ? CE_WARN : CE_PANIC, fmt, adx);
	va_end(adx);
}

/*
 * This is a stripped-down version of strtoull, suitable only for converting
 * lowercase hexadecimal numbers that don't overflow.
 */
uint64_t
zfs_strtonum(const char *str, char **nptr)
{
	uint64_t val = 0;
	char c;
	int digit;

	while ((c = *str) != '\0') {
		if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
			digit = c - '0';
		else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
			digit = 10 + c - 'a';
		else
			break;

		val *= 16;
		val += digit;

		str++;
	}

	if (nptr)
		*nptr = (char *)str;

	return (val);
}

void
spa_activate_allocation_classes(spa_t *spa, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
	/*
	 * We bump the feature refcount for each special vdev added to the pool
	 */
	ASSERT(spa_feature_is_enabled(spa, SPA_FEATURE_ALLOCATION_CLASSES));
	spa_feature_incr(spa, SPA_FEATURE_ALLOCATION_CLASSES, tx);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Accessor functions
 * ==========================================================================
 */

boolean_t
spa_shutting_down(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_async_suspended);
}

dsl_pool_t *
spa_get_dsl(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_dsl_pool);
}

boolean_t
spa_is_initializing(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_is_initializing);
}

boolean_t
spa_indirect_vdevs_loaded(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_indirect_vdevs_loaded);
}

blkptr_t *
spa_get_rootblkptr(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (&spa->spa_ubsync.ub_rootbp);
}

void
spa_set_rootblkptr(spa_t *spa, const blkptr_t *bp)
{
	spa->spa_uberblock.ub_rootbp = *bp;
}

void
spa_altroot(spa_t *spa, char *buf, size_t buflen)
{
	if (spa->spa_root == NULL)
		buf[0] = '\0';
	else
		(void) strncpy(buf, spa->spa_root, buflen);
}

int
spa_sync_pass(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_sync_pass);
}

char *
spa_name(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_name);
}

uint64_t
spa_guid(spa_t *spa)
{
	dsl_pool_t *dp = spa_get_dsl(spa);
	uint64_t guid;

	/*
	 * If we fail to parse the config during spa_load(), we can go through
	 * the error path (which posts an ereport) and end up here with no root
	 * vdev.  We stash the original pool guid in 'spa_config_guid' to handle
	 * this case.
	 */
	if (spa->spa_root_vdev == NULL)
		return (spa->spa_config_guid);

	guid = spa->spa_last_synced_guid != 0 ?
	    spa->spa_last_synced_guid : spa->spa_root_vdev->vdev_guid;

	/*
	 * Return the most recently synced out guid unless we're
	 * in syncing context.
	 */
	if (dp && dsl_pool_sync_context(dp))
		return (spa->spa_root_vdev->vdev_guid);
	else
		return (guid);
}

uint64_t
spa_load_guid(spa_t *spa)
{
	/*
	 * This is a GUID that exists solely as a reference for the
	 * purposes of the arc.  It is generated at load time, and
	 * is never written to persistent storage.
	 */
	return (spa->spa_load_guid);
}

uint64_t
spa_last_synced_txg(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_ubsync.ub_txg);
}

uint64_t
spa_first_txg(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_first_txg);
}

uint64_t
spa_syncing_txg(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_syncing_txg);
}

/*
 * Return the last txg where data can be dirtied. The final txgs
 * will be used to just clear out any deferred frees that remain.
 */
uint64_t
spa_final_dirty_txg(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_final_txg - TXG_DEFER_SIZE);
}

pool_state_t
spa_state(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_state);
}

spa_load_state_t
spa_load_state(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_load_state);
}

uint64_t
spa_freeze_txg(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_freeze_txg);
}

/*
 * Return the inflated asize for a logical write in bytes. This is used by the
 * DMU to calculate the space a logical write will require on disk.
 * If lsize is smaller than the largest physical block size allocatable on this
 * pool we use its value instead, since the write will end up using the whole
 * block anyway.
 */
uint64_t
spa_get_worst_case_asize(spa_t *spa, uint64_t lsize)
{
	if (lsize == 0)
		return (0);	/* No inflation needed */
	return (MAX(lsize, 1 << spa->spa_max_ashift) * spa_asize_inflation);
}

/*
 * Return the amount of slop space in bytes.  It is typically 1/32 of the pool
 * (3.2%), minus the embedded log space.  On very small pools, it may be
 * slightly larger than this.  On very large pools, it will be capped to
 * the value of spa_max_slop.  The embedded log space is not included in
 * spa_dspace.  By subtracting it, the usable space (per "zfs list") is a
 * constant 97% of the total space, regardless of metaslab size (assuming the
 * default spa_slop_shift=5 and a non-tiny pool).
 *
 * See the comment above spa_slop_shift for more details.
 */
uint64_t
spa_get_slop_space(spa_t *spa)
{
	uint64_t space = 0;
	uint64_t slop = 0;

	/*
	 * Make sure spa_dedup_dspace has been set.
	 */
	if (spa->spa_dedup_dspace == ~0ULL)
		spa_update_dspace(spa);

	/*
	 * spa_get_dspace() includes the space only logically "used" by
	 * deduplicated data, so since it's not useful to reserve more
	 * space with more deduplicated data, we subtract that out here.
	 */
	space = spa_get_dspace(spa) - spa->spa_dedup_dspace;
	slop = MIN(space >> spa_slop_shift, spa_max_slop);

	/*
	 * Subtract the embedded log space, but no more than half the (3.2%)
	 * unusable space.  Note, the "no more than half" is only relevant if
	 * zfs_embedded_slog_min_ms >> spa_slop_shift < 2, which is not true by
	 * default.
	 */
	uint64_t embedded_log =
	    metaslab_class_get_dspace(spa_embedded_log_class(spa));
	slop -= MIN(embedded_log, slop >> 1);

	/*
	 * Slop space should be at least spa_min_slop, but no more than half
	 * the entire pool.
	 */
	slop = MAX(slop, MIN(space >> 1, spa_min_slop));
	return (slop);
}

uint64_t
spa_get_dspace(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_dspace);
}

uint64_t
spa_get_checkpoint_space(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_checkpoint_info.sci_dspace);
}

void
spa_update_dspace(spa_t *spa)
{
	spa->spa_dspace = metaslab_class_get_dspace(spa_normal_class(spa)) +
	    ddt_get_dedup_dspace(spa);
	if (spa->spa_vdev_removal != NULL) {
		/*
		 * We can't allocate from the removing device, so subtract
		 * its size if it was included in dspace (i.e. if this is a
		 * normal-class vdev, not special/dedup).  This prevents the
		 * DMU/DSL from filling up the (now smaller) pool while we
		 * are in the middle of removing the device.
		 *
		 * Note that the DMU/DSL doesn't actually know or care
		 * how much space is allocated (it does its own tracking
		 * of how much space has been logically used).  So it
		 * doesn't matter that the data we are moving may be
		 * allocated twice (on the old device and the new
		 * device).
		 */
		spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG, RW_READER);
		vdev_t *vd =
		    vdev_lookup_top(spa, spa->spa_vdev_removal->svr_vdev_id);
		if (vd->vdev_mg->mg_class == spa_normal_class(spa)) {
			spa->spa_dspace -= spa_deflate(spa) ?
			    vd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace : vd->vdev_stat.vs_space;
		}
		spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG);
	}
}

/*
 * Return the failure mode that has been set to this pool. The default
 * behavior will be to block all I/Os when a complete failure occurs.
 */
uint64_t
spa_get_failmode(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_failmode);
}

boolean_t
spa_suspended(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_suspended != ZIO_SUSPEND_NONE);
}

uint64_t
spa_version(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_ubsync.ub_version);
}

boolean_t
spa_deflate(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_deflate);
}

metaslab_class_t *
spa_normal_class(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_normal_class);
}

metaslab_class_t *
spa_log_class(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_log_class);
}

metaslab_class_t *
spa_embedded_log_class(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_embedded_log_class);
}

metaslab_class_t *
spa_special_class(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_special_class);
}

metaslab_class_t *
spa_dedup_class(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_dedup_class);
}

/*
 * Locate an appropriate allocation class
 */
metaslab_class_t *
spa_preferred_class(spa_t *spa, uint64_t size, dmu_object_type_t objtype,
    uint_t level, uint_t special_smallblk)
{
	/*
	 * ZIL allocations determine their class in zio_alloc_zil().
	 */
	ASSERT(objtype != DMU_OT_INTENT_LOG);

	boolean_t has_special_class = spa->spa_special_class->mc_groups != 0;

	if (DMU_OT_IS_DDT(objtype)) {
		if (spa->spa_dedup_class->mc_groups != 0)
			return (spa_dedup_class(spa));
		else if (has_special_class && zfs_ddt_data_is_special)
			return (spa_special_class(spa));
		else
			return (spa_normal_class(spa));
	}

	/* Indirect blocks for user data can land in special if allowed */
	if (level > 0 && (DMU_OT_IS_FILE(objtype) || objtype == DMU_OT_ZVOL)) {
		if (has_special_class && zfs_user_indirect_is_special)
			return (spa_special_class(spa));
		else
			return (spa_normal_class(spa));
	}

	if (DMU_OT_IS_METADATA(objtype) || level > 0) {
		if (has_special_class)
			return (spa_special_class(spa));
		else
			return (spa_normal_class(spa));
	}

	/*
	 * Allow small file blocks in special class in some cases (like
	 * for the dRAID vdev feature). But always leave a reserve of
	 * zfs_special_class_metadata_reserve_pct exclusively for metadata.
	 */
	if (DMU_OT_IS_FILE(objtype) &&
	    has_special_class && size <= special_smallblk) {
		metaslab_class_t *special = spa_special_class(spa);
		uint64_t alloc = metaslab_class_get_alloc(special);
		uint64_t space = metaslab_class_get_space(special);
		uint64_t limit =
		    (space * (100 - zfs_special_class_metadata_reserve_pct))
		    / 100;

		if (alloc < limit)
			return (special);
	}

	return (spa_normal_class(spa));
}

void
spa_evicting_os_register(spa_t *spa, objset_t *os)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);
	list_insert_head(&spa->spa_evicting_os_list, os);
	mutex_exit(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);
}

void
spa_evicting_os_deregister(spa_t *spa, objset_t *os)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);
	list_remove(&spa->spa_evicting_os_list, os);
	cv_broadcast(&spa->spa_evicting_os_cv);
	mutex_exit(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);
}

void
spa_evicting_os_wait(spa_t *spa)
{
	mutex_enter(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);
	while (!list_is_empty(&spa->spa_evicting_os_list))
		cv_wait(&spa->spa_evicting_os_cv, &spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);
	mutex_exit(&spa->spa_evicting_os_lock);

	dmu_buf_user_evict_wait();
}

int
spa_max_replication(spa_t *spa)
{
	/*
	 * As of SPA_VERSION == SPA_VERSION_DITTO_BLOCKS, we are able to
	 * handle BPs with more than one DVA allocated.  Set our max
	 * replication level accordingly.
	 */
	if (spa_version(spa) < SPA_VERSION_DITTO_BLOCKS)
		return (1);
	return (MIN(SPA_DVAS_PER_BP, spa_max_replication_override));
}

int
spa_prev_software_version(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_prev_software_version);
}

uint64_t
spa_deadman_synctime(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_deadman_synctime);
}

spa_autotrim_t
spa_get_autotrim(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_autotrim);
}

uint64_t
spa_deadman_ziotime(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_deadman_ziotime);
}

uint64_t
spa_get_deadman_failmode(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_deadman_failmode);
}

void
spa_set_deadman_failmode(spa_t *spa, const char *failmode)
{
	if (strcmp(failmode, "wait") == 0)
		spa->spa_deadman_failmode = ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_WAIT;
	else if (strcmp(failmode, "continue") == 0)
		spa->spa_deadman_failmode = ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_CONTINUE;
	else if (strcmp(failmode, "panic") == 0)
		spa->spa_deadman_failmode = ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_PANIC;
	else
		spa->spa_deadman_failmode = ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_WAIT;
}

void
spa_set_deadman_ziotime(hrtime_t ns)
{
	spa_t *spa = NULL;

	if (spa_mode_global != SPA_MODE_UNINIT) {
		mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);
		while ((spa = spa_next(spa)) != NULL)
			spa->spa_deadman_ziotime = ns;
		mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
	}
}

void
spa_set_deadman_synctime(hrtime_t ns)
{
	spa_t *spa = NULL;

	if (spa_mode_global != SPA_MODE_UNINIT) {
		mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);
		while ((spa = spa_next(spa)) != NULL)
			spa->spa_deadman_synctime = ns;
		mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
	}
}

uint64_t
dva_get_dsize_sync(spa_t *spa, const dva_t *dva)
{
	uint64_t asize = DVA_GET_ASIZE(dva);
	uint64_t dsize = asize;

	ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_READER) != 0);

	if (asize != 0 && spa->spa_deflate) {
		vdev_t *vd = vdev_lookup_top(spa, DVA_GET_VDEV(dva));
		if (vd != NULL)
			dsize = (asize >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT) *
			    vd->vdev_deflate_ratio;
	}

	return (dsize);
}

uint64_t
bp_get_dsize_sync(spa_t *spa, const blkptr_t *bp)
{
	uint64_t dsize = 0;

	for (int d = 0; d < BP_GET_NDVAS(bp); d++)
		dsize += dva_get_dsize_sync(spa, &bp->blk_dva[d]);

	return (dsize);
}

uint64_t
bp_get_dsize(spa_t *spa, const blkptr_t *bp)
{
	uint64_t dsize = 0;

	spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG, RW_READER);

	for (int d = 0; d < BP_GET_NDVAS(bp); d++)
		dsize += dva_get_dsize_sync(spa, &bp->blk_dva[d]);

	spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG);

	return (dsize);
}

uint64_t
spa_dirty_data(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_dirty_total);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * SPA Import Progress Routines
 * ==========================================================================
 */

typedef struct spa_import_progress {
	uint64_t		pool_guid;	/* unique id for updates */
	char			*pool_name;
	spa_load_state_t	spa_load_state;
	uint64_t		mmp_sec_remaining;	/* MMP activity check */
	uint64_t		spa_load_max_txg;	/* rewind txg */
	procfs_list_node_t	smh_node;
} spa_import_progress_t;

spa_history_list_t *spa_import_progress_list = NULL;

static int
spa_import_progress_show_header(struct seq_file *f)
{
	seq_printf(f, "%-20s %-14s %-14s %-12s %s\n", "pool_guid",
	    "load_state", "multihost_secs", "max_txg",
	    "pool_name");
	return (0);
}

static int
spa_import_progress_show(struct seq_file *f, void *data)
{
	spa_import_progress_t *sip = (spa_import_progress_t *)data;

	seq_printf(f, "%-20llu %-14llu %-14llu %-12llu %s\n",
	    (u_longlong_t)sip->pool_guid, (u_longlong_t)sip->spa_load_state,
	    (u_longlong_t)sip->mmp_sec_remaining,
	    (u_longlong_t)sip->spa_load_max_txg,
	    (sip->pool_name ? sip->pool_name : "-"));

	return (0);
}

/* Remove oldest elements from list until there are no more than 'size' left */
static void
spa_import_progress_truncate(spa_history_list_t *shl, unsigned int size)
{
	spa_import_progress_t *sip;
	while (shl->size > size) {
		sip = list_remove_head(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list);
		if (sip->pool_name)
			spa_strfree(sip->pool_name);
		kmem_free(sip, sizeof (spa_import_progress_t));
		shl->size--;
	}

	IMPLY(size == 0, list_is_empty(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list));
}

static void
spa_import_progress_init(void)
{
	spa_import_progress_list = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (spa_history_list_t),
	    KM_SLEEP);

	spa_import_progress_list->size = 0;

	spa_import_progress_list->procfs_list.pl_private =
	    spa_import_progress_list;

	procfs_list_install("zfs",
	    NULL,
	    "import_progress",
	    0644,
	    &spa_import_progress_list->procfs_list,
	    spa_import_progress_show,
	    spa_import_progress_show_header,
	    NULL,
	    offsetof(spa_import_progress_t, smh_node));
}

static void
spa_import_progress_destroy(void)
{
	spa_history_list_t *shl = spa_import_progress_list;
	procfs_list_uninstall(&shl->procfs_list);
	spa_import_progress_truncate(shl, 0);
	procfs_list_destroy(&shl->procfs_list);
	kmem_free(shl, sizeof (spa_history_list_t));
}

int
spa_import_progress_set_state(uint64_t pool_guid,
    spa_load_state_t load_state)
{
	spa_history_list_t *shl = spa_import_progress_list;
	spa_import_progress_t *sip;
	int error = ENOENT;

	if (shl->size == 0)
		return (0);

	mutex_enter(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);
	for (sip = list_tail(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list); sip != NULL;
	    sip = list_prev(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list, sip)) {
		if (sip->pool_guid == pool_guid) {
			sip->spa_load_state = load_state;
			error = 0;
			break;
		}
	}
	mutex_exit(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);

	return (error);
}

int
spa_import_progress_set_max_txg(uint64_t pool_guid, uint64_t load_max_txg)
{
	spa_history_list_t *shl = spa_import_progress_list;
	spa_import_progress_t *sip;
	int error = ENOENT;

	if (shl->size == 0)
		return (0);

	mutex_enter(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);
	for (sip = list_tail(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list); sip != NULL;
	    sip = list_prev(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list, sip)) {
		if (sip->pool_guid == pool_guid) {
			sip->spa_load_max_txg = load_max_txg;
			error = 0;
			break;
		}
	}
	mutex_exit(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);

	return (error);
}

int
spa_import_progress_set_mmp_check(uint64_t pool_guid,
    uint64_t mmp_sec_remaining)
{
	spa_history_list_t *shl = spa_import_progress_list;
	spa_import_progress_t *sip;
	int error = ENOENT;

	if (shl->size == 0)
		return (0);

	mutex_enter(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);
	for (sip = list_tail(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list); sip != NULL;
	    sip = list_prev(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list, sip)) {
		if (sip->pool_guid == pool_guid) {
			sip->mmp_sec_remaining = mmp_sec_remaining;
			error = 0;
			break;
		}
	}
	mutex_exit(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);

	return (error);
}

/*
 * A new import is in progress, add an entry.
 */
void
spa_import_progress_add(spa_t *spa)
{
	spa_history_list_t *shl = spa_import_progress_list;
	spa_import_progress_t *sip;
	char *poolname = NULL;

	sip = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (spa_import_progress_t), KM_SLEEP);
	sip->pool_guid = spa_guid(spa);

	(void) nvlist_lookup_string(spa->spa_config, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_NAME,
	    &poolname);
	if (poolname == NULL)
		poolname = spa_name(spa);
	sip->pool_name = spa_strdup(poolname);
	sip->spa_load_state = spa_load_state(spa);

	mutex_enter(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);
	procfs_list_add(&shl->procfs_list, sip);
	shl->size++;
	mutex_exit(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);
}

void
spa_import_progress_remove(uint64_t pool_guid)
{
	spa_history_list_t *shl = spa_import_progress_list;
	spa_import_progress_t *sip;

	mutex_enter(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);
	for (sip = list_tail(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list); sip != NULL;
	    sip = list_prev(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list, sip)) {
		if (sip->pool_guid == pool_guid) {
			if (sip->pool_name)
				spa_strfree(sip->pool_name);
			list_remove(&shl->procfs_list.pl_list, sip);
			shl->size--;
			kmem_free(sip, sizeof (spa_import_progress_t));
			break;
		}
	}
	mutex_exit(&shl->procfs_list.pl_lock);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * Initialization and Termination
 * ==========================================================================
 */

static int
spa_name_compare(const void *a1, const void *a2)
{
	const spa_t *s1 = a1;
	const spa_t *s2 = a2;
	int s;

	s = strcmp(s1->spa_name, s2->spa_name);

	return (TREE_ISIGN(s));
}

void
spa_boot_init(void)
{
	spa_config_load();
}

void
spa_init(spa_mode_t mode)
{
	mutex_init(&spa_namespace_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa_spare_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	mutex_init(&spa_l2cache_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
	cv_init(&spa_namespace_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);

	avl_create(&spa_namespace_avl, spa_name_compare, sizeof (spa_t),
	    offsetof(spa_t, spa_avl));

	avl_create(&spa_spare_avl, spa_spare_compare, sizeof (spa_aux_t),
	    offsetof(spa_aux_t, aux_avl));

	avl_create(&spa_l2cache_avl, spa_l2cache_compare, sizeof (spa_aux_t),
	    offsetof(spa_aux_t, aux_avl));

	spa_mode_global = mode;

#ifndef _KERNEL
	if (spa_mode_global != SPA_MODE_READ && dprintf_find_string("watch")) {
		struct sigaction sa;

		sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
		sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
		sa.sa_sigaction = arc_buf_sigsegv;

		if (sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL) == -1) {
			perror("could not enable watchpoints: "
			    "sigaction(SIGSEGV, ...) = ");
		} else {
			arc_watch = B_TRUE;
		}
	}
#endif

	fm_init();
	zfs_refcount_init();
	unique_init();
	zfs_btree_init();
	metaslab_stat_init();
	ddt_init();
	zio_init();
	dmu_init();
	zil_init();
	vdev_cache_stat_init();
	vdev_mirror_stat_init();
	vdev_raidz_math_init();
	vdev_file_init();
	zfs_prop_init();
	zpool_prop_init();
	zpool_feature_init();
	spa_config_load();
	l2arc_start();
	scan_init();
	qat_init();
	spa_import_progress_init();
}

void
spa_fini(void)
{
	l2arc_stop();

	spa_evict_all();

	vdev_file_fini();
	vdev_cache_stat_fini();
	vdev_mirror_stat_fini();
	vdev_raidz_math_fini();
	zil_fini();
	dmu_fini();
	zio_fini();
	ddt_fini();
	metaslab_stat_fini();
	zfs_btree_fini();
	unique_fini();
	zfs_refcount_fini();
	fm_fini();
	scan_fini();
	qat_fini();
	spa_import_progress_destroy();

	avl_destroy(&spa_namespace_avl);
	avl_destroy(&spa_spare_avl);
	avl_destroy(&spa_l2cache_avl);

	cv_destroy(&spa_namespace_cv);
	mutex_destroy(&spa_namespace_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa_spare_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&spa_l2cache_lock);
}

/*
 * Return whether this pool has a dedicated slog device. No locking needed.
 * It's not a problem if the wrong answer is returned as it's only for
 * performance and not correctness.
 */
boolean_t
spa_has_slogs(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_log_class->mc_groups != 0);
}

spa_log_state_t
spa_get_log_state(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_log_state);
}

void
spa_set_log_state(spa_t *spa, spa_log_state_t state)
{
	spa->spa_log_state = state;
}

boolean_t
spa_is_root(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_is_root);
}

boolean_t
spa_writeable(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (!!(spa->spa_mode & SPA_MODE_WRITE) && spa->spa_trust_config);
}

/*
 * Returns true if there is a pending sync task in any of the current
 * syncing txg, the current quiescing txg, or the current open txg.
 */
boolean_t
spa_has_pending_synctask(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (!txg_all_lists_empty(&spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_sync_tasks) ||
	    !txg_all_lists_empty(&spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_early_sync_tasks));
}

spa_mode_t
spa_mode(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_mode);
}

uint64_t
spa_bootfs(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_bootfs);
}

uint64_t
spa_delegation(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_delegation);
}

objset_t *
spa_meta_objset(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_meta_objset);
}

enum zio_checksum
spa_dedup_checksum(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_dedup_checksum);
}

/*
 * Reset pool scan stat per scan pass (or reboot).
 */
void
spa_scan_stat_init(spa_t *spa)
{
	/* data not stored on disk */
	spa->spa_scan_pass_start = gethrestime_sec();
	if (dsl_scan_is_paused_scrub(spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_scan))
		spa->spa_scan_pass_scrub_pause = spa->spa_scan_pass_start;
	else
		spa->spa_scan_pass_scrub_pause = 0;
	spa->spa_scan_pass_scrub_spent_paused = 0;
	spa->spa_scan_pass_exam = 0;
	spa->spa_scan_pass_issued = 0;
	vdev_scan_stat_init(spa->spa_root_vdev);
}

/*
 * Get scan stats for zpool status reports
 */
int
spa_scan_get_stats(spa_t *spa, pool_scan_stat_t *ps)
{
	dsl_scan_t *scn = spa->spa_dsl_pool ? spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_scan : NULL;

	if (scn == NULL || scn->scn_phys.scn_func == POOL_SCAN_NONE)
		return (SET_ERROR(ENOENT));
	bzero(ps, sizeof (pool_scan_stat_t));

	/* data stored on disk */
	ps->pss_func = scn->scn_phys.scn_func;
	ps->pss_state = scn->scn_phys.scn_state;
	ps->pss_start_time = scn->scn_phys.scn_start_time;
	ps->pss_end_time = scn->scn_phys.scn_end_time;
	ps->pss_to_examine = scn->scn_phys.scn_to_examine;
	ps->pss_examined = scn->scn_phys.scn_examined;
	ps->pss_to_process = scn->scn_phys.scn_to_process;
	ps->pss_processed = scn->scn_phys.scn_processed;
	ps->pss_errors = scn->scn_phys.scn_errors;

	/* data not stored on disk */
	ps->pss_pass_exam = spa->spa_scan_pass_exam;
	ps->pss_pass_start = spa->spa_scan_pass_start;
	ps->pss_pass_scrub_pause = spa->spa_scan_pass_scrub_pause;
	ps->pss_pass_scrub_spent_paused = spa->spa_scan_pass_scrub_spent_paused;
	ps->pss_pass_issued = spa->spa_scan_pass_issued;
	ps->pss_issued =
	    scn->scn_issued_before_pass + spa->spa_scan_pass_issued;

	return (0);
}

int
spa_maxblocksize(spa_t *spa)
{
	if (spa_feature_is_enabled(spa, SPA_FEATURE_LARGE_BLOCKS))
		return (SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE);
	else
		return (SPA_OLD_MAXBLOCKSIZE);
}


/*
 * Returns the txg that the last device removal completed. No indirect mappings
 * have been added since this txg.
 */
uint64_t
spa_get_last_removal_txg(spa_t *spa)
{
	uint64_t vdevid;
	uint64_t ret = -1ULL;

	spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG, RW_READER);
	/*
	 * sr_prev_indirect_vdev is only modified while holding all the
	 * config locks, so it is sufficient to hold SCL_VDEV as reader when
	 * examining it.
	 */
	vdevid = spa->spa_removing_phys.sr_prev_indirect_vdev;

	while (vdevid != -1ULL) {
		vdev_t *vd = vdev_lookup_top(spa, vdevid);
		vdev_indirect_births_t *vib = vd->vdev_indirect_births;

		ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_ops, ==, &vdev_indirect_ops);

		/*
		 * If the removal did not remap any data, we don't care.
		 */
		if (vdev_indirect_births_count(vib) != 0) {
			ret = vdev_indirect_births_last_entry_txg(vib);
			break;
		}

		vdevid = vd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_prev_indirect_vdev;
	}
	spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG);

	IMPLY(ret != -1ULL,
	    spa_feature_is_active(spa, SPA_FEATURE_DEVICE_REMOVAL));

	return (ret);
}

int
spa_maxdnodesize(spa_t *spa)
{
	if (spa_feature_is_enabled(spa, SPA_FEATURE_LARGE_DNODE))
		return (DNODE_MAX_SIZE);
	else
		return (DNODE_MIN_SIZE);
}

boolean_t
spa_multihost(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_multihost ? B_TRUE : B_FALSE);
}

uint32_t
spa_get_hostid(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_hostid);
}

boolean_t
spa_trust_config(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_trust_config);
}

uint64_t
spa_missing_tvds_allowed(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_missing_tvds_allowed);
}

space_map_t *
spa_syncing_log_sm(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_syncing_log_sm);
}

void
spa_set_missing_tvds(spa_t *spa, uint64_t missing)
{
	spa->spa_missing_tvds = missing;
}

/*
 * Return the pool state string ("ONLINE", "DEGRADED", "SUSPENDED", etc).
 */
const char *
spa_state_to_name(spa_t *spa)
{
	ASSERT3P(spa, !=, NULL);

	/*
	 * it is possible for the spa to exist, without root vdev
	 * as the spa transitions during import/export
	 */
	vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
	if (rvd == NULL) {
		return ("TRANSITIONING");
	}
	vdev_state_t state = rvd->vdev_state;
	vdev_aux_t aux = rvd->vdev_stat.vs_aux;

	if (spa_suspended(spa) &&
	    (spa_get_failmode(spa) != ZIO_FAILURE_MODE_CONTINUE))
		return ("SUSPENDED");

	switch (state) {
	case VDEV_STATE_CLOSED:
	case VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE:
		return ("OFFLINE");
	case VDEV_STATE_REMOVED:
		return ("REMOVED");
	case VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN:
		if (aux == VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA || aux == VDEV_AUX_BAD_LOG)
			return ("FAULTED");
		else if (aux == VDEV_AUX_SPLIT_POOL)
			return ("SPLIT");
		else
			return ("UNAVAIL");
	case VDEV_STATE_FAULTED:
		return ("FAULTED");
	case VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED:
		return ("DEGRADED");
	case VDEV_STATE_HEALTHY:
		return ("ONLINE");
	default:
		break;
	}

	return ("UNKNOWN");
}

boolean_t
spa_top_vdevs_spacemap_addressable(spa_t *spa)
{
	vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
	for (uint64_t c = 0; c < rvd->vdev_children; c++) {
		if (!vdev_is_spacemap_addressable(rvd->vdev_child[c]))
			return (B_FALSE);
	}
	return (B_TRUE);
}

boolean_t
spa_has_checkpoint(spa_t *spa)
{
	return (spa->spa_checkpoint_txg != 0);
}

boolean_t
spa_importing_readonly_checkpoint(spa_t *spa)
{
	return ((spa->spa_import_flags & ZFS_IMPORT_CHECKPOINT) &&
	    spa->spa_mode == SPA_MODE_READ);
}

uint64_t
spa_min_claim_txg(spa_t *spa)
{
	uint64_t checkpoint_txg = spa->spa_uberblock.ub_checkpoint_txg;

	if (checkpoint_txg != 0)
		return (checkpoint_txg + 1);

	return (spa->spa_first_txg);
}

/*
 * If there is a checkpoint, async destroys may consume more space from
 * the pool instead of freeing it. In an attempt to save the pool from
 * getting suspended when it is about to run out of space, we stop
 * processing async destroys.
 */
boolean_t
spa_suspend_async_destroy(spa_t *spa)
{
	dsl_pool_t *dp = spa_get_dsl(spa);

	uint64_t unreserved = dsl_pool_unreserved_space(dp,
	    ZFS_SPACE_CHECK_EXTRA_RESERVED);
	uint64_t used = dsl_dir_phys(dp->dp_root_dir)->dd_used_bytes;
	uint64_t avail = (unreserved > used) ? (unreserved - used) : 0;

	if (spa_has_checkpoint(spa) && avail == 0)
		return (B_TRUE);

	return (B_FALSE);
}

#if defined(_KERNEL)

int
param_set_deadman_failmode_common(const char *val)
{
	spa_t *spa = NULL;
	char *p;

	if (val == NULL)
		return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));

	if ((p = strchr(val, '\n')) != NULL)
		*p = '\0';

	if (strcmp(val, "wait") != 0 && strcmp(val, "continue") != 0 &&
	    strcmp(val, "panic"))
		return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));

	if (spa_mode_global != SPA_MODE_UNINIT) {
		mutex_enter(&spa_namespace_lock);
		while ((spa = spa_next(spa)) != NULL)
			spa_set_deadman_failmode(spa, val);
		mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
	}

	return (0);
}
#endif

/* Namespace manipulation */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_lookup);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_add);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_remove);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_next);

/* Refcount functions */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_open_ref);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_close);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_refcount_zero);

/* Pool configuration lock */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_config_tryenter);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_config_enter);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_config_exit);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_config_held);

/* Pool vdev add/remove lock */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_vdev_enter);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_vdev_exit);

/* Pool vdev state change lock */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_vdev_state_enter);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_vdev_state_exit);

/* Accessor functions */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_shutting_down);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_get_dsl);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_get_rootblkptr);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_set_rootblkptr);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_altroot);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_sync_pass);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_name);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_guid);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_last_synced_txg);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_first_txg);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_syncing_txg);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_version);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_state);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_load_state);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_freeze_txg);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_get_dspace);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_update_dspace);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_deflate);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_normal_class);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_log_class);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_special_class);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_preferred_class);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_max_replication);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_prev_software_version);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_get_failmode);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_suspended);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_bootfs);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_delegation);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_meta_objset);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_maxblocksize);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_maxdnodesize);

/* Miscellaneous support routines */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_guid_exists);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_strdup);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_strfree);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_generate_guid);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(snprintf_blkptr);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_freeze);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_upgrade);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_evict_all);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_lookup_by_guid);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_has_spare);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dva_get_dsize_sync);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bp_get_dsize_sync);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bp_get_dsize);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_has_slogs);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_is_root);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_writeable);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_mode);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_namespace_lock);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_trust_config);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_missing_tvds_allowed);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_set_missing_tvds);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_state_to_name);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_importing_readonly_checkpoint);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_min_claim_txg);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_suspend_async_destroy);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_has_checkpoint);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_top_vdevs_spacemap_addressable);

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs, zfs_, flags, UINT, ZMOD_RW,
	"Set additional debugging flags");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs, zfs_, recover, INT, ZMOD_RW,
	"Set to attempt to recover from fatal errors");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs, zfs_, free_leak_on_eio, INT, ZMOD_RW,
	"Set to ignore IO errors during free and permanently leak the space");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs_deadman, zfs_deadman_, checktime_ms, ULONG, ZMOD_RW,
	"Dead I/O check interval in milliseconds");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs_deadman, zfs_deadman_, enabled, INT, ZMOD_RW,
	"Enable deadman timer");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs_spa, spa_, asize_inflation, INT, ZMOD_RW,
	"SPA size estimate multiplication factor");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs, zfs_, ddt_data_is_special, INT, ZMOD_RW,
	"Place DDT data into the special class");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs, zfs_, user_indirect_is_special, INT, ZMOD_RW,
	"Place user data indirect blocks into the special class");

/* BEGIN CSTYLED */
ZFS_MODULE_PARAM_CALL(zfs_deadman, zfs_deadman_, failmode,
	param_set_deadman_failmode, param_get_charp, ZMOD_RW,
	"Failmode for deadman timer");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM_CALL(zfs_deadman, zfs_deadman_, synctime_ms,
	param_set_deadman_synctime, param_get_ulong, ZMOD_RW,
	"Pool sync expiration time in milliseconds");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM_CALL(zfs_deadman, zfs_deadman_, ziotime_ms,
	param_set_deadman_ziotime, param_get_ulong, ZMOD_RW,
	"IO expiration time in milliseconds");

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM(zfs, zfs_, special_class_metadata_reserve_pct, INT, ZMOD_RW,
	"Small file blocks in special vdevs depends on this much "
	"free space available");
/* END CSTYLED */

ZFS_MODULE_PARAM_CALL(zfs_spa, spa_, slop_shift, param_set_slop_shift,
	param_get_int, ZMOD_RW, "Reserved free space in pool");