1.\" Copyright (c) Michael Smith 2.\" All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $FreeBSD$ 26.\" 27.Dd February 1, 2018 28.Dt LIBSTAND 3 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm libstand 32.Nd support library for standalone executables 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.In stand.h 35.Sh DESCRIPTION 36The 37.Nm 38library provides a set of supporting functions for standalone 39applications, mimicking where possible the standard 40.Bx 41programming 42environment. 43The following sections group these functions by kind. 44Unless specifically described here, see the corresponding section 3 45manpages for the given functions. 46.Sh STRING FUNCTIONS 47String functions are available as documented in 48.Xr string 3 49and 50.Xr bstring 3 . 51.Sh MEMORY ALLOCATION 52.Bl -hang -width 10n 53.It Xo 54.Ft "void *" 55.Fn malloc "size_t size" 56.Xc 57.Pp 58Allocate 59.Fa size 60bytes of memory from the heap using a best-fit algorithm. 61.It Xo 62.Ft void 63.Fn free "void *ptr" 64.Xc 65.Pp 66Free the allocated object at 67.Fa ptr . 68.It Xo 69.Ft void 70.Fn setheap "void *start" "void *limit" 71.Xc 72.Pp 73Initialise the heap. 74This function must be called before calling 75.Fn alloc 76for the first time. 77The region between 78.Fa start 79and 80.Fa limit 81will be used for the heap; attempting to allocate beyond this will result 82in a panic. 83.It Xo 84.Ft "char *" 85.Fn sbrk "int junk" 86.Xc 87.Pp 88Provides the behaviour of 89.Fn sbrk 0 , 90i.e., returns the highest point that the heap has reached. 91This value can 92be used during testing to determine the actual heap usage. 93The 94.Fa junk 95argument is ignored. 96.El 97.Sh ENVIRONMENT 98A set of functions are provided for manipulating a flat variable space similar 99to the traditional shell-supported environment. 100Major enhancements are support 101for set/unset hook functions. 102.Bl -hang -width 10n 103.It Xo 104.Ft "char *" 105.Fn getenv "const char *name" 106.Xc 107.It Xo 108.Ft int 109.Fn setenv "const char *name" "const char *value" "int overwrite" 110.Xc 111.It Xo 112.Ft int 113.Fn putenv "char *string" 114.Xc 115.It Xo 116.Ft int 117.Fn unsetenv "const char *name" 118.Xc 119.Pp 120These functions behave similarly to their standard library counterparts. 121.It Xo 122.Ft "struct env_var *" 123.Fn env_getenv "const char *name" 124.Xc 125.Pp 126Looks up a variable in the environment and returns its entire 127data structure. 128.It Xo 129.Ft int 130.Fn env_setenv "const char *name" "int flags" "const void *value" "ev_sethook_t sethook" "ev_unsethook_t unsethook" 131.Xc 132.Pp 133Creates a new or sets an existing environment variable called 134.Fa name . 135If creating a new variable, the 136.Fa sethook 137and 138.Fa unsethook 139arguments may be specified. 140.Pp 141The set hook is invoked whenever an attempt 142is made to set the variable, unless the EV_NOHOOK flag is set. 143Typically 144a set hook will validate the 145.Fa value 146argument, and then call 147.Fn env_setenv 148again with EV_NOHOOK set to actually save the value. 149The predefined function 150.Fn env_noset 151may be specified to refuse all attempts to set a variable. 152.Pp 153The unset hook is invoked when an attempt is made to unset a variable. 154If it 155returns zero, the variable will be unset. 156The predefined function 157.Fa env_nounset 158may be used to prevent a variable being unset. 159.El 160.Sh STANDARD LIBRARY SUPPORT 161.Bl -hang -width 10n 162.It Xo 163.Ft int 164.Fn abs "int i" 165.Xc 166.It Xo 167.Ft int 168.Fn getopt "int argc" "char * const *argv" "const char *optstring" 169.Xc 170.It Xo 171.Ft long 172.Fn strtol "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base" 173.Xc 174.It Xo 175.Ft long long 176.Fn strtoll "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base" 177.Xc 178.It Xo 179.Ft long 180.Fn strtoul "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base" 181.Xc 182.It Xo 183.Ft long long 184.Fn strtoull "const char *nptr" "char **endptr" "int base" 185.Xc 186.It Xo 187.Ft void 188.Fn srandom "unsigned int seed" 189.Xc 190.It Xo 191.Ft "long" 192.Fn random void 193.Xc 194.It Xo 195.Ft "char *" 196.Fn strerror "int error" 197.Xc 198.Pp 199Returns error messages for the subset of errno values supported by 200.Nm . 201.It Fn assert expression 202.Pp 203Requires 204.In assert.h . 205.It Xo 206.Ft int 207.Fn setjmp "jmp_buf env" 208.Xc 209.It Xo 210.Ft void 211.Fn longjmp "jmp_buf env" "int val" 212.Xc 213.Pp 214Defined as 215.Fn _setjmp 216and 217.Fn _longjmp 218respectively as there is no signal state to manipulate. 219Requires 220.In setjmp.h . 221.El 222.Sh CHARACTER I/O 223.Bl -hang -width 10n 224.It Xo 225.Ft void 226.Fn gets "char *buf" 227.Xc 228.Pp 229Read characters from the console into 230.Fa buf . 231All of the standard cautions apply to this function. 232.It Xo 233.Ft void 234.Fn ngets "char *buf" "int size" 235.Xc 236.Pp 237Read at most 238.Fa size 239- 1 characters from the console into 240.Fa buf . 241If 242.Fa size 243is less than 1, the function's behaviour is as for 244.Fn gets . 245.It Xo 246.Ft int 247.Fn fgetstr "char *buf" "int size" "int fd" 248.Xc 249.Pp 250Read a line of at most 251.Fa size 252characters into 253.Fa buf . 254Line terminating characters are stripped, and the buffer is always 255.Dv NUL 256terminated. 257Returns the number of characters in 258.Fa buf 259if successful, or -1 if a read error occurs. 260.It Xo 261.Ft int 262.Fn printf "const char *fmt" "..." 263.Xc 264.It Xo 265.Ft void 266.Fn vprintf "const char *fmt" "va_list ap" 267.Xc 268.It Xo 269.Ft int 270.Fn sprintf "char *buf" "const char *fmt" "..." 271.Xc 272.It Xo 273.Ft void 274.Fn vsprintf "char *buf" "const char *fmt" "va_list ap" 275.Xc 276.Pp 277The *printf functions implement a subset of the standard 278.Fn printf 279family functionality and some extensions. 280The following standard conversions 281are supported: c,d,n,o,p,s,u,x. 282The following modifiers are supported: 283+,-,#,*,0,field width,precision,l. 284.Pp 285The 286.Li b 287conversion is provided to decode error registers. 288Its usage is: 289.Bd -ragged -offset indent 290printf( 291.Qq reg=%b\en , 292regval, 293.Qq <base><arg>* 294); 295.Ed 296.Pp 297where <base> is the output expressed as a control character, e.g.\& \e10 gives 298octal, \e20 gives hex. 299Each <arg> is a sequence of characters, the first of 300which gives the bit number to be inspected (origin 1) and the next characters 301(up to a character less than 32) give the text to be displayed if the bit is set. 302Thus 303.Bd -ragged -offset indent 304printf( 305.Qq reg=%b\en , 3063, 307.Qq \e10\e2BITTWO\e1BITONE 308); 309.Ed 310.Pp 311would give the output 312.Bd -ragged -offset indent 313reg=3<BITTWO,BITONE> 314.Ed 315.Pp 316The 317.Li D 318conversion provides a hexdump facility, e.g. 319.Bd -ragged -offset indent 320printf( 321.Qq %6D , 322ptr, 323.Qq \&: 324); gives 325.Qq XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX 326.Ed 327.Bd -ragged -offset indent 328printf( 329.Qq %*D , 330len, 331ptr, 332.Qq "\ " 333); gives 334.Qq XX XX XX ... 335.Ed 336.El 337.Sh CHARACTER TESTS AND CONVERSIONS 338.Bl -hang -width 10n 339.It Xo 340.Ft int 341.Fn isupper "int c" 342.Xc 343.It Xo 344.Ft int 345.Fn islower "int c" 346.Xc 347.It Xo 348.Ft int 349.Fn isspace "int c" 350.Xc 351.It Xo 352.Ft int 353.Fn isdigit "int c" 354.Xc 355.It Xo 356.Ft int 357.Fn isxdigit "int c" 358.Xc 359.It Xo 360.Ft int 361.Fn isascii "int c" 362.Xc 363.It Xo 364.Ft int 365.Fn isalpha "int c" 366.Xc 367.It Xo 368.Ft int 369.Fn isalnum "int c" 370.Xc 371.It Xo 372.Ft int 373.Fn iscntrl "int c" 374.Xc 375.It Xo 376.Ft int 377.Fn isgraph "int c" 378.Xc 379.It Xo 380.Ft int 381.Fn ispunct "int c" 382.Xc 383.It Xo 384.Ft int 385.Fn toupper "int c" 386.Xc 387.It Xo 388.Ft int 389.Fn tolower "int c" 390.Xc 391.El 392.Sh FILE I/O 393.Bl -hang -width 10n 394.It Xo 395.Ft int 396.Fn open "const char *path" "int flags" 397.Xc 398.Pp 399Similar to the behaviour as specified in 400.Xr open 2 , 401except that file creation is not supported, so the mode parameter is not 402required. 403The 404.Fa flags 405argument may be one of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY and O_RDWR (although no file systems 406currently support writing). 407.It Xo 408.Ft int 409.Fn close "int fd" 410.Xc 411.It Xo 412.Ft void 413.Fn closeall void 414.Xc 415.Pp 416Close all open files. 417.It Xo 418.Ft ssize_t 419.Fn read "int fd" "void *buf" "size_t len" 420.Xc 421.It Xo 422.Ft ssize_t 423.Fn write "int fd" "void *buf" "size_t len" 424.Xc 425.Pp 426(No file systems currently support writing.) 427.It Xo 428.Ft off_t 429.Fn lseek "int fd" "off_t offset" "int whence" 430.Xc 431.Pp 432Files being automatically uncompressed during reading cannot seek backwards 433from the current point. 434.It Xo 435.Ft int 436.Fn stat "const char *path" "struct stat *sb" 437.Xc 438.It Xo 439.Ft int 440.Fn fstat "int fd" "struct stat *sb" 441.Xc 442.Pp 443The 444.Fn stat 445and 446.Fn fstat 447functions only fill out the following fields in the 448.Fa sb 449structure: st_mode,st_nlink,st_uid,st_gid,st_size. 450The 451.Nm tftp 452file system cannot provide meaningful values for this call, and the 453.Nm cd9660 454file system always reports files having uid/gid of zero. 455.El 456.Sh PAGER 457The 458.Nm 459library supplies a simple internal pager to ease reading the output of large 460commands. 461.Bl -hang -width 10n 462.It Xo 463.Ft void 464.Fn pager_open 465.Xc 466.Pp 467Initialises the pager and tells it that the next line output will be the top of the 468display. 469The environment variable LINES is consulted to determine the number of 470lines to be displayed before pausing. 471.It Xo 472.Ft void 473.Fn pager_close void 474.Xc 475.Pp 476Closes the pager. 477.It Xo 478.Ft int 479.Fn pager_output "const char *lines" 480.Xc 481.Pp 482Sends the lines in the 483.Dv NUL Ns 484-terminated buffer at 485.Fa lines 486to the pager. 487Newline characters are counted in order to determine the number 488of lines being output (wrapped lines are not accounted for). 489The 490.Fn pager_output 491function will return zero when all of the lines have been output, or nonzero 492if the display was paused and the user elected to quit. 493.It Xo 494.Ft int 495.Fn pager_file "const char *fname" 496.Xc 497.Pp 498Attempts to open and display the file 499.Fa fname . 500Returns -1 on error, 0 at EOF, or 1 if the user elects to quit while reading. 501.El 502.Sh MISC 503.Bl -hang -width 10n 504.It Xo 505.Ft void 506.Fn twiddle void 507.Xc 508.Pp 509Successive calls emit the characters in the sequence |,/,-,\\ followed by a 510backspace in order to provide reassurance to the user. 511.El 512.Sh REQUIRED LOW-LEVEL SUPPORT 513The following resources are consumed by 514.Nm 515- stack, heap, console and devices. 516.Pp 517The stack must be established before 518.Nm 519functions can be invoked. 520Stack requirements vary depending on the functions 521and file systems used by the consumer and the support layer functions detailed 522below. 523.Pp 524The heap must be established before calling 525.Fn alloc 526or 527.Fn open 528by calling 529.Fn setheap . 530Heap usage will vary depending on the number of simultaneously open files, 531as well as client behaviour. 532Automatic decompression will allocate more 533than 64K of data per open file. 534.Pp 535Console access is performed via the 536.Fn getchar , 537.Fn putchar 538and 539.Fn ischar 540functions detailed below. 541.Pp 542Device access is initiated via 543.Fn devopen 544and is performed through the 545.Fn dv_strategy , 546.Fn dv_ioctl 547and 548.Fn dv_close 549functions in the device switch structure that 550.Fn devopen 551returns. 552.Pp 553The consumer must provide the following support functions: 554.Bl -hang -width 10n 555.It Xo 556.Ft int 557.Fn getchar void 558.Xc 559.Pp 560Return a character from the console, used by 561.Fn gets , 562.Fn ngets 563and pager functions. 564.It Xo 565.Ft int 566.Fn ischar void 567.Xc 568.Pp 569Returns nonzero if a character is waiting from the console. 570.It Xo 571.Ft void 572.Fn putchar int 573.Xc 574.Pp 575Write a character to the console, used by 576.Fn gets , 577.Fn ngets , 578.Fn *printf , 579.Fn panic 580and 581.Fn twiddle 582and thus by many other functions for debugging and informational output. 583.It Xo 584.Ft int 585.Fn devopen "struct open_file *of" "const char *name" "const char **file" 586.Xc 587.Pp 588Open the appropriate device for the file named in 589.Fa name , 590returning in 591.Fa file 592a pointer to the remaining body of 593.Fa name 594which does not refer to the device. 595The 596.Va f_dev 597field in 598.Fa of 599will be set to point to the 600.Vt devsw 601structure for the opened device if successful. 602Device identifiers must 603always precede the path component, but may otherwise be arbitrarily formatted. 604Used by 605.Fn open 606and thus for all device-related I/O. 607.It Xo 608.Ft int 609.Fn devclose "struct open_file *of" 610.Xc 611.Pp 612Close the device allocated for 613.Fa of . 614The device driver itself will already have been called for the close; this call 615should clean up any allocation made by devopen only. 616.It Xo 617.Ft void 618.Fn abort 619.Xc 620.Pp 621Calls 622.Fn panic 623with a fixed string. 624.It Xo 625.Ft void 626.Fn panic "const char *msg" "..." 627.Xc 628.Pp 629Signal a fatal and unrecoverable error condition. 630The 631.Fa msg ... 632arguments are as for 633.Fn printf . 634.El 635.Sh INTERNAL FILE SYSTEMS 636Internal file systems are enabled by the consumer exporting the array 637.Vt struct fs_ops *file_system[] , 638which should be initialised with pointers 639to 640.Vt struct fs_ops 641structures. 642The following file system handlers are supplied by 643.Nm , 644the consumer may supply other file systems of their own: 645.Bl -hang -width ".Va cd9660_fsops" 646.It Va ufs_fsops 647The 648.Bx 649UFS. 650.It Va ext2fs_fsops 651Linux ext2fs file system. 652.It Va tftp_fsops 653File access via TFTP. 654.It Va nfs_fsops 655File access via NFS. 656.It Va cd9660_fsops 657ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) file system. 658.It Va gzipfs_fsops 659Stacked file system supporting gzipped files. 660When trying the gzipfs file system, 661.Nm 662appends 663.Li .gz 664to the end of the filename, and then tries to locate the file using the other 665file systems. 666Placement of this file system in the 667.Va file_system[] 668array determines whether gzipped files will be opened in preference to non-gzipped 669files. 670It is only possible to seek a gzipped file forwards, and 671.Fn stat 672and 673.Fn fstat 674on gzipped files will report an invalid length. 675.It Va bzipfs_fsops 676The same as 677.Va gzipfs_fsops , 678but for 679.Xr bzip2 1 Ns -compressed 680files. 681.El 682.Pp 683The array of 684.Vt struct fs_ops 685pointers should be terminated with a NULL. 686.Sh DEVICES 687Devices are exported by the supporting code via the array 688.Vt struct devsw *devsw[] 689which is a NULL terminated array of pointers to device switch structures. 690.Sh HISTORY 691The 692.Nm 693library contains contributions from many sources, including: 694.Bl -bullet -compact 695.It 696.Nm libsa 697from 698.Nx 699.It 700.Nm libc 701and 702.Nm libkern 703from 704.Fx 3.0 . 705.It 706.Nm zalloc 707from 708.An Matthew Dillon Aq Mt dillon@backplane.com 709.El 710.Pp 711The reorganisation and port to 712.Fx 3.0 , 713the environment functions and this manpage were written by 714.An Mike Smith Aq Mt msmith@FreeBSD.org . 715.Sh BUGS 716The lack of detailed memory usage data is unhelpful. 717