1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $Id: hier.7,v 1.12 1997/03/08 15:54:56 wosch Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /dev/ 49block and character device files 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 52.It Li MAKEDEV 53script for creating device files; 54see 55.Xr MAKEDEV 8 56.It Li fd/ 57file descriptor files; 58see 59.Xr \&fd 4 60.El 61.It Li /etc/ 62system configuration files and scripts 63.Pp 64.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 65.It Li gnats/ 66gnats configuration files; 67see 68.Xr send-pr 1 69.It Li kerberosIV/ 70configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 71see 72.Xr kerberos 1 73.It Li localtime 74local timezone information; 75see 76.Xr ctime 3 77.It Li mtree/ 78mtree configuration files; 79see 80.Xr mtree 8 81.It Li namedb/ 82named configuration files; 83see 84.Xr named 8 85.It Li ppp/ 86.Xr ppp 8 87ppp configuration files; 88see 89.Xr ppp 8 90.It Li skel/ 91local example . (dot) files for new accounts; 92see 93.Xr adduser 8 94.It Li uucp/ 95uucp configuration files; 96see 97.Xr uucp 1 98.El 99.It Li /kernel 100pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 101at boot time). 102.It Li /lkm/ 103loadable kernel modules; 104see 105.Xr lkm 4 106.It Li /mnt/ 107empty directory commonly used by 108system administrators as a temporary mount point 109.It Li /proc/ 110process file system; 111see 112.Xr procfs 5 , 113.Xr mount_procfs 8 114.It Li /root 115root's HOME directory 116.It Li /sbin/ 117system programs and administration utilities 118fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 119.It Li /stand/ 120programs used in a standalone environment 121.It Li /tmp/ 122temporary files, usually a 123.Xr mfs 8 124memory-based filesystem (the contents 125of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 126.It Li /usr/ 127contains the majority of user utilities and applications 128.Pp 129.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 130.It Li bin/ 131common utilities, programming tools, and applications 132.It Li games/ 133useful and semi-frivolous programs 134.It Li include/ 135standard C include files 136.Pp 137.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 138.It Li arpa/ 139C include files for Internet service protocols 140.It Li g++/ 141GNU C++ include files 142.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 143.It Li std 144GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 145.El 146.It Li isofs 147.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 148.It Li cd9660 149iso9660 filesystem 150.El 151.It Li kerberosIV/ 152C include files for kerberos authentication package; 153see 154.Xr kerberos 1 155.It Li machine/ 156machine specific C include files 157.It Li msdosfs/ 158MS-DOS file system 159.It Li net/ 160misc network C include files 161.\" .It Li netimp/ 162.\" C include files for IMP protocols; 163.\" see 164.\" .Xr imp 4 165.It Li netatalk/ 166Appletalk protocol 167.It Li netinet/ 168C include files for Internet standard protocols; 169see 170.Xr inet 4 171.\" .It Li netiso/ 172.\" C include files for ISO standard protocols; 173.\" see 174.\" .Xr iso 4 175.\" .It Li netns/ 176.\" C include files for XNS standard protocols; 177.\" see 178.\" .Xr \&ns 4 179.It Li netipx/ 180IPX/SPX protocol stacks 181.It Li netkey/ 182kernel key-management service 183.It Li netns/ 184Xerox NS protocols 185.It Li nfs/ 186C include files for NFS (Network File System) 187.It Li objc/ 188??? 189.It Li pccard/ 190PC-CARD controllers 191.It Li protocols/ 192C include files for Berkeley service protocols 193.It Li readline/ 194get a line from a user with editing; 195see 196.Xr readline 3 197.It Li rpc/ 198remote procedure calls; 199see 200.Xr rpc 3 201.It Li rpcsvc/ 202??? 203.It Li ss/ 204libss ??? 205.It Li sys/ 206system C include files (kernel data structures) 207.It Li tcl/ 208Tcl language; 209see 210Xr Tcl n 211.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 212.It Li generic/ 213??? 214.It Li unix/ 215??? 216.El 217.It Li ufs/ 218C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 219.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 220.It Li ffs/ 221Fast filesystem 222.It Li lfs/ 223log filesystem; 224see 225.Xr mount_lfs 8 226.It Li mfs/ 227memory file system; 228see 229.Xr mount_mfs 8 230.It Li ufs/ 231UFS filesystem 232.El 233.It Li vm/ 234virtual memory; 235see 236.Xr vmstat 8 237.El 238.Pp 239.It Li lib/ 240archive libraries 241.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 242.It Li compat/ 243shared libraries for compatibly 244.El 245.Pp 246.It Li libdata/ 247misc. utility data files 248.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 249.It Li gcc/ 250??? 251.It Li lint/ 252various prebuilt lint libraries; 253see 254.Xr lint 1 255.It Li stallion/ 256holding the download firmware images 257.It Li tcl 258???; 259see 260.Xr Tcl n 261.El 262.Pp 263.It Li libexec/ 264system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 265.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 266.It Li lpr/ 267??? 268see 269.Xr lpr 1 270.It Li sm.bin/ 271restricted shell for sendmail; 272see 273.Xr smrsh 8 274.It Li uucp/ 275uucp utilities; 276see 277.Xr uucp 1 278.El 279.Pp 280.It Li local/ 281local executables, libraries, etc. 282.br 283Also used as the default destination for the FreeBSD ports framework. 284Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 285.Xr hier 7 286should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 287rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 288.It Li mdec/ 289boot programs; 290see 291.Xr disklabel 8 292.It Li obj/ 293architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 294.It Li ports 295The FreeBSD ports collection (optional). 296.It Li sbin/ 297system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 298.It Li share/ 299architecture-independent ascii text files 300.Pp 301.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 302.It Li calendar/ 303a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 304see 305.Xr calendar 1 306.It Li dict/ 307word lists; 308see 309.Xr look 1 310.Pp 311.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 312.It Li words 313common words 314.It Li web2 315words from Webster's 2nd International 316.It Li papers/ 317reference databases; 318see 319.Xr refer 1 320.It Li special/ 321custom word lists; 322see 323.Xr spell 1 324.El 325.Pp 326.It Li doc/ 327misc documentation; 328src for most of the printed 329.Bx BSD 330manuals (available 331from the 332.Tn USENIX 333association) 334.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 335.It Li FAQ/ 336 Frequently Asked Questions 337.It Li handbook/ 338 FreeBSD Handbook 339.It Li papers/ 340UNIX Papers 341.It Li psd/ 342UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 343.It Li smm/ 344UNIX System Manager's Manual 345.It Li usd/ 346UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 347.El 348.Pp 349.It Li examples/ 350various examples for users and programmers 351.It Li games/ 352ascii text files used by various games 353.It Li groff_font/ 354device description file for device name 355.It Li info/ 356GNU Info hypertext system 357.It Li isdn/ 358ISDN 359.It Li libg++/ 360libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 361.It Li locale/ 362internationalization files; 363see 364.Xr setlocale 3 365.It Li man/ 366manual pages 367.It Li me/ 368macros for use with the me macro package 369.It Li misc/ 370misc system-wide ascii text files 371.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 372.It Li fonts/ 373??? 374.It Li pcvtfonts/ 375???; 376see 377.Xr pcvt 4 378.It Li pkg_manage/ 379package manager help files; 380see 381.Xr pkg_manage 382.It Li termcap 383terminal characteristics database; 384see 385.Xr termcap 5 386.El 387.It Li mk/ 388templates for make; 389see 390.Xr make 1 391.It Li ms/ 392macros for use with the ms macro package 393.It Li nls/ 394national language support files; 395see 396.Xr mklocale 1 397.It Li perl/ 398perl library files; 399see 400.Xr perl 1 401.It Li sgml/ 402SGML tools files; 403see 404.Xr instant 1 405.It Li skel/ 406example . (dot) files for new accounts 407.It Li tabset/ 408tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 409the termcap file; 410see 411.Xr termcap 5 412.It Li tmac/ 413text processing macros; 414see 415.Xr nroff 1 416and 417.Xr troff 1 418.It Li zoneinfo/ 419timezone configuration information; 420see 421.Xr tzfile 5 422.El 423.It Li src/ 424BSD and/or local source files 425.Pp 426.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 427.It Li bin/ 428src for files in /bin 429.It Li contrib/ 430src for file from contributed software 431.It Li eBones 432Kerberos and DES 433.It Li etc/ 434src for files in /etc 435.It Li games/ 436src for files in /usr/games 437.It Li gnu/ 438Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 439.It Li include/ 440src for files in /usr/include 441.It Li kerberosIV/ 442src for kerberos version IV 443.It Li lib/ 444src for files in /usr/lib 445.It Li libexec/ 446src for files in /usr/libexec 447.It Li local/ 448src for files in /usr/local 449.It Li lkm 450src for files in /lkm 451.It Li release 452Files required to produce a FreeBSD 453.It Li sbin/ 454src for files in /sbin 455.It Li secure 456DES Sources 457.It Li share/ 458src for files in /usr/share 459.It Li sys/ 460kernel src files 461.It Li usr.bin/ 462src for files in /usr/bin 463.It Li usr.sbin/ 464src for files in /usr/sbin 465.El 466.Pp 467.It Li X11R6/ 468X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 469.El 470.It Li /var/ 471multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 472.Pp 473.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 474.It Li account/ 475system accounting files 476.Pp 477.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 478.It Li acct 479execution accounting file; 480see 481.Xr acct 5 482.El 483.Pp 484.It Li at/ 485timed command scheduling files; 486see 487.Xr \&at 1 488.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 489.It Li jobs 490directory containing job files 491.It Li spool 492directory containing output spool files 493.El 494.Pp 495.It Li backups/ 496misc. backup files 497.It Li crash 498???; 499see 500.Xr crash 8 501.It Li cron/ 502.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 503.It Li log 504cron log files; 505see 506.Xr cron 8 507.It Li tabs 508crontab files; 509see 510.Xr crontab 5 511.El 512.Pp 513.It Li db/ 514misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 515.It Li games/ 516misc. game status and log files 517.It Li games/ 518games score files 519.It Li log/ 520misc. system log files 521.Pp 522.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 523.It Li wtmp 524login/logout log; 525see 526.Xr wtmp 5 527.El 528.Pp 529.It Li mail/ 530user mailbox files 531.It Li preserve/ 532temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 533of an editor; 534see 535.Xr \&ex 1 536.It Li msgs/ 537system messages database; 538see 539.Xr msgs 1 540.It Li quotas/ 541filesystem quota information files 542.It preserve 543??? 544.It Li run/ 545system information files describing various info about 546system since it was booted 547.Pp 548.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 549.It Li utmp 550database of current users; 551see 552.Xr utmp 5 553.El 554.Pp 555.It Li rwho/ 556rwho data files; 557see 558.Xr rwhod 8 , 559.Xr rwho 1 , 560and 561.Xr ruptime 1 562.It Li spool/ 563misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 564.Pp 565.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 566.It Li ftp/ 567commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 568.It Li mqueue/ 569undelivered mail queue; 570see 571.Xr sendmail 8 572.It Li output/ 573line printer spooling directories 574.It Li secretmail/ 575secretmail spool directory; 576see 577.Xr xget 1 578.It Li uucp/ 579uucp spool directory 580.It Li uucppublic/ 581commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 582.El 583.Pp 584.It Li tmp/ 585temporary files that are kept between system reboots 586.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 587.It Li vi.recover 588the directory where recovery files are stored 589.El 590.It Li yp 591the NIS maps 592.El 593.El 594.Sh SEE ALSO 595.Xr apropos 1 , 596.Xr find 1 , 597.Xr finger 1 , 598.Xr grep 1 , 599.Xr ls 1 , 600.Xr whatis 1 , 601.Xr whereis 1 , 602.Xr which 1 , 603.Xr fsck 8 604.Sh HISTORY 605A 606.Nm hier 607manual page appeared in 608.At v7 . 609